CN109452104B - Mechanized production method of winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage - Google Patents
Mechanized production method of winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage Download PDFInfo
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- CN109452104B CN109452104B CN201811617160.5A CN201811617160A CN109452104B CN 109452104 B CN109452104 B CN 109452104B CN 201811617160 A CN201811617160 A CN 201811617160A CN 109452104 B CN109452104 B CN 109452104B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/15—Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Abstract
The invention discloses a winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage mechanized production method which is characterized by comprising the following steps: (1) intensive seedling raising, (2) sowing time, (3) matrix preparation, (4) tray loading and sowing, (5) seedling raising management, (6) outplanting and seedling hardening, (7) fertilizing and land preparation, (8) reasonable close planting, (9) water and fertilizer management, (10) pest control, (11) harvesting and storage. The invention adopts the mechanized production method of the winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage, promotes the water-saving and efficient large-scale production of the autumn Chinese cabbage, and improves the resource utilization rate of water, fertilizer and the like and the labor production efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of a Chinese cabbage production method, in particular to a winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage mechanized production method.
Background
The winter storage type Chinese cabbage is a vegetable variety traditionally planted in autumn in Beijing, and according to incomplete statistics, the total seeding area of the Chinese cabbage planted in Beijing in the autumn of 2015 is about 6.18 ten thousand mu, so that the winter storage type Chinese cabbage is a vegetable crop with the largest planting area in the open field of Beijing. With the increase of the centralized area of suburb land circulation, the aggravation of rural labor force aging and the rapid rise of labor cost, the demand for the mechanized production of open-field vegetables is further increased. In addition, the Beijing area is short of water resources for a long time, and the development of water-saving and efficient urban agriculture is urgently needed.
In Beijing area, the traditional autumn Chinese cabbage is planted by a single-ridge direct seeding mode generally, about 200 grams of seeds are needed to be planted per mu, about 6 ten thousand seeds are needed to be planted, and weak plantlets are eliminated by thinning after seedlings emerge; the sowing period is arranged in three days before and five days after the beginning of autumn, and the seedling period adopts a ditch irrigation watering management mode of three-water uniform seedling and five-water fixing, namely, the seedlings need to be watered for 5 times when reaching 8-leaf cluster period, 30 more than one square is watered per mu, and only 150 more than one square needs to be watered in the seedling period.
However, the traditional Chinese cabbage planting has some problems, firstly, because the seedling stage is in a high-temperature stage, the five-water is mainly used for reducing the ground temperature, the seedlings actually absorb little water, and the utilization rate of water resources is low; secondly, the irrigation quantity is large, the utilization rate of the fertilizer is low, the fertilizing amount is large, and a large amount of unabsorbed fertilizer enters underground water through leaching, so that adverse effects are caused to the environment; thirdly, the labor cost is one of the most main costs for producing the Chinese cabbages in the Beijing area at present, and the links of ridging, sowing, fixing seedlings, weeding, watering, fertilizing and the like in the Chinese cabbages planted by the traditional mode basically adopt manual operation, so that the time and the labor are wasted, the labor intensity is high, and the labor environment is poor; fourthly, the traditional cultivation mode mainly depends on manual operation, and large-scale production is difficult to realize.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a mechanized production method of winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbages, which improves the utilization rate of resources such as water and fertilizer and the labor production efficiency and promotes the water-saving and efficient large-scale production of the autumn Chinese cabbages.
