CN103733859B - A kind of cassava blooms control technique - Google Patents
A kind of cassava blooms control technique Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于农作物栽培技术领域,具体涉及一种木薯开花调控技术,其特征在于:包括选地整地,种植管理,调控花期,保花及调控雌雄花比例,花粉活力测定及授粉试验和杂交育种,本发明采用化学调控以及人工农艺措施调控的方法,获得稳定优质的杂交种子,具有开花时间早、开花率高,技术操作简单等特点,适合我国大部分木薯种植区进行杂交育种。The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and in particular relates to a cassava flowering control technology, which is characterized in that it includes site selection, planting management, flowering control, flower preservation and control of male and female flower ratios, pollen vigor measurement, pollination test and hybrid breeding, The invention adopts the methods of chemical regulation and artificial agronomic regulation to obtain stable and high-quality hybrid seeds, has the characteristics of early flowering time, high flowering rate, simple technical operation and the like, and is suitable for hybrid breeding in most cassava planting areas in my country.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明属于农作物栽培技术领域,具体涉及一种木薯开花调控技术。 The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and in particular relates to a cassava flowering regulation technology.
背景技术 Background technique
木薯(Cassava)是灌木状多年生作物,世界三大薯类之一,广泛栽培于热带和亚热带地区。在我国南亚热带地区,木薯是仅次于水稻、甘薯、甘蔗和玉米的第五大作物。它在作物布局,饲料生产,工业应用等方面具有重要作用,已成为广泛种植主要加工淀粉和饲料的农作物。木薯为大戟科植物木薯的块根,木薯块根呈圆锥形、圆柱形或纺锤形,肉质,富含淀粉。木薯粉品质优良,可供食用,或工业上制作酒精、果糖、葡萄糖等。 Cassava (Cassava) is a shrub-like perennial crop, one of the world's three largest tubers, and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. In the subtropical region of my country, cassava is the fifth largest crop after rice, sweet potato, sugar cane and corn. It plays an important role in crop layout, feed production, industrial application, etc., and has become a widely planted crop mainly for processing starch and feed. Cassava is the root of Euphorbiaceae cassava. The cassava root is conical, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, fleshy and rich in starch. Cassava flour is of good quality and can be used for food, or for industrial production of alcohol, fructose, glucose, etc.
目前,在木薯种植方面,杂交育种方法是木薯普遍采用的育种方法,杂交育种就是将不同种群、不同基因型个体间进行杂交,并在其杂种后代中选育出所需品种的方法。杂交可以使双亲的基因重新组合,将双亲控制不同性状的优良基因结合于一体,或将双亲中控制同一性状的不同微效基因积累起来,产生在该性状上超过亲本的类型或形成各种不同的类型,为选择优良品种提供丰富的材料。木薯(2N)具36对染色,基因高度杂合,木薯杂交育种,就是利用杂交F1代的不同性状的个体,选育出所需性状的优良个体,由于木薯用种茎作为生产繁殖对象,所选育后代不会出现性状分离,因而杂交育种是十分适合木薯的育种方法,并且取得较好的效果。 At present, in terms of cassava planting, hybrid breeding is a widely used breeding method for cassava. Hybrid breeding is a method of crossing individuals of different populations and different genotypes, and selecting desired varieties from their hybrid offspring. Hybridization can recombine the genes of the parents, combine the excellent genes of the parents that control different traits, or accumulate the different minor genes that control the same trait in the parents, resulting in a type that surpasses the parents in this trait or forms a variety of different traits. The type provides abundant materials for selecting fine varieties. Cassava (2N) has 36 pairs of dyeing, highly heterozygous genes. Cassava cross breeding is to use the individuals of different traits in the hybrid F1 generation to select and breed excellent individuals with the desired traits. Since cassava uses seed stems as production and reproduction objects, so There will be no trait segregation in the selected offspring, so cross breeding is a very suitable breeding method for cassava, and has achieved good results.
在我国,海南、广西和广东是木薯种植面积最广的地区之一,然而,由于该地区处于亚热带季风气候区,因气候因素的影响,有的品种能开花,有的品种不易开花,年份间差异也较大,有的年份开花,有的年份不开花;木薯花期均在9月份以后,且大部分在10月分以后。木薯从授粉到种子成熟一般需要70-120天。在这些地区,木薯9月份后才开花、授粉,因气温低,种子从授粉到成熟约需100-120天。理论上,9月中旬为木薯杂交育授粉的时间临界点,在临界点前授粉的种子,可满足种子发育所需光、温条件,种子成熟度可达八成以上;临界点以后授粉的种子,成熟度差,将发育不完全,发芽率低或不能发芽。在广西,自然开花木薯的各品种,花期大部份在10月份以后,种子成熟度差,严重影响该地区的杂交育种正常进行。在海南,木薯虽然能正常开花结果,也能获得正常的杂交种子,但因台风频繁,木薯易倒伏及台风对花穗和种子的损坏,不易获得长期、稳定的杂交种子来源,在其他各省份,遇到的情况与广西基本相同。这些因素,严重制约我国的木薯杂交育种效率。过去,我国各地区的木薯育种机构主要从国际热带农业中心和泰国获得杂交种子,但这种异地化的育种,以当地的优良品种为父母本为主,但品种存在区域性差异,在国外优良品种,在国内不一定表现优良,这种异地化育种,导至杂交育种效率不高;近年来,国际热带农业中心和泰国不再提供杂交种子,我国大部分地区的木薯杂交育种有缺粮之危机,寻找一种广泛适合我国的木薯种植区的木薯杂交育种方法,成为了一个迫切的课题。 In my country, Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong are one of the areas with the most extensive cassava planting area. However, because this area is in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, due to the influence of climatic factors, some varieties can flower, and some varieties are not easy to flower. It is also larger, some years bloom, and some years do not bloom; cassava flowering period is after September, and most of them are after October. Cassava generally takes 70-120 days from pollination to seed maturity. In these areas, cassava blooms and pollinates only after September. Due to the low temperature, it takes about 100-120 days for the seeds to mature from pollination. Theoretically, mid-September is the critical point for cassava cross breeding and pollination. Seeds pollinated before the critical point can meet the light and temperature conditions required for seed development, and the seed maturity can reach more than 80%; seeds pollinated after the critical point, Poor maturity, incomplete development, low germination rate or failure to germinate. In Guangxi, most of the natural flowering cassava varieties flower after October, and the seed maturity is poor, which seriously affects the normal progress of cross breeding in this area. In Hainan, although cassava can bloom and bear fruit normally, and normal hybrid seeds can be obtained, but due to frequent typhoons, cassava is prone to lodging and damage to flower spikes and seeds caused by typhoons, it is difficult to obtain long-term and stable sources of hybrid seeds. , the situation encountered is basically the same as that of Guangxi. These factors seriously restrict the efficiency of cassava hybrid breeding in my country. In the past, cassava breeding institutions in various regions of my country mainly obtained hybrid seeds from the International Tropical Agriculture Center and Thailand. However, this kind of off-site breeding mainly uses local excellent varieties as the parents, but there are regional differences in varieties. Cassava varieties may not perform well in China. This kind of off-site breeding has led to low hybrid breeding efficiency; In view of the crisis, it has become an urgent task to find a cassava hybrid breeding method that is widely suitable for cassava planting areas in my country.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
为解决现有技术的缺陷,本发明提供了一种克服木薯杂交育种后期遇低温气候对种子发育不良的影响,能够避免在相对热带沿海区育种时,台风对杂交种子的损失,一种适合相对内陆区域的木薯人工开花调控的技术,也是一种木薯相对内陆区的木薯杂交育种的关键技术。 In order to solve the defects of the prior art, the present invention provides a method for overcoming the impact of cassava hybrid breeding in the late stage of low temperature climate on poor seed development, and can avoid the loss of hybrid seeds caused by typhoons when breeding in relatively tropical coastal areas. The technology of cassava artificial flowering control in inland areas is also a key technology for cassava hybrid breeding in inland areas.
