CN1073481C - 粉末生产 - Google Patents

粉末生产 Download PDF

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CN1073481C
CN1073481C CN94191096A CN94191096A CN1073481C CN 1073481 C CN1073481 C CN 1073481C CN 94191096 A CN94191096 A CN 94191096A CN 94191096 A CN94191096 A CN 94191096A CN 1073481 C CN1073481 C CN 1073481C
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J·S·库姆斯
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Sandvik Osprey Ltd
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    • B22F9/06Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
    • B22F9/08Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
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    • B01J2/04Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic by dividing the liquid material into drops, e.g. by spraying, and solidifying the drops in a gaseous medium
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C22C1/00Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/10Alloys containing non-metals
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    • B22F9/00Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/06Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
    • B22F9/08Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
    • B22F2009/0804Dispersion in or on liquid, other than with sieves
    • B22F2009/0808Mechanical dispersion of melt, e.g. by sieves
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    • B22F9/00Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/06Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
    • B22F9/08Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
    • B22F9/082Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
    • B22F2009/084Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid combination of methods
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
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    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/28Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 950 degrees C
    • B23K35/286Al as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/36Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
    • B23K35/3601Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
    • B23K35/3603Halide salts
    • B23K35/3605Fluorides

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Abstract

提供了一种生产包覆粉末材料的方法,在该方法中,让熔融金属或合金以液流(3)形式流下,雾化成喷雾。将不同的液态或固态材料引入与熔体液流或喷雾接触,结果在雾化液滴的全部或部分表面上形成涂层。涂层可以是引入的材料或反应产物。

