CN107211637B - Under-film drip irrigation fertilization method for tobacco - Google Patents
Under-film drip irrigation fertilization method for tobacco Download PDFInfo
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- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 136
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 241001002356 Valeriana edulis Species 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002362 mulch Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;phosphoric acid Chemical group [Ca+2].OP(O)(O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002426 superphosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 46
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 23
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 4
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 51
- 230000009418 agronomic effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 14
- 244000061176 Nicotiana tabacum Species 0.000 description 13
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N (-)-Nicotine Chemical compound CN1CCC[C@H]1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229960002715 nicotine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicotine Natural products CN1CCCC1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 description 2
- LWFUFLREGJMOIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1O LWFUFLREGJMOIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007696 Kjeldahl method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000003768 Solanum lycopersicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMLQNVRHVSWEGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cl].[K] Chemical compound [Cl].[K] NMLQNVRHVSWEGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005904 alkaline hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000540 analysis of variance Methods 0.000 description 1
- RJGDLRCDCYRQOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthrone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3CC2=C1 RJGDLRCDCYRQOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) Chemical group [Ca+2].OP(O)([O-])=O.OP(O)([O-])=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009194 climbing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004737 colorimetric analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005048 flame photometry Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019691 monocalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003918 potentiometric titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
- C05B1/02—Superphosphates
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a drip irrigation fertilization method under a film for tobacco, which is characterized in that a drip irrigation system is used for delivering water and fertilizer mixed liquor required by each stage of tobacco growth into soil of a tobacco root zone, wherein the water and fertilizer mixed liquor is one or more of a compound fertilizer aqueous solution special for tobacco, a phosphate fertilizer aqueous solution, a potassium nitrate aqueous solution and a potassium sulfate aqueous solution; the special compound fertilizer for tobacco and the phosphate fertilizer are applied as base fertilizers during transplanting, so that the application amount of the special compound fertilizer for tobacco is reduced, and the application time of potassium sulfate is delayed by stages. The invention actively responds to a double reduction plan formulated by the ministry of agriculture, greatly reduces the use amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, and reduces the agricultural non-point source pollution. Compared with the conventional fertilization, the invention adopts the drip irrigation fertilization under the film, the dosage of the potash fertilizer is not changed, and the total amount of the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization is respectively reduced by 15 kg/hm2、18kg/hm2In time, obvious yield reduction can not be caused, and the yield value is basically unchanged. Various chemical components in the tobacco tend to be coordinated and balanced, and are closer to the appropriate content range of high-quality tobacco leaves.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of crop cultivation, relates to a fertilization method, and particularly relates to a drip irrigation fertilization method for tobacco.
Background
Tobacco is a commercial crop with a large water demand, and the water demand varies in each growth period. The distribution of partial tobacco areas in precipitation years is unbalanced, and the normal growth of the flue-cured tobacco is seriously influenced. Therefore, the method enhances the research of water-saving irrigation technology, optimizes water management and saves water, and is an important condition for improving the yield and the quality of the tobacco leaves.
Drip irrigation under film is a new water-saving irrigation technology, the capillary is buried under the film, and the mixed liquid of water and fertilizer is delivered to the soil of the root zone of crops for the crops to absorb and utilize in a fixed proportion and at fixed time through the water outlet.
Moisture and fertilizer are important factors affecting the growth and development of crops. Under-film drip irrigation is a new agricultural technology combining a drip irrigation technology and a mulching film covering technology, fertilizer is dissolved in water and is delivered into a root zone of a crop along with drip irrigation, the characteristics of synchronous water and fertilizer and centralized supply are achieved, the yield of the crop and the utilization efficiency of the water and fertilizer can be obviously improved, the loss of nutrients is reduced, and the aims of high yield, high quality and high efficiency are achieved. Under-mulch drip irrigation is commonly applied to crops such as corn, tomato, potato and vegetables, but is relatively rarely applied to tobacco production.
