CN106421817A - 基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了可以用于准确检测、表征、监测和治疗诸如癌症的疾病的基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒。所述纳米颗粒的直径的范围为约0.1nm至约100nm。所述纳米颗粒具有位于其内的荧光化合物,并且具有比游离荧光化合物高的亮度和荧光量子产率。所述纳米颗粒可以涂布有有机聚合物,例如聚乙二醇(PEG)。所述纳米颗粒可进一步轭合配体,该配体能够与特定细胞类型相关的细胞成分结合。可以使治疗剂与所述纳米颗粒连接。为了使所述纳米颗粒不仅可通过光学荧光成像检测而且可通过其他成像技术检测,可以使放射性核素/射电金属或顺磁性离子与所述纳米颗粒轭合。
Description
本申请为申请号为201080039307.2、申请日为2010年07月02日的发明名称为“基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒”的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求美国临时申请第61/222,851号(2009年7月2日提交)和第61/312,827号(2010年3月11日提交)的优先权。
关于联邦资助下的研究或开发的声明
本发明受NIH-NRRA,临床与转化科学中心基金;NSF STC项目协议号ECS-9876771;ICMIC P50CA86438;NIH SAIRP基金号R24CA83084;和NIH中心基金号P30CA08748的政府资助。
技术领域
本发明涉及基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒和使用所述纳米颗粒检测、诊断或治疗诸如癌症的疾病的方法。
背景技术
早期的肿瘤诊断和治疗选择对获得治疗上的成功和长期存活率至关重要。在早期,许多肿瘤都被定位并且能够通过手术治疗。然而,利用当前的成像技术常常难以呈现清晰可辨的肿瘤边缘。这造成数量不成比例的侵入性活组织检查。需要高特异性、分子靶向性探针,用于尽早检测出正常细胞和肿瘤细胞间的分子差异,例如受体表达水平的癌症特异性变化。当与高分辨成像技术结合时,特异性分子靶向探针极大地改善检测灵敏性,便于癌症的表征、监测和治疗。
目前的荧光成像探针通常由单个常规的荧光团(例如有机染料、荧光蛋白)、荧光蛋白(例如GFP)和半导体量子点(Q-dot)组成。单个荧光团通常不稳定并且用于成像的亮度有限。与染料相似,荧光蛋白往往显示激发态相互作用,其可以导致随机闪烁、淬火和光致漂白。量子点通常由诸如Pb2+或Cd2+的重金属离子形成,并因此有毒。Burns et al.“Fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticles:towards“Lab on a Particle”architectures for nanobiotechnology”,Chem.Soc.Rev.,2006,35,1028–1042。
具有导电层和二氧化硅核的荧光纳米颗粒已为人所知并且在治疗剂的调节递送中有应用(美国专利号6,344,272和6,428,811)。现有荧光纳米颗粒的缺点是其亮度有限并且作为荧光探针在分散系统中的可检测性低。
本发明基于多功能荧光二氧化硅的纳米颗粒具有优于其他荧光探针的许多优点。所述纳米颗粒无毒,并且具有用于分子诊断和治疗的优异的光物理性质(包括荧光效率和耐光性)、高生物相容性和独特的药物代谢动力学。所述纳米颗粒的尺寸相对小,并且具有产生优异的肾清除率的表面PEG涂层。本发明的荧光纳米颗粒包含荧光核和二氧化硅壳。所述纳米颗粒的核-壳结构、大的表面积和不同的表面化学可以同时向靶细胞递送多个功能性。例如,可以利用靶向部分、医学成像用造影剂、治疗剂或其他试剂使所述纳米颗粒功能化。所述纳米颗粒表面上的靶向部分可以为肿瘤配体,该肿瘤配体在与轭合有纳米颗粒的治疗剂结合时使纳米颗粒成为用于靶向并潜在地治疗癌症的理想载体。Webster etal.Optical calcium sensors:development of a generic method for theirintroduction to the cell using conjugated cell penetrating peptides.Analyst,2005;130:163-70。所述基于二氧化硅的纳米颗粒可以标记有用于PET、SPECT、CT、MRI和光学成像的造影剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒包含:基于二氧化硅的核,所述核具有位于其内的荧光化合物;包围至少一部分所述核的二氧化硅壳;与所述纳米颗粒连接的有机聚合物;约1至约20个与所述纳米颗粒连接的配体;和与所述纳米颗粒连接的造影剂或螯合剂。所述纳米颗粒的直径为约1nm至约25nm,或约1nm至约8nm。所述可以与纳米颗粒连接的有机聚合物包括聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚乳酸酯、聚乳酸、糖、脂、聚谷氨酸(PGA)、聚乙醇酸、聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物(PLGA)、聚乙酸乙烯酯(PVA)或它们的组合。
所述配体能够结合至少一个细胞成分,例如肿瘤标志物。与所述纳米颗粒连接的所述配体的数量可以为约1至约10个。所述配体的实例包括肽、蛋白、生物聚合物、合成的聚合物、抗原、抗体、微生物、病毒、受体、半抗原、酶、激素、化合物、病原体、毒素、表面改性剂或它们的组合。诸如三肽RGD、环肽cRGD、奥曲肽(octreotate)、EPPT1和α-MSH的肽类似物的肽也包含在本发明中。包含RGD序列的任何线性、环形或支链肽也在本发明的范围内。
诸如包括89Zr、64Cu、68Ga、86Y、124I和177Lu在内的放射性核素的造影剂可以与本发明的纳米颗粒连接。或者,所述纳米颗粒与适于结合放射性核素的螯合剂(例如DFO、DOTA、TETA和DTPA)连接。可以通过正电子发射断层显像(PET)、单光子发射计算机断层显像(SPECT)、计算机断层显像(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)、光学成像(例如包括近红外荧光(NIRF)成像在内的荧光成像)、生物发光成像或它们的组合检测本发明的纳米颗粒。
可以使治疗剂与纳米颗粒连接。所述治疗剂包括抗生素,抗菌素,抗增殖剂,抗肿瘤剂,抗氧化剂,内皮细胞生长因子,凝血酶抑制剂,免疫抑制剂,抗血小板聚集剂,胶原蛋白合成抑制剂,治疗性抗体,一氧化氮供体,反义寡核苷酸,伤口愈合剂,治疗性基因转移构建体,细胞外基质成分,血管扩张剂,溶栓剂,抗代谢物,生长因子激动剂,抗有丝分裂剂,他汀类,类固醇,类固醇和非类固醇抗炎剂,血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制剂,自由基清除剂,PPAR-γ激动剂,小干扰RNA(siRNA),微RNA和抗癌化疗剂。本发明包括的治疗剂还包括放射性核素,例如90Y、131I和177Lu。所述治疗剂可以具有放射性标记,例如通过结合放射性氟18F而进行标记。
在向受试者施用纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒的血液停留半衰期可以为约2小时至约25小时,约3小时至约15小时,或约4小时至约10小时。在向受试者施用纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期可以为约5小时至约5天,约10小时至约4天,或者约15小时至约3.5天。在向受试者施用纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期与血液停留半衰期之比可以为约2至约30,约3至约20,或者约4至约15。在向受试者施用纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒的肾清除率可以在约24小时后为约10%ID(起始剂量)至约100%ID,在约24小时后为约30%ID至约80%ID,在约24小时后为约40%ID至约70%ID。在一个实施方式中,在向受试者施用纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒的血液停留半衰期为约2小时至约25小时,纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期可以为约5小时至约5天,纳米颗粒的肾清除率在约24小时后为约30%ID至约80%ID。
当将施用量约为100倍人剂量当量的纳米颗粒施用于受试者时,在约10至约14天内在受试者中基本没有观察到贫血,体重降低,激动,呼吸加快,胃肠道功能紊乱(GIdisturbance),行为异常,神经功能障碍,血液异常,临床化学异常,器官病理学上与药物相关的病变,死亡,或它们的组合。
纳米颗粒的多价提高(multivalency enhancement)可以为约2倍至约4倍。
本发明还提供了基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒,所述基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒包含:基于二氧化硅的核,所述核包含位于其内的荧光化合物;包围至少一部分所述核的二氧化硅壳;与所述纳米颗粒连接的有机聚合物;和与所述纳米颗粒连接的配体;其中所述纳米颗粒的直径为约1nm至约15nm。在向受试者施用所述纳米颗粒后,所述纳米颗粒的血液停留半衰期为约2小时至约25小时,所述纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期可以为约5小时至约5天,所述纳米颗粒的肾清除率在约24小时后为约30%ID至约80%ID。与所述纳米颗粒连接的配体数量为约1至约20个,或约1至约10个。所述纳米颗粒的直径为约1nm至约8nm。诸如放射性核素的造影剂可以与纳米颗粒连接。或者,可以使螯合剂与纳米颗粒连接。可以通过PET、SPECT、CT、MRI、光学成像、生物发光成像或它们的组合检测纳米颗粒。在向受试者施用纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒的血液停留半衰期可以为约3小时至约15小时,或约4小时至约10小时。在向受试者施用纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期可以为约10小时至约4天,或者约15小时至约3.5天。在向受试者施用纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期与血液停留半衰期之比可以为约2至约30,约3至约20,或者约4至约15。在向受试者施用纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒的肾清除率可以在约24小时后为约40%ID至约70%ID。
