CN103733859B - A kind of cassava blooms control technique - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and in particular relates to a cassava flowering control technology, which is characterized in that it includes site selection, planting management, flowering control, flower preservation and control of male and female flower ratios, pollen vigor measurement, pollination test and hybrid breeding, The invention adopts the methods of chemical regulation and artificial agronomic regulation to obtain stable and high-quality hybrid seeds, has the characteristics of early flowering time, high flowering rate, simple technical operation and the like, and is suitable for hybrid breeding in most cassava planting areas in my country.

Description

A kind of cassava flowering control technology

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and in particular relates to a cassava flowering regulation technology.

Background technique

Cassava (Cassava) is a shrub-like perennial crop, one of the world's three largest tubers, and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. In the subtropical region of my country, cassava is the fifth largest crop after rice, sweet potato, sugar cane and corn. It plays an important role in crop layout, feed production, industrial application, etc., and has become a widely planted crop mainly for processing starch and feed. Cassava is the root of Euphorbiaceae cassava. The cassava root is conical, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, fleshy and rich in starch. Cassava flour is of good quality and can be used for food, or for industrial production of alcohol, fructose, glucose, etc.

At present, in terms of cassava planting, hybrid breeding is a widely used breeding method for cassava. Hybrid breeding is a method of crossing individuals of different populations and different genotypes, and selecting desired varieties from their hybrid offspring. Hybridization can recombine the genes of the parents, combine the excellent genes of the parents that control different traits, or accumulate the different minor genes that control the same trait in the parents, resulting in a type that surpasses the parents in this trait or forms a variety of different traits. The type provides abundant materials for selecting fine varieties. Cassava (2N) has 36 pairs of dyeing, highly heterozygous genes. Cassava cross breeding is to use the individuals of different traits in the hybrid F1 generation to select and breed excellent individuals with the desired traits. Since cassava uses seed stems as production and reproduction objects, so There will be no trait segregation in the selected offspring, so cross breeding is a very suitable breeding method for cassava, and has achieved good results.

In my country, Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong are one of the areas with the most extensive cassava planting area. However, because this area is in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, due to the influence of climatic factors, some varieties can flower, and some varieties are not easy to flower. It is also larger, some years bloom, and some years do not bloom; cassava flowering period is after September, and most of them are after October. Cassava generally takes 70-120 days from pollination to seed maturity. In these areas, cassava blooms and pollinates only after September. Due to the low temperature, it takes about 100-120 days for the seeds to mature from pollination. Theoretically, mid-September is the critical point for cassava cross breeding and pollination. Seeds pollinated before the critical point can meet the light and temperature conditions required for seed development, and the seed maturity can reach more than 80%; seeds pollinated after the critical point, Poor maturity, incomplete development, low germination rate or failure to germinate. In Guangxi, most of the natural flowering cassava varieties flower after October, and the seed maturity is poor, which seriously affects the normal progress of cross breeding in this area. In Hainan, although cassava can bloom and bear fruit normally, and normal hybrid seeds can be obtained, but due to frequent typhoons, cassava is prone to lodging and damage to flower spikes and seeds caused by typhoons, it is difficult to obtain long-term and stable sources of hybrid seeds. , the situation encountered is basically the same as that of Guangxi. These factors seriously restrict the efficiency of cassava hybrid breeding in my country. In the past, cassava breeding institutions in various regions of my country mainly obtained hybrid seeds from the International Tropical Agriculture Center and Thailand. However, this kind of off-site breeding mainly uses local excellent varieties as the parents, but there are regional differences in varieties. Cassava varieties may not perform well in China. This kind of off-site breeding has led to low hybrid breeding efficiency; In view of the crisis, it has become an urgent task to find a cassava hybrid breeding method that is widely suitable for cassava planting areas in my country.

Contents of the invention

In order to solve the defects of the prior art, the present invention provides a method for overcoming the impact of cassava hybrid breeding in the late stage of low temperature climate on poor seed development, and can avoid the loss of hybrid seeds caused by typhoons when breeding in relatively tropical coastal areas. The technology of cassava artificial flowering control in inland areas is also a key technology for cassava hybrid breeding in inland areas.