In the process of implementing the invention, the inventor finds that although the rainfall in the tobacco climbing area is abundant, the rainfall is often concentrated in the middle of tobacco growth, and the rainfall is often concentrated in the early growth stage and is often generated during stage drought, so that the growth of tobacco leaves is delayed, the upper leaves cannot be normally mature, and the yield and quality of the tobacco leaves are seriously influenced. Panzhihua is located at the border of Sichuan Yunnan in the southwest of China, and is one of the most suitable areas for national high-quality flue-cured tobacco. However, the area belongs to subtropical regions in rainy and dry seasons, and in the transition period from dry seasons to rainy seasons in the early stage of flue-cured tobacco planting, the area is often subjected to large-scale water shortage and severe drought, so that the normal growth and development and the yield quality of tobacco plants are adversely affected. Therefore, the early growth and drought of the flue-cured tobacco become the most urgent problem to be solved in tobacco production in the Panzhihua area. The invention also aims to solve the problem of non-point source pollution which exists for a long time in the tobacco cultivation process like common crops. The invention develops the research of the influence of the under-film drip irrigation fertilization technology on the yield and the quality of the flue-cured tobacco leaves in the Panzhihua tobacco area, obtains good technical effect and provides scientific basis and technical guidance for popularization and application of the technology.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the first technical problem to be solved by the present invention is the problem of non-point source pollution existing for a long time in the tobacco cultivation process.
In view of this, the second problem to be solved by the present invention is that the tobacco plants are often subjected to large-scale water shortage in the early stage of planting, and the normal growth and development and the yield and quality of the tobacco plants are adversely affected in the regions with severe drought.
The invention provides a drip irrigation fertilization method under a tobacco film, which comprises the steps of conveying water and fertilizer mixed liquor required by each stage of tobacco growth into soil of a tobacco root zone by using a drip irrigation system, wherein the water and fertilizer mixed liquor is one or more of special compound fertilizer aqueous solution for tobacco, phosphate fertilizer aqueous solution, potassium nitrate aqueous solution and potassium sulfate aqueous solution; the special compound fertilizer for tobacco and the phosphate fertilizer are applied as base fertilizers during transplanting, so that the application amount of the special compound fertilizer for tobacco is reduced, and the application time of potassium sulfate is delayed by stages.
According to a specific embodiment of the under-mulch drip irrigation fertilization method for the tobacco, the potassium nitrate aqueous solution is applied in two times, namely the seedling raising fertilizer and the box loading fertilizer, the application time of the box loading fertilizer is 30 days after planting, and the potassium sulfate aqueous solution is applied in two times respectively 50 days after planting and 70 days after planting.
According to a specific embodiment of the under-film drip irrigation fertilization method for the tobacco, the distance between the drippers of the drip irrigation system is 30 cm; the water yield of a dripper of the drip irrigation system is 1.3L/h.
According to a specific embodiment of the under-film drip irrigation fertilization method for the tobacco, N-P-K =10-12-28 in the special compound fertilizer for the tobacco; the dosage is 600kg/hm2。
According to a specific embodiment of the under-mulch drip irrigation fertilization method for tobacco, the phosphate fertilizer is calcium superphosphate, and the dosage of the phosphate fertilizer is 199.5kg/hm2。
According to a specific embodiment of the under-mulch drip irrigation fertilization method for tobacco, the dosage of the seedling raising fertilizer is 150kg/hm2。
According to a specific embodiment of the under-mulch drip irrigation fertilization method for tobacco, the potassium nitrate applied to the upper fertilizer is 129.23kg/hm2。
According to a specific embodiment of the under-mulch drip irrigation fertilization method for tobacco, 79.95kg/hm of potassium sulfate is applied 50 days after planting2。
According to a specific embodiment of the under-mulch drip irrigation fertilization method for tobacco, potassium sulfate is applied for 70 days after planting at a rate of 75kg/hm2。
According to a specific embodiment of the under-mulch drip irrigation fertilization method for tobacco, the mass concentration of the fertilizer in the water-fertilizer mixed solution is about 0.2% -0.3%.