本发明木薯开花调控技术,其特征在于:包括选地整地,种植管理,调控花期,保花及调控雌雄花比例,花粉活力测定及授粉试验和杂交育种,具体实施步骤如下: The cassava flowering regulation technology of the present invention is characterized in that: comprise selection site preparation, planting management, regulation and control florescence, flower preservation and regulation and control male and female flower ratio, pollen vigor determination and pollination test and hybrid breeding, concrete implementation steps are as follows:
(1)选地整地 (1) Site selection and preparation
①平整.选择不过分贫瘠、石砾少、无积水、避风或有林段保护的土地,在三月上旬至四月上旬进行种植,种植前1-2个月进行深翻细耙,让阳光对土地进行充分暴晒,杀菌,平整土地; ① Leveling. Choose land that is not too barren, with little gravel, no water, sheltered from wind, or protected by forest sections. Plant it from early March to early April. Deep plow and fine harrow 1-2 months before planting, so that The sun fully exposes the land to the sun, sterilizes and levels the land;
②开沟.按株行距开沟,犁土深30-40cm,开沟深20-25cm,按行距一米起畦; ② Furrowing. Dig furrows according to the row spacing of plants, plow soil depth of 30-40cm, ditch depth of 20-25cm, and furrow according to row spacing of one meter;
③基肥的施用.所述的基肥是每亩用量为500-800kg农家肥、10-12kg尿素和20-25kg氮磷钾浓度≥40%的三元复合肥,充分混合均匀,基肥施于畦中间与泥土拌匀,畦面覆盖1m宽地膜,地膜四周用泥土压实; 3. application of basal manure. Described basal manure is the ternary compound fertilizer that per mu consumption is 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg NPK concentration ≥ 40%, fully mixes, and basal manure is applied in the middle of furrow Mix well with the soil, cover the furrow surface with 1m wide plastic film, and compact it with soil around the plastic film;
(2)种植管理 (2) Planting management
①试验材料的选择.采用充分老熟、茎粗节密、芽点完好、新鲜、不损伤、切口有乳汁、无病虫的宿根木薯作为木薯开花调控的试验材料; ① Selection of test materials. Perennial root cassava that is fully mature, with dense stems, thick buds, intact buds, fresh, undamaged, milk in the cut, and free of diseases and insect pests is used as the test material for cassava flowering regulation;
②保种.在冬季气温低于12℃前或12月25前,对以上木薯开花调控的试验材料加盖小拱天膜或小拱天膜加地膜保温处理,多雨区域,需开排水沟; ②Seed preservation. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the above test materials for cassava flowering control should be covered with a small arch film or a small arch film plus plastic film insulation treatment. In rainy areas, drainage ditches need to be opened;
③放芽与种植.3月中旬至3月底进行放芽,4月份,气温达到16℃以上时,揭开小拱天膜和地膜,将每株在3月中旬至3月底所放的芽中,先去除3月中旬以前出的旧芽,对3月中旬以后新长的芽,每株留芽2-3个,所留的芽是取生长势态不完全一致的芽,再将多余的新芽除去,其余种植管理按常规种植管理; ③ Bud release and planting. Bud release is carried out from mid-March to the end of March. In April, when the temperature reaches above 16°C, the small arch film and plastic film are uncovered, and the buds placed on each plant from mid-March to the end of March , first remove the old buds that appeared before mid-March, and leave 2-3 buds for each new bud after mid-March. Except for the rest of the planting management according to conventional planting management;
(3)调控花期 (3) Regulating the flowering period
① 磷肥的施用:气温升至16℃以上后,按亩将50-100kg钙镁磷肥一次性施入土中拌匀: ① Application of phosphate fertilizer: After the temperature rises above 16°C, apply 50-100kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer into the soil at one time and mix well:
② 钾肥的施用:在四月上旬至中旬,将16-48L水兑80-240g磷酸二氢钾,得到浓度为0.5-1.5%磷酸二氢钾溶液,叶面处喷洒2-3次,时间间隔为一周; ② Potassium fertilizer application: From early to mid-April, mix 16-48L water with 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a solution with a concentration of 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 times on the leaf surface, and the time interval for one week;
③顶部和叶面的喷洒:株高15-25cm时,将浓度为5-20mg/L的磷肥溶液、0.5-1.5%的白糖溶液以及10%氨基酸500-1000倍液,充分混合,对木薯顶部以及叶面喷洒1-2次,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,时间间隔为一周; ③Spraying on the top and leaves: When the plant height is 15-25cm, fully mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5-20mg/L, 0.5-1.5% sugar solution and 10% amino acid 500-1000 times, and spray on the top of cassava. And spray 1-2 times on the leaves, the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, and the time interval is one week;
④催花喷洒:在4月上旬至中旬株高40-60cm时,将浓度为0.05-0.10mg/L的草甘膦溶液、花优素1000倍液和甲壳素500倍液,充分混合后对木薯顶部和叶面进行喷洒,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,隔7-10天喷1次,连喷2次; ④Flower spraying: When the plant height is 40-60cm in the first ten days to the middle of April, mix the glyphosate solution with a concentration of 0.05-0.10mg/L, 1000 times of anthocyanin and 500 times of chitin, and mix them thoroughly. Spray the top and leaves of cassava, the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, spray once every 7-10 days, and spray twice;
(4)保花及调控雌雄花比例 (4) Preserving flowers and regulating the ratio of male and female flowers
①化学调控:在五月上旬至六月上旬现蕾初期,将浓度为5-20mg/L的磷肥溶液、甲壳素500倍液和有机液肥,充分混合后对木薯的花蕾和叶面进行喷洒1次,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准; ①Chemical control: In the early stage of budding from early May to early June, fully mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5-20 mg/L, 500 times chitin and organic liquid fertilizer, and then spray the cassava flower buds and leaves for 1 times, the amount of spraying shall be based on the water dripping from the wet leaves;
②人工农艺措施调控:现蕾长度0.8-1cm时,摘去其他3个腋芽,仅留花芽; ②Control of artificial agronomic measures: when the bud length is 0.8-1cm, remove the other 3 axillary buds, leaving only the flower buds;
(5)花粉活力测定及授粉试验 (5) Determination of pollen vigor and pollination test
在花开放初期,采用醋酸洋红染色法和碘—碘化钾的染色法对以上开花调控技术获得的雌、雄花进行花粉活力测定和授粉试验,能染色花粉为具活力花粉,能授精结实,表明雌、雄花具活力; In the early stage of flower opening, the pollen viability and pollination test of the female and male flowers obtained by the above flowering regulation technology were carried out by using the staining method of acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. Vigorous male flowers;
(6)杂交育种 (6) Hybrid breeding
将以上具活力雌、雄花,进行杂交授粉,得到具优良父母本性状的杂交种子,作为木薯选育种材料。 The above vigorous female and male flowers are cross-pollinated to obtain hybrid seeds with excellent parental traits, which are used as cassava selection and breeding materials.
