CN107466773A - Pears are facilitated without bag high-yield culture technique by gutter-connected plastic tent - Google Patents
Pears are facilitated without bag high-yield culture technique by gutter-connected plastic tent Download PDFInfo
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- CN107466773A CN107466773A CN201710770622.6A CN201710770622A CN107466773A CN 107466773 A CN107466773 A CN 107466773A CN 201710770622 A CN201710770622 A CN 201710770622A CN 107466773 A CN107466773 A CN 107466773A
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- greenhouse
- side shoot
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/14—Greenhouses
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/22—Shades or blinds for greenhouses, or the like
- A01G9/227—Shades or blinds for greenhouses, or the like rolled up during non-use
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
Abstract
The present invention discloses one kind and facilitates pears without bag high-yield culture technique by gutter-connected plastic tent, including building greenhouse, the culture of frame tree structure and growing season management, wherein, the greenhouse be containing column, vault, horizontal net, side wall and film build at least by two single double-deck greenhouses of the connection formed side by side, the tree structure culture includes selection kind field planting, tree structure sizing trimming and the management in growth period；The present invention can carry out manual adjustment by building canopy to pear tree early growth environment, no bag is facilitated to produce, precocity fruiting, early operation can be achieved, list within 30 days in advance, bud is carved by trunk, full-bloom stage carries out artificial point pollination and sufficiently illumination and rational control is cut and not only improves fruit quality, also lower the means of agricultural production, labour costs, pole significantly increases economic benefit.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to protected fruit trees cultivation field, particularly a kind of greenhouse pears facilitate high-yield culture technique.
Background technology
Pear has very long-drawn-out in the rose family (Rosaceae) pears subfamily (Pomoideae) pear (Pyrus) plant in China
Long cultivation history, it is that a planting fruit-trees the most universal is cultivated in China north and south various regions.China's pears germ plasm resource is enriched, species and product
Kind of extremely more, each pears growing area in north and south, is owned by and local environment is adaptable, each verieties of different ripening stages.At present,
Domestic main cultivation pears species includes the systems such as white pear, Ussurian pear, Chinese pear, European pear and Xinjiang pears.South China most area
High temperature and rainy, suitably substantially belong to Chinese pear system in the Pear varieties of south plantation, widely cultivate in recent years mainly have ' kingfisher hat ',
The kind such as ' early summer is green ', ' garden is yellow ', ' Qiu Yue '.Wherein ' kingfisher hat ' pears are that many local development areas of current south China are maximum
Precocious improved seeds（It is ripe by the end of July）, accounting for south early-maturing pear area 70% so that and the pear fruit in South China real maturity period excessively concentrates,
Production marketing seriously overstocks, and the fruit pole is intolerant to storage（Shelf life 5-6 days, normal temperature）, can not meet the long-term needs in market.
Fruit tree greenhouse cultivation is to utilize vinyl house, by the envirment factor of artificial adjustment growth and development of fruit tree with promote it is early,
A kind of planting type for the purpose of postponing and taking shelter from rain etc..Fruit tree in greenhouse cultivates progress Advances in protected fruit trees cultivation fruit tree
Facility cultivation has a long history, and begins to carry out grape Protectorate cultivation early in 300 years preceding West Europe, in some developed countries
Such as Japan, Belgium, Holland, New Zealand, Australia, U.S.'s development are more, wherein, Japan is current global fruit tree facility
Cultivated area is maximum, the state-of-the-art country of technology.China's protected fruit trees cultivation starts from the 1950s, being developed in 80 years
Generation.It is raw in production technology, auxiliary facility compared with some advanced countries although China's protected fruit trees cultivation have developed rapidly
Larger gap also be present in production efficiency etc..Greenhouse cultivation energy adjustment control fruit tree in growth course required for light, temperature,
The integrated environment such as wet, gas and water, fertilizer condition or application latest scientific research, appropriate agriculture project measure are in local space internal control
Climatic environment processed, realize the high-quality, efficient of production of fruit trees.
Chinese pear precocity new varieties ' Su Cui 1 ' are that ' China is crisp ' and ' kingfisher hat ' hybridization forms, by Jiangsu Province Agriculture Science Institute garden
The seed selection of skill research institute into [Lin pass through, contain Baolong, Li Xiao just wait early ripening pear new varieties No. 1 ［ J ］ gardening journal of Su Cui,
2013,40 (9):1849~1850], named in 2011 by Jiangsu Province's crop varietal approval committee（Su Jian
Fruit 201106）, and kind power application was carried out in 2012（Application number 20121041.1）.The kind is ripe in early or mid July, fruit
Real oval, 250 grams of mean fruit weight, flavor sweet tea, meat is crisp, and lithocyte is few, soluble solid content 12.5-
13.0%, than southern main breed ' kingfisher hat ' early 10-15 days of maturity period at present, fruit normal-temperature shelf life 10-12 days.The kind tree
Gesture is stronger, and tree body is relatively opened a business, the plantation of the ground such as suitable Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei.