Compared with the prior art, one of the technical solutions has the following advantages:
a) the invention actively responds to a double reduction plan formulated by the ministry of agriculture, greatly reduces the use amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, and reduces the agricultural non-point source pollution.
b) By using the under-film drip irrigation fertilization technology, water and fertilizer can be properly supplied to the tobacco in due time according to the fertilizer and water demand characteristics of the tobacco in different periods and the soil moisture and nutrient conditions of the tobacco field; meanwhile, the tobacco leaf quality problems of over-thin lower leaves, over-large length-width ratio of upper leaves, over-high nicotine and the like of the flue-cured tobacco are solved.
c) The drip irrigation technology under the film can also thoroughly solve the problems of difficult fertilization and pesticide irrigation for preventing and controlling root diseases and pests after the film mulching, difficult fertilization in the middle and later periods of tobacco leaves and the like, and can greatly reduce the labor intensity and the workload of tobacco fertilization, drought resistance and disease and pest prevention.
d) Compared with the conventional fertilization, the invention adopts the drip irrigation fertilization under the film, the dosage of the potash fertilizer is not changed, and the total amount of the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization is respectively reduced by 15 kg/hm2、18kg/hm2In time, obvious yield reduction can not be caused, and the yield value is basically unchanged. Various chemical components in the tobacco tend to be coordinated and balanced, and are closer to the appropriate content range of high-quality tobacco leaves.
e) The popularization and application of the under-film drip irrigation fertilization technology can reduce the drought problem encountered in the early stage of flue-cured tobacco transplantation, promote the normal growth of tobacco leaves, improve the quality of the tobacco leaves, save fertilizers, reduce non-point source pollution, protect the environment and greatly reduce the labor intensity and the workload of drought resistance and fertilization of the tobacco leaves. The comprehensive consideration suggests that the under-film drip irrigation fertilization scheme of the Panzhihua tobacco region is as follows: on the basis of the conventional fertilizing amount, the using amount of the potassium fertilizer is unchanged, and the total fertilizing amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus are respectively reduced by 15 kg/hm2、18kg/hm2。
Detailed Description
The following description will be given with reference to specific examples.
A drip irrigation fertilization method under a film for tobacco is characterized in that a drip irrigation system is used for delivering water and fertilizer mixed liquor required by each stage of tobacco growth into soil of a tobacco root zone, wherein the water and fertilizer mixed liquor is one or more of a compound fertilizer aqueous solution special for tobacco, a phosphate fertilizer aqueous solution, a potassium nitrate aqueous solution and a potassium sulfate aqueous solution; the special compound fertilizer for tobacco and the phosphate fertilizer are applied as base fertilizers during transplanting, so that the application amount of the special compound fertilizer for tobacco is reduced, and the application time of potassium sulfate is delayed by stages. The potassium nitrate aqueous solution is applied twice by a seedling raising fertilizer and a box loading fertilizer, the application time of the box loading fertilizer is 30 days after planting, and the potassium sulfate aqueous solution is respectively applied 50 days after planting and 70 days after plantingTwo applications. The distance between the drippers of the drip irrigation system is 30 cm; the water yield of a dripper of the drip irrigation system is 1.3L/h. N-P-K =10-12-28 in the special compound fertilizer for tobacco; the dosage is 600kg/hm2. The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, and the dosage is 199.5kg/hm2. The dosage of the seedling raising fertilizer is 150kg/hm2(ii) a The amount of potassium nitrate applied to the upper compartment fertilizer is 129.23kg/hm2. Applying 79.95kg/hm of potassium sulfate 50 days after planting2(ii) a Applying 75kg/hm of potassium sulfate 70 days after planting2. The mass concentration of the fertilizer in the water-fertilizer mixed solution is about 0.2-0.3%.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
To clearly illustrate the effect of the present invention, the following comparative experiment further illustrates that the comparative experiment is provided with 6 treatments, which are T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, wherein T5 is the data of the method of the present invention.