以上所述的试验材料的选择是采用宿根木薯,或是采用宿根木薯杆茎带薯整株移植的方法。 The selection of the test material mentioned above is to adopt the perennial root cassava, or adopt the method of transplanting the whole plant of the perennial cassava stalk and tuber.
以上所述的宿根木薯是指当年木薯成熟时,当年不收获,于冬季气温低于12℃前或12月25前,剪去木薯上部的杆茎,杆茎取自从地面高度为10-30cm的长度,作为木薯开花调控的试验初始材料。 The perennial root cassava mentioned above refers to when the cassava is mature in the same year and is not harvested in the same year. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the upper part of the cassava is cut off. The stem is taken from a height of 10-30cm from the ground. The length of , as the initial material for the experiment of cassava flowering regulation.
以上所述的宿根木薯杆茎带薯整株移植,是指当木薯成熟时,当年不收获,于冬季气温低于12℃前或12月25前,剪去木薯上部的杆茎,取自从地面起高度为10-30cm的杆茎及木薯块根,木薯杆茎带薯整株移植于另外的新选择的土地。 The above-mentioned perennial root cassava stalks transplanted with whole tubers means that when the cassava is mature, the cassava is not harvested in the same year, and the upper part of the cassava is cut off before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25th. The stems and cassava tubers with a height of 10-30cm from the ground are transplanted to another newly selected land with cassava stems and tubers.
以上所述的株行距采用0.8×0.8m、0.8-0.9×0.9m或0.7-0.8×1.0m。 The above-mentioned plant-to-row spacing adopts 0.8×0.8m, 0.8-0.9×0.9m or 0.7-0.8×1.0m.
以上所述的花优素是指将含硼量为13%-17%的硼肥和含锌量为23%-47%的锌肥两种微量元素肥混合后得到的微肥。 The above-mentioned huayousu refers to a micro-fertilizer obtained by mixing two trace element fertilizers, boron fertilizer with a boron content of 13%-17% and zinc fertilizer with a zinc content of 23%-47%.
以上所述的甲壳素是指甲壳胺或壳聚糖含量为30-60g/L的甲壳素液肥。 The chitin mentioned above is the chitin liquid fertilizer with a chitosan or chitosan content of 30-60 g/L.
以上所述的有机液肥是指缫丝废水含量为80~60份、氨基酸为20~10份、氮磷钾总养分含量为10~5份。 The organic liquid fertilizer mentioned above means that the silk reeling wastewater content is 80-60 parts, the amino acid content is 20-10 parts, and the total nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 10-5 parts.
以上所述的缫丝废水是采用木薯茧或桑茧工业制丝后排出的缫丝废水,并经沤制发酵过的液体。 The above-mentioned silk reeling wastewater is the silk reeling wastewater discharged after industrial silk production by adopting cassava cocoons or mulberry cocoons, and the liquid that has been fermented through retting.
本发明具有以下突出的实质性特点和显著的进步: The present invention has the following outstanding substantive features and remarkable progress:
1. 开花时间早。本发明采用宿根木薯或宿根木薯杆茎带薯整株移植作为木薯开花调控材料,以及小拱天膜或小拱天膜加地膜的形式对开花调控试验材料进行保温防寒处理,能防薯腐烂和加快幼苗生长,提早进入花芽分化期,配以人工和农艺措施相结合的调控方法,如试验材料的选择、保种、放芽、催花喷洒以及保花喷洒等综合技术调控手段,使得木薯能提前3-4个月开花,实现了木薯在5-9月份开花,充分满足了高纬度地区对木薯杂交育种所需的光温、条件,可产生较多数量的具活力的雌雄花,克服了自然开花,花期在10月份以后,种子不能完全发育成熟的缺点。 1. Early flowering time. The present invention adopts perennial root cassava or perennial cassava stalk and whole plant transplantation of cassava as cassava flowering control material, and the flowering control test material is heat-preserved and cold-proof treated in the form of a small arched sky film or a small arched sky film plus plastic film, which can prevent potato from rotting and Accelerate the growth of seedlings, enter the flower bud differentiation stage earlier, and combine the control methods of artificial and agronomic measures, such as the selection of test materials, seed preservation, bud release, flower-promoting spraying and flower-preserving spraying and other comprehensive technical control methods, so that cassava can be planted. It blooms 3-4 months in advance, realizing the flowering of cassava from May to September, which fully meets the light temperature and conditions required for cassava hybrid breeding in high latitude areas, and can produce a large number of vigorous male and female flowers, overcoming the Natural flowering, the flowering period is after October, and the seeds cannot fully develop and mature.
2. 开花率高,获得稳定优质的杂交种子。本发明采用宿根木薯或宿根木薯杆茎带薯整株移植作为木薯开花调控材料,以及拱小天膜或天膜加地膜的形式对调控材料进行保温防寒,于3月份提前种植,同时根据木薯不同的生长时期施用适合于不同种类的肥料,充分保证了木薯生长时需要的各种营养成份,进而促进了木薯的根块快速生长,采用本发明人工开花调控技术,能诱导出具有活力和授粉力适合进行杂交育种的雌雄花,获得稳定优质的木薯杂交种子,经两年试验,本发明技术诱导开花的6个品种开花率达100%,5-9月份可实现1-2次开花。 2. The flowering rate is high, and stable and high-quality hybrid seeds can be obtained. The present invention adopts perennial cassava or perennial cassava stalk and whole plant transplantation of cassava as cassava flowering control material, and the form of arched small sky film or sky film plus plastic film is used for heat preservation and cold protection of the control material, and it is planted in advance in March. The application of different types of fertilizers during the growth period fully ensures the various nutrients needed for the growth of cassava, and then promotes the rapid growth of cassava roots. Using the artificial flowering control technology of the present invention can induce cassava with vigor and pollination power. The male and female flowers suitable for hybrid breeding can obtain stable and high-quality cassava hybrid seeds. After two years of experiments, the flowering rate of the six varieties induced by the technology of the present invention has reached 100%, and 1-2 times of flowering can be realized from May to September.