Application No. ZL201410281446.6 Chinese patent literature discloses a kind of side of frame pears shaping in theatre
Method, the patent be by tree-like field planting seeding row spacing (2-4) m ×（4-8）M, heading height are 1-1.2 rice, major branch number 1, in 40-
Canopy on 500,4-5 side shoot is stayed on major branch, it is desirable to which the 1st side shoot is done at 20-30cm by center, backward every 30-40cm in major branch
Upper alternating stays a side shoot, 115 ° -125 ° of the 1st, 2 side shoots and major branch spreading angle, and other side shoot spreading angles are 40 ° -50 °；
Each side shoot, which replaces, stays 2-3 secondary side shoots, the distance 20-30cm between adjacent pair side shoot；All extending heads are all on major branch, side shoot
45° angle is grown up.It can bear fruit in right amount within the 2nd year after field planting（As shown in Figure 5）, tree shaping in the 3rd year, tree can reach substantially within the 4th year
High yield.
Above-mentioned patent is implemented in areas such as Jiangsu Province Zhangjiagangs, they are cultivated using greenhouse facility, pass through plastic sheeting
Insulation, wind sheltering and the effect such as take shelter from rain create the environmental condition that suitable ' Su Cui 1 ' pears grow, can substantially do sth. in advance pear tree
In the phenological period, fruit Time To Market, extends the supply phase of the operatic circle ahead of time, while the method for using [ZL201410281446.6] to record
Plantation and pruning are improved, and promote providing our hairs in technical support practice in southern area of Jiangsu Province for pear tree greenhouse cultivation
Existing, the program still has some places not fully up to expectations, and tree-like use matches somebody with somebody multiple side shoots on 1 major branch, then in side
With 2-3 secondary side shoots on branch, shaping is cumbersome, and side shoot growing way exceedes major branch in reforming process, and major branch extension branch will die down, very
To causing side shoot all to become major branch, cause major branch to extend to and just do not prolong liter among Liang Hangshu, and with side between strain and strain in a line
Branch wider space is small, easily causes to extrude between side shoot, to ensure major branch growing way and constantly extending forward, has carried out a series of technologies
Improvement.
The content of the invention
For insufficient existing for ZL201410281446.6, there is provided a kind of new to facilitate pears without bag high yield by gutter-connected plastic tent
Cultivation technique.
What the present invention was realized in：It is a kind of that pears are facilitated without bag high-yield culture technique by gutter-connected plastic tent, including build big
Canopy, the culture of frame tree structure and growing season management, it is characterised in that
A) greenhouse described in is at least to be formed side by side by two single containing what column, vault, horizontal net, side wall and film were built
The double-deck greenhouse of connection, greenhouse is divided into two by horizontal net, and its underpart is cultivation area, and top is environment regulatory region, ceiling skeleton
By forming townhouse vault after upright supports cover film, interior arch corresponding with vault is provided with environment regulatory region, is covered on interior arch
Film；
The length for joining a double-deck greenhouse is 50-80m, and single span is 6-8m, is joined between a both sides and adjacent Dan Dong by vertical
Post supports, and the bearing height of column is 3 meters, and the distance of adjacent upright posts be 4m, and the height of horizontal net is 2m, join two heel post it
Between be provided with a side column, provided with spacing be 2-3m between the column of both ends；Spring of arch is 5-6m, and arch radius is 9-12m, and periphery is stood
Post is fixed by foundation ring girder, and middle each column is fixed by point type basis；
The periphery for joining the length in a double-deck greenhouse is vent window, and the top margin of vent window is using the bearing height of column as starting point, base
At least below horizontal net 1m, base is placed on the foundation ring girder of greenhouse side wall；
The vault both sides edge mouth and adjacent Dan Dong vaults intersection for joining a double-deck greenhouse are equipped with horizontal row tank, horizontal row
Tank is linked up by soil stack and the drainage system on greenhouse periphery；
The fundamental wind pressure that a connection double-deck greenhouse can be born is 0.50 kn/m2, snow reference pressure is 0.03 kn/m2, greenhouse periphery
Maximum displacement：1200mm/h；
Vent window is furnished with skirt film, and greenhouse vault and side wall are also equipped with outer membrane and internal layer membrane；