The whole method of this example was carried out in 2016 in Panzhihua city of Sichuan province and the district, plain town and village, and the test variety was Yunyan 85. The basic physicochemical properties of the tested soil are as follows: pH5.02, total nitrogen 0.9g/kg, organic matter 10.7g/kg, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen 56mg/kg, available phosphorus 10.3mg/kg, quick-acting potassium 141mg/kg, chloride ion 0.046g/kg, available zinc 1.02mg/kg, available boron 0.48mg/kg, exchangeable calcium 7.7cmol (1/2Ca2+) Per kg, exchangeable magnesium 2.0cmol (1/2 Mg)2+)/kg。
1.1 design of the experiment
The test adopts field random block design, 6 treatments and 3 repetitions, and totally 18 cells. Tobacco planting was carried out at a row spacing x plant spacing of 1.2m x 0.5m, with 4 rows per cell, 10 cigarettes per row, for a total of 40 cigarettes. Protective rows are arranged around the test area. The distance between the drippers of the drip irrigation system is 30cm, and the water yield of the drippers is 1.3L/h. The test treatments were as follows:
t1 (CK): and (4) fertilizing and cultivating conventionally without drip irrigation.
T2: CK + fertilizer is applied by drip irrigation under the film.
T3: the potassium fertilizer with the mass concentration of 0.17 percent is applied 50 days after the shift, the application is delayed by 20 days compared with T2, and the total amount and the application mode of the fertilizer are the same as those of T2.
T4: compared with T3, the application amount of the base fertilizer compound fertilizer is reduced by 150kg/hm2The other fertilizing amount and fertilizing method are the same as T3. The total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is respectively reduced by 15, 18 and 42kg/hm2。
T5: 42kg/hm is increased on the basis of T42K2O, the rest fertilizing amount and fertilizing method are the same as T4. Compared with T3, the total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus applied is respectively reduced by 15 and 18kg/hm2The total amount of the potash fertilizer is the same.
T6: compared with T3, the total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus applied is respectively reduced by 23 and 21kg/hm2The total amount of the potash fertilizer is the same.
The special compound fertilizer (N-P-K = 10-12-28) and phosphate fertilizer for tobacco are applied as base fertilizer during transplanting, and other fertilizers are used according to different treatments. Except for the conventional fertigation of T1, the other treatments are applied by drip irrigation, and the specific fertilization conditions of each treatment are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 fertilizer application formula and fertilizer application amount for each treatment
1.2 items of analytical measurement
1.2.1 agronomic characteristics survey of tobacco plants
The growth period of each treated tobacco plant was recorded. According to the agricultural trait survey method of tobacco industry standard YC/T142-1998 tobacco, the agricultural traits of tobacco plants in the agglomeration stage, the vigorous growing stage and the mature stage of each treatment are recorded. 5 representative tobacco plants are selected from each cell, and the plant height, stem circumference, pitch, leaf number, maximum leaf length and leaf width of the tobacco plants are investigated.
1.2.2 economic trait investigation of flue-cured tobacco
Tobacco leaves in each test cell are collected according to maturity standard stages, hung and labeled, and baked under unified conditions. And (3) carrying out graded production measurement according to GB2635-92 flue-cured tobacco standards, counting the tobacco yield of each cell, and calculating economic properties such as the tobacco yield value, average price, upper and middle tobacco proportions and the like of each cell by combining 2016 (stock-buying) tobacco purchase prices.