Description

粉末生产
本发明涉及一种通过雾化熔融金属或合金流来生产包覆粉末材料的方法。该粉末最好是全部或部分包覆的颗粒。
在熔融金属的气体雾化领域中,人们已知可将陶瓷颗粒引入雾化的金属或金属合金中,从而与其以共沉积形成复合材料沉积物。例如,我们的英国专利No.1379261和2172827公开了可在沉积操作中将固体颗粒引入喷雾沉积物中。
在出版号为No.WO89/05870的国际专利申请中,我们还公开了一种生产合金化良好的合金沉积物的方法,即将作为合金加成剂的不同材料颗粒引入基体金属喷雾中,通过共沉积形成由喷雾的和引入的材料构成的合金沉积物。
从英国专利No.1298031还知道,对着熔融的液滴喷雾,将金属颗粒喷入,并且这些颗粒在运行中会有所聚集,可以形成形状不规则的粉末。喷入的颗粒一直是保持固态,否则颗粒形状不规则的优点将达不到。喷入的金属颗粒是同一种组成,在约2巴表压力下喷入,而且细颗粒尺寸一般为过65目。
从欧洲出版的专利申请No.0262869可以知道一种形成复合材料粉末的方法,它是将耐火材料引入熔融金属的喷雾中,使得耐火材料均匀地分布在得到的粉末颗粒的内部。
在现有的包覆粉末的方法中,是用两步法将涂层包覆于粉末之上。这种方法的问题在于金属粉末在包覆之前易被污染。因此,本领域迫切需要快速生产包覆粉末材料的新方法,而且该生产方法宜不污染金属粉末表面。
本发明的目的是提供一种新的单步骤的生产包覆粉末材料的方法,该方法能够在雾化过程中实现包覆,从而能够快速地将较大量的钎剂包覆于粉末材料上,并且对金属粉末材料基本上无污染或污染极少。
本发明的另一目的是提供由该方法制备的更好的粉末材料。
根据本发明,提供了一种生产包覆粉末材料的方法,它包括:
将一种形成钎剂的材料引入熔融的和/或正在固化的金属或金属合金的喷雾流或喷射物中,该引入的形成钎剂的材料是熔融或颗粒形式且与喷雾的金属和金属合金在组成上不同,而且基本上与其不溶混,
将引入的材料与液流或液滴喷雾相接触,从而在雾化液滴全部或部分的表面上形成钎剂涂层。
引入的材料可以是固态或液态颗粒,可以是仅一种材料或几种材料的混合物。在固体颗粒的情况下,这些颗粒一旦与熔融金属或合金的液滴接触,便熔化形成涂层。液滴与引入的颗粒之间的接触角度应很小,这将有利于提高润湿性能,所以有助于形成涂层。
引入的颗粒可以冲击早已形成的熔融液滴,或者引入熔融液流中,从而在该熔融液流雾化时结合在生成的熔融液滴中。当引入的是固体颗粒的混合物时,这些颗粒一旦与熔融的金属或合金接触便互相反应,从而形成一熔融复合物。由于它的接触角很小,会铺展开来从而完全或部分地覆盖雾化液滴的表面。或者,引入的材料可以与金属或合金或其中的一个组份发生反应,形成涂层。因此,生成的涂层可以是引入的材料或其反应产物。
当引入的颗粒是固态时,其熔点应低于其与雾化液滴接触处的温度,同时,引入颗粒的尺寸必须足够小,保证它在与雾化液滴接触后会基本上熔化。颗粒的大小一般应小于10微米,但是其确切的尺寸取决于所用材料在接触点处的相对焓(热含量)。比如,如果引入颗粒经加热后引入,其尺寸可以大些。
为了保证能形成涂层,引入的颗粒材料和/或反应产物应基本上不溶于熔融金属或合金中。
在另一方案中,一部分喷入的颗粒可以因与熔融金属或合金的接触而蒸发,形成蒸气云。当液滴通过该蒸气云时,便在固化液滴的表面沉积上一层材料薄膜,即形成了涂层。
在本发明的一个优选方案中,可以按照我们的未审定的专利申请(出版号No.WO92/01525)中公开的那种方式将颗粒材料引入。通过控制工艺,为了使引入的颗粒粘附于雾化液滴的表面并部分地覆盖该表面,可以令该颗粒物质熔化和/或反应或者反应和/或熔化从而在全部或部分的雾化液滴表面上形成涂层。
本发明还有一种生产包覆金属或合金粉末的方法,其特征在于,包括先将熔融金属或熔融合金液流进行雾化,形成熔融液滴的喷雾;向该液流或喷雾中引入一种熔融材料或颗粒材料,该种材料与熔融金属或合金在组成上不同,而且基本上与其不溶混,该材料与熔融金属液流或熔融和/或正固化的金属液滴喷雾接触,结果该熔融材料的一层膜在金属液滴的表面到处铺展;然后,运行中的该熔融材料和液滴就固化形成了包覆的金属或合金粉末。
引入材料的液相线温度最好低于被雾化金属或合金的液相线温度不超过100℃,而且可以不超过低30℃或低10℃。在一个优选方案中,被雾化的金属是Al/Si合金,而涂层材料为钾铝氟化物。在该方案中,包覆粉末可以用作硬钎料,粉粒上的钾铝氟化物涂层起着熔剂药皮的作用。
下面将通过实施例,结合附图详细阐述本发明。
附图包括:
图1为实施本发明第一种设备的示意图;
图2为另一种颗粒供料装置侧视图;
图3为使用液态供料实施本发明的第二种设备的示意图;
图4是使用离心雾化实施本发明的第三种设备的示意图。
在图1中,用于形成金属或合金粉末的设备包括一个漏斗(1),金属或合金在其中维持在其液相线温度以上。漏斗(1)是由一个倾动式的熔化配给炉(2)接受金属或合金熔体的,在其底部有个开口,金属熔体可以通过该开口从漏斗(1)中以液流(3)形式向下排出,通过雾化气体流(4)的作用在喷雾室(5)中转变成雾化液滴的喷雾;喷雾室(5)先用惰性气体吹洗使得其中氧气的含量降至最低。雾化气体在喷射中从雾化液滴吸收热量,结果冷凝生成的固体粉末沉集在喷雾室(5)的底部,通过出口(6)取出。
根据本发明,为了包覆粉末颗粒,安装有喷射装置(7),用于当液流(3)碎成喷雾时将固体颗粒在喷嘴(8)处喷入雾化区域。为了改善雾化颗粒和喷入颗粒的混合,可以使用多喷嘴喷射系统将固体颗粒喷入雾化区域。在图1中,喷射装置(7)包括颗粒料斗(10),将流化气体引入料斗(10)使料斗下部所含颗粒流化的入口(11),还有运载气体(12)的输入管。