The cassava flowering regulation technology of the present invention is characterized in that: comprise selection site preparation, planting management, regulation and control florescence, flower preservation and regulation and control male and female flower ratio, pollen vigor determination and pollination test and hybrid breeding, concrete implementation steps are as follows:

(1) Site selection and preparation

① Leveling. Choose land that is not too barren, with little gravel, no water, sheltered from wind, or protected by forest sections. Plant it from early March to early April. Deep plow and fine harrow 1-2 months before planting, so that The sun fully exposes the land to the sun, sterilizes and levels the land;

② Furrowing. Dig furrows according to the row spacing of plants, plow soil depth of 30-40cm, ditch depth of 20-25cm, and furrow according to row spacing of one meter;

3. application of basal manure. Described basal manure is the ternary compound fertilizer that per mu consumption is 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg NPK concentration ≥ 40%, fully mixes, and basal manure is applied in the middle of furrow Mix well with the soil, cover the furrow surface with 1m wide plastic film, and compact it with soil around the plastic film;

(2) Planting management

① Selection of test materials. Perennial root cassava that is fully mature, with dense stems, thick buds, intact buds, fresh, undamaged, milk in the cut, and free of diseases and insect pests is used as the test material for cassava flowering regulation;

②Seed preservation. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the above test materials for cassava flowering control should be covered with a small arch film or a small arch film plus plastic film insulation treatment. In rainy areas, drainage ditches need to be opened;

③ Bud release and planting. Bud release is carried out from mid-March to the end of March. In April, when the temperature reaches above 16°C, the small arch film and plastic film are uncovered, and the buds placed on each plant from mid-March to the end of March , first remove the old buds that appeared before mid-March, and leave 2-3 buds for each new bud after mid-March. Except for the rest of the planting management according to conventional planting management;

(3) Regulating the flowering period

① Application of phosphate fertilizer: After the temperature rises above 16°C, apply 50-100kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer into the soil at one time and mix well:

② Potassium fertilizer application: From early to mid-April, mix 16-48L water with 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a solution with a concentration of 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 times on the leaf surface, and the time interval for one week;

③Spraying on the top and leaves: When the plant height is 15-25cm, fully mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5-20mg/L, 0.5-1.5% sugar solution and 10% amino acid 500-1000 times, and spray on the top of cassava. And spray 1-2 times on the leaves, the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, and the time interval is one week;

④Flower spraying: When the plant height is 40-60cm in the first ten days to the middle of April, mix the glyphosate solution with a concentration of 0.05-0.10mg/L, 1000 times of anthocyanin and 500 times of chitin, and mix them thoroughly. Spray the top and leaves of cassava, the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, spray once every 7-10 days, and spray twice;

(4) Preserving flowers and regulating the ratio of male and female flowers

①Chemical control: In the early stage of budding from early May to early June, fully mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5-20 mg/L, 500 times chitin and organic liquid fertilizer, and then spray the cassava flower buds and leaves for 1 times, the amount of spraying shall be based on the water dripping from the wet leaves;

②Control of artificial agronomic measures: when the bud length is 0.8-1cm, remove the other 3 axillary buds, leaving only the flower buds;

(5) Determination of pollen vigor and pollination test

In the early stage of flower opening, the pollen viability and pollination test of the female and male flowers obtained by the above flowering regulation technology were carried out by using the staining method of acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. Vigorous male flowers;

(6) Hybrid breeding

The above vigorous female and male flowers are cross-pollinated to obtain hybrid seeds with excellent parental traits, which are used as cassava selection and breeding materials.

The selection of the test material mentioned above is to adopt the perennial root cassava, or adopt the method of transplanting the whole plant of the perennial cassava stalk and tuber.

The perennial root cassava mentioned above refers to when the cassava is mature in the same year and is not harvested in the same year. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the upper part of the cassava is cut off. The stem is taken from a height of 10-30cm from the ground. The length of , as the initial material for the experiment of cassava flowering regulation.

The above-mentioned perennial root cassava stalks transplanted with whole tubers means that when the cassava is mature, the cassava is not harvested in the same year, and the upper part of the cassava is cut off before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25th. The stems and cassava tubers with a height of 10-30cm from the ground are transplanted to another newly selected land with cassava stems and tubers.

The above-mentioned plant-to-row spacing adopts 0.8×0.8m, 0.8-0.9×0.9m or 0.7-0.8×1.0m.

The above-mentioned huayousu refers to a micro-fertilizer obtained by mixing two trace element fertilizers, boron fertilizer with a boron content of 13%-17% and zinc fertilizer with a zinc content of 23%-47%.

The chitin mentioned above is the chitin liquid fertilizer with a chitosan or chitosan content of 30-60 g/L.

The organic liquid fertilizer mentioned above means that the silk reeling wastewater content is 80-60 parts, the amino acid content is 20-10 parts, and the total nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 10-5 parts.

The above-mentioned silk reeling wastewater is the silk reeling wastewater discharged after industrial silk production by adopting cassava cocoons or mulberry cocoons, and the liquid that has been fermented through retting.