1.2.3 tobacco leaf chemical quality analysis
About 0.5kg of tobacco leaf samples of the second orange (B2F) and the third orange (C3F) are taken in each treatment, and the content of total nitrogen, potassium, chlorine, nicotine, total sugar and reducing sugar is measured. The method comprises the steps of measuring the total nitrogen content in the tobacco leaves by using a Kjeldahl method, measuring the potassium content in the tobacco leaves by using a flame photometry method, measuring the chloride ion content in the tobacco leaves by using a potentiometric titration method, measuring the nicotine content by using an ultraviolet spectrophotometry method, measuring the reducing sugar content by using a 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid method and measuring the water-soluble total sugar content by using an anthrone colorimetry method.
1.3 data processing and statistics
The calculated data were processed using Excel2003 software and the experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance and significance difference tests using DPS7.05 software.
2 results and analysis
2.1 Effect of different treatments on the growth time of flue-cured tobacco
TABLE 2 Effect of different treatments on the growth period of flue-cured tobacco
| Treatment of | Transplanting period | At the stage of agglomeration | Topping period | Maturity stage of foot and leaf | Maturity stage of apical leaf |
| T1 | 5 months and 5 days | 6 months and 16 days | 7 month and 15 days | 7 month and 22 days | 9 month and 10 days |
| T2 | 5 months and 5 days | 6 months and 6 days | 7 month and 8 days | 7 month and 15 days | 9 month and 10 days |
| T3 | 5 months and 5 days | 6 months and 6 days | 7 month and 8 days | 7 month and 15 days | 9 month and 10 days |
| T4 | 5 months and 5 days | 6 months and 6 days | 7 month and 8 days | 7 month and 15 days | 9 month and 10 days |
| T5 | 5 months and 5 days | 6 months and 6 days | 7 month and 8 days | 7 month and 15 days | 9 month and 10 days |
| T6 | 5 months and 5 days | 6 months and 6 days | 7 month and 8 days | 7 month and 15 days | 9 month and 10 days |
Note: the same column of data is followed by different lower case letters indicating that the difference reaches a 5% significance level (same below).
As can be seen from Table 2, the time for transplanting each tobacco seedling was completely the same. Compared with the treatment of drip irrigation fertilization, the clumping period of T1 is delayed for about 10 days, the topping period and the mature period of the foot leaves are delayed for about 7 days, and the mature period of the top leaves is basically consistent. Therefore, under the condition of less rainfall in the early growth stage of the flue-cured tobacco, the drip irrigation fertilization technology can obviously promote the growth and development of tobacco plants. In the middle and later stages of the growth of the flue-cured tobacco, the difference between T1 and the growth period of the rest treatment is gradually reduced due to sufficient rainfall, and finally the growth time of the flue-cured tobacco in the field is basically the same.
2.2 Effect of different treatments on agronomic traits of tobacco leaves
2.2.1 Effect of different treatments on agronomic traits in the Cluster stage
As can be seen from Table 3, T1 (CK) treated the most inferior value of each agronomic trait in the early stage. The soil moisture condition is good under the condition of drip irrigation in the early growth stage, which is beneficial to the growth of the flue-cured tobacco. The values of various agronomic traits of T3 were all superior to T2, T4, T5 and T6 treatments, but the differences were not significant. The agronomic trait values of T4 which have the same nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization amount in the early growth stage are not much different from the value of T5. The value of each agronomic trait of T5 is slightly better than that of T6, which shows that the growth of the tobacco leaves in the early stage is influenced to a certain extent under the condition of reducing the fertilizer.
TABLE 3 Effect of different treatments on agronomic traits in the clump stage
2.2.2 Effect of different treatments on the agronomic traits in the vigorous growth
As can be seen from Table 4, the growth difference between the treatments in the vigorous growth stage and the colony stage was substantially the same. The value of each agronomic trait of T2 is better than that of T1, and the obvious difference is achieved, which indicates that the growth vigor of the flue-cured tobacco is better under the condition of drip irrigation. Compared with T4, T5 and T6, the agronomic character values of T3 are superior to those of other treatments, which shows that the reduction of fertilizer application has obvious influence on the growth condition of tobacco leaves. The value of each agronomic trait corresponding to the treatment of T4 and T5 with the same nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizing amount is not much different.