在本发明的优选方法中,喷入的颗粒或颗粒混合物是一种固相线温度低于与被喷射金属或合金熔融液滴在被碰撞时的温度的材料,这样,输入的颗粒就熔化或熔化并反应,在固化的雾化液滴上形成部分或全部的涂层。但更为适合的是,固体颗粒的熔化温度与喷射中的金属或合金的温度只有很小的差别(如只差10℃),使得颗粒一旦熔化就会形成涂层(如熔剂涂层)。碰撞处所需的温度差别,可以通过喷射的金属或合金的过热以及喷入颗粒的温度来实现。
在图2中所示的另一装置中,与被流化不同,固体颗粒是从颗粒料斗(图2中未示出)螺旋进料的。
在这个装置中,进料螺杆(13)水平地从料斗底部延伸进入进料管(14)中。颗粒通过进料管(14)排入混合腔(15)。颗粒排入混合腔(15)的速度由螺杆速度控制,可按要求改变。对于料斗可安装一个振动器(图中未示),保证固体颗粒流稳定地从料斗进入进料螺杆(13)。
在进料管(14)上也可安装一个振动器,以免固体颗粒在进料过程中结团固结。
混合腔(15)安装在进料管(14)的排放端。腔(15)中装有分散板(16),运载气体由其入口(17)进入分散板(16)的下面,通过分散板(16)进入混合腔(15),然后携带着来自进料管(14)的固体颗粒,流向两个出口(18)(图中只示出其一个),出口(18)装于分散板(16)的对面,而固体颗粒与运载气体一起形成稀相流,离开混合腔。位于混合腔顶部的第三个孔(19)是个放压孔,它是提供进料控制信号用的,如我们在未审定的专利申请No.WO92/01525中所述的设备中还有一个吹洗控制阀,供在操作之前将吹洗气体引入系统之用。
如WO92/01525中公开的那样,可以在雾化区域上方的液流四周引入固体颗粒,与液滴在雾化之时即行混合。
控制下列各种因素,可以改变包覆粉末的质量:
(ⅰ)被雾化金属熔体的温度及流速;
(ⅱ)输入的固体颗粒的颗粒尺寸、温度和流速;
(ⅲ)雾化设备的设计;
(ⅳ)雾化气体和运载气体的压力和温度;
(ⅴ)喷射器进料方法
(ⅵ)当喷射加入的颗粒是两种或多种材料(以便在液滴表面反应)时,其混合比率和组成。
通过监测和控制这些工艺变量,可以控制雾化金属的颗粒尺寸分布,从而得到所需的单位质量的表面积;液态金属和喷入颗粒的比率;捕获效率;雾化金属液滴的冷却速度以及碰撞雾化液滴时固体颗粒的熔化速度。
与图1所示的方法(引入作为涂层的材料是固体颗粒)不同,图3显示了用将液态颗粒与喷雾进行混合的设备。如图3所示,用于形成包覆金属或合金粉末的设备中,有一个漏斗(21),金属或合金在其中保持在其液相线温度以上。漏斗(21)是由一个倾动式的熔化和配给炉(22)接受金属或合金熔体的,在其底部有个开口,金属熔体可以通过该开口从漏斗(21)中以液流(23)形式向下排出,通过雾化气体流(24)的作用在喷雾室(25)中转变成雾化液滴的喷雾;喷雾室(25)已用惰性气体清洗过,使其中氧气的含量降至最低。
根据本发明,为了包覆金属或合金粉末,还提供了第二个漏斗(27),包覆物质在其中保持在其液相线温度以上。漏斗(27)接受来自另一个倾动式的熔化和配给炉(28)的包覆物质熔体,在其底部也有一个开口,使得包覆物质熔体可以通过该开口从漏斗(27)以液流(29)形式向下排出。通过雾化气体流(30)的作用在喷雾室(25)中转变成雾化液滴的喷雾。两种喷雾(31,32)在喷雾室(25)中混合,形成包覆颗粒。雾化气体从喷射中的金属或合金及包覆物质中吸收热量,固态包覆粉末则沉集在喷雾室(25)的底部,可通过出口(26)取出。
也可以不用两股喷雾,而是在一个喷嘴中混合两种液体,或者以某种方式流出,使两者被同一雾化器一起雾化。在这种情况下,表面张力较低的材料将是包覆物质。如图4所示,用于形成包覆金属或合金粉末的设备中有一个漏斗(34),金属或合金在其中保持在其液相线温度以上。漏斗(34)是由一个倾动式的熔化和配给炉(35)接受金属或合金熔体的,在其底部有个开口,金属或合金熔体可以通过该开口从漏斗(34)以液流(36)形式向下排出。液流(36)落在一高速旋转圆盘(37)上,结果落下的液态金属流(36)被来自旋转圆盘(37)圆周的离心力加速而雾化。使用某种上述的喷射方法,即螺旋进料器或气力式粉末喷射器(图1的气力式粉末喷射装置即是一例),包覆物质颗粒就通过喷嘴(38)引入到金属流四周,并朝向旋转圆盘(37),因与圆盘表面的金属液膜(39)接触而熔化,或因与离开旋转圆盘(37)的熔融金属或合金液滴接触而熔化。
与施用固体颗粒的方法不同,两种液体可在喷嘴中混合,或者以某种方法流出,使得能被旋转圆盘共同雾化,形成包覆粉末。
实施例
使用图1所示的设备,可雾化Al/Si基合金,如Al-21wt%Si合金,并用10wt%固体铝钾氟化物部分地包覆雾化液滴。各参数如下:
金属流速        6千克/分
金属温度        660℃
颗粒流速        0.75千克/分
颗粒温度        20℃
雾化气体        氮气
使1∶1的氟化钾和氟化铝混合物进入Al-12wt%Si熔体的雾化区域,这种混合物颗粒的相当一大部分在碰撞时熔化并反应,形成铝钾氟化物的部分涂层。
尽管Al-12wt%Si的熔体液滴在氟化钾和氟化铝固体颗粒与它碰撞的位置是过热的,但是形成熔融氟化铝钾的温度与合金的低熔点(约577℃)相差极小。用这种方法在Al-12wt%Si粉末颗粒上提供的氟化铝钾涂层,可以保护粉末在加热时免受氧化,而此涂层在熔化时就提供了一种钎剂,它在铝焊过程中会使焊件表面的氧化物溶解和碎裂而除去。
尽管氟化钾和氟化铝颗粒可以在室温下输入,但如果需要也可以先经预热提高其包覆性能。例如,Al-12wt%Si熔体的流出温度可以是约900℃,此时颗粒温度则用400℃。氟化钾和氟化铝可以用天然的冰晶石。
在一个优选的装置中,因此我们制成了一种至少部分在表面包覆有氟化铝钾的Al-12wt%Si颗粒。
虽然我们只描述了用氟化铝钾包覆的Al-12wt%Si粉末,但是本发明可适用于生产任何合适的包覆粉末。还可以想到,其他钎焊粉末也可用本技术进行熔剂包覆,其中包括贵金属合金(如银合金和金合金),镍和铜基焊接合金粉末等。