The present invention has the following outstanding substantive features and remarkable progress:

1. Early flowering time. The present invention adopts perennial root cassava or perennial cassava stalk and whole plant transplantation of cassava as cassava flowering control material, and the flowering control test material is heat-preserved and cold-proof treated in the form of a small arched sky film or a small arched sky film plus plastic film, which can prevent potato from rotting and Accelerate the growth of seedlings, enter the flower bud differentiation stage earlier, and combine the control methods of artificial and agronomic measures, such as the selection of test materials, seed preservation, bud release, flower-promoting spraying and flower-preserving spraying and other comprehensive technical control methods, so that cassava can be planted. It blooms 3-4 months in advance, realizing the flowering of cassava from May to September, which fully meets the light temperature and conditions required for cassava hybrid breeding in high latitude areas, and can produce a large number of vigorous male and female flowers, overcoming the Natural flowering, the flowering period is after October, and the seeds cannot fully develop and mature.

2. The flowering rate is high, and stable and high-quality hybrid seeds can be obtained. The present invention adopts perennial cassava or perennial cassava stalk and whole plant transplantation of cassava as cassava flowering control material, and the form of arched small sky film or sky film plus plastic film is used for heat preservation and cold protection of the control material, and it is planted in advance in March. The application of different types of fertilizers during the growth period fully ensures the various nutrients needed for the growth of cassava, and then promotes the rapid growth of cassava roots. Using the artificial flowering control technology of the present invention can induce cassava with vigor and pollination power. The male and female flowers suitable for hybrid breeding can obtain stable and high-quality cassava hybrid seeds. After two years of experiments, the flowering rate of the six varieties induced by the technology of the present invention has reached 100%, and 1-2 times of flowering can be realized from May to September.

3. Wide adaptability and easy implementation. The present invention adopts the method of chemical control and artificial agronomic control, artificially regulates the flowering period of cassava flowering, is beneficial to artificial hybridization and avoids the loss of hybrid seeds caused by typhoons, and overcomes the influence of low temperature climate on seed development in the late stage of cassava hybrid breeding, Thereby obtain stable hybrid seed, solve that cassava hybrid breeding can only be carried out in Hainan Province, the present invention is fully suitable for most areas of my country, especially the tropics, such as Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangdong of relatively high latitude area, typhoon less-prone area, etc. Extensive development in subtropical regions is conducive to localized hybrid breeding of cassava, improving breeding efficiency, speeding up the breeding process, and the technical operation is simple, and the chemical fertilizer formula is easy to obtain.

Detailed ways

Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is described in further detail,

The cassava flowering control technology of the present invention is characterized in that: it includes site selection and site preparation, planting management, control of flowering period, flower preservation and control of the ratio of male and female flowers, pollen vigor measurement, pollination test and hybrid breeding. The specific implementation steps are as follows:

(1) Site selection and preparation

① Leveling. Choose land that is not too barren, with little gravel, no water, sheltered from wind, or protected by forest sections. Plant it from early March to early April. Deep plow and fine harrow 1-2 months before planting, so that Fully insolating the land with sunlight can eliminate a large number of germs, pests and pest eggs, etc., and level the land;

② Ditching. Ditch according to the row spacing of plants, plow soil depth of 30-40cm, ditch depth of 20-25cm, and furrow according to row spacing of one meter. The row spacing of plants can be 0.8×0.8m, 0.8-0.9×0.9m or 0.7m -0.8×1.0m;

3. application of basal manure. Described basal manure is the ternary compound fertilizer that per mu consumption is 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg NPK concentration ≥ 40%, fully mixes, and basal manure is applied in the middle of furrow Mix well with the soil, cover the border surface with 1m wide plastic film, and compact the surrounding soil with soil, which can fertilize and improve the soil, increase nutrients, and ensure the demand for nutrients during the entire growth and development of cassava;

(2) Planting management

1. The selection of test material. Adopt the perennial root cassava that is fully ripe, the stem thick joint is dense, the bud point is intact, fresh, not damaged, there is milk in the incision, and no diseases and insect pests are used as the test material of cassava flowering regulation, and the selection of the test material It is the method of using perennial cassava, or using the whole plant of perennial cassava stalks with potato. Perennial cassava means that when the cassava is mature in that year, it is not harvested in the same year, and it is cut off before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25. The stems of the upper part of cassava, the stems are taken from the height of 10-30cm from the ground, and are used as the initial material for the test of cassava flowering regulation; the perennial cassava stems are transplanted with the whole plant of cassava, which means that when the cassava is mature, it will not be harvested in the same year, and it will be harvested in the same year. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25th, cut off the upper part of the cassava stems, take the stems and cassava tubers with a height of 10-30cm from the ground, and transplant the whole cassava stems and tubers to another new plant. selected land;

②Preservation of species. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the above test materials for cassava flowering regulation are covered with a small arch film or a small arch film plus plastic film for heat preservation and cold protection, which can prevent the control test materials from Low temperature causes rot and accelerates the growth of seedlings, and enters the flower bud differentiation stage early. In rainy areas, drainage ditches need to be opened;