B) the tree structure culture described in includes selection kind field planting, tree structure sizing trimming and the management in growth period, its
In：
Main breed is annual No. 1 grafting of Su Cui, and pollinated variety is emerald green hat or early summer is green or the Chinese pear product such as Su Cui 2
Kind, main breed and pollinated variety ratio are 3-5：1；More than 1.5 meters of grafting selection of seedling height of seedling, lateral root at least 3, seedling stem is thick
More than 0.8cm, 1 year raw seedling of no disease and pests harm；Resident time is falls leaves to spring rudiment after autumn, with each tunnel greenhouse before field planting
Both sides are cultivation tree row, and along cultivation tree row, every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields rapeseed cake 600-800kg, calcium superphosphate 80-100kg, then ploughs deeply 40-
60cm ridgings, the high 20-30cm in ridge, row spacing 0.8-1.0m, a water is poured before being colonized, is colonized planting density：Spacing in the rows 0.5-1m, OK
Away from the width for tunnel greenhouse, pollinated variety sapling is evenly distributed in the region of main breed sapling distribution；
Tree structure sizing trimming comprises the concrete steps that since after field planting survives：
After field planting survives, it is to be cut at the full buds of more than 0.80cm in height, keeps first prosperous bud uprightly up to grow,
The young sprout that bottom is sprouted carries out pinching control growth, and 45 degree of supports are carried out in its base portion with toothpick pointed at both ends when its semi-lignified
Branch is opened a business；Top young sprout is directly lured with bamboo dry brush to be drawn, and treats that it grows to more than 2.5m, trunk height is from the mono- major branches of frame net 10-20cm
The sapling of the upper cultivation of canopy two tree row draws horizontal net on branch in opposite directions again, and major branch head is fixed in 45° angle under horizontal net；In the same row
Opposite alternately lured into adjacent tunnel greenhouse of tree is drawn, and opposite staggeredly lure is set in same greenhouse and is drawn；After upper horizontal net, phase not in the same direction
Adjacent side shoot interval 15-20cm, adjacent side shoot interval 30-40cm in the same direction, each side shoot length is in 1-2m；
Second Year, trunk side shoot can bear fruit in right amount under horizontal net；Before axillary bud is sprouted, bud is carved to trunk on horizontal net, carved at bud
Young sprout is sprouted when growing to semi-lignified in 5-6 months, laterally lure and is drawn, in the season of growth as young sprout constantly extends growth,
Need to major branch, side shoot carry out it is continual draw along under horizontal net tie up；
3rd year, yield was substantially increased, and is extended growth major branch to Second Year and is carried out carving bud and draw branch, method is identical with Second Year.
4th year, into the best fruiting period, summer need to even up extending head for growing strong side shoot, grow weak side shoot and lift
Extending head.
Winter is more than for major branch side shoot rugosity on canopy when giving birth to major branch rugosity 1/3 cuts, it is necessary to carry out control, realizes and keeps side
Branch quantity 30-53, adjacent side shoot interval 15-20cm not in the same direction, adjacent side shoot interval 30-40cm in the same direction, each side shoot
Length is corresponding to trunk rugosity below 1/3 in 1-2m, the control of side shoot rugosity；
Throughout the growing season, annual mid or late January covers Chinese pear to external application film in greenhouse, based on close plastic shed, increase
Effective accumulated temperature in canopy；Early April removes the internal layer membrane of greenhouse, and outer membrane and skirt film, florescence canopy are rolled after fruit harvesting
At 20~30 DEG C, night is not less than 3 DEG C for warm control on daytime；For fruit development period canopy temperature control system on daytime at 20~35 DEG C, night is not less than 8
℃；Humidity is generally kept in 60~80% in greenhouse, and full-bloom stage is not higher than 70%, and the fruit development later stage is maintained at 60~65%；When
When the Chinese pear treetop grown in opposite directions intersects influence continued growth, two rows are staggeredly cut down, and are expanded the spacing of tree and are twice.
In the present invention：Described point type basis and collar tie beam are concrete structure, and vent window is furnished with white 20 mesh insect prevention
Net, the water gradient of returning of described horizontal row tank is 0.5%, and the grid of horizontal net is 40 × 40cm.
In the present invention：It should be heated when temperature is less than required minimum temperature by heating measure；When temperature is too high
When should be rolled by the outer membrane of vault or skirt film is aerated cooling.