Claims (12)

1.一种生产包覆粉末材料的方法,其特征在于,它包括:
将一种形成钎剂的材料引入熔融的和/或正在固化的金属或金属合金的喷雾流或喷射物中,该引入的形成钎剂的材料是熔融或颗粒形式且与喷雾的金属和金属合金在组成上不同,而且基本上与其不溶混,
将引入的材料与液流或液滴喷雾相接触,从而在雾化液滴全部或部分的表面上形成钎剂涂层。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,引入的材料为一种单一的材料。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,钎剂涂层就是该引入材料。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,引入的材料为一种混合物,它们与熔融金属或合金接触时反应形成含反应产物的钎剂涂层。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,引入的材料是液态的,其引入方法是将该材料雾化形成引入材料的喷雾,将金属或合金液滴的喷雾与引入物质液滴的喷雾相接触。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,引入的材料是颗粒材料,该颗粒材料的熔点低于接触时的喷雾液滴的温度,从而接触时所引入的材料会熔化。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,金属或合金的雾化采用气体雾化或离心雾化。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,引入材料的液相线温度低于熔融金属或合金的液相线温度的度数不超过100℃。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,引入材料的液相线温度低于熔融金属或合金的液相线温度的度数不超过30℃。
10.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,引入材料的液相线温度低于熔融金属或合金液相线温度的度数不超过10℃。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,引入的材料和形成的涂层都是铝钾氟化物。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,熔融金属或金属合金流在雾化区域被雾化,形成熔融液滴的喷雾;
同时将颗粒材料引入雾化区域中的该液流或喷雾中;
在雾化区域里,该引入材料与熔融金属液流或熔融和/或正固化的金属液滴喷雾接触,导致该引入材料至少部分熔化,在金属液滴的表面辅展开一层熔融材料膜,从而为金属提供钎剂;和
运行中的该材料和液滴固化形成了包覆钎剂的金属或合金粉末。
CN94191096A 1993-02-06 1994-02-04 粉末生产 Expired - Lifetime CN1073481C (zh)

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BR9406343A (pt) 1996-01-09
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AU5976294A (en) 1994-08-29
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CN1117276A (zh) 1996-02-21
US5749938A (en) 1998-05-12

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