TABLE 4 Effect of different treatments on vigorous long-term agronomic traits
2.2.3 Effect of different treatments on the agronomic traits in the maturation stage
TABLE 5 Effect of different treatments on agronomic traits at maturity
As can be seen from table 5, the leaf number and plant height values of the T1, T4, and T5 treatments were greater than the remaining treatments, but did not achieve significant differences. The leaf length was greatest for the T1 treatment and smallest for the T3 treatment, and showed significant differences. The difference of the agronomic character indexes among other treatments is not obvious. Therefore, under the condition that the rainfall is abundant in the later growth stage of the tobacco leaves, the growth vigor of the T1-treated flue-cured tobacco gradually follows the rest treatments.
2.3 Effect of different treatments on economic Properties of tobacco leaves
TABLE 6 influence of different treatments on economic characteristics of tobacco leaves
After the tobacco leaves are harvested and baked, the yield is calculated according to the national standard in a grading mode, and the influence of each treatment on the yield, the yield value, the average price and the grade proportion of the tobacco leaves is shown in a table 6. As can be seen from Table 6, the yield values for the T1, T2, T3 and T5 treatmentsAre all higher; the T3 and T5 have the highest yield value, and are obviously different from T4 and T6. As can be seen, compared with the conventional fertilization (T1), the total nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization amount of the fertilizer under the film by drip irrigation is respectively reduced by 15 kg/hm and 18kg/hm2And (T5) the influence on the yield and the output value of the flue-cured tobacco is not large. But simultaneously reducing the application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (T4) or reducing the total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers by 23 and 21kg/hm respectively2(T6) results in a significant yield reduction effect. The T2, T3, T5 and T6 were all significantly more expensive than the T4 treatment. The proportion of smoke on T1 and T2 was higher than the remaining treatments, but did not reach a significant difference. The moderate smoke fraction of the T5 treatment was significantly higher than the T4 treatment. The moderate smoke fraction on T1, T2, and T5 was higher, but was not significantly different from the rest of the treatments.
2.4 Effect of different treatments on the chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco
The requirements of the chemical components of the high-quality flue-cured tobacco are as follows: the proper range of the total nitrogen content is 1.5-3.5%, the nicotine content is 1.5-3.5%, the total sugar content is 23-30%, the reducing sugar content is 18-25%, the potassium content is more than 2%, the chlorine content is less than 0.8%, the potassium-chlorine ratio is more than 4, the proper range of the sugar-base ratio is 8-12, and the proper range of the nitrogen-base ratio is 0.8-1.1. Table 7 shows the effect of different treatments on the main chemical composition and important quality indicators of the upper and middle leaves.
As can be seen from Table 7, the total nitrogen, potassium, chlorine contents and ratio of potassium to chlorine of the tobacco leaves treated in each case were in the appropriate ranges. In the upper leaf, the nicotine content of the T5 treatment was significantly higher than that of the T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments; in the lower leaf, the nicotine content of the T2 and T4 treatments was significantly higher than that of the T3 treatment. In terms of total sugar content, the total sugar content of the upper tobacco leaves T1, T4 was higher than that of the other treatments, and the total sugar content of the lower tobacco leaves T1, T2 was higher than that of the other treatments. All of the treated sugar-base ratios were higher than the standard for the quality tobacco leaves, but the sugar-base ratios of the T2 and T5 treatments were closer to the appropriate range than for the other treatments. Comprehensive analysis shows that the contents of all chemical components in the tobacco leaves treated by T2 and T5 are most coordinated and are more close to the appropriate content range of high-quality tobacco leaves.