本发明还提供了基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒,所述基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒包含:基于二氧化硅的核,所述核包含位于其内的荧光化合物;包围至少一部分所述核的二氧化硅壳;与所述纳米颗粒连接的有机聚合物;和与所述纳米颗粒连接的配体;其中所述纳米颗粒的直径为约1nm至约8nm。在向受试者施用纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期与血液停留半衰期之比可以为约2至约30,纳米颗粒的肾清除率可以在约24小时后为约30%ID至约80%ID。
本发明进一步提供了检测细胞成分的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:(a)使所述细胞与基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒接触,所述基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒包含:基于二氧化硅的核,所述核包含位于其内的荧光化合物;包围至少一部分所述核的二氧化硅壳;与所述纳米颗粒连接的有机聚合物;约1至约20个与所述纳米颗粒连接的配体;和与所述纳米颗粒连接的造影剂或螯合剂;和(b)通过至少一种成像技术监测所述纳米颗粒与所述细胞或细胞成分的结合。
本发明进一步提供了靶向肿瘤细胞的方法,所述方法包括向癌症患者施用有效量的基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒,所述基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒包含:基于二氧化硅的核,所述核包含位于其内的荧光化合物;包围至少一部分所述核的二氧化硅壳;与所述纳米颗粒连接的有机聚合物;与所述纳米颗粒连接并且能够结合肿瘤标志物的配体;和至少一种治疗剂。所述纳米颗粒可以具有放射性标记。可以通过但不限于以下途径向患者施用纳米颗粒:口腔、静脉、鼻、皮下、局部、肌内或透皮。
附图描述
图1a显示了裸二氧化硅(灰色)和涂布有PEG(黑色)的含Cy5的二氧化硅的纳米颗粒的粒径的动态光散射(DLS)曲线(数均)。
图1b显示了覆盖在用裸二氧化硅纳米颗粒注射后45分钟的裸鼠可见光成像上的、在光谱上分离的Cy5颗粒荧光(假色)的体内成像。
图1c显示了覆盖在用PEG化Cy5纳米颗粒注射后45分钟的裸鼠可见光成像上的、在光谱上分离的Cy5颗粒荧光(假色)的体内成像。
图1d显示了利用共配准(co-registered)的PET-CT的体内生物分布研究。上行为注射标记有24I的涂布有PEG的纳米颗粒后24小时的系列共配准PET-CT图像,侧边为独立获得的显微CT(microCT)和显微PET(microPET)扫描。下行为系列显微PET成像。
图2a显示了Cy5染料(浅灰)、3.3±0.06nm直径(深灰,平均值±标准差,n=9)和6.0±0.1nm直径(黑色,平均值±标准差,n=6)含Cy5且涂布有PEG的纳米颗粒的荧光关联色谱(FCS)数据和单指数拟合,其显示了由不同物质的不同流体动力学尺寸导致的扩散时间的差异。
图2b显示了Cy5染料(浅灰)、3.3nm直径(深灰)和6.0nm直径(黑色)的涂布有PEG的纳米颗粒的吸收和发射谱。
图2c显示了由FCS曲线测定的以每分子/颗粒的计数率(count rate)计算的游离染料(浅灰)、3.3nm直径(深灰)和6.0nm直径(黑色)的纳米颗粒的相对亮度比较。
图2d显示了Cy5染料(浅灰)、3.3nm直径(深灰)和6.0nm直径(黑色)的涂布有PEG的纳米颗粒在约3.5mW激光激发下的光致漂白数据。
图3a显示了直径6.0nm的纳米颗粒在注射后10分钟至48小时的不同时间点由血液(黑色)和组织:肝脏(浅灰)、肺(中低灰)、脾(中灰)和肾(中高灰)滞留的起始颗粒剂量的百分数(%ID)(n=3只小鼠,平均值±标准差)。
图3b显示了3.3nm(浅灰)和6.0nm(黑色)直径的纳米颗粒的滞留颗粒浓度的曲线和相关对数衰减拟合(associated logarithmic decay fit)以及半衰期。
图3c显示了3.3nm(浅灰)和6.0nm(黑色)直径纳米颗粒的估测颗粒排泄的曲线以及相关对数拟合和半衰期(平均值±标准差,n=9(每个时间点3只小鼠))。
图4显示了纳米颗粒在没有荷载肿瘤的小鼠和具有皮下C6异种移植物的荷载肿瘤的小鼠中的体内生物分布。(A)裸二氧化硅颗粒;(B)PEG化RGD颗粒。
图5显示了利用流式细胞术检测的在Cy5通道中作为时间(a)和颗粒浓度(b)的函数的cRGD化点和PEG化点(即纳米颗粒)的总特异结合数据。
图6显示了用于αvβ3-整合素靶向和表征的多模态(multimodal)C点设计。
图6a显示了表面荷载的放射性标记和肽并且核包含反应性染料分子(插图)的124I-cRGDY-PEG化核-壳二氧化硅纳米颗粒的示意图。
图6b显示了溶液中的Cy5染料(黑色)、涂布有PEG的点(PEG点,红色)和涂布有PEG且标记有cRGDY的点(蓝色,在红色数据组之下)的测定值的FCS结果和单指数拟合,其显示不同流体动力学尺寸导致的扩散时间差异。
图6c显示了游离染料与源自FCS曲线的涂布有PEG的点和cRGDY-PEG点的流体动力学尺寸(平均值+标准差(s.d.),n=15)和相对亮度比较,以及相应的染料和颗粒浓度。
图7显示了利用尺寸排阻柱色谱的124I-RGDY-PEG-点的纯化和质量控制。各洗脱级分(fraction)中通过γ-计数检测的124I-RGD-点和124I-PEG-点的放射性(右列)和124I-RGDY-PEG-点和124I-PEG-点的相应荧光信号强度(Cy5,左列)。
图8显示了利用两种细胞类型的124I-cRGDY-PEG-点、cRGDY肽和抗-αvβ3抗体的竞争性整合素受体结合研究。
图8a显示了通过γ-计数的124I-cRGDY-PEG-点和M21细胞的高亲和性特异结合。插图显示了结合数据的Scatchard分析,描绘对结合受体的放射性配体(B)和未结合受体的放射性配体(或游离的放射性配体,F)的浓度之比,或者结合-游离之比(B/F)与结合受体的浓度B的曲线;斜率代表解离常数Kd。
图8b显示了在用cRGDY-PEG-点温育前利用流式细胞术和过量的未放射性标记的cRGD或抗-αvβ3抗体检测M21细胞的αvβ3-整合素受体阻滞。
图8c显示了利用流式细胞术检测的与缺乏表面整合素表达的M21L细胞相比cRGDY-PEG-点与M21的特异结合。
图8d显示了通过流式细胞术检测的cRGDY-PEG-点与HUVEC细胞的特异结合。各误差棒表示三个重复的平均值+标准差。
图9显示了靶向和非靶向颗粒探针的药物代谢动力学和排泄图。
图9a显示了124I-cRGDY-PEG-点在注射后(p.i.)4至168小时的多个时间在荷载有M21肿瘤的小鼠中的生物分布。插图显示了检测血液停留半衰期(T1/2)的这些数据的典型曲线。
图9b显示了124I-PEG-点在注射后4至96小时的生物分布。
图9c显示了在注射后达168小时收集的尿液样本中未放射性标记的cRGDY-PEG-点的清除率图(n=3只小鼠,平均值+标准差)。
图9d显示了在注射后达168小时的间隔的粪的相应累积%ID/g(n=4只小鼠)。对于生物分布研究,误差棒代表平均值±标准差。
图10显示了急性毒性测定的结果。
图10a显示了H&E染色的肝脏的400x代表图(上图)和H&E染色的肾脏的200x代表图(下图)。通过静脉注射用单剂量的未放射性标记的127I-RGDY-PEG-点或涂布127I-PEG的点(对照载体)处理小鼠,并在14天后收集器官。
图10b显示了毒性研究中各处理组的平均日体重。图10a中的比例尺为100μm。
图11显示了肿瘤选择性靶向的系列体内PET成像。
图11a显示了在注射后4小时时全身冠状线方向的显微PET图,其表现出M21(左,箭头)和M21L(中间,箭头)肿瘤摄取分别为3.6%ID/g和0.7%ID/g,并且在24小时(右)增强了M21肿瘤造影。
图11b显示了124I-cRGDY-PEG-点在过表达αvβ3整合素的M21肿瘤(黑色,n=7只小鼠)和不表达αvβ3整合素的M21L肿瘤(浅灰色,n=5只小鼠)以及124I-PEG-点在M21肿瘤(深灰色,n=5只小鼠)中的体内摄取。
图11c显示了124I-cRGDY-PEG-点(黑色)和124I-PEG-点(灰色)的M21肿瘤-肌肉比。
图11d显示了cRGDY标记的探针和未标记的探针在体内的和离体的M21肿瘤摄取的相关性。
图12显示了利用多尺度近红外光学荧光成像的淋巴结定位。
图12a显示了在手术暴露的活动物中注射后1小时时,肿瘤位点(T)和引流腹股沟淋巴结(ILN)和腋窝淋巴结(ALN)以及交通淋巴管(棒,LC)的全身荧光成像。
图12b显示了相应的共配准白光和高分辨率荧光图像(上行)以及仅荧光的图像(下行),其揭示了包括高内皮微静脉(HEV)在内的局部淋巴结和远处淋巴结的淋巴结下部构造。(b)中的较大比例尺为500μm。
图13a显示了利用自发性小型猪黑素瘤模型用于对引流已知的原发性黑素瘤位点的淋巴结流域和区域性淋巴管定位的实验设备。
图13b显示了在肿瘤位点周围皮下注射多模态颗粒(124I-RGD-PEG-点)后5分钟的小视野PET图像。
图14a显示了全身动态18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)PET扫描,其显示了通过颈内淋巴结病变位点的径向、冠状线方向和轴向的图像。
图14b显示了融合的18F-FDG PET-CT扫描,其显示了通过颈内淋巴结病变位点的径向、冠状线方向和轴向的图像。
图14c显示了小型猪全身图像。
图15显示了与图14相同的图像组,但是在与上背上的脊柱相邻的原发性黑素瘤病变的水平上。
图16a显示了在肿瘤位点周围皮下4象限注射(4-quadrant injection)124I-RGD-PEG-点后1小时时间后的高分辨动态PET图像。
图16b显示了在肿瘤位点周围皮下4象限注射(4-quadrant injection)124I-RGD-PEG-点后1小时时间后的合并PET-CT图像。
图16c显示了Cy5成像(上图)、切除的淋巴结(上第二幅图)和H&E染色(下两幅图)。
图17显示了具有位于核内的荧光染料和PEG表面涂层的纳米颗粒的图。用三键修饰所述纳米颗粒,用于随后与DFO和用叠氮基功能化的Tyr3-奥曲肽两者的“链接化学(click chemistry)”。
图18显示了PEG衍生物的结构。使用标准化学反应用于产生具有三键的功能化PEG,然后通过硅烷基团使其与纳米颗粒共价连接。
