CN106665304B

CN106665304B - Method for rapid seedling formation of hybrid seeds of jujube trees based on soilless culture

Info

Publication number: CN106665304B
Application number: CN201611137336.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 刘孟军; 闫芬芬; 王玖瑞
Original assignee: Hebei Agricultural University
Current assignee: Hebei Agricultural University
Priority date: 2016-12-12
Filing date: 2016-12-12
Publication date: 2020-12-22
Anticipated expiration: 2036-12-12
Also published as: CN106665304A

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for quickly forming seedlings of hybrid seeds of jujube trees based on soilless culture, which is to realize quick seedling formation of the hybrid seeds of the jujube trees and obtain hybrid population through the technical measures of refrigeration treatment of hybrid fruits, seed soaking and germination acceleration by warm water, seeding in a greenhouse, preparation of seedling culture medium, nutrient solution management in the seedling culture period, nutrient solution management in the growth flowering period and the like. After the method is adopted, the emergence rate of the jujube tree hybrid seeds reaches 57% and 68%, the seedling rate reaches 35% and 58%, and the flowering rate in the next year combination reaches 62.5%, so that the seedling rate of the hybrid seeds is greatly improved compared with the conventional open field sowing, the flowering period is accelerated, and the breeding period is shortened. The invention opens up a new way for the rapid seedling raising of hybrid seeds and the large-scale construction of hybrid population in jujube tree hybridization breeding, has high application value and has reference significance for the culture of other fruit tree filial generations.

Description

Method for rapid seedling formation of hybrid seeds of jujube trees based on soilless culture

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for rapidly forming seedlings of hybrid seeds of jujube trees by utilizing a soilless culture technology.

Background

Crossbreeding is one of the most common and effective fruit tree breeding methods. The jujube tree is a unique and dominant fruit tree and the first major fruit tree species in China. However, because the jujube trees have small flowers and are difficult to manually castrate, the fruit setting rate is only about 1 percent and the embryos are seriously aborted, the probability of obtaining hybrid seeds on the jujube trees is about ten thousandth. How to rapidly culture the rare hybrid seeds into seedlings and perform hybrid progeny character evaluation in advance is one of the keys for improving the efficiency of jujube tree hybrid breeding. At present, the hybrid seeds are generally treated by a sand-storage stratification method and sown in open field in the spring of the next year, but the emergence rate of the hybrid seeds is usually only about 20 percent, the time is long, and more than 2 years are generally needed until the seedlings and flowers. Although the embryo culture technology can also be adopted to obtain the filial generation seedlings of the jujube tree hybrid, the technology is complex, the seedling rate after domestication and transplantation is generally less than 10 percent, and the technology is not suitable for the culture seedling of large-scale filial generation groups.

Soilless culture (solvesture) refers to a culture method in which a substrate prepared artificially without natural soil is irrigated with a nutrient solution in a growth period. Due to the fact that soilless culture can artificially create a good rhizosphere environment to replace a natural soil environment, soil continuous cropping diseases and physiological obstacles caused by soil salt accumulation can be effectively prevented, the requirements of plants on environment conditions such as mineral nutrition, moisture and gas are fully met, basic materials for culture can be recycled, and the soilless culture method has the advantages of saving water and fertilizer, saving labor, protecting environment, being efficient and the like. At present, soilless culture is widely applied to production of vegetables, flowers and the like, and few soilless culture technologies are applied to production of perennial woody fruit trees due to great technical difficulty, so that no report is found about the soilless culture technology of jujube trees. If the soilless culture technology can be applied to seedling raising of hybrid progeny of the jujube trees, and the rapid seedling formation, flowering and fruiting of the hybrid progeny of the jujube trees can be realized by combining cold storage and germination acceleration treatment of hybrid seeds, scientific management of nutrient solution in a seedling stage, precise management of nutrient solution in growth, flowering and fruiting stages and the like, so that hybrid progeny groups can be obtained at high speed, and the hybrid breeding process of the jujube trees is accelerated.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention establishes a method for rapidly culturing hybrid seedlings of jujube trees by utilizing a soilless culture technology, the fruits obtained by hybridization are refrigerated, then seeds are taken out for seed soaking and germination acceleration, and greenhouse soilless culture is carried out in seeding, growing, flowering and fruiting periods, so that the rapid seedling formation of the hybrid seeds of the jujube trees is realized.