③ Bud release and planting. Bud release is carried out from mid-March to the end of March, preferably early buds. Buds drawn in March can generally induce flowering 1-2 times or more in May-September; buds drawn in April Buds generally only bloom once from May to September, and it is more difficult to induce flowering. In April, when the temperature reaches above 16°C, the small arch and plastic film are uncovered, and each plant is planted in mid-March to the end of March. Among the buds placed, first remove the old buds that appeared before mid-March, and for the new buds after mid-March, keep 2-3 buds for each plant. Removing redundant new shoots can prolong the flowering period and overcome the failure of the flowering period, and the rest of the planting management is carried out according to the conventional planting management;

(3) Regulating the flowering period

① Application of phosphate fertilizer: After the temperature rises above 16°C, apply 50-100kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer per mu into the soil at one time and mix well, which is conducive to the differentiation of cassava flower buds;

② Potassium fertilizer application: From early to mid-April, mix 16-48L water with 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a solution of 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and spray 1-2 times, the time interval is one week, which can enhance the disease resistance, cold resistance, drought resistance and lodging resistance of cassava, and is conducive to improving the quality of male and female flowers.

③Spraying on the top and leaves: When the plant height is 15-25cm, fully mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5-20mg/L, 0.5-1.5% sugar solution and 500 times of 10% amino acid solution, and spray on the top of cassava and leaves. Spray 1-2 times on the surface, the spraying amount is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, and the time interval is one week, which can increase the number of cassava flowering and female flowers;

④Flower spraying: From early to mid-April, when the plant height is 40-60cm, mix the glyphosate solution with a concentration of 0.05-0.10mg/L, 1000 times of anthocyanin and 500-1000 times of chitin. Finally, spray the top and leaf surface of cassava. The amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves. Spray once every 7-10 days, and spray twice in a row, which can promote nutrient absorption and enhance nutrition. Spray low concentration of cassava Glyphosate solution can break the vigorous growth of cassava, create an environment conducive to flowering, and induce and promote early flowering of cassava. Generally, flower buds can appear about 15-30 days after spraying, and can induce cassava to bloom in May-September. The batch flowering period is from mid-May to early June, and the flowering period is about 30 days. Most varieties reach 100% before July, which avoids the impact on seed development due to high latitude and low temperature in winter. Micro-fertilizer liquid fertilizer containing two trace elements of boric acid or borax solution and zinc sulfate solution at 0.05%-0.2%, the chitin is a chitin liquid fertilizer with a chitosan content of 30-60g/L ;

(4) Preserving flowers and regulating the ratio of male and female flowers

①Chemical control: In the early days of budding from early May to early June, the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5-20 mg/L, chitin 500-1000 times liquid and organic liquid fertilizer are fully mixed and then treated on cassava flower buds and leaves. Spray 1 time, and the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, which can promote nutrient absorption, enhance nutrition, prevent insect pests, improve disease resistance, and is conducive to the development of female flowers and the ratio of male and female flowers; said chitin It is a chitin liquid fertilizer with a chitosan or chitosan content of 30-60g/L. The organic liquid fertilizer refers to a content of 80-60 parts of silk reeling wastewater, 20-10 parts of amino acids, and a total nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. 5 to 10 parts; the silk reeling waste water is the silk reeling waste water discharged after the industrial silk making of cassava cocoons or mulberry cocoons, and the liquid that has been retting and fermented;

②Control of artificial agronomic measures: when the bud length is 0.8-1cm, remove the other 3 axillary buds, leaving only the flower buds, which can overcome the abortion or degeneration of inflorescences caused by uneven nutrition, which is conducive to the development and formation of female flowers and the regulation of the ratio of male and female flowers;

(5) Determination of pollen vigor and pollination test

In the early stage of flower opening, the pollen viability and pollination test of the female and male flowers obtained by the above flowering regulation technology were carried out by using the staining method of acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. The male flowers are vigorous and can be used as hybrid breeding materials. Six varieties of Xinxuan 048, Nanzhi 199, GR891, SC205, SC5, and SC124 were selected as control test varieties, and the above six varieties were stained with acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. The pollen viability was determined by the method, and the results showed that the vigor was high, with the average vigor being 96.8 % and 96.4 % respectively. The average seed setting rate was 48.3% when using natural hybridization, which indicated that the pollen had vigor and was suitable for hybrid breeding;

(6) Hybrid breeding

The above vigorous female and male flowers are cross-pollinated to obtain hybrid seeds with excellent parental traits, which are used as cassava selection and breeding materials.