3、适应性广,容易实施。本发明采用化学调控以及人工农艺措施调控的方法,人为地调控了木薯开花的花期,有利于人工杂交及避免台风对杂交种子的损失,克服木薯杂交育种后期遇低温气候对种子发育不良的影响,从而获得稳定的杂交种子,解决了木薯杂交育种仅能在海南省进行,本发明完全适合我国大部分地区,尤其是较高纬度地区、台风少发区的广西、云南、福建、广东等热带、亚热带地区广泛开展,有利于木薯本地化杂交育种,提高育种效率,加快育种进程,且技术操作简单,化学肥料配方易得。 3. Wide adaptability and easy implementation. The present invention adopts the method of chemical control and artificial agronomic control, artificially regulates the flowering period of cassava flowering, is beneficial to artificial hybridization and avoids the loss of hybrid seeds caused by typhoons, and overcomes the influence of low temperature climate on seed development in the late stage of cassava hybrid breeding, Thereby obtain stable hybrid seed, solve that cassava hybrid breeding can only be carried out in Hainan Province, the present invention is fully suitable for most areas of my country, especially the tropics, such as Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangdong of relatively high latitude area, typhoon less-prone area, etc. Extensive development in subtropical regions is conducive to localized hybrid breeding of cassava, improving breeding efficiency, speeding up the breeding process, and the technical operation is simple, and the chemical fertilizer formula is easy to obtain.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步详细的描述, Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is described in further detail,
本发明木薯开花调控技术,其特征在于:包括选地整地,种植管理,调控花期,保花及调控雌雄花比例,花粉活力测定及授粉试验和杂交育种,具体实施步骤如下: The cassava flowering control technology of the present invention is characterized in that: it includes site selection and site preparation, planting management, control of flowering period, flower preservation and control of the ratio of male and female flowers, pollen vigor measurement, pollination test and hybrid breeding. The specific implementation steps are as follows:
(1)选地整地 (1) Site selection and preparation
①平整.选择不过分贫瘠、石砾少、无积水、避风或有林段保护的土地,在三月上旬至四月上旬进行种植,种植前1-2个月进行深翻细耙,让阳光对土地进行充分暴晒,可消灭大量病菌和害虫及害虫卵等,平整土地; ① Leveling. Choose land that is not too barren, with little gravel, no water, sheltered from wind, or protected by forest sections. Plant it from early March to early April. Deep plow and fine harrow 1-2 months before planting, so that Fully insolating the land with sunlight can eliminate a large number of germs, pests and pest eggs, etc., and level the land;
②开沟.按株行距开沟,犁土深30-40cm,开沟深20-25cm,按行距一米起畦,所述株行距可采用0.8×0.8m、0.8-0.9×0.9m或0.7-0.8×1.0m; ② Ditching. Ditch according to the row spacing of plants, plow soil depth of 30-40cm, ditch depth of 20-25cm, and furrow according to row spacing of one meter. The row spacing of plants can be 0.8×0.8m, 0.8-0.9×0.9m or 0.7m -0.8×1.0m;
③基肥的施用.所述的基肥是每亩用量为500-800kg农家肥、10-12kg尿素和20-25kg氮磷钾浓度≥40%的三元复合肥,充分混合均匀,基肥施于畦中间与泥土拌匀,畦面覆盖1m宽地膜,地膜四周用泥土压实,能培肥和改良土壤,增加养分,保证木薯整个生长发育期间对养分的需求; 3. application of basal manure. Described basal manure is the ternary compound fertilizer that per mu consumption is 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg NPK concentration ≥ 40%, fully mixes, and basal manure is applied in the middle of furrow Mix well with the soil, cover the border surface with 1m wide plastic film, and compact the surrounding soil with soil, which can fertilize and improve the soil, increase nutrients, and ensure the demand for nutrients during the entire growth and development of cassava;
(2)种植管理 (2) Planting management
①试验材料的选择.采用充分老熟、茎粗节密、芽点完好、新鲜、不损伤、切口有乳汁、无病虫的宿根木薯作为木薯开花调控的试验材料,所述的试验材料的选择是采用宿根木薯,或是采用宿根木薯杆茎带薯的整株移植的方法,宿根木薯是指当年木薯成熟时,当年不收获,于冬季气温低于12℃前或12月25前,剪去木薯上部的杆茎,杆茎取自从地面高度为10-30cm的长度,作为木薯开花调控的试验初始材料;宿根木薯杆茎带薯整株移植是指当木薯成熟时,当年不收获,于冬季气温低于12℃前或12月25前,剪去木薯上部的杆茎,取自从地面起高度为10-30cm的杆茎及木薯块根,木薯杆茎带薯整株移植于另外的新选择的土地; 1. The selection of test material. Adopt the perennial root cassava that is fully ripe, the stem thick joint is dense, the bud point is intact, fresh, not damaged, there is milk in the incision, and no diseases and insect pests are used as the test material of cassava flowering regulation, and the selection of the test material It is the method of using perennial cassava, or using the whole plant of perennial cassava stalks with potato. Perennial cassava means that when the cassava is mature in that year, it is not harvested in the same year, and it is cut off before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25. The stems of the upper part of cassava, the stems are taken from the height of 10-30cm from the ground, and are used as the initial material for the test of cassava flowering regulation; the perennial cassava stems are transplanted with the whole plant of cassava, which means that when the cassava is mature, it will not be harvested in the same year, and it will be harvested in the same year. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25th, cut off the upper part of the cassava stems, take the stems and cassava tubers with a height of 10-30cm from the ground, and transplant the whole cassava stems and tubers to another new plant. selected land;
②保种.在冬季气温低于12℃前或12月25前,对以上木薯开花调控的试验材料加盖小拱天膜或小拱天膜加地膜进行保温防寒处理,能防止调控试验材料因低温导致腐烂和加快幼苗生长,提早进入花芽分化期,多雨区域,需开排水沟; ②Preservation of species. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the above test materials for cassava flowering regulation are covered with a small arch film or a small arch film plus plastic film for heat preservation and cold protection, which can prevent the control test materials from Low temperature causes rot and accelerates the growth of seedlings, and enters the flower bud differentiation stage early. In rainy areas, drainage ditches need to be opened;
③放芽与种植.3月中旬至3月底进行放芽,以早抽芽为佳,在3月份抽的芽,一般能诱导5-9月份开花1-2次或2次以上;4月份抽的芽,一般在5-9月份仅开花1次,且诱导开花难度更大,4月份,气温达到16℃以上时,揭开小拱天膜和地膜,将每株在3月中旬至3月底所放的芽中,先去除3月中旬以前出的旧芽,对3月中旬以后新长的芽,每株留芽2-3个,所留的芽是取生长势态不完全一致的芽,再将多余的新芽除去,能拉长花期,克服花期不遇,其余种植管理按常规种植管理; ③ Bud release and planting. Bud release is carried out from mid-March to the end of March, preferably early buds. Buds drawn in March can generally induce flowering 1-2 times or more in May-September; buds drawn in April Buds generally only bloom once from May to September, and it is more difficult to induce flowering. In April, when the temperature reaches above 16°C, the small arch and plastic film are uncovered, and each plant is planted in mid-March to the end of March. Among the buds placed, first remove the old buds that appeared before mid-March, and for the new buds after mid-March, keep 2-3 buds for each plant. Removing redundant new shoots can prolong the flowering period and overcome the failure of the flowering period, and the rest of the planting management is carried out according to the conventional planting management;
(3)调控花期 (3) Regulating the flowering period
① 磷肥的施用:气温升至16℃以上后,按亩将50-100kg钙镁磷肥一次性施入土中拌匀,有利于木薯花芽分化; ① Application of phosphate fertilizer: After the temperature rises above 16°C, apply 50-100kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer per mu into the soil at one time and mix well, which is conducive to the differentiation of cassava flower buds;
② 钾肥的施用:在四月上旬至中旬,将16-48L水兑80-240g磷酸二氢钾,得到浓度为0.5-1.5%磷酸二氢钾溶液,在木薯顶部和叶面处喷洒1-2次,时间间隔为一周,能增强木薯的抗病、抗寒、抗旱和抗倒伏的能力,有利于提高雌雄花的质量。 ② Potassium fertilizer application: From early to mid-April, mix 16-48L water with 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a solution of 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and spray 1-2 times, the time interval is one week, which can enhance the disease resistance, cold resistance, drought resistance and lodging resistance of cassava, and is conducive to improving the quality of male and female flowers.