The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: the fruit obtained by hybridization is refrigerated at 0-4 ℃, then pulp and hard core are removed, seeds are taken out, the seeds are soaked for accelerating germination, then the seeds are sowed in a grass carbon and perlite mixed matrix under the greenhouse condition, the seeds are transferred to a sand culture mixed matrix for growing, flowering and fruiting when the height of the seedlings reaches about 15cm, and about 50% of hybridization offspring can be hybridized to bloom and fruit in the next 7 months of hybridization.

The specific content of the invention, namely the method for rapid seedling formation of the hybrid seeds of the jujube trees based on soilless culture, is as follows:

(1) hybrid fruit collection and refrigeration treatment hybrid fruits are collected in the mature period of 10 months jujube fruits in the current year of hybridization, the hybrid fruits are placed into a breathable packaging bag after being cleaned, the hybrid fruits are refrigerated for 60 days at the temperature of 0-4 ℃ to finish the after-ripening effect of hybrid seeds, and the cleaned fruits are checked every 7 days during the refrigerated period to prevent the fruits from mildewing. The method can replace the conventional stratification treatment of hybrid seeds, and obviously shorten the post-maturation treatment time of the seeds.

(2) Seed soaking, germination accelerating, cold storage treatment of fruit, removing pulp, cracking jujube core with pliers, and stripping intact seed. Soaking the seeds in warm water at 45 ℃ for 4h, then soaking the seeds at normal temperature for 24h, accelerating germination at constant temperature of 28 ℃ until about 50% of the seeds are exposed to the white, and then sowing.

(3) Sowing and seedling management seeds after germination acceleration are dibbled in a container filled with grass carbon: the perlite is added into a plug tray with a mixed matrix containing 3:1 water and 60% -70% of water, then the film is covered for moisture preservation, and the seedlings are grown in a greenhouse environment (25 ℃ -28 ℃ in the daytime and 15 ℃ -18 ℃ at night). After 2-3 weeks, 1/4-concentration nutrient solution is sprayed, and 1/2-concentration nutrient solution is sprayed after 4-5 weeks, wherein the formula of the nutrient solution is shown in table 1. And (3) planting 3-4 true leaves after the seedlings are 10cm high from 1 st ten days to 2 last days of the next year.

(4) The field planting is in the sunlight greenhouse, opens the rectangle groove of planting, and degree of depth 30cm, width 40cm, interval 1.2m, but inslot spread infiltration ground cloth, fill grass carbon: coarse sand: fine sand 2: 1:1, and installing a drip irrigation tape. And (3) carrying out double-row field planting in the planting grooves, wherein the plant spacing is 30cm, the row spacing is 30cm, and transplanting the seedlings with the matrix lumps. And (5) irrigating clear water after transplanting, shading for 3-5d and rejuvenating.

(5) Nutrient solution is dripped after management and field planting for 2 weeks in growth, flowering and fruiting periods (table 1), and the concentration and the drip irrigation amount of the nutrient solution in different growth periods are shown in table 2. Gradually uncovering the greenhouse film of the sunlight greenhouse in the middle and last ten days of 4 months according to the external temperature condition, so that the hybrid seedlings rapidly grow, blossom and bear fruits in the open air.

TABLE 1 nutrient solution prescription Table

TABLE 2 nutrient solution concentration table for different growth periods

The method has the advantages that the soilless culture technology is applied to the seedling raising of the hybrid seeds of the jujube trees, the rapid seedling and flowering of the hybrid seeds are realized by optimizing the refrigeration of the hybrid fruits, the seed germination accelerating technology, the seedling raising and the concentration of the nutrient solution for drip irrigation at different growth stages and the like, and the seedling rate and the seedling quality of the hybrid seeds of the jujube trees are obviously improved. Compared with the conventional 4-month open field sowing and next spring flowering, the method can advance the seedling emergence and grow for 4 months, realize that the annual flowering rate reaches more than 62.5%, and the seedling rate is improved to 30% -50% from 10% of the open field sowing, thereby effectively solving the problems of low seedling rate, poor seedling quality, long evaluation period of filial generation and the like of the jujube hybrid seeds, greatly accelerating the hybridization breeding process of the jujube trees, and improving the breeding efficiency.