Example 1:

The cassava flowering control technology of the present invention comprises the following technical steps:

(1) Site selection and preparation

① Leveling. Choose land that is not too barren, with little gravel, no water, sheltered from wind, or protected by forest sections. Plant it from early March to early April. Deep plow and fine harrow 1-2 months before planting, so that The sun fully exposes the land to the sun, sterilizes and levels the land;

② Ditching. Ditching according to the row spacing between plants, plowing soil depth of 30-40cm, ditching depth of 20-25cm, spacing between plants and rows at 0.8×0.8m, and furrowing at a row spacing of one meter;

3. application of basal manure. Described basal manure is the ternary compound fertilizer that per mu consumption is 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg NPK concentration ≥ 40%, fully mixes, and basal manure is applied in the middle of furrow Mix well with the soil, cover the furrow surface with 1m wide plastic film, and compact it with soil around the plastic film;

(2) Planting management

① Selection of test materials. Perennial root cassava that is fully mature, with dense stems, thick buds, intact buds, fresh, undamaged, milk in the cut, and free of diseases and insect pests is used as the test material for cassava flowering regulation;

②Seed preservation. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the above test materials for cassava flowering control should be covered with a small arch film or a small arch film plus plastic film insulation treatment. In rainy areas, drainage ditches need to be opened;

③ Bud release and planting. Bud release is carried out from mid-March to the end of March. In April, when the temperature reaches above 16°C, the small arch film and plastic film are uncovered, and the buds placed on each plant from mid-March to the end of March , first remove the old buds that appeared before mid-March, and leave 2-3 buds for each new bud after mid-March. Except for the rest of the planting management according to conventional planting management;

(3) Regulating the flowering period

① Application of phosphate fertilizer: After the temperature rises above 16°C, apply 50-100kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer into the soil at one time and mix well:

② Potassium fertilizer application: From early to mid-April, mix 16-48L water with 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a solution with a concentration of 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 times on the leaf surface, and the time interval for one week;

③ Spraying on the top and leaves: When the plant height is 15cm, mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5mg/L, 0.5% white sugar solution and 10% amino acid 500 times liquid, and spray 1-2 times on the top and leaves of cassava , the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, and the time interval is one week;

④Flower spraying: In early to mid-April when the plant height is 40cm, two kinds of glyphosate solution with a concentration of 0.05mg/L, boron fertilizer with a boron content of 13% and zinc fertilizer with a zinc content of 23% were applied. Mix micronutrient fertilizer 1000 times liquid and chitin 500 times liquid with chitosan or chitosan content of 30g/L, mix well and spray cassava top and leaf surface, the amount of spraying should be enough to wet the leaves The water just dripping shall prevail, spray once every 7-10 days, and spray twice continuously;

(4) Preserving flowers and regulating the ratio of male and female flowers

①Chemical control: At the beginning of budding from the first ten days of May to the first ten days of June, the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 5 mg/L, the chitin 500 times liquid with a chitosan content of 30 g/L, and retting and fermented retting The content of silk wastewater is 80 parts, amino acid 15 parts, and organic liquid fertilizer with 10 parts of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. After fully mixing, spray cassava flower buds and leaves once, and the spraying amount is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves;

②Control of artificial agronomic measures: when the bud length is 0.8-1cm, remove the other 3 axillary buds, leaving only the flower buds;

(5) Determination of pollen vigor and pollination test

In the early stage of flower opening, the pollen viability and pollination test of the female and male flowers obtained by the above flowering regulation technology were carried out by using the staining method of acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. Vigorous male flowers;

(6) Hybrid breeding

The above vigorous female and male flowers are cross-pollinated to obtain hybrid seeds with excellent parental traits, which are used as cassava selection and breeding materials.

Example 2:

The cassava flowering control technology of the present invention comprises the following technical steps:

(1) Site selection and preparation

① Leveling. Choose land that is not too barren, with little gravel, no water, sheltered from wind, or protected by forest sections. Plant it from early March to early April. Deep plow and fine harrow 1-2 months before planting, so that The sun fully exposes the land to the sun, sterilizes and levels the land;

② Ditching. Ditch according to the distance between plants and rows, the plow soil depth is 30-40cm, the depth of ditching is 20-25cm, the distance between plants and rows is 0.8-0.9×0.9m, and the row spacing is one meter;

3. application of basal manure. Described basal manure is the ternary compound fertilizer that per mu consumption is 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg NPK concentration ≥ 40%, fully mixes, and basal manure is applied in the middle of furrow Mix well with the soil, cover the furrow surface with 1m wide plastic film, and compact it with soil around the plastic film;

(2) Planting management

① Selection of test materials. The perennial cassava stalks with full-ripe cassava stalks and stems with tubers that are fully mature, thick and thick, with intact bud points, fresh, undamaged, milky in the incision, and free from diseases and insect pests are used as test materials for cassava flowering regulation;