③顶部和叶面的喷洒:株高15-25cm时,将浓度为5-20mg/L的磷肥溶液、0.5-1.5%的白糖溶液以及10%氨基酸500倍液,充分混合,对木薯顶部以及叶面喷洒1-2次,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,时间间隔为一周,能增加木薯开花的数量及雌花数量; ③Spraying on the top and leaves: When the plant height is 15-25cm, fully mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5-20mg/L, 0.5-1.5% sugar solution and 500 times of 10% amino acid solution, and spray on the top of cassava and leaves. Spray 1-2 times on the surface, the spraying amount is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, and the time interval is one week, which can increase the number of cassava flowering and female flowers;
④催花喷洒:在4月上旬至中旬株高40-60cm时,将浓度为0.05-0.10mg/L的草甘膦溶液、花优素1000倍液和甲壳素500-1000倍液,充分混合后对木薯顶部和叶面进行喷洒,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,隔7-10天喷1次,连喷2次,能促进养分吸收、增强营养,对木薯喷洒低浓度的草甘膦溶液能打破木薯的生长旺势,创造有利于开花的环境,能诱导和促进木薯提早开花,一般喷后15-30天左右,可现花蕾,能诱导木薯在5-9月份开花,首批花期在5月中旬至6月初,花期约30天,7月份前大部份品种达100%,避免了由于高纬度和冬季低温对种子发育的影响,所述的花优素是指含有浓度为0.05%-0.2%的硼酸或硼砂溶液和硫酸锌溶液两种微量元素在内的微肥液肥,所述的甲壳素是指甲壳胺或壳聚糖含量为30-60g/L的甲壳素液肥; ④Flower spraying: From early to mid-April, when the plant height is 40-60cm, mix the glyphosate solution with a concentration of 0.05-0.10mg/L, 1000 times of anthocyanin and 500-1000 times of chitin. Finally, spray the top and leaf surface of cassava. The amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves. Spray once every 7-10 days, and spray twice in a row, which can promote nutrient absorption and enhance nutrition. Spray low concentration of cassava Glyphosate solution can break the vigorous growth of cassava, create an environment conducive to flowering, and induce and promote early flowering of cassava. Generally, flower buds can appear about 15-30 days after spraying, and can induce cassava to bloom in May-September. The batch flowering period is from mid-May to early June, and the flowering period is about 30 days. Most varieties reach 100% before July, which avoids the impact on seed development due to high latitude and low temperature in winter. Micro-fertilizer liquid fertilizer containing two trace elements of boric acid or borax solution and zinc sulfate solution at 0.05%-0.2%, the chitin is a chitin liquid fertilizer with a chitosan content of 30-60g/L ;
(4)保花及调控雌雄花比例 (4) Preserving flowers and regulating the ratio of male and female flowers
①化学调控:在五月上旬至六月上旬现蕾初期,将浓度为5-20mg/L的磷肥溶液、甲壳素500-1000倍液和有机液肥,充分混合后对木薯的花蕾和叶面进行喷洒1次,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,能促进养分吸收、增强营养、预防虫害、提高抗病性,有利于雌花的发育形成及调控雌雄花的比例;所述的甲壳素是指甲壳胺或壳聚糖含量为30-60g/L的甲壳素液肥,所述的有机液肥是指缫丝废水含量为80~60份、氨基酸为20~10份、氮磷钾总养分含量为5~10份;所述的缫丝废水是采用木薯茧或桑茧工业制丝后排出的缫丝废水,并经沤制发酵过的液体; ①Chemical control: In the early days of budding from early May to early June, the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5-20 mg/L, chitin 500-1000 times liquid and organic liquid fertilizer are fully mixed and then treated on cassava flower buds and leaves. Spray 1 time, and the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, which can promote nutrient absorption, enhance nutrition, prevent insect pests, improve disease resistance, and is conducive to the development of female flowers and the ratio of male and female flowers; said chitin It is a chitin liquid fertilizer with a chitosan or chitosan content of 30-60g/L. The organic liquid fertilizer refers to a content of 80-60 parts of silk reeling wastewater, 20-10 parts of amino acids, and a total nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. 5 to 10 parts; the silk reeling waste water is the silk reeling waste water discharged after the industrial silk making of cassava cocoons or mulberry cocoons, and the liquid that has been retting and fermented;
②人工农艺措施调控:现蕾长度0.8-1cm时,摘去其他3个腋芽,仅留花芽,能克服营养不均引起的花序败育或退化,有利于雌花的发育形成及调控雌雄花比例; ②Control of artificial agronomic measures: when the bud length is 0.8-1cm, remove the other 3 axillary buds, leaving only the flower buds, which can overcome the abortion or degeneration of inflorescences caused by uneven nutrition, which is conducive to the development and formation of female flowers and the regulation of the ratio of male and female flowers;
(5)花粉活力测定及授粉试验 (5) Determination of pollen vigor and pollination test
在花开放初期,采用醋酸洋红染色法和碘—碘化钾的染色法对以上开花调控技术获得的雌、雄花进行花粉活力测定和授粉试验,能染色花粉为具活力花粉,能授精结实,表明雌、雄花具活力,可作为杂交育种材料,选取新选048、南植199、GR891、SC205、SC5、SC124六个品种做为调控试验品种,对以上六品种采用醋酸洋红染色法和碘- 碘化钾的染色法进行花粉活力测定,测定结果显示活力较高, 平均活力分别为96.8 %和96.4 %,采用自然杂交,平均结实率为48.3%,表明花粉具活力,适合作为杂交育种; In the early stage of flower opening, the pollen viability and pollination test of the female and male flowers obtained by the above flowering regulation technology were carried out by using the staining method of acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. The male flowers are vigorous and can be used as hybrid breeding materials. Six varieties of Xinxuan 048, Nanzhi 199, GR891, SC205, SC5, and SC124 were selected as control test varieties, and the above six varieties were stained with acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. The pollen viability was determined by the method, and the results showed that the vigor was high, with the average vigor being 96.8 % and 96.4 % respectively. The average seed setting rate was 48.3% when using natural hybridization, which indicated that the pollen had vigor and was suitable for hybrid breeding;
(6)杂交育种 (6) Hybrid breeding
将以上具活力雌、雄花,进行杂交授粉,得到具优良父母本性状的杂交种子,作为木薯选育种材料。 The above vigorous female and male flowers are cross-pollinated to obtain hybrid seeds with excellent parental traits, which are used as cassava selection and breeding materials.