图19显示了DFO衍生物的结构。
图20a显示了Tyr3-奥曲肽的结构。
图20b显示了用于引入至Tyr3-奥曲肽中的含叠氮基的酸的合成。
图21a显示了具有核内的NIR荧光染料、PEG表面涂层、DFO螯合剂和Tyr3-奥曲肽的功能化的纳米颗粒的产生图。
图21b显示了修饰有Tyr3-奥曲肽的多模态89Zr标记的纳米颗粒(PET和荧光)的产生图。
图22显示了表现cRGF-PEG-纳米颗粒与溶酶示踪红(lysotracker red)之间在胞吞途径中的共定位的显微图像。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了可以准确检测、表征、监测和治疗诸如癌症的疾病的基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒。所述纳米颗粒的直径范围包括约0.1nm至约100nm,约0.5nm至约50nm,约1nm至约25nm,约1nm至约15nm,或者约1nm至约8nm。所述纳米颗粒具有位于纳米颗粒内的荧光化合物,并且具有比游离荧光化合物高的亮度和荧光量子产率。所述纳米颗粒还显示高的生物稳定性和生物相容性。为了便于所述纳米颗粒的高效尿液排泄,所述纳米颗粒可以涂布有有机聚合物,例如聚乙二醇(PEG)。所述纳米颗粒的小尺寸、二氧化硅基和有机聚合物涂层使所述纳米颗粒在体内施用时的毒性最小。为了靶向特定的细胞类型,所述纳米颗粒可进一步轭合至配体,该配体能够与与特定细胞类型有关的细胞成分(例如细胞膜或其他细胞内成分)结合,例如肿瘤标志物或信号转导通路中间物。在一个实施方式中,可以使治疗剂与所述纳米颗粒连接。为了使所述纳米颗粒不仅可通过光学荧光成像(例如荧光成像)检测而且可通过诸如正电子发射断层显像(PET)、单光子发射计算机断层显像(SPECT)、计算机断层显像(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)的其他成像技术检测,也可以使所述纳米颗粒轭合诸如放射性核素的造影剂。
所述纳米颗粒的性质使得能够通过肾脏排泄,并且与正常组织相比选择性摄取并滞留在肿瘤中。这与在体内无毒一起形成有望转化至临床的独特产品。
纳米颗粒可以具有配体和造影剂两者。配体允许纳米颗粒通过在配体和细胞成分之间的特异结合而靶向特定的细胞类型。这种靶向与多模态成像组合具有多种用途。例如,纳米颗粒可以用于对前哨淋巴结(SLN)定位,用于标记肿瘤边缘或神经结构,从而使外科医生能够在直接可视下切除恶性病灶并消除在手术期间的并发症。配体还可以促进纳米颗粒进入细胞或促进屏障运输,例如用于测定细胞内环境。
所述纳米颗粒可以与配体和有或没有放射性标记的治疗剂偶联。所述放射性标记可以又作为用于形成多治疗平台的治疗剂。这种偶联使治疗剂能够通过配体与细胞成分之间的特异结合而被递送至特定细胞类型。治疗剂的这种特定靶向保证了疾病位点的选择性治疗,并使副作用最小。
本发明的荧光纳米颗粒包含:基于二氧化硅的核,所述核包含位于其内的荧光化合物;和位于所述核上的二氧化硅壳。所述二氧化硅壳可以包围至少一部分所述核。或者,所述纳米颗粒可以仅具有核而没有壳。所述纳米颗粒的核可以包含反应性荧光化合物和共反应性有机硅烷化合物的反应产物。在另一个实施方式中,纳米颗粒的核可以包含反应性荧光化合物和共反应性有机硅烷化合物的反应产物,和二氧化硅。所述核的直径可以为约0.05nm至约100nm,约0.1nm至约50nm,约0.5nm至约25nm,约0.8nm至约15nm,或者约1nm至约8nm。所述纳米颗粒的壳可以是生成二氧化硅的化合物的反应产物。所述纳米颗粒的壳可以具有多个层。例如,所述二氧化硅壳可以为约1至约20层,约1至约15层,约1至约10层,或者约1至约5层。所述壳的厚度可以为约0.01nm至约90nm,约0.02nm至约40nm,约0.05nm至约20nm,约0.05nm至约10nm,或者约0.05nm至约5nm。
所述纳米颗粒的二氧化硅壳可以覆盖仅部分纳米颗粒或完整的颗粒。例如,所述二氧化硅壳可以覆盖约1%至约100%,约10%至约80%,约20%至约60%,或者约30%至约50%纳米颗粒。所述二氧化硅壳可以为固体,即基本无孔,中多孔,例如半多孔,或多孔。
本发明的荧光纳米颗粒可以通过以下步骤而合成:使具有反应性部分的荧光化合物(例如反应性荧光染料)与有机硅烷化合物(例如共反应性有机硅烷化合物)共价轭合以形成荧光二氧化硅前体,所述反应性部分包括但不限于马来酰亚胺、碘乙酰胺、硫代硫酸酯、胺,N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯、4-磺酸基-2,3,5,6-四氟苯基(STP)酯、磺酸基琥珀酰亚胺酯、磺酸基二氯苯酚酯、磺酰氯、羟基、异硫氰酸酯、羧基;和使所述荧光二氧化硅前体反应以形成荧光核;使荧光化合物(例如反应性荧光染料)共价轭合至有机硅烷化合物(例如共反应性有机硅烷化合物),以形成荧光二氧化硅前体;和使所述荧光二氧化硅前体与生成二氧化硅的化合物(例如四烷氧基硅烷)反应,以形成荧光核;和使所形成的核与生成二氧化硅的化合物(例如四烷氧基硅烷)反应,以在核上形成二氧化硅壳,从而产生荧光纳米颗粒。
所述荧光单分散性核-壳纳米颗粒的合成基于一种具有两个步骤的方法。首先,使有机染料分子四甲基若丹明异氰酸酯(TRITC)共价轭合至二氧化硅前体并浓缩以形成富含染料的核。然后,添加二氧化硅凝胶单体以形成包围荧光核物质的更密的二氧化硅网络,防止可能对耐光性有害的溶剂相互作用。制备途径的多样性可以根据期望的纳米颗粒应用而引入不同的荧光化合物,例如荧光有机化合物或染料。可以引入至富含染料的核的荧光化合物可以覆盖整个紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)至近红外(IR)吸收谱和发射谱。美国专利申请第10/306,614、10/536,569和11/119,969号。Wiesner et al.,Peg-coated Core-shellSilica Nanoparticles and Mathods of Manufactire and Use,PCT/US2008/74894。
为了合成紧密的核-壳纳米颗粒,将染料前体加入至包含适量氨、水和溶剂的反应容器中,并使反应过夜。通过使感兴趣的特定近红外染料和3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷之间以1:50的摩尔比例进行加成反应(排除水气),合成染料前体。在富含染料的紧密核的合成完成后,随后加入正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)以培养包围核的二氧化硅壳。
通过使TEOS与染料前体共凝聚(co-condensing)并使混合物反应过夜,实现膨胀的核-壳纳米颗粒的合成。在膨胀的核的合成完成后,加入额外的TEOS以培养包围核的二氧化硅壳。
通过使所有试剂、染料前体和TEOS共凝聚并使混合物反应过夜,实现均质纳米颗粒的合成。
纳米颗粒可以引入任何已知的荧光化合物,例如荧光有机化合物、染料、颜料或它们的组合物。已知多种在化学上合适的反应性荧光染料,参见例如MOLECULAR PROBESHANDBOOK OF FLUORESCENT PROBES AND RESEARCH CHEMICALS,第6版,R.P.Haugland编辑(1996)。典型的荧光团为,例如荧光芳香族或杂芳香族化合物,如芘、蒽、萘、吖啶、芪、吲哚或苯并吲哚、噁唑或苯并噁唑、噻唑或苯并噻唑、4-氨基-7-硝基苯并-2-氧杂-1,3-二唑(NBD)、花青、羰花青、喹诺酮(carbostyryl)、卟啉、水杨酸酯、邻氨基苯甲酸酯、薁、苝、吡啶、喹啉、香豆素(包括羟基香豆素和氨基香豆素及其氟化衍生物),以及类似化合物,参见例如美国专利第5,830,912、4,774,339、5,187,288、5,248,782、5,274,113、5,433,896、4,810,636和4,812,409号。在一个实施方式中,近红外荧光(NIFR)染料Cy5位于本发明的纳米颗粒的二氧化硅核内。近红外发射探针显示降低的组织衰减和自身荧光。Burns et al.“Fluorescent silica nanoparticles with efficient urinary excretion fornanomedicine”,Nano Letters,2009,9(1),442-448。
可以用于本发明的非限制性荧光化合物包括Cy5,Cy5.5(也被称为Cy5++),Cy2,异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC),四甲基罗丹明异硫氰酸酯(TRITC),藻红蛋白,Cy7,荧光素(FAM),Cy3,Cy3.5(也作为Cy3++),德克萨斯红,LightCycler-Red 640,LightCycler Red 705,四甲基罗丹明(TMR),罗丹明,罗丹明衍生物(ROX),六氯荧光素(HEX),罗丹明6G(R6G),罗丹明衍生物JA133,Alexa荧光染料(如Alexa Fluor 488、Alexa Fluor 546、Alexa Fluor 633、Alexa Fluor 555和Alexa Fluor 647),4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI),碘化丙啶,AMCA,光谱绿(Spectrum Green),光谱橙(Spectrum Orange),光谱浅绿(Spectrum Aqua),丽丝胺(Lissamine),和荧光过渡金属络合物,如铕。可以使用的荧光化合物还包括荧光蛋白,如GFP(绿色荧光蛋白),增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP),蓝色荧光蛋白及其衍生物((BFP、EBFP、EBFP2、Azurite、mKalama1),青色荧光蛋白及其衍生物(CFP、ECFP、Cerulean、CyPet)和黄色荧光蛋白及其衍生物(YFP、Citrine、Venus、YPet)。WO2008142571,WO2009056282,WO9922026。
可以使用已知的交联剂修饰纳米颗粒的二氧化硅壳表面,以引入表面官能团。交联剂包括但不限于二乙烯基苯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、N,N'-亚甲基-双-丙烯酰胺、烷基醚、糖、肽、DNA片段或其他已知的在功能上等同的试剂。可以通过例如使用碳二亚胺、羧酸酯、酯、醇、尿素、醛、胺、硫氧化物、氮氧化物、卤化物或本领域已知的其他任何合适的化合物的偶联反应,使配体与本发明的纳米颗粒轭合。美国专利第6,268,222号。