In order to realize the aim, the invention provides a mechanized production method of winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage, which comprises the following steps:
(1) intensive seedling culture
The plug seedling is adopted, the plug seedling is relatively strong, the growth vigor is regular and consistent, the size of the plug seedling can smoothly pass through a seedling throwing channel of the transplanter as the standard, the seedling root system is developed, and the matrix of the plug seedling root is wrapped;
(2) time of sowing
Sowing the autumn open field Chinese cabbages in the Beijing area between 7 months and 8 months before beginning of autumn, wherein the time of sowing is 2-5 days in advance in the northern mountain area and 2-5 days later in the southern plain area;
(3) matrix formulation
The special seedling culture substrate is turfy soil or peat soil;
(4) dishing and sowing
Watering the dry matrix in advance, and then uniformly stirring to ensure that the water content of the matrix reaches 50-60 percent; loading the prepared wet substrate into a tray, pressing holes, reserving a small hole with the depth of 0.9-1 cm in the middle of each hole, sowing seeds in the small holes, covering the substrate, and watering;
(5) management of seedling growth
Seedling emergence can be realized 2-3 days after sowing in the positive Beijing summer high temperature period in the sowing period, temperature management is enhanced by a water curtain fan in the seedling period, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled below 30 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature at night is controlled below 20 ℃;
(6) seedling out of nursery and hardening
Gradually controlling water 5 days before outplanting, and transferring the hole tray to an open field plot to be transplanted for hardening seedlings after outplanting;
(7) fertilizing and soil preparation
The Chinese cabbage has long growth period, large growth amount, long fertilizer efficiency and can improve soil fertility, and each 667m of the organic fertilizer is applied2Applying 300 kg of refined organic fertilizer and 500 kg of refined organic fertilizer, and applying compound fertilizer (with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents)>35%) 30-40 kg, and then deeply ploughing and preparing the soil by adopting a rotary cultivator;
after land preparation is finished, making beds by using a ridging machine, adopting a 140cm large and small row bed type, carrying out double row planting on the beds with the large row size of 80cm and the small row size of 60cm and the bed height of 15-20 cm;
(8) reasonable close planting
The method comprises the steps of planting winter storage type Chinese cabbages in Beijing area as double-row transplanting, adopting a traction type 2ZB-2 transplanter produced by China Unionverson electromechanical technology (Beijing) Limited company to complete laying double-row drip irrigation pipes, covering with black mulching film and transplanting seedlings at one time, setting the plant spacing to be 40cm, and setting the density to be 667m per year2Planting 2382 plants;
transplanting is carried out when the sunshine is not strong in cloudy days or in the morning, and drip irrigation watering is opened in time after the transplanting is finished;
(9) liquid manure management
Controlling watering amount by using a Jinghai rotary-wing type cold water meter (DN401.5 inches), and watering five waters after Chinese cabbage seedlings are planted and then ball forming and harvesting;
(10) pest control
(11) Harvesting and storing
The harvesting time in Beijing area is three times before and five times after the beginning of winter, the irrigation is stopped 8-12 days before harvesting, and the harvesting standard reaches 'eight hearts' with maturity;
cutting, collecting, air drying, trimming to obtain clean vegetable, stacking outside the shady of vegetable cellar or cold storage, performing heat-proof and anti-freezing work, and storing when the temperature is reduced to suitable storage temperature of 1-2 deg.C.
Preferably, the watering in step (9) is implemented by: watering first water, namely seedling reviving water, 5-7 days after field planting; watering the second water 15-17 days after planting, namely before the rosette stage; 25-27 days after planting, namely, watering the third water in the rosette stage until the third water is dry or wet, and additionally applying quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer every 667m2Applying 10kg of urea; plantingAnd entering a nodulation period in the last 35-37 days, wherein the nodulation period is divided into two times of watering and applying 20-25 kg of urea and 5-7 kg of potassium chloride in combination.
Preferably, a needle type semi-automatic seeding machine is adopted for seeding in the step (4), then the substrate is covered, and water is poured in time.
Preferably, a full-automatic drum-type sowing production line is adopted in the step (4), and operations of tray loading, sowing, matrix covering and watering are completed at one time.
Preferably, the standard of outplanting in the step (6) is as follows: the plant height is 11-12cm, the cotyledon is intact, 5-6 true leaves are obtained, the plant is relatively robust, the leaves are emerald green, the root is white and large in quantity, and the substrate is tightly wrapped.
Therefore, the method for mechanically producing the winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbages improves the utilization rate of resources such as water and fertilizer and the labor production efficiency, and promotes the water-saving and efficient large-scale production of the autumn Chinese cabbages.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail by the following examples.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention will be further explained below.
A winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage mechanized production method comprises the following steps:
(1) intensive seedling culture
The mechanical transplanting is matched with plug seedling, the transplanter mainly adopts a seedling throwing mode, and the seedlings fall into preset holes along a seedling throwing channel by the self weight of the seedlings and the root wrapping matrix to realize the transplanting and field planting of the seedlings. The plug seedlings are required to be robust, grow regularly and consistently, the volume can smoothly pass through a seedling throwing channel, the roots of the seedlings are developed, the substrates wrapping the roots of the seedlings can be compacted to form certain gravity, and the seedling raising link is particularly important.