实施例1: Example 1:
本发明木薯开花调控技术,包括以下技术步骤: The cassava flowering control technology of the present invention comprises the following technical steps:
(1)选地整地 (1) Site selection and preparation
①平整.选择不过分贫瘠、石砾少、无积水、避风或有林段保护的土地,在三月上旬至四月上旬进行种植,种植前1-2个月进行深翻细耙,让阳光对土地进行充分暴晒,杀菌,平整土地; ① Leveling. Choose land that is not too barren, with little gravel, no water, sheltered from wind, or protected by forest sections. Plant it from early March to early April. Deep plow and fine harrow 1-2 months before planting, so that The sun fully exposes the land to the sun, sterilizes and levels the land;
②开沟.按株行距开沟,犁土深30-40cm,开沟深20-25cm,株行距采用0.8×0.8m,按行距一米起畦; ② Ditching. Ditching according to the row spacing between plants, plowing soil depth of 30-40cm, ditching depth of 20-25cm, spacing between plants and rows at 0.8×0.8m, and furrowing at a row spacing of one meter;
③基肥的施用.所述的基肥是每亩用量为500-800kg农家肥、10-12kg尿素和20-25kg氮磷钾浓度≥40%的三元复合肥,充分混合均匀,基肥施于畦中间与泥土拌匀,畦面覆盖1m宽地膜,地膜四周用泥土压实; 3. application of basal manure. Described basal manure is the ternary compound fertilizer that per mu consumption is 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg NPK concentration ≥ 40%, fully mixes, and basal manure is applied in the middle of furrow Mix well with the soil, cover the furrow surface with 1m wide plastic film, and compact it with soil around the plastic film;
(2)种植管理 (2) Planting management
①试验材料的选择.采用充分老熟、茎粗节密、芽点完好、新鲜、不损伤、切口有乳汁、无病虫的宿根木薯作为木薯开花调控的试验材料; ① Selection of test materials. Perennial root cassava that is fully mature, with dense stems, thick buds, intact buds, fresh, undamaged, milk in the cut, and free of diseases and insect pests is used as the test material for cassava flowering regulation;
②保种.在冬季气温低于12℃前或12月25前,对以上木薯开花调控的试验材料加盖小拱天膜或小拱天膜加地膜保温处理,多雨区域,需开排水沟; ②Seed preservation. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the above test materials for cassava flowering control should be covered with a small arch film or a small arch film plus plastic film insulation treatment. In rainy areas, drainage ditches need to be opened;
③放芽与种植.3月中旬至3月底进行放芽,4月份,气温达到16℃以上时,揭开小拱天膜和地膜,将每株在3月中旬至3月底所放的芽中,先去除3月中旬以前出的旧芽,对3月中旬以后新长的芽,每株留芽2-3个,所留的芽是取生长势态不完全一致的芽,再将多余的新芽除去,其余种植管理按常规种植管理; ③ Bud release and planting. Bud release is carried out from mid-March to the end of March. In April, when the temperature reaches above 16°C, the small arch film and plastic film are uncovered, and the buds placed on each plant from mid-March to the end of March , first remove the old buds that appeared before mid-March, and leave 2-3 buds for each new bud after mid-March. Except for the rest of the planting management according to conventional planting management;
(3)调控花期 (3) Regulating the flowering period
① 磷肥的施用:气温升至16℃以上后,按亩将50-100kg钙镁磷肥一次性施入土中拌匀: ① Application of phosphate fertilizer: After the temperature rises above 16°C, apply 50-100kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer into the soil at one time and mix well:
② 钾肥的施用:在四月上旬至中旬,将16-48L水兑80-240g磷酸二氢钾,得到浓度为0.5-1.5%磷酸二氢钾溶液,叶面处喷洒2-3次,时间间隔为一周; ② Potassium fertilizer application: From early to mid-April, mix 16-48L water with 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a solution with a concentration of 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 times on the leaf surface, and the time interval for one week;
③顶部和叶面的喷洒:株高15cm时,将浓度为5mg/L的磷肥溶液、0.5%的白糖溶液以及10%氨基酸500倍液,充分混合,对木薯顶部以及叶面喷洒1-2次,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,时间间隔为一周; ③ Spraying on the top and leaves: When the plant height is 15cm, mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5mg/L, 0.5% white sugar solution and 10% amino acid 500 times liquid, and spray 1-2 times on the top and leaves of cassava , the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, and the time interval is one week;
④催花喷洒:在4月上旬至中旬株高40cm时,将浓度为0.05mg/L的草甘膦溶液、含硼量为13%的硼肥和含锌量为23%的锌肥两种微量元素肥混合后得到的微肥1000倍液和甲壳胺或壳聚糖含量为30g/L的甲壳素500倍液,充分混合后对木薯顶部和叶面进行喷洒,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,隔7-10天喷1次,连喷2次; ④Flower spraying: In early to mid-April when the plant height is 40cm, two kinds of glyphosate solution with a concentration of 0.05mg/L, boron fertilizer with a boron content of 13% and zinc fertilizer with a zinc content of 23% were applied. Mix micronutrient fertilizer 1000 times liquid and chitin 500 times liquid with chitosan or chitosan content of 30g/L, mix well and spray cassava top and leaf surface, the amount of spraying should be enough to wet the leaves The water just dripping shall prevail, spray once every 7-10 days, and spray twice continuously;
(4)保花及调控雌雄花比例 (4) Preserving flowers and regulating the ratio of male and female flowers
①化学调控:在五月上旬至六月上旬现蕾初期,将浓度为5mg/L的磷肥溶液、甲壳胺或壳聚糖含量为30g/L的甲壳素500倍液和沤制发酵过的缫丝废水含量为80份、氨基酸15份、氮磷钾总养分含量10份的有机液肥,充分混合后对木薯的花蕾和叶面进行喷洒1次,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准; ①Chemical control: At the beginning of budding from the first ten days of May to the first ten days of June, the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5 mg/L, the chitin 500 times liquid with a chitosan content of 30 g/L, and retting and fermented retting The content of silk wastewater is 80 parts, amino acid 15 parts, and organic liquid fertilizer with 10 parts of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. After fully mixing, spray cassava flower buds and leaves once, and the spraying amount is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves;
②人工农艺措施调控:现蕾长度0.8-1cm时,摘去其他3个腋芽,仅留花芽; ②Control of artificial agronomic measures: when the bud length is 0.8-1cm, remove the other 3 axillary buds, leaving only the flower buds;
(5)花粉活力测定及授粉试验 (5) Determination of pollen vigor and pollination test
在花开放初期,采用醋酸洋红染色法和碘—碘化钾的染色法对以上开花调控技术获得的雌、雄花进行花粉活力测定和授粉试验,能染色花粉为具活力花粉,能授精结实,表明雌、雄花具活力; In the early stage of flower opening, the pollen viability and pollination test of the female and male flowers obtained by the above flowering regulation technology were carried out by using the staining method of acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. Vigorous male flowers;
(6)杂交育种 (6) Hybrid breeding
将以上具活力雌、雄花,进行杂交授粉,得到具优良父母本性状的杂交种子,作为木薯选育种材料。 The above vigorous female and male flowers are cross-pollinated to obtain hybrid seeds with excellent parental traits, which are used as cassava selection and breeding materials.