In the present invention：Bud is carved to trunk on horizontal net to refer to：Alternately side is selected to carve a bud every 15-20cm, in bud point
The centimeters of top about 0.5 carve bud, carve bud and are deep to xylem；Need to carry out control to cut and refer to, when directly affecting major branch growth, pass through
Girdling, carve to hinder and directly stay stub to remove, cutting back is carried out to trunk side shoot under canopy, or remove, it is final to keep side shoot quantity 30-
53, adjacent side shoot interval 15-20cm not in the same direction, adjacent side shoot interval 30-40cm in the same direction.
In the present invention：Described carries out artificial point pollination in full-bloom stage, and specific method is to award 2~3 flowers per inflorescence point
Can ensure fruit-setting rate, it is to be determined bear fruit after according to 10-15 cm stay the density of 1 fruit to carry out fruit thinning.
In the present invention：When there is red spider and pear sucker epidemic situation, 5 degree of lime sulfurs are sprayed during rudiment, from fallen flowers
Afterwards to spraying 2 insecticides or bactericide before fruit harvesting.
The invention has the advantages that：Due to by building canopy manual adjustment can be carried out to pear tree early growth environment, facilitate nothing
Bag production, precocity fruiting, early operation can be achieved, list within 30 days in advance.Due to carving bud by trunk, full-bloom stage carries out manually point pollination
Deng measure, especially early stage rational close planting, when the Chinese pear treetop grown in opposite directions is intersecting influences continued growth, two rows are staggeredly cut
Cut down, expand the spacing of tree and be twice, it is ensured that the frame face that raw tree can accomplish to be covered with whole horizontal net from the 3rd year, i.e. Second Year fruit
Yield up to more than 1500 pounds/acre, improves 435% and 390% on the 3rd year than original posture respectively up to more than 600 pounds/acre.；This
Outside, sufficient illumination and rational control are cut and not only improve fruit quality, also lower the means of agricultural production, labour costs, pole significantly increase through
Ji benefit.The tree structure of the present invention is simple and clear, pruning easily-learned easily mastered.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1：The north and south end schematic diagram of greenhouse.
Fig. 2：The arch diagrammatic cross-section of greenhouse.
Fig. 3：Pear tree kind is colonized schematic diagram in greenhouse.
Fig. 4：Pear tree pruning schematic diagram in greenhouse.
Fig. 5：Background technology arborescence.
In figure：1st, column, 2, vault, 3, horizontal net, 4, interior arch, 5, vitellarium, 6, environment regulatory region, 7, side column, 8, base
Plinth collar tie beam, 9, horizontal row tank, 10, vent window, 11, be forever colonized a little, 12, be colonized temporarily a little, 13, the major branch being forever colonized,
14, side shoot, 15, major branch extend branch.
Embodiment
The nonrestrictive architectural feature for disclosing the embodiment of the present invention of accompanying drawing, makees to the present invention into one below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings
The description of step.
Embodiment 1 double-deck greenhouse main body structure and construction requirements
From Fig. 1 Fig. 2, described greenhouse be containing column 1, vault 2, horizontal net 3, side wall and film build at least by two
Greenhouse is divided into two by the individual double-deck greenhouse of the single connection formed side by side, horizontal net 3, and its underpart is vitellarium 5, and top is environment
Regulatory region 6, ceiling skeleton are provided with and vault in environment regulatory region by forming townhouse vault 2 after the Support cover outer membrane of column 1
Corresponding interior arch 4, interior encircle cover internal layer membrane on 4.The periphery in a connection double-deck greenhouse is vent window 10, the top margin of vent window 10 with
The bearing height of column 1 is starting point, and at least than 3 low 1m of horizontal net, base is placed on the foundation ring girder 5 of greenhouse on base.Connection is double
The both sides edge mouth of vault 2 in floor greenhouse and adjacent single vault 2 intersection are equipped with horizontal row tank 9, and horizontal row tank 9 is logical
Cross soil stack and the drainage system on greenhouse periphery is linked up.Vent window 10 is furnished with skirt film, and side wall is also equipped with outer membrane and interior
Layer film.
The fundamental wind pressure that a connection double-deck greenhouse can be born is 0.50 kn/m2, snow reference pressure is 0.03 kn/m2, greenhouse week
The maximum displacement on side：1200mm/h.
When it is implemented, the length in a connection double-deck greenhouse be 50-80m, single span is 6-8m, connection both sides and adjacent
Supported between Dan Dong by row's column 1, the bearing height of column 1 is 3 meters, and the distance of adjacent upright posts 1 is 4m, horizontal net 3
Highly it is 2m, a side column 7 is provided between connection two heel post 1, the side column 7 that spacing is 2-3m is provided between both ends column 1；Arch
It is 5-6m to push up 2 height, and arch radius is 9-12m, and all edge columns 1 are fixed by foundation ring girder 8, and middle each column is solid by point type basis
It is fixed.