可以使有机聚合物与本发明的纳米颗粒连接,例如连接至纳米颗粒的表面。可以使有机聚合物连接至本发明的纳米颗粒的二氧化硅壳。可以用于本发明的有机聚合物包括PEG,聚乳酸酯,聚乳酸,糖,脂,聚谷氨酸(PGA),聚乙醇酸,聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物(PLGA),聚乙酸乙烯酯(PVA)及它们的组合。有机聚合物与纳米颗粒的连接可以通过共价键或非共价键,例如离子键、氢键、疏水键、配位、粘附和物理吸附而实现。在一个实施方式中,纳米颗粒与PEG共价轭合,其中PEG阻止血清蛋白的吸附,促进有效尿液排泄并降低纳米颗粒的聚集。Burns et al.“Fluorescent silica nanoparticles with efficient urinaryexcretion for nanomedicine”,Nano Letters,2009,9(1),442-448。
可以对纳米颗粒的表面进行修饰以引入至少一种官能团。可以对连接至纳米颗粒的有机聚合物(例如PEG)进行修饰,以引入至少一种官能团。例如,所述官能团可以为马来酰亚胺或N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)酯。官能团的引入使得能使多种配体、造影剂和/或治疗剂与纳米颗粒连接。
可以使配体与本发明的纳米颗粒连接。所述配体能够结合至少一种细胞成分。所述细胞成分可与特定细胞类型相关或者在特定细胞类型(例如癌细胞或特定组织和器官的特异性细胞)中具有提高的水平。因此,所述纳米颗粒可以靶向特定的细胞类型,并/或提供用于疾病的治疗和诊断的靶向递送。如本文所使用的,术语“配体”指能够用于鉴定、检测、靶向、监测或修饰身体状态或状况(例如疾病状态或状况)的分子或实体。例如,可将配体用于检测特定受体的存在与否、特定受体的表达水平或者特定受体的代谢水平。所述配体可以为,例如肽,蛋白,蛋白片段,肽激素,糖((即凝集素),生物聚合物,合成聚合物,抗原,抗体,抗体片段(例如Fab、纳米抗体),适体,病毒或病毒成分,受体,半抗原,酶,激素,化合物,病原体,微生物或其组分,毒素,表面改性剂,如改变纳米颗粒或与纳米颗粒相连的分析物的表面性质或组织相容性的表面活性剂,及它们的组合。优选的配体为,例如抗体,如单克隆或多克隆抗体和受体配体。在另一个实施方式中,配体是聚-L-赖氨酸(pLysine)。
可以使抗原与纳米颗粒连接。连接有抗原的纳米颗粒可用于接种。
术语“细胞成分”或“细胞的成分”是指,例如受体、抗体、半抗原、酶、激素、生物聚合物、抗原、核酸(DNA或RNA)、微生物、病毒、病原体、毒素、它们的组合和类似成分。所述细胞成分可以位于细胞上(例如跨膜受体)或者位于细胞内。在一个实施方式中,所述细胞成分为肿瘤标志物。如本文所使用的,术语“肿瘤标志物”指在癌细胞中但不在正常细胞中表达或过表达的分子、实体或物质。例如,某些受体的过表达与多种类型的癌症有关。能够结合肿瘤标志物的配体可以轭合至本发明的纳米颗粒的表面,从而使纳米颗粒能够特异地靶向肿瘤细胞。
可以使配体与本发明的纳米颗粒直接连接或者通过连接剂连接。配体与纳米颗粒的连接可以通过共价键或非共价键,例如离子键、氢键、疏水键、配位、粘附和物理吸附而实现。可以将配体涂布在纳米颗粒的表面。所述配体可以被渗吸(imbibed)至纳米颗粒的表面内。如本文所使用的,“渗吸”指同化或吸入。可以使配体与荧光纳米颗粒的表面相连,或者当壳为多孔或者覆盖部分核时可以使配体与核相连。当配体通过连接剂与纳米颗粒相连时,所述连接剂可以为任何合适的分子,例如功能化的PEG。PEG可以具有多个官能团,用于与纳米颗粒和配体的连接。所述颗粒可以具有荷载有能与多个配体连接的不同官能团的不同类型的功能化PEG。这可以提高多价作用和/或在靶位点造影,从而可以设计并优化在体内具有提高的靶向检测、治疗和感应的复杂的多模态平台。
多种不同的配体都可以与纳米颗粒连接。例如,可以使三肽Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)与纳米颗粒连接。或者,可以使环肽cRGD(其可以包含其他氨基酸,例如cRGDY)与纳米颗粒连接。包含RGD序列的任何线性、环状或支链肽都在本发明的范围内。RGD与αvβ3整合素结合,αvβ3整合素在血管生成过程中在活化的内皮细胞表面过表达并在多种类型的肿瘤细胞中过表达。已经显示αvβ3整合素的表达水平与肿瘤的侵袭性紧密关联。Ruoslahti et al.Newperspectives in cell adhesion:RGD and integrins.Science 1987;238:491.Gladsonet al.Glioblastoma expression of vitronectin and alpha v beta3integrin.Adhesion mechanism for transformed glial cells.J.Clin.Invest.1991;88:1924-1932.Seftor et al.Role of the alpha v beta 3integrin in humanmelanoma cell invasion.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.1992;89:1557-1561。
或者,合成肽EPPT1可以为与纳米颗粒连接的配体。源自单克隆抗体(ASM2)结合位点的EPPT1靶向低糖基化的MUC1(uMUC1)。作为跨膜受体,MUC1在正常组织中被大幅糖基化;然而,其在几乎所有的人上皮细胞腺癌中都过表达并被异常地低糖基化,并参与肿瘤病理过程。Moore et al.In vivo targeting of underglycosylated MUC-1 tumor antigenusing a multimodal imaging probe.Cancer Res.2004;64:1821-7.Patel et al.MUC1plays a role in tumor maintenance in aggressive thryroidcarcinomas.Surgery.2005;138:994-1001。为了靶向uMUC1,包括针对uMUC1的单克隆抗体在内的特异抗体可以可选地与纳米颗粒轭合。
在一个实施方式中,α-促黑色素细胞刺激激素(α-MSH)是与纳米颗粒相连的配体。α-MSH的肽类似物能够与在黑素瘤细胞中过表达的G-蛋白偶联受体家族的黑皮质素-1受体(MC1R)结合。Loir et al.Cell Mol.Biol.(Noisy-le-grand)1999,45:1083-1092.
在另一个实施方式中,14-氨基酸生长激素抑制素的肽类似物奥曲肽是与纳米颗粒连接的配体。半衰期比生长激素抑制素长的奥曲肽(Octreotide)能够结合生长激素抑制素受体(SSTR)。G-蛋白偶联受体家族的成员SSTR在数种人肿瘤的表面过表达。Reubi etal.Distribution of Somatostatin Receptors in Normal and Tumor-Tissue.Metab.Clin.Exp.1990;39:78-81.Reubi et al.Somatostatin receptors andtheir subtypes in human tumors and in peritumoralvessels.Metab.Clin.Exp.1996;45:39-41。其他生长激素抑制素类似物可以可选地与纳米颗粒轭合,以靶向SSTR,例如Tyr3-奥曲肽(Y3-OC)、奥曲肽(TATE)、Tyr3-奥曲肽(Y3-TATE)和111In-DTPA-OC。这些生长激素抑制素类似物可用于癌症的PET诊断性成像和靶向放疗。deJong et al.Internalization of radiolabelled[DTPA0]octreotide and[DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide:peptides for somatostatin receptor targeted scintigraphy andradionuclide therapy.Nucl.Med.Commun.1998;19:283-8.de Jong et al.Comparisonof 111In-Labeled Somatostatin Analogues for Tumor Scintigraphy andRadionuclide Therapy.Cancer Res.1998;58:437-41.Lewis et al.Comparison of four64Cu-labeled somatostatin analogs in vitro and in a tumor-bearing rat model:evaluation of new derivatives for PET imaging and targeted radiotherapy.J Med Chem1999;42:1341-7.Krenning et al.Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy withIndium-111-DTPA-D-Phe-1-Octreotide in Man:Metabolism,Dosimetry and Comparisonwith Iodine-123-Tyr-3-Octreotide.J Nucl.Med.1992;33:652-8。
与纳米颗粒相连的配体数量可以为约1至约20个,约2至约15个,约3至约10个,约1至约10个,或者约1至约6个。与纳米颗粒相连的少量配体有助于维持满足肾脏清除截留尺寸范围的本发明纳米颗粒的流体动力学直径。Hilderbrand et al.,Near-infraredfluorescence:application to in vivo molecular imaging,Curr.Opin.Chem.Biol.,14:71-9,2010。所测定的配体数量可以是与一个以上的纳米颗粒连接的配体的平均数量。或者,可以测定一个纳米颗粒以确定所连接的配体数量。可以通过任何合适的方法测定与纳米颗粒连接的配体数量,所述方法可以与配体性质有关或者可以与配体性质无关。例如,可以利用绝对颗粒浓度和用于cRGD肽的试剂的起始浓度的基于FCS的测定,估测与颗粒结合的cRGD肽的数量。可以在碱性条件下和Biuret分光光度法在比色学上评价每个纳米颗粒RGD肽的平均数量和RGD与功能化PEG基团的偶联效率。还可以通过核磁共振(NMR)、光学成像、放射性分析等测定与纳米颗粒连接的配体数量。本领域技术人员可以容易地确定所述方法。