实施例2: Example 2:
本发明木薯开花调控技术,包括以下技术步骤: The cassava flowering control technology of the present invention comprises the following technical steps:
(1)选地整地 (1) Site selection and preparation
①平整.选择不过分贫瘠、石砾少、无积水、避风或有林段保护的土地,在三月上旬至四月上旬进行种植,种植前1-2个月进行深翻细耙,让阳光对土地进行充分暴晒,杀菌,平整土地; ① Leveling. Choose land that is not too barren, with little gravel, no water, sheltered from wind, or protected by forest sections. Plant it from early March to early April. Deep plow and fine harrow 1-2 months before planting, so that The sun fully exposes the land to the sun, sterilizes and levels the land;
②开沟.按株行距开沟,犁土深30-40cm,开沟深20-25cm,株行距采用0.8-0.9×0.9m,按行距一米起畦; ② Ditching. Ditch according to the distance between plants and rows, the plow soil depth is 30-40cm, the depth of ditching is 20-25cm, the distance between plants and rows is 0.8-0.9×0.9m, and the row spacing is one meter;
③基肥的施用.所述的基肥是每亩用量为500-800kg农家肥、10-12kg尿素和20-25kg氮磷钾浓度≥40%的三元复合肥,充分混合均匀,基肥施于畦中间与泥土拌匀,畦面覆盖1m宽地膜,地膜四周用泥土压实; 3. application of basal manure. Described basal manure is the ternary compound fertilizer that per mu consumption is 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg NPK concentration ≥ 40%, fully mixes, and basal manure is applied in the middle of furrow Mix well with the soil, cover the furrow surface with 1m wide plastic film, and compact it with soil around the plastic film;
(2)种植管理 (2) Planting management
①试验材料的选择.采用充分老熟、茎粗节密、芽点完好、新鲜、不损伤、切口有乳汁、无病虫的宿根木薯杆茎带薯整株移植作为木薯开花调控的试验材料; ① Selection of test materials. The perennial cassava stalks with full-ripe cassava stalks and stems with tubers that are fully mature, thick and thick, with intact bud points, fresh, undamaged, milky in the incision, and free from diseases and insect pests are used as test materials for cassava flowering regulation;
②保种.在冬季气温低于12℃前或12月25前,对以上木薯开花调控的试验材料加盖小拱天膜或小拱天膜加地膜保温处理,多雨区域,需开排水沟; ②Seed preservation. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the above test materials for cassava flowering control should be covered with a small arch film or a small arch film plus plastic film insulation treatment. In rainy areas, drainage ditches need to be opened;
③放芽与种植.3月中旬至3月底进行放芽,4月份,气温达到16℃以上时,揭开小拱天膜和地膜,将每株在3月中旬至3月底所放的芽中,先去除3月中旬以前出的旧芽,对3月中旬以后新长的芽,每株留芽2-3个,所留的芽是取生长势态不完全一致的芽,再将多余的新芽除去,其余种植管理按常规种植管理; ③ Bud release and planting. Bud release is carried out from mid-March to the end of March. In April, when the temperature reaches above 16°C, the small arch film and plastic film are uncovered, and the buds placed on each plant from mid-March to the end of March , first remove the old buds that appeared before mid-March, and leave 2-3 buds for each new bud after mid-March. Except for the rest of the planting management according to conventional planting management;
(3)调控花期 (3) Regulating the flowering period
① 磷肥的施用:气温升至16℃以上后,按亩将50-100kg钙镁磷肥一次性施入土中拌匀: ① Application of phosphate fertilizer: After the temperature rises above 16°C, apply 50-100kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer into the soil at one time and mix well:
② 钾肥的施用:在四月上旬至中旬,将16-48L水兑80-240g磷酸二氢钾,得到浓度为0.5-1.5%磷酸二氢钾溶液,叶面处喷洒2-3次,时间间隔为一周; ② Potassium fertilizer application: From early to mid-April, mix 16-48L water with 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a solution with a concentration of 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 times on the leaf surface, and the time interval for one week;
③顶部和叶面的喷洒:株高20cm时,将浓度为10mg/L的磷肥溶液、1.0%的白糖溶液以及10%氨基酸500倍液,充分混合,对木薯顶部以及叶面喷洒1-2次,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,时间间隔为一周; ③Spraying on the top and leaves: When the plant height is 20cm, fully mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 10mg/L, 1.0% white sugar solution and 500 times of 10% amino acid, and spray 1-2 times on the top and leaves of cassava , the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, and the time interval is one week;
④催花喷洒:在4月上旬至中旬株高50cm时,将浓度为0.07mg/L的草甘膦溶液、含硼量为15%的硼肥和含锌量为35%的锌肥两种微量元素肥混合后得到的微肥1000倍液和甲壳胺或壳聚糖含量为60g/L的甲壳素1000倍液,充分混合后对木薯顶部和叶面进行喷洒,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,隔7-10天喷1次,连喷2次; ④Flower spraying: When the plant height is 50cm in the first ten days to the middle of April, two kinds of glyphosate solution with a concentration of 0.07mg/L, boron fertilizer with a boron content of 15% and zinc fertilizer with a zinc content of 35% are applied. Mix micronutrient fertilizer 1000 times liquid and chitin 1000 times liquid with chitosan or chitosan content of 60g/L, mix well and spray cassava top and leaf surface, the spraying amount should be enough to wet the leaves The water just dripping shall prevail, spray once every 7-10 days, and spray twice continuously;
(4)保花及调控雌雄花比例 (4) Preserving flowers and regulating the ratio of male and female flowers
①化学调控:在五月上旬至六月上旬现蕾初期,将浓度为10mg/L的磷肥溶液、甲壳胺或壳聚糖含量为60g/L的甲壳素1000倍液和经沤制发酵过的缫丝废水含量为70份、氨基酸20份、氮磷钾总养分含量8份的有机液肥,充分混合后对木薯的花蕾和叶面进行喷洒1次,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准; ①Chemical control: In the early days of budding from the first ten days of May to the first ten days of June, the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 10 mg/L, chitin 1000 times liquid with a chitosan or chitosan content of 60 g/L and retting fermented Organic liquid fertilizer containing 70 parts of silk reeling wastewater, 20 parts of amino acids, and 8 parts of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. After fully mixing, spray the flower buds and leaves of cassava once. The amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves ;
②人工农艺措施调控:现蕾长度0.8-1cm时,摘去其他3个腋芽,仅留花芽; ②Control of artificial agronomic measures: when the bud length is 0.8-1cm, remove the other 3 axillary buds, leaving only the flower buds;
(5)花粉活力测定及授粉试验 (5) Determination of pollen viability and pollination test
在花开放初期,采用醋酸洋红染色法和碘—碘化钾的染色法对以上开花调控技术获得的雌、雄花进行花粉活力测定和授粉试验,能染色花粉为具活力花粉,能授精结实,表明雌、雄花具活力; In the early stage of flower opening, the pollen viability and pollination test of the female and male flowers obtained by the above flowering regulation technology were carried out by using the staining method of acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. Vigorous male flowers;
(6)杂交育种 (6) Hybrid breeding
将以上具活力雌、雄花,进行杂交授粉,得到具优良父母本性状的杂交种子,作为木薯选育种材料。 The above vigorous female and male flowers are cross-pollinated to obtain hybrid seeds with excellent parental traits, which are used as cassava selection and breeding materials.