In the present embodiment：
The skeleton of greenhouse uses galvanizing lightweight steel construction.Wherein：
Greenhouse main framing uses domestic hot dip steel pipe and hot rolled steel plate, mainly includes：
Column 1 and both sides side column 7 use 100mm × 50mm × 2.5mm rectangular steel pipe；Vault 2 and interior arch 4 use Ф
The zinc-plated garden pipes of 32mm × 2mm, arch spacing is 1 meter；Both ends side column 7 uses Ф 41mm × 2mm coating steel pipes.Horizontal row tank 9 uses δ
=2.5mm galvanized steel plain sheet makes, and each rice sets one of reinforcing plate.The internal layer membrane and outer membrane on periphery are used with color
Row import longevity film（Thickness 15）, the internal layer membrane and outer membrane of vault and interior arch use Israel's import Anti-fogging Film
（Thickness 15）, the skirt film of vent window 10 is the hand curtain rolling of outsourcing, side wall and vault and the outer membrane of interior arch configuration
Film-coiling device is provided with internal layer membrane.
Vent window 10 is also equipped with 20 mesh white fly nets.
Periphery foundation ring girder and point type basis use concrete structure.
The gradient of horizontal row tank 9 is 0.5%, matches somebody with somebody 110mm bore PVC downpipes for rain groove.
Horizontal net 3 is by 40cm × 40cm grids of Ф 3mm steel wire establishment.
The cultivation management technology of embodiment 2
1st, kind and seedling quality requirement
Kind requirement：Main breed is 1 year raw No. 1 grafting of Su Cui, and pollinated variety is emerald green hat or early summer is green or Su Cui 2 etc.
Sand Pear, main breed are 3-5 with pollination plantation ratio：1.
Seedling quality requirement：More than 1.5 meters of grafting height of seedling, lateral root at least 3, thick more than the 0.8cm of seedling stem, no disease and pests harm 1
Nian Shengmiao.
, seedling planting and planting density
The present embodiment builds up greenhouse based on embodiment 1.
Resident time：It is colonized fall leaves to spring rudiment after autumn before.
Planting density：Spacing in the rows 0.5-1m, line-spacing 6-8m（Referring to the permanent field planting point 11 in Fig. 3 and interim field planting point 12）；
Prepare before field planting：Ridging is ploughed deeply along two sides of tunnel greenhouse, edge tree in the ranks spreads fertilizer over the fields rapeseed cake 600-800kg, crosses phosphorus for every mu
Sour calcium 80-100kg, ploughs deeply 40-60cm, then along tree row ridging, the high 20-30cm in ridge, row spacing 0.8-1.0m, one is poured before being colonized
Secondary flood（Irrigate）.
, sapling require
More than 1.5 meters of grafting selection of seedling height of seedling, lateral root at least 3, thick more than the 0.8cm of seedling stem, 1 year raw seedling of no disease and pests harm.
, pruning technique
After field planting survives, it is to be cut at the full buds of more than 0.80cm in height, keeps first prosperous bud uprightly up to grow,
The young sprout that bottom is sprouted carries out pinching control growth, and 45 degree of supports are carried out in its base portion with toothpick pointed at both ends when its semi-lignified
Branch is opened a business；Top young sprout is directly lured with bamboo dry brush to be drawn, and treats that it grows to more than 2.5m, trunk height is from the mono- major branches of frame net 10-20cm
Upper canopy, the sapling of two cultivation tree rows draw horizontal net on branch in opposite directions again, and major branch is fixed in 45° angle under horizontal net；In the same row
Opposite alternately lured into adjacent tunnel greenhouse of tree is drawn, and opposite staggeredly lure is set in same greenhouse and is drawn；After upper horizontal net, phase not in the same direction
Adjacent side shoot interval 15-20cm, adjacent side shoot 14 in the same direction are spaced 30-40cm, and each length of side shoot 14 is in 1-2m.
Second Year, trunk side shoot 14 can bear fruit in right amount under horizontal net；Before axillary bud is sprouted, to the quarter of trunk on horizontal net 13
Bud, carve and young sprout is sprouted at bud when growing to semi-lignified in 5-6 months, laterally lure and draw, in the season of growth as young sprout is continuous
Extend growth, major branch 13, side shoot 14 need to be carried out it is continual draw along under horizontal net tie up.