(2) Time of sowing
According to specific weather conditions, the Chinese cabbage is directly sown in open field in autumn in Beijing area in three days before and five days after beginning of autumn (about 8 months and 8 days), the seedling raising and sowing time is about one week earlier than that of direct sowing, the Chinese cabbage can be sown between 7 months and 8 months earlier, the northern mountain area is earlier, and the southern plain area is later.
Intensive seedling raising, seeding and maintaining are carried out at a proper period, strong seedlings with the seedling age and growth vigor similar to those of direct seeding seedlings at the same period are cultivated as much as possible, and the method is of great importance to the later-period high yield. The sowing date of the intensive seedling culture is between 7-8-4 days, the seedling age is more than 20 days, the planting date is between 8-20-8-31 days, and the contrast mode of the traditional culture method is that the direct seeding seedling culture is respectively carried out between 8-12 days.
(3) Matrix formulation
The special seedling raising matrix rich in nutrition is adopted, and peat soil or peat soil is generally taken as the main material. The seedling raising time is short, and additional nutrient substances are not required to be added generally. A single 105-well standard tray can typically hold 3-5L of substrate, depending on the type and source of the substrate.
(4) Dishing and sowing
The dry matrix is watered in advance and then is stirred uniformly, so that the water content of the matrix reaches 50% -60%, the matrix is prevented from being dried too much and is easy to float dust, the moisture in the matrix is easy to ensure, and the germination of seeds is facilitated. And (3) loading the prepared wet substrate into a tray and pressing holes, reserving a small pit with the depth of about 1cm in the middle of each hole, sowing by adopting a needle type semi-automatic sowing machine, covering the substrate and watering thoroughly in time. Or a full-automatic drum-type sowing production line is adopted to complete operations of tray loading, sowing, matrix covering and watering at one time.
(5) Management of seedling growth
In the positive-value Beijing summer high-temperature period of the seeding period, seedlings can emerge after seeding for 2-3 days generally, equipment such as a water curtain fan and the like can be used for enhancing temperature management in the seedling period, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled below 30 ℃ as much as possible in the daytime, preferably 25 ℃; the temperature is controlled below 20 ℃ at night, preferably below 15 ℃. The seedling growing period of the autumn Chinese cabbage in the plug seedling is the period which is most difficult to control in temperature all year around, the seedlings are easy to grow excessively, but the seedling growing period is only about 25 days generally, and the use of a growth regulator for controlling the height of the seedlings is not recommended.
The standard of outplanting is as follows: the plant height is about 11cm, the cotyledon is intact, 5-6 true leaves are obtained, the plant is relatively robust, the leaves are emerald green, the root is white and large in quantity, and the substrate is tightly wrapped.
(6) Seedling out of nursery and hardening
And gradually controlling water 5 days before the field planting, and conditionally transferring the aperture disk to an open field block to be transplanted for hardening seedlings.
(7) Fertilizing and soil preparation
The Chinese cabbage has long growth period and large growth amount, is suitable for applying the organic fertilizer which has long fertilizer efficiency and can improve the fertility of soil, and each 667m2300 kg of refined organic fertilizer and 500 kg of refined organic fertilizer can be applied, 30-40 kg of compound fertilizer (the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than 35%) can be applied, and then a rotary cultivator is adopted to deeply turn the soil.
After land preparation is finished, a ridger is used for making beds, the mode of row beds of 140cm is adopted according to the characteristics of varieties and the requirement of mechanical transplanting, the mode of row beds of 80cm in large rows (namely bed surfaces), 60cm in small rows and 15-20cm in bed height is adopted, and double-row planting is carried out.
(8) Reasonable close planting
The single-ridge direct seeding cultivation density of winter storage type Chinese cabbages in Beijing area is generally 667m2Planting 2200 plants, changing the mechanical production mode into double-row transplanting to increase density, adopting a traction type 2ZB-2 type transplanting machine produced by China Union of China to finish laying double-row drip irrigation pipes, covering mulching films and transplanting seedlings at one time, setting the plant spacing to be 40cm, and setting the density to be 667m per plant22382 plants are planted, and the transplanting efficiency can stably reach 3200-3600 plants per hour.
Because the transplanting time is in late 8 months and the temperature is high, the transplanting is generally carried out in cloudy days or in the morning when the sunlight is not strong, and the drip irrigation watering is opened in time after the transplanting of a certain plot is finished, so that the survival rate of the plants is improved.