实施例3: Example 3:
本发明木薯开花调控技术,包括以下技术步骤: The cassava flowering control technology of the present invention comprises the following technical steps:
(1)选地整地 (1) Site selection and preparation
①平整.选择不过分贫瘠、石砾少、无积水、避风或有林段保护的土地,在三月上旬至四月上旬进行种植,种植前1-2个月进行深翻细耙,让阳光对土地进行充分暴晒,杀菌,平整土地; ① Leveling. Choose land that is not too barren, with little gravel, no water, sheltered from wind, or protected by forest sections. Plant it from early March to early April. Deep plow and fine harrow 1-2 months before planting, so that The sun fully exposes the land to the sun, sterilizes and levels the land;
②开沟.按株行距开沟,犁土深30-40cm,开沟深20-25cm,株行距采用0.7-0.8×1.0m,按行距一米起畦; ② Ditching. Ditch according to the row spacing of plants, plow soil depth of 30-40cm, ditch depth of 20-25cm, and row spacing of 0.7-0.8×1.0m, and furrow according to row spacing of one meter;
③基肥的施用.所述的基肥是每亩用量为500-800kg农家肥、10-12kg尿素和20-25kg氮磷钾浓度≥40%的三元复合肥,充分混合均匀,基肥施于畦中间与泥土拌匀,畦面覆盖1m宽地膜,地膜四周用泥土压实; 3. application of basal manure. Described basal manure is the ternary compound fertilizer that per mu consumption is 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg NPK concentration ≥ 40%, fully mixes, and basal manure is applied in the middle of furrow Mix well with the soil, cover the furrow surface with 1m wide plastic film, and compact it with soil around the plastic film;
(2)种植管理 (2) Planting management
①试验材料的选择.采用充分老熟、茎粗节密、芽点完好、新鲜、不损伤、切口有乳汁、无病虫的宿根木薯或是宿根木薯杆茎带薯整株移植作为木薯开花调控的试验材料; ①Selection of test materials. Perennial cassava that is fully mature, with thick stems, dense buds, fresh, undamaged, milky incisions, and no pests or diseases or pests or the whole plant of perennial cassava stalks and stems is used as cassava flowering control test materials;
②保种.在冬季气温低于12℃前或12月25前,对以上木薯开花调控的试验材料加盖小拱天膜或小拱天膜加地膜保温处理,多雨区域,需开排水沟; ②Seed preservation. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the above test materials for cassava flowering control should be covered with a small arch film or a small arch film plus plastic film insulation treatment. In rainy areas, drainage ditches need to be opened;
③放芽与种植.3月中旬至3月底进行放芽,4月份,气温达到16℃以上时,揭开小拱天膜和地膜,将每株在3月中旬至3月底所放的芽中,先去除3月中旬以前出的旧芽,对3月中旬以后新长的芽,每株留芽2-3个,所留的芽是取生长势态不完全一致的芽,再将多余的新芽除去,其余种植管理按常规种植管理; ③ Bud release and planting. Bud release is carried out from mid-March to the end of March. In April, when the temperature reaches above 16°C, the small arch film and plastic film are uncovered, and the buds placed on each plant from mid-March to the end of March , first remove the old buds that appeared before mid-March, and leave 2-3 buds for each new bud after mid-March. Except for the rest of the planting management according to conventional planting management;
(3)调控花期 (3) Regulating the flowering period
① 磷肥的施用:气温升至16℃以上后,按亩将50-100kg钙镁磷肥一次性施入土中拌匀: ① Application of phosphate fertilizer: After the temperature rises above 16°C, apply 50-100kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer into the soil at one time and mix well:
② 钾肥的施用:在四月上旬至中旬,将16-48L水兑80-240g磷酸二氢钾,得到浓度为0.5-1.5%磷酸二氢钾溶液,叶面处喷洒2-3次,时间间隔为一周; ② Potassium fertilizer application: From early to mid-April, mix 16-48L water with 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a solution with a concentration of 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 times on the leaf surface, and the time interval for one week;
③顶部和叶面的喷洒:株高25cm时,将浓度为20mg/L的磷肥溶液、1.5%的白糖溶液以及10%氨基酸500倍液,充分混合,对木薯顶部以及叶面喷洒1-2次,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,时间间隔为一周; ③ Spraying on the top and leaves: When the plant height is 25cm, mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 20mg/L, 1.5% white sugar solution and 500 times of 10% amino acid, and spray 1-2 times on the top and leaves of cassava , the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, and the time interval is one week;
④催花喷洒:在4月上旬至中旬株高60cm时,将浓度为0.10mg/L的草甘膦溶液、含硼量为17%的硼肥和含锌量为47%的锌肥两种微量元素肥混合后得到的微肥1000倍液和甲壳胺或壳聚糖含量为50g/L的甲壳素800倍液,充分混合后对木薯顶部和叶面进行喷洒,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准,隔7-10天喷1次,连喷2次; ④Flower spraying: When the plant height is 60cm in the first ten days to the middle of April, two kinds of glyphosate solution with a concentration of 0.10mg/L, boron fertilizer with a boron content of 17% and zinc fertilizer with a zinc content of 47% are applied. Mix micronutrient fertilizer 1000 times liquid and chitin 800 times liquid with chitosan or chitosan content of 50g/L after mixing the trace element fertilizer. After fully mixing, spray the cassava top and leaf surface. The spraying amount should be enough to wet the leaves The water just dripping shall prevail, spray once every 7-10 days, and spray twice continuously;
(4)保花及调控雌雄花比例 (4) Preserving flowers and regulating the ratio of male and female flowers
①化学调控:在五月上旬至六月上旬现蕾初期,将浓度为20mg/L的磷肥溶液、甲壳胺或壳聚糖含量为50g/L的甲壳素800倍液和经沤制发酵过的缫丝废水含量为60份、氨基酸10份、氮磷钾总养分含量5份的有机液肥,充分混合后对木薯的花蕾和叶面进行喷洒1次,喷施量以喷湿叶片刚滴水为准; ①Chemical control: In the early days of budding from the first ten days of May to the first ten days of June, the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 20 mg/L, chitin 800 times liquid with a chitosan or chitosan content of 50 g/L and retting fermented Organic liquid fertilizer containing 60 parts of silk reeling wastewater, 10 parts of amino acids, and 5 parts of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. After fully mixing, spray the flower buds and leaves of cassava once. The amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves ;
②人工农艺措施调控:现蕾长度0.8-1cm时,摘去其他3个腋芽,仅留花芽; ②Control of artificial agronomic measures: when the bud length is 0.8-1cm, remove the other 3 axillary buds, leaving only the flower buds;
(5)花粉活力测定及授粉试验 (5) Determination of pollen vigor and pollination test
在花开放初期,采用醋酸洋红染色法和碘—碘化钾的染色法对以上开花调控技术获得的雌、雄花进行花粉活力测定和授粉试验,能染色花粉为具活力花粉,能授精结实,表明雌、雄花具活力; In the early stage of flower opening, the pollen viability and pollination test of the female and male flowers obtained by the above flowering regulation technology were carried out by using the staining method of acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. Vigorous male flowers;
(6)杂交育种 (6) Hybrid breeding
将以上具活力雌、雄花,进行杂交授粉,得到具优良父母本性状的杂交种子,作为木薯选育种材料。 The above vigorous female and male flowers are cross-pollinated to obtain hybrid seeds with excellent parental traits, which are used as cassava selection and breeding materials.
实施例4 Example 4
本发明选用不同品种木薯进行人工调控开花同自然开花进行试验对比,试验结果:见表1、表2; The present invention selects different kinds of cassava to carry out artificial control flowering and carry out test contrast with natural flowering, test result: see Table 1, Table 2;
表1:不同品种木薯的人工调控开花同自然开花数据统计结果 Table 1: Statistical results of artificially regulated flowering and natural flowering data of different varieties of cassava
表2:6品种自然开花和人工调控开花统计结果,
通过以上试验可看出,本发明调控木薯开花具有多重优势:人工调控开花的雄、雌花数量多于自然开花;并可形成独具特色的两性花,两性花也可进行杂交育种;开花次数也存在差异,人工调控开花的次数比自然开花的次数多一倍以上,且花期有明显差异,人工调控开花花期在5-12月,一般在5-9月能开花2次,而自然开花期在9-12月,大部分花期在10月以后。 As can be seen from the above tests, the present invention regulates cassava flowering and has multiple advantages: the number of male and female flowers artificially regulated to bloom is more than that of natural flowering; and unique hermaphrodite flowers can be formed, which can also be cross-bred; There are differences. The number of artificially controlled flowering is more than double the number of natural flowering, and the flowering period is significantly different. The artificially controlled flowering period is from May to December, and generally blooms twice in May-September, while the natural flowering period is in the From September to December, most of the flowering period is after October.
本发明保护点是本技术作为木薯杂交育种的一种调控开花的方法,具有自主知识产权,不经许可或技术转让,不能进行相同的调控开花方法,进行杂交育种。 The protection point of the present invention is that this technology is a method for regulating flowering of cassava hybrid breeding, which has independent intellectual property rights, and cannot carry out the same method of regulating flowering for hybrid breeding without permission or technology transfer.
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