可以使造影剂与本发明的纳米颗粒连接,用于医学或生物学成像。如本文所使用的,术语“造影剂”指用于增强结构或流体在医学或生物学成像中的可视性的物质、分子或化合物。术语“造影剂”还指产生造影的分子。本发明涵盖的成像技术包括正电子发射断层显像(PET)、单光子发射计算机断层显像(SPECT)、计算机断层显像扫描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)、光学生物发光成像、光学荧光成像及它们的组合。本发明涵盖的造影剂可以是本领域已知用于PET、SPECT、CT、MRI和光学成像的任何分子、物质或化合物。所述造影剂可以是放射性核素、放射金属、正电子发射体、β发射体、γ发射体、α发射体、顺磁性金属离子、高级顺磁性金属离子。所述造影剂包括但不仅限于碘、氟、铜、锆、镥、砹、钇、镓、铟、锝、钆、镝、铁、锰、钡和硫酸钡。可以用作与本发明的纳米颗粒连接的造影剂的放射性核素包括但不限于89Zr、64Cu、68Ga、86Y、124I和177Lu。
造影剂可以直接与纳米颗粒轭合。或者,造影剂可以通过连接剂或螯合剂间接与纳米颗粒轭合。可以对螯合剂进行修饰以结合放射性核素。可以连接至本发明的纳米颗粒的螯合剂可以包括,但不限于1,4,7,10-四氮杂环十二烷-1,4,7,10-四乙酸(DOTA)、二亚乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)、去铁铵(DFO)和三亚乙基四胺(TETA)。
适合使本发明的纳米颗粒成像、检测、记录或测定本发明的纳米颗粒的方式还可以包括,例如流式细胞仪、激光扫描细胞仪、荧光微酶标仪、荧光显微镜、共聚焦显微镜、明视野显微镜、高通量扫描系统和类似装置。可以同时使用或连续使用一种以上成像技术,以检测本发明的纳米颗粒。在一个实施方式中,将光学成像用作灵敏性高通量扫描工具,用以在同一受试者中获得多个时间点,从而可以对肿瘤标志物水平进行半定量评价。这抵消了利用PET获得的相对降低的瞬时分辨率,但需要PET用以获得足以获得体积测定数据的深度渗透,并用以检测、定量和监测受体和/或其他细胞标志物水平的变化,作为评价疾病进展或改善以及将患者分级至合适的治疗方案的方式。
可以使治疗剂与荧光纳米颗粒连接,用于例如疾病的靶向治疗。可以以高度特异的方式或者局部化方式将治疗剂递送至病变位点,以在病变位点释放治疗剂。或者,可以不释放治疗剂。与配体轭合的荧光纳米颗粒可以用于将治疗剂靶向递送至多个系统内的期望部位,例如在细胞或细胞成分上或者细胞或细胞成分内,生物体体内,例如人体内,或者跨越血脑屏障。
可以使治疗剂与纳米颗粒直接或间接连接。可以使治疗剂被吸收至二氧化硅壳的空隙或孔内,或者涂布至荧光纳米颗粒的二氧化硅壳上。在二氧化硅壳没有覆盖全部表面的其他实施方式中,治疗剂可以与荧光核相连,例如通过物理吸附或者通过键合相互作用。可以使治疗剂与和荧光纳米颗粒结合的配体相连。所述治疗剂还可以与有机聚合物或造影剂相连。例如,可以通过PEG使治疗剂与纳米颗粒相连。PEG可以具有用于与纳米颗粒和治疗剂相连的多个官能团。所述颗粒可以具有荷载能够与多种治疗剂结合的不同官能团的不同类型的功能化PEG。所述治疗剂可以与纳米颗粒共价连接或非共价连接。
如本文使用的,术语“治疗剂”指可用于人或其他动物疾病的诊断、治愈、减缓、治疗或预防的物质。此类治疗剂包括美国官方药典、美国官方顺势疗法药典、美国国家官方处方集或它们的附录认可的物质。
可以利用本发明的荧光纳米颗粒或连接荧光的纳米颗粒引入的治疗剂包括核苷,核苷类似物,小干扰核糖核酸(siRNA),微RNA,寡肽,多肽,抗体,COX-2抑制剂,细胞凋亡启动子,尿道试剂,阴道试剂,血管扩张剂、神经变性剂(例如帕金森氏症),肥胖药剂,眼科试剂,骨质疏松症的试剂,副交感神经阻断药,拟副交感神经药,抗麻醉药,前列腺素,心理治疗药,呼吸系统药,镇静剂,安眠药,皮肤和粘膜试剂,抗菌剂,抗真菌剂,抗肿瘤药,心脏保护剂,心血管药,抗血栓药,中枢神经系统兴奋剂,胆碱酯酶抑制剂,避孕药,多巴胺受体激动剂,勃起功能障碍的药物,生育剂,胃肠药,痛风药,激素,免疫调节剂,适当功能化的止痛药或全身麻醉剂或局部麻醉剂,抗惊厥药,抗糖尿病药,抗纤维化药,抗感染药,晕车剂,肌肉松弛剂,免疫抑制剂,偏头痛药,非类固醇消炎药(NSAID),戒烟药,或抗交感神经药(参见,Physicians'Desk Reference,第55版,2001,Medical Economics Company,Inc.,Montvale,N.J.,第201-202页)。
可以与本发明的纳米颗粒连接的治疗剂包括,但不限于DNA烷化剂,拓扑异构酶抑制剂,内质网应激诱导剂,铂化合物,抗代谢药物,长春花生物碱类(vincalkaloids),紫杉烷类,埃博霉素,酶抑制剂,受体拮抗剂,治疗性抗体,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,硼辐射增敏剂(即万珂(velcade)),化疗联合治疗剂。
DNA烷化剂的非限制性实例为氮芥(nitrogen mustard),例如双氯乙基甲胺(Mechlorethamine),环磷酰胺(Cyclophosphamide)(异环磷酰胺(Ifosfamide),曲磷胺(Trofosfamide)),苯丁酸氮芥(Chlorambucil)(美法仑(Melphalan)、泼尼莫司汀(Prednimustine)),苯达莫司汀(Bendamustine),乌拉莫司汀(Uramustine)和雌莫司汀(Estramustine);亚硝基尿,如卡莫司汀(Carmustine)(BCNU),洛莫司汀(Lomustine)(司莫司汀(Semustine)),福莫司汀(Fotemustine),尼莫司汀(Nimustine),雷莫司汀(Ranimustine)和链脲菌素(Streptozocin);烷基磺酸酯,例如白消安(Busulfan)(甘露舒凡(Mannosulfan)、苏消安(Treosulfan));氮丙啶(Aziridine),例如卡波醌(Carboquone)、噻替哌(ThioTEPA)、三亚胺醌(Triaziquone)、三亚乙基亚胺(Triethylenemelamine);肼(甲基苄肼(Procarbazine));三氮烯(Triazene),例如达卡巴嗪(Dacarbazine)和替莫唑胺(Temozolomide);六甲蜜胺(Altretamine)和二溴甘露醇(Mitobronitol)。
拓扑异构酶I抑制剂的非限制性实例包括喜树碱衍生物,包括CPT-11(伊立替康(irinotecan))、SN-38、APC、NPC、喜树碱、拓扑替康(topotecan)、甲磺酸依沙替康(exatecan mesylate)、9-硝基喜树碱、9-氨基喜树碱、勒托替康(lurtotecan)、鲁吡替康(rubitecan)、silatecan、吉马替康(gimatecan)、二氟替康(diflomotecan)、依喜替康(extatecan)、BN-80927、DX-8951f和MAG-CPT,如Pommier Y.(2006)Nat.Rev.Cancer 6(10):789-802和美国专利公开第200510250854号中所描述;原小檗碱类生物碱及其衍生物,包括小檗红碱和甲氧檗因(coralyne),如Li et al.(2000)Biochemistry 39(24):7107-7116和Gatto et al.(1996)Cancer Res.15(12):2795-2800中的描述;邻二氮杂菲衍生物,包括苯并[i]菲啶、两面针碱(Nitidine)和花椒路宁(fagaronine),如Makhey et al.(2003)Bioorg.Med.Chem.11(8):1809-1820中的描述;Terbenzimidazole及其衍生物,如Xu(1998)Biochemistry 37(10):3558-3566中的描述;和蒽环类抗生素的衍生物,包括阿霉素、道诺霉素和米托蒽醌,如Foglesong et al.(1992)Cancer Chemother.Pharmacol.30(2):123-125,Crow et al.(1994)J.Med.Chem.37(19):31913194,以及Crespi et al.(1986)Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.136(2):521-8中的描述。拓扑异构酶II抑制剂包括,但不限于依托泊甙和替尼泊甙。拓扑异构酶I和II双重抑制剂包括,但不限于Saintopin和其他四并苯醌(Naphthecenedione),DACA和其他吖啶-4-甲酰胺,茚托利辛(Intoplicine)和其他苯并吡啶吲哚(BenzoPyridoindole)、TAS-I03和其他7H-茚[2,1-c]喹啉-7-酮、吡唑啉吖啶、XR 11576和其他苯并吩嗪,XR 5944和其他二聚化合物,7-氧代-7H-二苯[f,ij]异喹啉和7-氧代-7H-苯并[e]萘嵌间二氮杂苯,和蒽基氨基酸轭合物,如Denny and Baguley(2003)Curr.Top.Med.Chem.3(3):339-353中所描述。一些试剂抑制拓扑异构酶II并具有DNA插入活性,例如但不限于蒽环类抗生素(阿柔比星,道诺霉素,阿霉素,表阿霉素,去甲氧柔红霉素,氨柔比星,吡柔比星,戊柔比星(Valrubicin),佐柔比星(Zorubicin))和蒽二酮(米托蒽醌和吡蒽醌)。
内质网应激诱导剂的实例包括,但不限于二甲基-塞来昔布(DMC),奈非那韦(nelfinavir),塞来昔布(celecoxib)和硼放射增敏剂(即万珂(硼替佐米(Bortezomib))。
基于铂的化合物的非限制性实例包括卡铂、顺铂、奈达铂、奥沙利铂、四硝酸三铂,赛特铂(Satraplatin),Aroplatin、乐铂(Lobaplatin)和JM-216(参见McKeage et al.(1997)J.Clin.Oncol.201:1232-1237,和大体上,CHEMOTHERAPY FOR GYNECOLOGICALNEOPLASM,CURRENT THERAPY AND NOVEL APPROACHES,Series Basic and ClinicalOncology,Angioli et al.编辑,2004)。
抗代谢物试剂的非限制性实例包括:基于叶酸的试剂,即二氢叶酸还原酶抑制剂,例如氨基喋呤,甲氨蝶呤和培美曲塞(Pemetrexed);胸苷酸合成酶抑制剂,如雷替曲塞(Raltitrexed),培美曲塞;基于嘌呤的试剂,即腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂,如喷司他汀(Pentostatin),硫嘌呤,如硫鸟嘌呤(Thioguanine)和巯基嘌呤(Mercaptopurine),卤化/核糖核苷酸还原酶抑制剂,如克拉屈滨(Cladribine),氯法拉滨(Clofarabine),氟达拉滨(Fludarabine),或鸟嘌呤/鸟苷:硫嘌呤,如硫鸟嘌呤;或基于嘧啶的试剂,即胞嘧啶/胞苷:去甲基化剂,阿扎胞苷(Azacitidine)和地西他滨(Decitabine),DNA聚合酶抑制剂,如阿糖胞苷(Cytarabine),核糖核苷酸还原酶抑制剂,如吉西他滨(Gemcitabine),或胸腺嘧啶/胸苷:胸苷酸合成酶抑制剂,如氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)。5-FU的等同物包括其前药、类似物及衍生物,如5'-脱氧-5-氟尿苷(去氧氟尿苷(doxifluroidine)),1-四氢呋喃基-5-氟尿嘧啶(替加氟(ftorafur)),卡培他滨(Capecitabine)(希罗达(Xeloda)),S-I(MBMS-247616,由替加氟(tegafur)和两种调节物5-氯-2,4-二羟基吡啶和氧嗪酸钾组成),雷替曲噻(ralititrexed,tomudex),诺拉曲塞(nolatrexed)(Thymitaq,AG337),LY231514和ZD9331,如例如Papamicheal(1999)The Oncologist 4:478-487中所描述的。