TABLE 7 Effect of different treatments on the chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco
The test result shows that in the early growth stage of the flue-cured tobacco, compared with the conventional fertilization (T1), the flue-cured tobacco has better growth vigor by adopting the under-film drip irrigation fertilization technology. After the flue-cured tobacco grows in the middle and later stages, under the condition of sufficient rainfall, the growth trend of T1 gradually follows up the rest treatments using drip irrigation under the film. Therefore, the under-film drip irrigation fertilization technology can obviously relieve the early stage drought problem encountered in the production of the Panzhihua tobacco area and improve the agronomic characters of tobacco plants.
Compared with the conventional fertilization (T1), the fertilizer is applied by drip irrigation under the film while the application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (T4) or the total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is respectively reduced by 23kg/hm and 21kg/hm2(T6) results in a significant yield reduction effect. But the dosage of the potassium fertilizer is not changed, and the total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application is respectively reduced by 15 kg/hm and 18kg/hm2(T5), no obvious yield reduction is caused, and the yield value is basically unchanged. The chemical components in the tobacco leaves treated by the T2 and the T5 tend to be coordinated and balanced, and are more close to the proper content range of the high-quality tobacco leaves.
In general, the popularization and application of the under-film drip irrigation fertilization technology can reduce the drought problem encountered in the early stage of flue-cured tobacco transplantation, promote the normal growth of tobacco leaves, improve the quality of the tobacco leaves, save fertilizers, reduce non-point source pollution, protect the environment and greatly reduce the labor intensity and the workload of drought resistance and fertilization of the tobacco leaves. The comprehensive consideration suggests that the under-film drip irrigation fertilization scheme of the Panzhihua tobacco region is as follows: on the basis of the conventional fertilizing amount, the using amount of the potassium fertilizer is unchanged, and the total fertilizing amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus are respectively reduced by 15 kg/hm and 18kg/hm2。
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that the above preferred embodiment should not be considered as limiting the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention should be subject to the scope defined by the claims. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and these modifications and adaptations should be considered within the scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. A drip irrigation fertilization method under a film for tobacco is that the tobacco is Yunyan 85, and is characterized in that a drip irrigation system is used for delivering water and fertilizer mixed liquor required by each stage of tobacco growth into soil of a tobacco root area, wherein the water and fertilizer mixed liquor is a special compound fertilizer aqueous solution for tobacco, a phosphate fertilizer aqueous solution, a potassium nitrate aqueous solution and a potassium sulfate aqueous solution respectively; the special compound fertilizer for tobacco and the phosphate fertilizer are applied as base fertilizers during transplanting, so that the application amount of the special compound fertilizer for tobacco is reduced, and the application time of potassium sulfate is delayed by stages;
the potassium nitrate aqueous solution is applied twice for a seedling raising fertilizer and a box loading fertilizer, the application time of the box loading fertilizer is 30 days after planting, and the potassium sulfate aqueous solution is applied twice respectively for 50 days after planting and 70 days after planting;
N-P-K is 10-12-28 in the special compound fertilizer for tobacco;
the dosage of the special compound fertilizer for tobacco is 450kg/hm2The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, and the dosage is 199.5kg/hm2The dosage of the seedling raising fertilizer is 150kg/hm2The using amount of the fertilizer for loading the compartment is 129.23kg/hm2Applying 79.95kg/hm of potassium sulfate 50 days after planting2Applying 75kg/hm of potassium sulfate 70 days after planting2。
2. The sub-membrane drip irrigation fertilization method of tobacco according to claim 1, wherein a dripper pitch of the drip irrigation system is 30 cm; the water yield of a dripper of the drip irrigation system is 1.3L/h.
3. The under-mulch drip irrigation fertilization method for tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the mass concentration of the fertilizer in the water-fertilizer mixed solution is 0.2% -0.3%.
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| CN102783326B (en) * | 2012-09-17 | 2013-08-14 | 贵州省烟草科学研究所 | Moisture-conservation-free under-film trickle irrigation transplanting method for tobacco seedlings |
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