Drawings

FIG. 1 JMS2 kinds of kernels and seeds

FIG. 2 seed soaking and germination acceleration

FIG. 3 seed emergence

FIG. 4 hybrid seedling planting groove and matrix

FIG. 5 the fixed planting growth of hybrid seedlings

FIG. 6 the current year flowering of hybrid seedlings.

Detailed Description

In 2015 for 4 months, a first soldier in a briar of the production and construction of new brigades in Xinjiang carries out controlled hybridization of jujube tree cover nets in a ten-ball nursery stock central resource garden, two hybridization combinations of MS2 × Cheng 16 and JMS2 × Cross 5 are arranged by taking a male sterile 2 (JMS2) as a female parent, and a combination of winter jujube and honey pot jujube as a male parent and a female parent is arranged at the same time, so that different hybridization combinations are covered in different nets. Honeybees are placed in the net for pollination in 5-7 months, 831 fruits of JMS2 × chen 16 hybridization combination, 435 fruits of JMS2 × 5 hybridization combination, 45 fruits of winter jujube × honey pot hybridization combination, and 220 fruits of honey pot × winter jujube hybridization combination are obtained in the middle 10 th month. Wiping the surface of the fruit clean with a wet towel, marking the male and female parents, slightly drying in the air, putting into an air-permeable plastic bag, and refrigerating in a refrigerator at 0-4 ℃ for 60 days. Taking out the refrigerated fruits in the middle 12 th of the month, removing the pulp to obtain hybrid seeds, clamping the hybrid seeds by using pliers to crack the seeds and stripping complete seeds, wherein the finally obtained seed numbers of different hybrid combinations are respectively as follows: JMS2 × chen 16 combinations of 502, of which 451 are filled and 51 are not filled; JMS2 × cross 5 combinations of 52, of which 50 were filled and 2 were not filled; the winter jujubes and the honey pots are combined into 20 pieces, and the honey pots and the winter jujubes are combined into 10 pieces and are full. Soaking plump seeds in a greenhouse at 45 ℃ for 4h, soaking the seeds at normal temperature for 24h, accelerating germination at a constant temperature of 28 ℃ in an illumination incubator for 24h-28h, and preparing for sowing and seedling after about 50% of the seeds are exposed to white.

And (3) dibbling the plump seeds subjected to the pregermination treatment in a container filled with grass carbon: in a 32-hole plug tray of a mixed matrix with perlite being 3:1 and water content being about 70%, covering a film for moisturizing, and growing seedlings in an intelligent greenhouse environment (22-28 ℃ in the daytime and 8-15 ℃ at night). After 2-3 weeks, 1/4-concentration nutrient solution is sprayed after seedlings are completely grown, 1/2-concentration nutrient solution is sprayed after 4-5 weeks, and the formula of the nutrient solution is an improved Japanese garden type formula. In the last ten days of 2 months, the seedlings are 10cm high and are ready for field planting when 3-4 true leaves grow out.

Open rectangle planting groove in sunlight greenhouse, height 30cm, width 40cm, but inslot spreads the water seepage ground cloth, fills the turf: coarse sand: fine sand 2: 1:1, and installing a drip irrigation tape. And (4) performing double-row planting in the planting grooves, wherein the planting distance is 30cm, and the row distance is 30 cm. And transplanting the seedlings to be fixedly planted with soil lumps. And (5) irrigating clear water after transplanting, and shading for 3-5 days to delay seedlings. Drip irrigation of nutrient solution is started after 2 weeks of field planting, in the growth period of 3-5 months, the nutrient solution with the concentration of 1 time is drip irrigation, 3 minutes of drip irrigation is carried out each time until the root system is thoroughly wetted, and the nutrient solution is drip irrigation for 1-2 times every week; and (4) uncovering the sunlight greenhouse film in the last ten days of the month, and carrying out cultivation management under the open air condition. And (3) drip-irrigating the nutrient solution with the concentration 2 times after the flowering and fruiting period of 6 months, wherein the nutrient solution is drip-irrigated for 5min each time until the root system is thoroughly wetted, and the nutrient solution is drip-irrigated for 2-3 times every week. The control treatment was: 100 JMS2 seeds after sand stratification are sown in a field resource garden in 2016 and are normally managed.