长春花生物碱类的实例包括,但不限于长春碱(Vinblastine),长春新碱(Vincristine),长春氟宁(Vinflunine),长春地辛(Vindesine)和长春瑞宾(Vinorelbine)。
紫杉烷类的实例包括,但不限于多西他赛(docetaxel),拉洛他赛(Larotaxel),奥他赛(Ortataxel),紫杉醇(Paclitaxel)和替司他赛(Tesetaxel)。埃博霉素的一个例子是伊沙匹隆(iabepilone)。
酶抑制剂的实例包括,但不限于法尼基转移酶抑制剂(替吡法尼(Tipifamib));CDK抑制剂(Alvocidib,Seliciclib);蛋白酶体抑制剂(硼替佐米(Bortezomib)),磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(阿那格雷(Anagrelide),咯利普兰(rolipram));IMP脱氢酶抑制剂(噻唑呋林(Tiazofurine));和脂氧合酶抑制剂(马索罗酚(Masoprocol))。受体拮抗剂的实例包括,但不仅限于ERA(阿曲森坦(Atrasentan));维甲酸X受体(蓓萨罗丁(Bexarotene))和性类固醇(睾内酯(Testolactone))。
治疗性抗体的实例包括,但不限于抗HER1/EGFR抗体(西妥昔单抗(Cetuximab),帕尼单抗(Panitumumab);抗HER2/neu(erbB2)受体抗体(曲妥珠单抗(Trastuzumab);抗EpCAM抗体(卡妥索单抗(Catumaxomab),依决洛单抗(Edrecolomab);抗VEGF-A抗体(贝伐单抗(Bevacizumab);抗CD20抗体(利妥昔单抗(Rituximab),托西莫单抗(Tositumomab),替伊莫单抗(Ibritumomab);抗CD52抗体(阿仑单抗(Alemtuzumab)),以及抗CD33抗体(吉妥单抗(Gemtuzumab))。美国专利第5,776,427和7,601,355号。
酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的实例包括,但不限于对以下的抑制剂:ErbB:HER1/EGFR(厄洛替尼(Erlotinib),吉非替尼(Gefitinib),拉帕替尼(Lapatinib),凡德他尼(Vandetanib),舒尼替尼(Sunitinib),来那替尼(Neratinib);HER2/neu(拉帕替尼,来那替尼);III类RTK:C-kit(阿西替尼(Axitinib),舒尼替尼(Sunitinib),索拉非尼(Sorafenib),FLT3(来他替尼(Lestaurtinib),PDGFR(阿西替尼,舒尼替尼,索拉非尼)和VEGFR(凡德他尼(Vandetanib),司马沙尼(Semaxanib),西地拉尼(Cediranib),阿西替尼,索拉非尼);bcr-abl(伊马替尼(Imatinib),尼罗替尼(Nilotinib),达沙替尼(Dasatinib);Src(博舒替尼(Bosutinib)和Janus激酶2(来他替尼)。
可以与本发明的纳米颗粒连接的化疗剂也可以包括安吖啶(amsacrine),曲贝替定(Trabectedin),类视色素(阿利维甲酸(Alitretinoin),维甲酸(Tretinoin),三氧化二砷,天冬酰胺消耗剂(asparagine depleter)天门冬酰胺酶/培门冬酶(Pegaspargase),塞来昔布,脱羰秋水仙碱(Demecolcine),伊利司莫(Elesclomol),依沙芦星(Elsamitrucin),依托格鲁(Etoglucid),氯尼达明(Lonidamine),硫蒽酮(Lucanthone),丙脒腙(Mitoguazone),米托坦(Mitotane),奥利默森(Oblimersen),坦罗莫司(temsirolimus),伏立诺他(Vorinostat)。
可以与本发明的荧光纳米颗粒连接、相连或结合的具体治疗剂的实例为氟氧头孢(flomoxef);福提霉素类(fortimicin(s)));庆大霉素类(gentamicin(s));葡氨苯砜苯丙砜(glucosulfone solasulfone);短杆菌肽S(gramicidin S));短杆菌肽类(gramicidin(s));格帕沙星(grepafloxacin);胍甲四环素(guamecycline);海他西林(hetacillin);异帕米星(isepamicin));交沙霉素(josamycin);卡那霉素类(kanamycin(s));氟氧头孢;福提霉素类;庆大霉素类;葡氨苯砜苯丙砜;短杆菌肽S;短杆菌肽类;格帕沙星;胍甲四环素;海他西林;异帕米星;交沙霉素;卡那霉素类;杆菌肽(bacitracin);班贝霉素类(Bambermycin(s));比阿培南(biapenem);溴莫普林(brodimoprim);丁胺菌素(butirosin);卷曲霉素(capreomycin);羧苄青霉素(carbenicillin);碳霉素(carbomycin);卡芦莫南(carumonam);头孢羟氨苄(cefadroxil);头孢孟多(cefamandole);头孢曲嗪(cefatrizine);头孢拉宗(cefbuperazone);头孢克定(cefclidin);头孢地尼(cefdinir);头孢妥仑(cefditoren);头孢吡肟(cefepime));头孢他美(cefetamet);头孢克肟(cefixime);头孢甲肟(cefinenoxime);头孢米诺(cefininox);克拉屈滨(cladribine);阿帕西林(apalcillin);阿哌环素(apicycline);安普霉素(apramycin);阿贝卡星(arbekacin);阿扑西林(aspoxicillin);叠氮氯霉素(azidamfenicol);氨曲南(aztreonam);头孢地嗪(cefodizime);头孢尼西(cefonicid);头孢哌酮(cefoperazone);头孢雷特(ceforamide);头孢噻肟(cefotaxime);头孢替坦(cefotetan);头孢替安(cefotiam);头孢唑兰(cefozopran);头孢咪唑(cefpimizole);头孢匹胺(cefpiramide);头孢匹罗(cefpirome);头孢丙烯(cefprozil);头孢沙定(cefroxadine);头孢特仑(cefteram);头孢布烯(ceftibuten);头孢唑喃(cefuzonam);头孢氨苄(cephalexin);头孢来星(cephaloglycin);头孢菌素C(cephalosporin C);头孢拉定(cephradine);氯霉素(chloramphenicol);金霉素(chlortetracycline);克林沙星(clinafloxacin);克林霉素(clindamycin);羟甲金霉素(clomocycline);多粘菌素(colistin);环青霉素(cyclacillin);氨苯砜(dapsone);去甲金霉素(demeclocycline);地百里砜(diathymosulfone);地贝卡星(dibekacin);双氢链霉素(dihydrostreptomycin);6-巯基嘌呤(6-mercaptopurine);硫鸟嘌呤;卡培他滨;多西紫杉醇(docetaxel);依托泊苷;吉西他滨;拓扑替康;长春瑞滨;长春新碱;长春碱;替尼泊苷;美法仑;甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate);2-对硫烷基苯胺基乙醇(2-p-sulfanilyanilinoethanol);4,4'-二胺二苯砜(4,4'-sulfinyldianiline);4-对氨苯磺酰氨基水杨酸(4-sulfanilamidosalicylic acid);布托啡诺(butorphanol);纳布啡(nalbuphine);链脲霉素(streptozocin);阿霉素;道诺霉素;普卡霉素;去甲氧柔红霉素;丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C);喷司他汀;米托蒽醌;阿糖胞苷(cytarabine);磷酸氟达拉滨(fludarabine phosphate);布托啡诺;纳布啡;链脲霉素;阿霉素;道诺霉素;普卡霉素;去甲氧柔红霉素;丝裂霉素C;喷司他汀;米托蒽醌;阿糖胞苷(cytarabine);磷酸氟达拉滨;醋地砜(acediasulfone);乙酰砜(acetosulfone);丁胺卡那霉素(amikacin);两性霉素B(amphotericin B);氨苄青霉素(ampicillin);阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin);依那普利(enalapril);雷尼替丁(ranitidine);环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin);普伐他汀(pravastatin);克拉霉素(clarithromycin);环孢素(cyclosporin);法莫替丁(famotidine);醋酸亮丙瑞林(leuprolide);阿昔洛韦(acyclovir);紫杉醇(paclitaxel);阿奇霉素(azithromycin);拉米夫定(lamivudine);布地奈德(budesonide);沙丁胺醇(albuterol);印地那韦(indinavir);二甲双胍(metformin);阿仑膦酸盐(alendronate);尼扎替丁(nizatidine);齐多夫定(zidovudine);卡铂(carboplatin);美托洛尔(metoprolol);阿莫西林(amoxicillin);双氯灭痛(diclofenac);赖诺普利(lisinopril);头孢曲松(ceftriaxone);卡托普利(captopril);沙美特罗昔萘酸酯(salmeterolxinafoate);亚胺培南(imipenem);西司他汀(cilastatin);贝那普利(benazepril);头孢克洛(cefaclor);头孢他啶(ceftazidime);吗啡(morphine);多巴胺(dopamine);卡马风(bialamicol);氟伐他汀(fluvastatin);非那米丁(phenamidine);鬼臼酸2-乙肼(podophyllinic