The traditional autumn Chinese cabbage cultivation density is about 2000 plants/mu generally, the density is adopted in the traditional cultivation method for comparison of each demonstration point, and the density is 2084 plants/mu at most. According to the new transplanting drip irrigation mode, according to the requirement of changing traditional single-ridge cultivation into small-high-ridge double-row cultivation, a rotary tillage ridger is used for soil preparation and ridge making, then a transplanter is used for laying irrigation pipes and covering mulching films, punching and field planting are carried out, according to the specification parameters of the transplanter, a 140cm wide-narrow row ridge making scheme is adopted, proper close planting is carried out, and the field planting density is increased to 2382 plants/mu.
(9) Liquid manure management
The water and fertilizer utilization effect is better due to the adoption of a water and fertilizer management mode of drip irrigation under a black film, the watering amount is controlled by adopting a Jinghai rotary wing type cold water meter (DN401.5 inches), and 5 water is watered from the fixed planting of Chinese cabbage seedlings to the nodulation harvesting. Combining the weather condition and the observation of the seedling reviving condition, and watering the first water 5-7 days after the field planting, namely the seedling reviving water. And (5) watering the second water 15-17 days after the permanent planting, namely before the rosette stage. Watering the third water 25-27 days after planting, namely the rosette stage, if the third water is dry, the third water can be wet, and simultaneously applying quick-acting water soluble fertilizer every 667m by combining watering210kg of urea was applied. And entering a balling stage 35-37 days after planting, wherein the fertilizer requirement accounts for more than 60% of the total fertilizer requirement in the whole growth period, and in the stage, 20-25 kg of urea and 5-7 kg of potassium chloride are additionally applied by combining watering twice.
(10) Pest control
The cabbage seedling growing in tray has damping-off disease preventing and controlling mainly, and after planting, the diseases in growing period include virus disease, soft rot and downy mildew mainly, and the main pests include aphid and eating pests, such as cabbage caterpillar, diamond back moth, etc. And paying attention to strengthen management, watering and fertilizing at proper time and preventing and controlling pests.
(11) Harvesting and storing
The harvesting time in Beijing area is generally before and after the beginning of winter, and the irrigation should be stopped about 10 days before harvesting, so as to avoid the problems that the plant water content is too high, the tissue is brittle and tender, the plant is easy to cause mechanical injury to infect diseases, and the plant is not easy to store. The standard of harvest is that the maturity degree reaches 'eight hearts'. Cutting, collecting, air drying, trimming to obtain clean vegetable, stacking in a cellar or a refrigerator, performing heat prevention and anti-freezing operation, and storing when the temperature is reduced to 1-2 deg.C.
Through changing the traditional cultivation mode of 'direct seeding, single ridge and furrow irrigation' mainly artificial cultivation mode of planting Chinese cabbages in autumn into a new cultivation mode of 'intensive seedling raising mainly mechanical, mechanical bed making, drip irrigation laying, film mulching and transplanting, double-row small high-bed cultivation and water and fertilizer integrated management', test points are respectively established in Yanqing, Xingxing and cis-meaning areas in suburbs for 2 years continuously, and production application practices are carried out, so that the cultivation mode disclosed by the invention has remarkable advantages compared with the traditional cultivation mode of 'direct seeding, single ridge and furrow irrigation' mainly artificial in the prior art, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) save the seeds and save the labor
In the traditional production of the open field Chinese cabbages, a direct seeding mode is adopted, about 150g of seeds are needed to be used per mu, about 4.5 ten thousand seeds are needed, weak seedlings are eliminated through thinning after emergence of seedlings, about 2000 seedlings are finally left per mu, and most of seeds are wasted. The intensive seedling raising mode of the invention only needs 3000 Chinese cabbage seedlings for 1 mu of open field cultivation at most, saves the seed consumption by 93.3 percent, and the raised seedlings are regular and consistent.
In addition, the traditional production mode of the open-field Chinese cabbages mainly depends on manual operation in the steps of ridging, sowing, thinning, weeding, watering, fertilizing and the like, time and labor are wasted, and meanwhile, the production time is saved in the midsummer, the labor intensity is high, and the labor environment is poor. And in 8 months of rainy season, the furrow is easily washed out, and the labor is increased when the furrow is repaired. The mechanized production mode of the invention adopts intensive seedling culture, mechanical land preparation and bed making, one transplanter finishes laying drip irrigation pipes, mulching films and punching transplantation at one time, and water and fertilizer integrated management after planting. The film mulching cultivation of the invention also reduces the weeding link, and according to the actual production records of 3 test points, the cultivation link after sowing is carried out, and the average length is 667m2Can save 3.8 labors compared with the traditional production mode. Meanwhile, the humidity is reduced by covering the mulching film, and the occurrence rate of diseases in mechanized cultivation is reduced by 5.1% compared with the traditional mode by combining disease prevention and control.