②Seed preservation. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the above test materials for cassava flowering control should be covered with a small arch film or a small arch film plus plastic film insulation treatment. In rainy areas, drainage ditches need to be opened;

③ Bud release and planting. Bud release is carried out from mid-March to the end of March. In April, when the temperature reaches above 16°C, the small arch film and plastic film are uncovered, and the buds placed on each plant from mid-March to the end of March , first remove the old buds that appeared before mid-March, and leave 2-3 buds for each new bud after mid-March. Except for the rest of the planting management according to conventional planting management;

(3) Regulating the flowering period

① Application of phosphate fertilizer: After the temperature rises above 16°C, apply 50-100kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer into the soil at one time and mix well:

② Potassium fertilizer application: From early to mid-April, mix 16-48L water with 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a solution with a concentration of 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 times on the leaf surface, and the time interval for one week;

③Spraying on the top and leaves: When the plant height is 20cm, fully mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 10mg/L, 1.0% white sugar solution and 500 times of 10% amino acid, and spray 1-2 times on the top and leaves of cassava , the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, and the time interval is one week;

④Flower spraying: When the plant height is 50cm in the first ten days to the middle of April, two kinds of glyphosate solution with a concentration of 0.07mg/L, boron fertilizer with a boron content of 15% and zinc fertilizer with a zinc content of 35% are applied. Mix micronutrient fertilizer 1000 times liquid and chitin 1000 times liquid with chitosan or chitosan content of 60g/L, mix well and spray cassava top and leaf surface, the spraying amount should be enough to wet the leaves The water just dripping shall prevail, spray once every 7-10 days, and spray twice continuously;

(4) Preserving flowers and regulating the ratio of male and female flowers

①Chemical control: In the early days of budding from the first ten days of May to the first ten days of June, the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 10 mg/L, chitin 1000 times liquid with a chitosan or chitosan content of 60 g/L and retting fermented Organic liquid fertilizer containing 70 parts of silk reeling wastewater, 20 parts of amino acids, and 8 parts of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. After fully mixing, spray the flower buds and leaves of cassava once. The amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves ;

②Control of artificial agronomic measures: when the bud length is 0.8-1cm, remove the other 3 axillary buds, leaving only the flower buds;

(5) Determination of pollen viability and pollination test

In the early stage of flower opening, the pollen viability and pollination test of the female and male flowers obtained by the above flowering regulation technology were carried out by using the staining method of acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. Vigorous male flowers;

(6) Hybrid breeding

The above vigorous female and male flowers are cross-pollinated to obtain hybrid seeds with excellent parental traits, which are used as cassava selection and breeding materials.

Example 3:

The cassava flowering control technology of the present invention comprises the following technical steps:

(1) Site selection and preparation

① Leveling. Choose land that is not too barren, with little gravel, no water, sheltered from wind, or protected by forest sections. Plant it from early March to early April. Deep plow and fine harrow 1-2 months before planting, so that The sun fully exposes the land to the sun, sterilizes and levels the land;

② Ditching. Ditch according to the row spacing of plants, plow soil depth of 30-40cm, ditch depth of 20-25cm, and row spacing of 0.7-0.8×1.0m, and furrow according to row spacing of one meter;

3. application of basal manure. Described basal manure is the ternary compound fertilizer that per mu consumption is 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg NPK concentration ≥ 40%, fully mixes, and basal manure is applied in the middle of furrow Mix well with the soil, cover the furrow surface with 1m wide plastic film, and compact it with soil around the plastic film;

(2) Planting management

①Selection of test materials. Perennial cassava that is fully mature, with thick stems, dense buds, fresh, undamaged, milky incisions, and no pests or diseases or pests or the whole plant of perennial cassava stalks and stems is used as cassava flowering control test materials;

②Seed preservation. Before the winter temperature is lower than 12°C or before December 25, the above test materials for cassava flowering control should be covered with a small arch film or a small arch film plus plastic film insulation treatment. In rainy areas, drainage ditches need to be opened;

③ Bud release and planting. Bud release is carried out from mid-March to the end of March. In April, when the temperature reaches above 16°C, the small arch film and plastic film are uncovered, and the buds placed on each plant from mid-March to the end of March , first remove the old buds that appeared before mid-March, and leave 2-3 buds for each new bud after mid-March. Except for the rest of the planting management according to conventional planting management;

(3) Regulating the flowering period

① Application of phosphate fertilizer: After the temperature rises above 16°C, apply 50-100kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer into the soil at one time and mix well:

② Potassium fertilizer application: From early to mid-April, mix 16-48L water with 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a solution with a concentration of 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 times on the leaf surface, and the time interval for one week;