In 2016, investigation in 4 months, 258 strains and 34 strains emerge from 2 JMS2 hybrid combinations respectively, the emergence rate reaches 57 percent and 68 percent, 160 strains and 29 strains finally become seedlings, and the seedling rate reaches 35 percent and 58 percent; the emergence rates of the combination of the winter jujubes, the honey pots and the honey pots are 45% and 60% respectively. In 2016, 7 months, the height of hybrid seedlings of different hybrid combinations reaches about 50cm, wherein hybrid filial generation of the combination of the honey pot and the winter jujubes enters a flowering period, wherein the winter jujubes bloom 5 plants, the honey pot blooms 5 plants, 1 plant bears fruits, and the flowering rate reaches 62.5%. And in the control treatment, 12 seedlings emerge in 5 months, the rate of emergence is 12%, only 3 seedlings are finally obtained in 7 months, and the growth vigor is weak. Practice and application prove that the rapid seedling formation of the hybrid seeds of the jujube trees can be realized by using the method disclosed by the invention.

Claims

1. A method for quickly forming seedlings of hybrid seeds of jujube trees based on soilless culture is characterized in that the quick seedling forming of the hybrid seeds of jujube trees is realized by utilizing a greenhouse soilless culture technology, and comprises the following steps:

(1) collecting mature hybrid fruits in the current hybrid year, and refrigerating at 0-4 deg.C for 60 d;

(2) taking out the refrigerated hybrid fruits, stripping off the complete seeds, soaking the seeds in warm water at 45 ℃ for 4h, then soaking the seeds in the warm water at normal temperature for 24h, and then accelerating germination at the constant temperature of 28 ℃ for 24-28h until the seeds are exposed to the white;

(3) sowing the seeds after germination acceleration in grass peat under the intelligent greenhouse environment of 22-28 ℃ in the daytime and 8-15 ℃ at night: 1: 3 of perlite and 60-70% of water content, covering a mulching film after sowing, spraying 1/4-concentration nutrient solution 2-3 weeks after seedling emergence, and spraying 1/2-concentration nutrient solution 4-5 weeks later; the formula of the nutrient solution is an improved Japanese garden formula, and after 8 weeks, seedlings to be transplanted grow; the formula of the nutrient solution is shown in the following table,

fertilizer (macroelement) Dosage (mg/L) Fertilizer (microelement) Dosage (mg/L) Calcium nitrate 950 EDTA iron sodium salt 17 Potassium nitrate 810 Boric acid 3 Magnesium sulfate 500 Manganese sulfate 2 Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 155 Zinc sulfate 0.22 Copper sulfate 0.05 Sodium molybdate 0.02 Rare earth element 0.01

(4) Opening a rectangular planting groove in a sunlight greenhouse, and filling grass carbon in the planting groove: coarse sand: fine sand 2: 1:1, installing a drip irrigation tape on a planting groove, and transplanting the seedling to be transplanted with a substrate lump into the planting groove; after transplanting, drip irrigation with clear water for shading for 3-5 days; drip irrigation with 1/4-concentration nutrient solution 2 weeks after transplantation, drip irrigation with the nutrient solution 1-2 times per week, and grow into hybrid seedlings 2-3 months later; in spring of the next year, after the jujube tree sprouts on the open field, uncovering a greenhouse film of the sunlight greenhouse to enable the hybrid seedlings to grow under the open air condition; and (3) after the hybrid seedlings enter the flowering period, carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution with the concentration 2 times, and carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution 2-3 times every week.