(2) Water-saving fertilizer-saving
According to the analysis of the water and fertilizer utilization conditions of the 3 demonstration points, the traditional winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage production mode adopts a ditch irrigation watering management mode of three-water full-length seedling and five-water fixing, namely, the seedlings need to be watered 5 times before reaching 8-leaf cluster period, and the average water and fertilizer utilization condition is 667m230m of water is watered every time3The maximum watering amount can reach 150m only in the seedling stage3. The 667m for intensive seedling culture of the invention2The water consumption of the cultivated Chinese cabbage seedlings is only about 0.3m in the seedling period3The average irrigation quantity of the demonstration point of the fixed planting water during seedling transplanting is 25.8m3/667m2Greatly reducing the water consumption in the seedling stage. The invention adopts the dripping at the later stageMode management of water and fertilizer integration, the weighted average irrigation quantity of 3 demonstration points is only 69.7m3Compared with the traditional mode, the average watering amount is 153.1m354.5 percent of reduction, 150.9 percent of improvement of single-irrigation water yield and N, P percent of improvement of single-irrigation water yield2O5And K2The unit output rates of O are respectively improved by 11.2%, 9.6% and 26.5%, and the utilization efficiency of the water and the fertilizer is obviously improved.
(3) Increase production and efficiency
According to the statistical result of the yields of 3 demonstration points of Yanqing prosperous wide-spread, great-happy natural green and fair green Funong, compared with the traditional direct seeding furrow irrigation mode, the transplanting drip irrigation mode has the advantages that the average single-ball weight of the wasteland vegetables and the net vegetables is not greatly different, but the average cultivation density of the transplanting drip irrigation mode reaches 2333 plants/mu and is far higher than the average cultivation density of 2055 plants/mu of the demonstration points of the direct seeding furrow irrigation mode, so that the average yield per mu of the wasteland vegetables reaches 9238 kilograms, and the average yield per mu of the net vegetables is 6928 kilograms, which is 14.7 percent higher than the average yield per mu of the wasteland vegetables and the net vegetables of the traditional direct seeding furrow irrigation mode.
Through analyzing the input cost of 7 aspects of water consumption, fertilizer consumption, labor, drip irrigation materials, renting of agricultural machinery, seeds (seedlings) and mulching films, the new cultivation mode of transplanting and drip irrigation is adopted by 3 demonstration points, the benefit is improved to different degrees compared with that of the traditional direct seeding furrow irrigation mode, the average mu cost is reduced by 0.7 percent, the yield per mu is increased by 14.7 percent, the mu benefit is increased by 39.9 percent, the cost is saved, the effect is increased, the yield is increased, and the demonstration effect is better. The average of 3 test points adopting the mechanized cultivation mode of the invention is 667m2The cost is 1484.9 yuan, which is reduced by 20.4 yuan compared with the traditional mode. According to the minimum purchase price of 0.4 yuan per kg of Chinese cabbage, the mechanized cultivation mode is adopted to cultivate per 667m2The economic benefit is 1285 yuan, and the income is increased by 366.7 yuan compared with the traditional cultivation mode.
By comparing the cost investment in 7 aspects of irrigation, fertilization, labor, drip irrigation materials, agricultural machinery renting, seeds (seedlings) and mulching films in the transplanting drip irrigation new mode and the traditional direct seeding furrow irrigation mode, the improvement of the mechanization level and the development of large-scale production have great significance for promoting the healthy and stable development of the vegetable industry in Beijing areas.