③ Spraying on the top and leaves: When the plant height is 25cm, mix the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 20mg/L, 1.5% white sugar solution and 500 times of 10% amino acid, and spray 1-2 times on the top and leaves of cassava , the amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves, and the time interval is one week;

④Flower spraying: When the plant height is 60cm in the first ten days to the middle of April, two kinds of glyphosate solution with a concentration of 0.10mg/L, boron fertilizer with a boron content of 17% and zinc fertilizer with a zinc content of 47% are applied. Mix micronutrient fertilizer 1000 times liquid and chitin 800 times liquid with chitosan or chitosan content of 50g/L after mixing the trace element fertilizer. After fully mixing, spray the cassava top and leaf surface. The spraying amount should be enough to wet the leaves The water just dripping shall prevail, spray once every 7-10 days, and spray twice continuously;

(4) Preserving flowers and regulating the ratio of male and female flowers

①Chemical control: In the early days of budding from the first ten days of May to the first ten days of June, the phosphate fertilizer solution with a concentration of 20 mg/L, chitin 800 times liquid with a chitosan or chitosan content of 50 g/L and retting fermented Organic liquid fertilizer containing 60 parts of silk reeling wastewater, 10 parts of amino acids, and 5 parts of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. After fully mixing, spray the flower buds and leaves of cassava once. The amount of spraying is based on the water dripping from the wet leaves ;

②Control of artificial agronomic measures: when the bud length is 0.8-1cm, remove the other 3 axillary buds, leaving only the flower buds;

(5) Determination of pollen vigor and pollination test

In the early stage of flower opening, the pollen viability and pollination test of the female and male flowers obtained by the above flowering regulation technology were carried out by using the staining method of acetic acid magenta and iodine-potassium iodide. Vigorous male flowers;

(6) Hybrid breeding

The above vigorous female and male flowers are cross-pollinated to obtain hybrid seeds with excellent parental traits, which are used as cassava selection and breeding materials.

Example 4

The present invention selects different kinds of cassava to carry out artificial control flowering and carry out test contrast with natural flowering, test result: see Table 1, Table 2;

Table 1: Statistical results of artificially regulated flowering and natural flowering data of different varieties of cassava

Table 2: Statistical results of natural flowering and artificial flowering of 6 varieties, number of male flowers number of female flowers number of hermaphrodites Number of blooms Flower rate% natural flowering 44.8 3.6 0 0.67 28.3 Manual regulation 63.2 6.0 7.8 2.2 100 Increase percentage% 41.1 66.7 —— 198.5 253.4

As can be seen from the above tests, the present invention regulates cassava flowering and has multiple advantages: the number of male and female flowers artificially regulated to bloom is more than that of natural flowering; and unique hermaphrodite flowers can be formed, which can also be cross-bred; There are differences. The number of artificially controlled flowering is more than double the number of natural flowering, and the flowering period is significantly different. The artificially controlled flowering period is from May to December, and generally blooms twice in May-September, while the natural flowering period is in the From September to December, most of the flowering period is after October.

The protection point of the present invention is that this technology is a method for regulating flowering of cassava hybrid breeding, which has independent intellectual property rights, and cannot carry out the same method of regulating flowering for hybrid breeding without permission or technology transfer.

Claims (8)

1. cassava blooms a regulate and control method, it is characterized in that: comprise selection of land wholely, Cultivate administration, regulation florescence, protects flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers, and Pollen Activity measures and test of pollination and crossbreeding, and concrete implementation step is as follows:

(1) selection of land wholely

1. smooth: select barren not too much, chad is few, without ponding, wind sheltering or the soil having woods segment protect, plant in the first tenday period of a month in the first ten-day period of the March to April, within before plantation 1-2 month, carry out ploughing deeply thin rake, allow sunlight fully be exposed to the sun to soil, sterilization, level land;

2. ditch: by seeding row spacing trench digging, the dark 30-40cm of plough soil, ditch dark 20-25cm, plays furrow by line-spacing one meter;

3. the using of base manure: the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium of described base manure to be every mu of consumption be 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg N P and K concentration >=40%, fully mix, base manure imposes in the middle of furrow and mixes thoroughly with earth, and furrow face covers 1m broadly film, mulch film surrounding soil compaction;

(2) Cultivate administration

1. the selection of test material: adopt fully aging, stem slubbing is close, bud select intact, fresh, do not damage, otch has milk, the perennial root cassava of anosis worm as cassava bloom regulation and control test material;

2. conservation: temperature is lower than before 12 DEG C or before December 25 in the winter time, add mulch film isothermal holding, rainy region to the bloom test material little arch sky film of regulation and control of above cassava, need begin to rehearse ditch;