acid 2-ethylhydrazine);吖啶黄(acriflavine);氯阿唑丁(chloroazodin);砷凡纳明(arsphenamine);amicarbilide;氨喹脲(aminoquinuride);喹那普利(quinapril);羟吗啡酮(oxymorphone);丁丙诺啡(buprenorphine);氟尿苷(floxuridine);地红霉素(dirithromycin);强力霉素(doxycycline);依诺沙星(enoxacin);恩维霉素(enviomycin);依匹西林(Epicillin);红霉素(erythromycin);白霉素类leucomycin(s));林可霉素(lincomycin);洛美沙星(lomefloxacin);鲁斯霉素(lucensomycin);赖甲霉素(lymecycline);甲氯环素(meclocycline);美罗培南(meropenem);美他环素(methacycline);小诺霉素(micronomicin);麦迪霉素类(midecamycin(s));米诺环素(minocycline);拉氧头孢(moxalactam);莫匹罗星(mupirocin);那氟沙星(nadifloxacin);纳他霉素(natamycin);新霉素(neomycin);奈替米星(netilmicin);诺氟沙星(norfloxacin);竹桃霉素(oleandomycin);土霉素(oxytetracycline);对-磺胺酰基苄胺(p-sulfanilylbenzylamine));帕尼培南(panipenem);巴龙霉素(paromomycin);帕珠沙星(pazufloxacin);青霉素N(penicillinN);匹哌环素(pipacycline);吡哌酸(pipemidic acid);多粘菌素(polymyxin);伯霉素(primycin);喹那西林(quinacillin);核糖霉素(ribostamycin);利福酰胺(rifamide);利福平(rifampin);利福霉素SV(rifamycin SV);利福喷丁(rifapentine);利福昔明(rifaximin);瑞斯托霉素(ristocetin);利替培南(ritipenem);罗地霉素(rokitamycin);吡咯烷甲基四环素(rolitetracycline);罗沙米星(rosaramycin);罗红霉素(roxithromycin);柳氮磺嘧啶(salazosulfadimidine);山环素(sancycline);西索米星(sisomicin);司帕沙星(sparfloxacin);大观霉素(spectinomycin);螺旋霉素(spiramycin);链霉素(streptomycin);磺胺柯定(succisulfone);琥珀氨苯砜(sulfachrysoidine);磺胺洛西酸(sulfaloxic acid);磺胺柯衣定(sulfamidochrysoidine);对氨基苯磺酸(sulfanilic acid);索发克松(sulfoxone);替考拉宁(teicoplanin);替马沙星(temafloxacin);替莫西林(temocillin);四氧普林(tetroxoprim);甲砜霉素(thiamphenicol);噻唑砜(thiazolsulfone);硫链丝菌素(thiostrepton);替卡西林(ticarcillin);替吉莫南(tigemonam);妥布霉素(tobramycin);妥舒沙星(tosufloxacin);甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim);妥布霉素(trospectomycin);曲伐沙星(trovafloxacin);结核放线菌素(tuberactinomycin);万古霉素(vancomycin);重氮丝氨酸(azaserine);克念菌素类(candicidin(s));氯苯甘醚(chlorphenesin);制皮菌素类(dermostatin(s));非律平(filipin);制霉色基素(fungichromin);甲帕霉素(mepartricin);制霉菌素(nystatin);寡霉素类(oligomycin(s));培里霉素A(perimycin A);杀结核菌素(tubercidin);6-氮杂尿苷(6-azauridine);6-重氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸(6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine);阿克拉霉素类(aclacinomycin(s));安西他宾(ancitabine);安曲霉素(anthramycin);阿扎胞苷(azacitadine);重氮丝氨酸(azaserine);博莱霉素类(bleomycin(s));双香豆素乙酯(ethyl biscoumacetate);亚乙基双香豆素(ethylidene dicoumarol);伊洛前列素(iloprost);拉米非班(lamifiban);他前列烯(taprostene);噻氯香豆素(tioclomarol);替罗非班(tirofiban);氨普立糖(amiprilose);布西拉明(bucillamine);胍立莫司(gusperimus);龙胆酸(gentisic acid);葡美辛(glucamethacin);乙二醇水杨酸(glycolsalicylate);甲氯芬那酸(meclofenamic acid);甲芬那酸(mefenamic acid);美沙拉嗪(mesalamine);尼氟灭酸(niflumic acid);奥沙拉嗪(olsalazine);奥沙西罗(oxaceprol);S-腺苷基甲硫氨酸(S-enosylmethionine);水杨酸(salicylic acid);双水杨酸(salsalate);柳氮磺胺吡啶(sulfasalazine);托芬那酸(tolfenamic acid);洋红霉素(carubicin);嗜癌菌素A(carzinophillin A);氯脲霉素(chlorozotocin);色霉素类(chromomycin(s));二甲叶酸(denopterin);去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine);依达曲沙(edatrexate);依氟鸟氨酸(eflornithine);甲基羟基玫瑰树碱(elliptinium);依诺他滨(enocitabine);表阿霉素(epirubicin);甘露醇芥(mannomustine);美诺立尔(menogaril);二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol);二溴卫矛醇(mitolactol);莫哌达醇(mopidamol);麦考酚酸(mycophenolic acid);诺拉霉素(nogalamycin);橄榄霉素类(olivomycin(s));培洛霉素(peplomycin);吡柔比星(pirarubicin);吡曲克辛(piritrexim);泼尼莫司汀(prednimustine);甲基苄肼(procarbazine);蝶罗呤(pteropterin);嘌呤霉素(puromycin);雷莫司汀(ranimustine);链黑菌素(streptonigrin);硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine);酶酚酸(mycophenolic acid);丙考达唑(procodazole);罗莫肽(romurtide);西罗莫司(sirolimus);雷帕霉素(rapamycin);他克莫司(tacrolimus);丁胺卡因(butethamine);苯醇胺(fenalcomine);羟丁卡因(hydroxytetracaine);纳依卡因(naepaine);奥索卡因(orthocaine);匹多卡因(piridocaine);水杨醇(salicyl alcohol);3-氨基-4-羟丁酸(3-amino-4-hydroxybutyric acid);醋氯芬酸(aceclofenac);阿明洛芬(alminoprofen);氨芬酸(amfenac);溴芬酸(bromfenac);溴柳氯苯胺(bromosaligenin);布马地宗(bumadizon);卡洛芬(carprofen);双氯芬酸(diclofenac);二氟尼柳(diflunisal);地他唑(ditazol);恩芬那酸(enfenamic acid);依托度酸(etodolac);依托芬那酯(etofenamate);芬度柳(fendosal);非普地醇(fepradinol);氟灭酸(flufenamic acid);(N-[[5-[[(1,4-二氢-2-甲基-4-氧代-6-喹唑啉基)甲基]甲基氨基]-2-噻吩基]羰基]-L-谷氨酸,三甲曲(trimetrexate),杀结核菌素(tubercidin),乌苯美司(ubenimex),长春地辛(vindesine),佐柔比星(zorubicin);阿加曲班(argatroban);双香豆素醚(coumetarol)或双香豆素(dicoumarol)。
其他治疗剂的列表可见于,例如Physicians'Desk Reference,55th ed.,2001,Medical Economics Company,Inc.,Montvale,N.J.;USPN Dictionary of USAN andInternational Drug Names,2000,The United States Pharmacopeial Convention,Inc.,Rockville,Md.;以及The Merck Index,12th ed.,1996,Merck&Co.,Inc.,Whitehouse Station,N.J.。
当本发明的纳米颗粒用于靶向放疗中时,所述治疗剂还可以包括放射性核素。在一个实施方式中,低能量β-发射的放射性核素,例如177Lu-螯合的构建体与本发明的纳米颗粒相连,并用于治疗相对较小的肿瘤载荷或微转移性疾病。在另一个实施方式中,较高能量β-发射体,例如钇-90(90Y)可用于治疗较大的肿瘤载荷。碘-131(131I)也可以用于放疗。
可以对所述纳米颗粒的表面进行修饰以引入至少一个官能团。可以对与纳米颗粒结合的有机聚合物(例如PEG)进行修饰以引入至少一个官能团。例如,所述官能团可以为马来酰亚胺或N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)酯。官能团的引入使得能够使多种配体、造影剂和/或治疗剂与纳米颗粒连接。