Therefore, the method for mechanically producing the winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbages promotes the water-saving and efficient large-scale production of the autumn Chinese cabbages, and improves the resource utilization rate of water, fertilizer and the like and the labor production efficiency.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that: modifications and equivalents may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. A winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage mechanized production method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) intensive seedling culture
The plug seedling is adopted, the plug seedling is relatively strong, the growth vigor is regular and consistent, the size of the plug seedling can smoothly pass through a seedling throwing channel of the transplanter as the standard, the seedling root system is developed, and the matrix of the plug seedling root is wrapped;
(2) time of sowing
Sowing the autumn open field Chinese cabbages in the Beijing area between 7 months and 8 months before beginning of autumn, wherein the time of sowing is 2-5 days in advance in the northern mountain area and 2-5 days later in the southern plain area;
(3) matrix formulation
The special seedling culture substrate is turfy soil or peat soil;
(4) dishing and sowing
Watering the dry matrix in advance, and then uniformly stirring to ensure that the water content of the matrix reaches 50-60 percent; loading the prepared wet substrate into a tray, pressing holes, reserving a small hole with the depth of 0.9-1 cm in the middle of each hole, sowing seeds in the small holes, covering the substrate, and watering; sowing by using a needle type semi-automatic sowing machine, then covering the substrate and watering thoroughly in time;
(5) management of seedling growth
Seedling emergence can be realized 2-3 days after sowing in the positive Beijing summer high temperature period of the sowing period, temperature management is enhanced by a water curtain fan in the seedling period, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 25 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature at night is controlled at 15 ℃;
(6) seedling out of nursery and hardening
Gradually controlling water 5 days before outplanting, and transferring the hole tray to an open field plot to be transplanted for hardening seedlings after outplanting;
(7) fertilizing and soil preparation
The Chinese cabbage has long growth period, large growth amount, long fertilizer efficiency and can improve soil fertility, and each 667m of the organic fertilizer is applied2Applying 300 kg of refined organic fertilizer and 500 kg of refined organic fertilizer, and applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents>30-40 kg of 35% compound fertilizer, and then deeply ploughing and preparing the soil by adopting a rotary cultivator;
after land preparation is finished, making beds by using a ridging machine, adopting a 140cm large and small row bed type, carrying out double row planting on the beds with the large row size of 80cm and the small row size of 60cm and the bed height of 15-20 cm;
(8) reasonable close planting
The method comprises the steps of planting winter storage type Chinese cabbages in Beijing area as double-row transplanting, adopting a traction type 2ZB-2 transplanter produced by China Unionverson electromechanical technology (Beijing) Limited company to complete laying double-row drip irrigation pipes, covering with black mulching film and transplanting seedlings at one time, setting the plant spacing to be 40cm, and setting the density to be 667m per year2Planting 2382 plants;
transplanting is carried out when the sunshine is not strong in cloudy days or in the morning, and drip irrigation watering is opened in time after the transplanting is finished;
(9) liquid manure management
Controlling watering amount by using DN401.5 inch Jinghai rotary wing type cold water meter, and watering five water after Chinese cabbage seedling planting and heading and harvesting;
watering first water, namely seedling reviving water, 5-7 days after field planting; watering the second water 15-17 days after planting, namely before the rosette stage; 25-27 days after planting, namely, watering the third water in the rosette stage until the third water is dry or wet, and additionally applying quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer every 667m2Applying 10kg of urea; entering a balling stage 35-37 days after planting, watering twice in the balling stage, and applying 20-25 kg of urea and 5-7 kg of potassium chloride in combination;
(10) pest control
(11) Harvesting and storing
The harvesting time in Beijing area is three times before and five times after the beginning of winter, the irrigation is stopped 8-12 days before harvesting, and the harvesting standard reaches 'eight hearts' with maturity;
the collected Chinese cabbage is cut, collected, aired and refitted to form clean vegetables, the clean vegetables are stacked outside the shady of a vegetable cellar or a cold storage, heat-proof and anti-freezing work is well done, and the clean vegetables are stored when the temperature is reduced to the suitable storage temperature of 1-2 ℃.
2. The mechanized production method of winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage according to claim 1, characterized in that in step (4), a full-automatic drum-type seeding assembly line is adopted to complete operations of tray loading, seeding, matrix covering and watering at one time.
3. The mechanized production method of winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage according to claim 1, characterized in that: the standard of outplanting in the step (6) is as follows: the plant height is 11-12cm, the cotyledon is intact, 5-6 true leaves are obtained, the plant is relatively robust, the leaves are emerald green, the root is white and large in quantity, and the substrate is tightly wrapped.
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| CN105027884A (en) * | 2015-06-23 | 2015-11-11 | 威海市农业科学院 | Light and simplified cultivation method for oilseed rapes in northern snow region |
| CN207692311U (en) * | 2018-04-14 | 2018-08-07 | 吕文杰 | A kind of rotary tillage, ridging paving drip irrigation zone film mulching integrated machine |
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| 大白菜全程机械化杂交制种技术;张凤兰等;《中国蔬菜》;20161031(第10期);第92页第2节-第94页第5节 * |
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