3. bud and plantation is put: mid-March is to carrying out putting bud by the end of March, April, when temperature reaches more than 16 DEG C, open little arch sky film and mulch film, by every strain in mid-March to put by the end of March bud, first remove the old bud gone out before mid-March, to long bud new after mid-March, every strain stays bud 2-3, and the bud stayed gets the not quite identical bud of growth situation, again unnecessary sprouting is removed, all the other Cultivate administrations Cultivate administration routinely;

(3) regulation florescence

1. the using of phosphate fertilizer: temperature rises to after more than 16 DEG C, disposable for 50-100kg fused calcium magnesium phosphate applying in soil is mixed thoroughly by mu;

2. the using of potash fertilizer: in the first tenday period of a month in April to the middle ten days, 16-48L water is converted 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, obtaining concentration is 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, blade face place sprays 2-3 time, and the time interval is one week;

3. the sprinkling on top and blade face: during plant height 15-25cm, be the phosphate fertilizer solution of 5-20mg/L, the refined sugar solution of 0.5-1.5% and 10% amino acid, 500 times of liquid by concentration, abundant mixing, to cassava top and foliage spray 1-2 time, the amount of spraying just has been dripped be as the criterion to be squirted blade, and the time interval is one week;

4. flower forcing is sprayed: when plant height 40-60cm in early April to the middle ten days, be the glyphosate solution of 0.05-0.10mg/L by concentration, spend excellent plain 1000 times of liquid and chitin 500-1000 times liquid, after abundant mixing, cassava top and blade face are sprayed, the amount of spraying just has been dripped be as the criterion to be squirted blade, spray 1 time every 7-10 days, connect spray 2 times; It is the boron fertilizer of 13%-17% and zinc content is the micro-fertilizer obtained after zinc fertilizer two kinds of trace element fertilizers mixing of 23%-47% that described Hua Yousu refers to boron content;

(4) flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers is protected

1. chemical regulation: in may the first tenday period of a month in the first tenday period of a month to June early squaring, be the phosphate fertilizer solution of 5-20mg/L, chitin 500 times of liquid and organic fertilizer by concentration, carry out sprinkling 1 time to the bud of cassava and blade face after abundant mixing, the amount of spraying just has been dripped be as the criterion to be squirted blade;

2. artificial agronomic measures regulation and control: budding length 0.8-1cm time, pluck other 3 axillalry buds, only stay bud;

(5) Pollen Activity measures and test of pollination

Put the initial stage the flowers are in blossom, the decoration method of acetic red dyeing and iodine-potassium iodide is adopted to carry out Pollen Activity mensuration and test of pollination to female, the male flower that regulate and control method of blooming above obtains, can stained pollen be vigourous pollen, can inseminate solid, show female, male flower is vigourous;

(6) crossbreeding

By above vigourous female, male flower, carry out hybridization pollination, obtain the hybrid seed of the excellent Parent proterties of tool, as cassava select index material.

2. cassava according to claim 1 blooms regulate and control method, it is characterized in that: in the selection step of described test material or adopt the whole strain of perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato to transplant to bloom as cassava the test material of regulation and control.

3. cassava according to claim 1 blooms regulate and control method, it is characterized in that: when described perennial root cassava refers to that cassava is ripe then, do not gather in the crops then, before winter temperature is lower than 12 DEG C or before December 25, cut off the bar stem on cassava top, it is the length of 10-30cm that bar stem is taken from from ground level, the test original material of regulation and control of blooming as cassava.

4. cassava according to claim 2 blooms regulate and control method, it is characterized in that: the whole strain of described perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato is transplanted, refer to when cassava is ripe, do not gather in the crops then, before winter temperature is lower than 12 DEG C or before December 25, cut off the bar stem on cassava top, take from bar stem and tapioca root highly for 10-30cm from ground, the soil in other new selection is transplanted in the whole strain of Cassava stalk stem band potato.

5. cassava according to claim 1 blooms regulate and control method, it is characterized in that: seeding row spacing adopts 0.8 × 0.8m, 0.8-0.9 × 0.9m or 0.7-0.8 × 1.0m.

6. cassava according to claim 1 blooms regulate and control method, it is characterized in that: described chitin refers to that chitosan or shitosan content are the chitin liquid fertilizer of 30-60g/L.

7. cassava according to claim 1 and 2 blooms regulate and control method, it is characterized in that: described organic fertilizer refers to that silk reeling wastewater content is 80 ~ 60 parts, amino acid is 20 ~ 10 parts, N P and K total nutrient content is 10 ~ 5 parts.

8. cassava according to claim 7 blooms regulate and control method, it is characterized in that: described silk reeling wastewater is the silk reeling wastewater of discharging after adopting cassava cocoon or mulberry cocoon industry throwing, and through liquid that retting was fermented.