3rd year, yield was substantially increased, and is extended growth major branch 13 to Second Year and is carried out carving bud and draw branch, the same Second Year of method
It is identical.
4th year, into the best fruiting period, summer need to even up extending head for growing strong side shoot 14, grow weak side shoot lift
Play extending head 15.
Winter is more than for the rugosity of major branch side shoot 14 on canopy when giving birth to 13 rugosity 1/3 of major branch cuts, it is necessary to carry out control, realizes and protects
Side shoot quantity 30-53 is held, adjacent side shoot 14 not in the same direction is spaced 15-20cm, and adjacent side shoot 14 in the same direction is spaced 30-40cm,
Each length of side shoot 14 is corresponding to the rugosity of trunk 13 below 1/3 in 1-2m, the control of side shoot rugosity.
Wherein：Bud is carved to trunk on horizontal net to refer to：Alternately select side to carve a bud every 15-20cm, in bud ogival about
0.5 centimeters carve bud, carve bud and are deep to xylem；Need to carry out control to cut and refer to, when directly affecting major branch growth, by girdling,
Carving wound directly stays stub to remove, and cutting back is carried out to trunk side shoot 14 under canopy, or removes, final to keep the quantity 30- of side shoot 14
53, adjacent side shoot 14 not in the same direction interval 15-20cm, adjacent side shoot 14 in the same direction is spaced 30-40cm.
Tree-like effect may refer to Fig. 4.
, greenhouse daily management
Annual mid or late January carries out double-deck plastic house, and early April removes inner layer film, outer membrane and skirt are rolled after fruit harvesting
Film.
Early stage based on close plastic shed, increases effective accumulated temperature in canopy；For the control on daytime of florescence canopy temperature at 20~30 DEG C, night is not less than 3
℃；For fruit development period canopy temperature control system on daytime at 20~35 DEG C, night is not less than 8 DEG C.It should lead to when temperature is less than required minimum temperature
Heating measure is crossed to be heated；Teleblem should be rolled by when temperature is too high or skirt film is aerated cooling.
Humidity is generally kept in 60~80% in greenhouse, and full-bloom stage is not higher than 70%, and the fruit development later stage is maintained at 60~
65%.When long-term（More than for three days on end）When humidity is too high, teleblem should be rolled by or skirt film is aerated wet down.
, flower and fruit management
Artificial pollination is carried out in full-bloom stage, and it is most reliable method that artificial point, which is awarded, and awarding 2~3 flowers per inflorescence point can ensure to bear fruit
Rate.Greenhouse cultivation can need not flower thinning, wait determination bear fruit after directly carry out fruit thinning, stay 1 fruit according to 10-15 cm or so.
, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control
Insect pest is it is noted that the preventing and controlling of red spider and pear sucker.5 degree of lime sulfurs are sprayed in rudiment, and fruit harvesting is arrived after fallen flowers
It is preceding according to pest and disease damage a situation arises spray 2 insecticides or bactericide.
The Growth status of embodiment 3 and fruit quality, the comparison of yield
Experimental group：Technology is provided by embodiment 1 and embodiment 2, is facilitated no bag planting experiment.In 2012 in Zhangjagang City
Carry out implementation plantation, experimental cultivar is ' Su Cui 1 ', seeding row spacing 1m × 6m.Greenhouse starts overlay film insulation in mid or late January,
Early stage is totally-enclosed, rolls skirt film when temperature of shed is higher than 30 DEG C or day film leaks informaton cooling, during less than 20 DEG C, puts down film and carries out
Insulation.Teleblem is rolled after the harvesting of late June fruit and skirt film makees outdoor cropping.
Control group：By ' being carried in implementing 2 in the method [ZL201410281446.6] ' of frame pears shaping in a kind of theatre
For technology.In 2009 implementation plantation was carried out in Nanjing Lishui Jiangsu Province Agriculture Science Institute vegetal tests base demonstration garden.For
Varieties are " Su Cui 1 ", seeding row spacing 4m × 4m.
Comparing result is as shown in the table 2 of table 1：
Influence of the 1 different cultivation modes of table to ' Su Cui 1 ' pear fruit picking time and pulp quality
Note：Lowercase is same columnP<0.05 significant difference.
Influence of the different cultivation moulds of table 2 to fruit yield（Unit:Kg/acre）
| Processing | Life in 2 years | Life in 3 years | Life in 4 years | Life in 5 years |
| Experimental group | 320 a | 785 a | 1550 a | 3000 a |
| Control group | 75 b | 320 b | 405 b | 1050 a |
As shown in Table 1, experimental group cultivation June 15 pear fruit collecting period, on cultivation July 15 collecting period more outdoor than control group, carry
Preceding listing 30 days；Experimental group soluble solid content is less than the outdoor cultivation of control group, but experimental group ' Su Cui 1 ' Pear varieties can
Dissolubility solid content still reaches more than 13%（General open country jargonel soluble solid content is 9-10%）;Experimental group fruit
It is higher than control group that acid content can be dripped, show that taste of fruit is denseer than compareing.
As shown in Table 2, experimental group and control group fruit Second Year start to bear fruit, but Second Year experimental group per mu yield is reachable
320kg, than control group per mu yield 75kg, improve 435%；When equally, by the 5th year, experimental group reaches best fruiting period yield substantially
3000kg, mu improve 186% than control group 1050kg.Therefore by improveing shaping and trimming method, early operation can be achieved, early obtain
Benefit, and economic benefit is very notable.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of facilitate pears without bag high-yield culture technique by gutter-connected plastic tent, including build greenhouse, the culture of frame tree structure and
Growing season management, it is characterised in that
A) greenhouse described in is at least to be formed side by side by two single containing what column, vault, horizontal net, side wall and film were built
The double-deck greenhouse of connection, greenhouse is divided into two by horizontal net, and its underpart is cultivation area, and top is environment regulatory region, ceiling skeleton
Townhouse vault is formed after covering outer membrane by upright supports, is provided with interior arch corresponding with vault in environment regulatory region, on interior arch
Cover internal layer membrane；
The length for joining a double-deck greenhouse is 50-80m, and single span is 6-8m, is joined between a both sides and adjacent Dan Dong by one
Upright supports are arranged, the bearing height of column is 3 meters, and the distance of adjacent upright posts is 4m, and the height of horizontal net is 2m, and connection two is edge-on
A side column is provided between post, the side column that spacing is 2-3m is provided between the column of both ends；Spring of arch is 5-6m, and arch radius is 9-
12m, all edge columns are fixed by foundation ring girder, and middle each column is fixed by point type basis；
The periphery for joining the length in a double-deck greenhouse is vent window, and the top margin of vent window is using the bearing height of column as starting point, base
At least below horizontal net 1m, base is placed on the foundation ring girder of greenhouse side wall, and vent window is furnished with skirt film；
The vault both sides edge mouth and adjacent Dan Dong vaults intersection for joining a double-deck greenhouse are equipped with horizontal row tank, horizontal row
Tank is linked up by soil stack and the drainage system on greenhouse periphery；
The fundamental wind pressure that a connection double-deck greenhouse can be born is 0.50 kn/m2, snow reference pressure is 0.03 kn/m2, greenhouse periphery
Maximum displacement：1200mm/h；
Side wall is furnished with outer membrane and internal layer membrane；The outer membrane and internal layer membrane of side wall and vault and interior arch configuration are matched somebody with somebody
There is film-coiling device；
B) the tree structure culture described in includes selection kind field planting, tree structure sizing trimming and the management in growth period, wherein：
Main breed is 1 year raw No. 1 grafting of Su Cui, and pollinated variety is emerald green hat or early summer is green or No. 2 Sand Pears of Su Cui, main
It is 3-5 to plant kind and pollinated variety ratio：1；More than 1.5 meters of grafting selection of seedling height of seedling, lateral root at least 3, the thick 0.8cm of seedling stem
More than, 1 year raw seedling of no disease and pests harm；Resident time is falls leaves to spring rudiment after autumn, with the both sides of each tunnel greenhouse before field planting
For cultivation tree row, along cultivation tree row, every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields rapeseed cake 600-800kg, calcium superphosphate 80-100kg, is then ploughed deeply 40-60cm and is risen
Ridge, the high 20-30cm in ridge, row spacing 0.8-1.0m, a water is poured before being colonized, is colonized planting density：Spacing in the rows 0.5-1m, line-spacing are single
The width of greenhouse, pollinated variety sapling are evenly distributed in the region of main breed sapling distribution;
Tree structure sizing trimming comprises the concrete steps that since after field planting survives：
After field planting survives, it is to be cut at the full buds of more than 0.80cm in height, keeps first prosperous bud uprightly up to grow,
The young sprout that bottom is sprouted carries out pinching control growth, and 45 degree of supports are carried out in its base portion with toothpick pointed at both ends when its semi-lignified
Branch is opened a business；Top young sprout is directly lured with bamboo dry brush to be drawn, and treats that it grows to more than 2.5m, trunk height is from the mono- major branches of frame net 10-20cm
Upper canopy, the sapling of two cultivation tree rows draw horizontal net on branch in opposite directions again, and major branch head is fixed in 45° angle under horizontal net；In same a line
Opposite alternately lured into adjacent tunnel greenhouse of middle tree is drawn, and opposite staggeredly lure is set in same greenhouse and is drawn；It is not in the same direction after upper horizontal net
Adjacent side shoot interval 15-20cm, adjacent side shoot interval 30-40cm in the same direction, each side shoot length is in 1-2m;
Second Year, trunk side shoot can bear fruit in right amount under horizontal net；Before axillary bud is sprouted, bud is carved to trunk on horizontal net, carved at bud
Young sprout is sprouted when growing to semi-lignified in 5-6 months, laterally lure and is drawn, in the season of growth as young sprout constantly extends growth,
Need to major branch, side shoot carry out it is continual draw along under horizontal net tie up；
3rd year, yield was substantially increased, and is extended growth major branch to Second Year and is carried out carving bud and draw branch, method is identical with Second Year；
4th year, into the best fruiting period, summer need to even up extending head for growing strong side shoot, grow weak side shoot and lift extension
Head；
Winter is more than for major branch side shoot rugosity on canopy when giving birth to major branch rugosity 1/3 cuts, it is necessary to carry out control, realizes and keeps number of branch
30-53, adjacent side shoot interval 15-20cm not in the same direction, adjacent side shoot interval 30-40cm in the same direction are measured, each side shoot length
In 1-2m, the control of side shoot rugosity is in corresponding trunk rugosity below 1/3；
Throughout the growing season, annual mid or late January covers Chinese pear to external application film in greenhouse, based on close plastic shed, increase
Effective accumulated temperature in canopy；Early April removes the internal layer membrane of greenhouse, and outer membrane and skirt film, florescence canopy are rolled after fruit harvesting
At 20~30 DEG C, night is not less than 3 DEG C for warm control on daytime；For fruit development period canopy temperature control system on daytime at 20~35 DEG C, night is not less than 8
℃；Humidity is generally kept in 60~80% in greenhouse, and full-bloom stage is not higher than 70%, and the fruit development later stage is maintained at 60~65%；When
When the Chinese pear treetop grown in opposite directions intersects influence continued growth, two rows are staggeredly cut down, and are expanded the spacing of tree and are twice.
2. according to claim 1 facilitate pears without bag high-yield culture technique by gutter-connected plastic tent, it is characterised in that：Described
Point type basis and collar tie beam are concrete structure, and vent window is furnished with white 20 mesh fly nets, and described horizontal row tank returns water
The gradient is 0.5%, and the grid of horizontal net is 40 × 40cm.
3. according to claim 1 facilitate pears without bag high-yield culture technique by gutter-connected plastic tent, it is characterised in that：Work as temperature
It should be heated during less than required minimum temperature by heating measure；Should be rolled by when temperature is too high vault outer membrane or
Skirt film is aerated cooling.
4. according to claim 1 facilitate pears without bag high-yield culture technique by gutter-connected plastic tent, it is characterised in that：To level
Online trunk is carved bud and referred to：Alternately select side to carve a bud every 15-20cm, carve bud in the centimeters of bud ogival about 0.5, it is deep to carve bud
To xylem；Need to carry out control to cut and refer to, when directly affecting major branch growth, by girdling, carve wound and directly stay stub to remove, and
Cutting back is carried out to trunk side shoot under canopy, or is removed, it is final to keep side shoot quantity 30-53, between adjacent side shoot not in the same direction
Every 15-20cm, adjacent side shoot interval 30-40cm in the same direction.
5. pears are facilitated without bag high-yield culture technique by gutter-connected plastic tent according to one of claim 1-4, it is characterised in that：
Artificial point pollination is carried out in full-bloom stage, specific method is that fruit-setting rate can be ensured by awarding 2~3 flowers per inflorescence point, to be determined to bear fruit
The density for staying 1 fruit according to 10-15 cm afterwards carries out fruit thinning.
6. according to claim 5 facilitate pears without bag high-yield culture technique by gutter-connected plastic tent, it is characterised in that：Work as appearance
When red spider and pear sucker epidemic situation, 5 degree of lime sulfurs are sprayed during rudiment, to spraying 2 insecticides before fruit harvesting after fallen flowers
Or bactericide.
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| CN109121970A (en) * | 2018-08-29 | 2019-01-04 | 杭州晶星农业开发有限公司 | A kind of greenhouse protection forcing culture method improving Cuiguan pear yield |
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