在一个实施方式中,治疗剂通过NHS酯官能团与纳米颗粒(表面或有机聚合物涂层)相连。例如,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂如达沙替尼(BMS)或化疗剂(例如红豆杉醇)可以通过酯键与纳米颗粒偶联。然后,该酯键在体内酸性环境下或通过酶促而被切割。该方法可用于向受试者递送前药,其中该药物在体内由颗粒释放。
本发明人通过将小分子抑制剂达沙替尼与纳米颗粒的PEG分子偶联而对前药方法进行了测试。根据生物分布的结果和人药物剂量计算,已经发现该纳米颗粒具有独特的生物学性质,包括与治疗剂的肿瘤和随后的肿瘤组织聚集相比相对快速地从血液清除,这提示前药方法是可行的。功能化的纳米颗粒可以多次服药,从而确保肿瘤中的药物浓度大于由肿瘤组织的IC-50说明的药物浓度,但对其他器官组织,例如心脏、肝脏或肺不是剂量限定性的。可以对治疗剂和纳米颗粒分别进行放射性标记或者光标记,从而允许独立监测治疗剂和纳米颗粒。在一个实施方式中,放射性氟化(即18F)的达沙替尼与通过NHS酯键连接至纳米颗粒的PEG-3400部分偶联。放射性氟至关重要,原因是其能够独立地监测药物分布和药物自放射性碘化(124I)的荧光(Cy5)纳米颗粒的释放中的时间依赖性变化。因此,本发明人可以分别地监测前药(达沙替尼)和纳米颗粒。与不使用双标记方法的现有技术的方法相比,这允许对前药设计进行优化。在另一个实施方式中,放射性治疗碘分子(即I-131),或其他治疗性γ-发射体或α-发射体通过马来酰亚胺官能团与PEG轭合,其中所述治疗剂在体内可不从PEG解离。
为了使本发明的纳米颗粒易于供给多种配体、造影剂或螯合剂,可以对纳米颗粒的表面进行修饰以引入官能团。还可以用可引入官能团的有机聚合物(例如PEG)或螯合剂对纳米颗粒进行修饰。同时,对配体、造影剂或治疗剂进行修饰以引入能够在合适的条件下与纳米颗粒上或和纳米颗粒连接的PEG上或螯合剂上的官能团反应的官能团。因此,具有反应性官能团的任何配体、造影剂或治疗剂都可以容易地与纳米颗粒轭合。这种一般性方法在本文中称为“链接化学”,其可允许大量的多功能性以开发多模态性应用。在本发明中,任何合适的反应机制都可以经过改造适合“链接化学”,前提是能够实现配体、造影剂或螯合剂与纳米颗粒的容易且受控制的连接。在一个实施方式中,将游离的三键引入至已经与纳米颗粒的壳共价轭合的PEG上。同时,将叠氮键引入至目标配体(或造影剂、螯合剂)上。当在铜催化剂存在下混合PEG化的纳米颗粒与配体(或造影剂、螯合剂)时,发生叠氮基与三键的环化加成,导致配体与纳米颗粒的轭合。在第二实施方式中,可以将马来酰亚胺官能团和巯基引入至纳米颗粒和目的配体(或造影剂、螯合剂)上,其中,所述纳米颗粒具有马来酰亚胺官能团,所述配体(或造影剂、螯合剂)具有巯基,或者反之亦然。马来酰亚胺的双键易于与巯基反应,形成稳定的碳-硫键。在第三实施方式中,可以将活化的酯官能团,例如羟基琥珀酰亚胺基酯基和氨基引入至纳米颗粒和目的配体、造影剂或螯合剂上。所述活化的酯基易于与氨基反应以形成稳定的碳-氮酰胺键。
在向受试者施用本发明的纳米颗粒后,所述纳米颗粒的血液停留半衰期可以为约2小时至约25小时,约3小时至约20小时,约3小时至约15小时,约4小时至约10小时,或者约5小时至约6小时。血液停留半衰期越长意味着循环越长,这可以使更多的纳米颗粒聚集在体内的靶位点。血液停留半衰期可以通过以下评价。首先将所述纳米颗粒施用于受试者(例如小鼠、小型猪或人)。在施用后的不同时间点,采集血液样本以通过合适的方法测定纳米颗粒的浓度。
在向受试者施用本发明的纳米颗粒后,所述纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期可以为约5小时至约5天,约10小时至约4天,约15小时至约3.5天,约20小时至约3天,约2.5天至约3.1天,约1天至约3天,或者约73.5小时。
所述纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期与血液停留半衰期之比可以为约2至约30,约3至约20,约4至约15,约4至约10,约10至约15,或者约13。
在一个实施方式中,为了估测血液、肿瘤和其他主要器官/组织中带放射性标记的纳米颗粒的停留(或清除)半衰期数值(T1/2),通过在施用纳米颗粒后的固定时间处死多组小鼠计算每克的注射剂量的百分数值(%ID/g)。收集血液、肿瘤和器官,称重并在闪烁γ-计数器上计数。针对随注射时间放射性衰减对%ID/g值进行校正。使所产生的各组织的时间-活性浓度数据与减小的单指数函数拟合,以估测组织/器官T1/2值。
在向受试者施用本发明的纳米颗粒后,所述纳米颗粒的肾清除率可以在约24小时外为约10%ID(初始剂量)至约100%ID,在约24小时外为约20%ID至约90%ID,在约24小时外为约30%ID至约80%ID,在约24小时外为约40%ID至约70%ID,在约24小时外为约40%ID至约60%ID,在约24小时外为约40%ID至约50%ID,或者在约24小时外为约43%ID。肾清除率可以通过以下进行评价。首先将所述纳米颗粒施用于受试者(例如小鼠、小型猪或人)。在施用后的不同时间点,采集尿液样本以通过合适的方法测定纳米颗粒的浓度。
在一个实施方式中,根据以下测定肾清除率(例如随时间排泄在尿液中的纳米颗粒级分)。向受试者施用本发明的纳米颗粒,并在某时间段(例如168小时)后收集尿液样本。利用荧光分析和由混合有已知浓度颗粒的尿液样本的背景校正后的荧光信号测定值产生的连续稀释校正曲线来测定各时间点的颗粒浓度(%ID)。浓度值和小鼠平均日尿量的估测值用于计算排泄的累计%ID/g尿液。在另一个实施方式中,通过利用例如γ-计数在类似时间间隔检测尿液样本活性(每分钟计数),并在纳米颗粒施用后计算累计尿液排泄,来测定具有放射性标记的纳米颗粒的肾清除率。
在第三实施方式中,为了估测累计粪排泄,在施用纳米颗粒后在类似的时间间隔收集代谢笼内的粪,并利用γ-计数计算样本的活性。
当将施用量约为100倍人剂量当量的纳米颗粒施用于受试者时,在约10至约14天内在受试者中基本没有观察到贫血,体重降低,激动,呼吸加快,胃肠道功能紊乱,行为异常,神经功能障碍,血液异常,临床化学异常,器官病理学上与药物相关的病变,死亡,或它们的组合。
当本发明的纳米颗粒包含至少一个相连的配体时,纳米颗粒的多价提高(例如与单独的配体相比)可以为约1.5倍至约10倍,约2倍至约8倍,约2倍至约6倍,约2倍至约4倍,或者约2倍。
考虑到现有技术,本发明的纳米颗粒显示在体外和体内意外的物理化学和生物参数。例如,所估测的连接有配体的纳米颗粒的血液停留半衰期(例如,连接有cRGD的纳米颗粒为约5.5小时)显著长于相应的配体(例如,cRGD为约13分钟)。Montetet.al.Multivalent effects of RGD peptides obtained by nanoparticle display.J Med Chem.49,6087-6093(2006)。延长的血液停留半衰期可以增强探针的生物利用度,促进肿瘤靶向,并在较长时间内产生较高的肿瘤摄取。在一个实施方式中,所靶向的纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期(即连接有配体的纳米颗粒)是血液停留半衰期的13倍,然而未靶向的纳米颗粒的肿瘤停留半衰期(即没有连接配体的对应纳米颗粒)仅为血液停留半衰期的5倍。这种区别提示靶向纳米颗粒比非靶向纳米颗粒显著高的肿瘤组织聚集。在某些实施方式中,考虑到与纳米颗粒连接的配体数量,本发明的纳米颗粒显示意外的高亲和力结合(例如连接有cRGD的纳米颗粒的Kd为0.51nM,IC50为1.2nM),多价提高(例如,与单独的cRGD肽相比,连接有cRGD的纳米颗粒具有大于2倍的提高),显著不同的肿瘤摄取(例如在施用后72小时,相对于涂布PEG的纳米颗粒,连接有cRGD的PEG纳米颗粒显示肿瘤摄取不同,增加约3-4倍),和基于肿瘤-肌肉摄取比例而相对于正常肌肉显著的肿瘤造影(例如施用后72小时约3-5倍)。
在一个实施方式中,在最大肿瘤摄取时(注射纳米颗粒后约4小时),在表达整合素的肿瘤中发现连接有配体的纳米颗粒的活性-浓度比对照(例如在不表达整合素的肿瘤中连接有配体的纳米颗粒,或者在表达整合素的肿瘤中没有连接配体的相应纳米颗粒)高3倍。此外,与非靶向纳米颗粒(即没有连接配体的相应纳米颗粒)相对于正常肌肉降低的肿瘤组织造影相比,靶向纳米颗粒(即连接有配体的纳米颗粒)的肿瘤-肌肉摄取比相对于正常肌肉显示增强的肿瘤组织造影,这提示靶向纳米颗粒为肿瘤选择性的。
在另一个实施方式中,靶向和非靶向纳米颗粒在相同时间内均显示高效的肾脏排泄。在注射后头24小时几乎一半的注射剂量被排泄,96小时后约72%被排泄,这提示在注射后第一天发生大量排泄。相比之下,靶向纳米颗粒的粪排泄谱显示24小时和96小时分别平均有7%和15%的注射剂量被排泄。
非毒性纳米颗粒的物理化学和生物参数,及其多模态成像能力(例如PET和光学成像)扩展了其潜在的生物医药应用的范围。所述应用包括长期监测:纳米颗粒的延长的血液循环时间和相应的生物利用度凸显了其用于早期和长期监测疾病处理的不同阶段(例如诊断性筛选、治疗前评价、治疗性干预和治疗后监测)的多功能性,而没有毒性考虑造成的限制;(b)改善的治疗渗透:靶向纳米颗粒的清除性质(例如其肾清除率低于现有技术的分子探针)可用于不同类型的生物应用。例如,所述纳米颗粒尤其可用于血管化不良且相对不可接近的实体瘤的情况,其中在全身施用后试剂在实体瘤中的定位通常较慢;(c)多模态成像能力:这些模态可以以多种比例(即全身与细胞水平之比)组合,用于获得补充性深度灵敏性生物信息。例如,在SLN定位中,通过PET可从分布和数量方面对深淋巴结(deep node)定位,而浅表淋巴结的更准确、详细的定位可以通过荧光成像获得;和(d)靶向治疗:与来自血液的靶向纳米颗粒的清除率相比,来自肿瘤的靶向纳米颗粒的较长的清除率可经开发用于组合诊断性/治疗性应用,其中所述纳米颗粒可用作放射治疗性或药物递送载体。
本发明进一步提供了包含本发明的纳米颗粒的药物组合物。本发明的所述药物组合物可以以合适的药物单元剂型的形式经口施用。本发明的所述药物组合物可被制备成许多形式,包括片剂、硬或软凝胶胶囊、含水溶液、悬液和脂质体以及诸如成型聚合凝胶的其它缓释制剂。
适合本发明的纳米颗粒或组合物的施用模式包括但不限于经口、静脉内、直肠、舌下、粘膜、鼻、眼、皮下、肌内、透皮、脊髓、阴道、关节内、动脉内、蛛网膜下、支气管和淋巴管施用,以及用于活性成分的全身递送的其它剂型。本发明的药物组合物可通过本领域已知的任何方法来施用,包括但不限于透皮(通过贴剂、凝胶、霜、膏或离子导入的被动递送);静脉内(推注、输注);皮下(输注,植入剂);经粘膜(口含及舌下,例如口溶型片剂、薄片、薄膜和泡腾制剂;结膜(滴眼液);直肠(栓剂,灌肠剂));或皮内(推注,输注,植入剂)。所述组合物可以局部递送。
口服液体药物组合物的形式可以为,例如水或油悬液、溶液、乳剂、糖浆或酏剂,或者可以以干产品的形式提供,在使用前用水或其他合适的载体重溶。此类液体药物组合物可以包含常规添加剂,例如助悬剂、乳化剂、非水载体(其可以包括食用油)或防腐剂。
本发明的纳米颗粒药物组合物还可以经配制用于肠胃外施用(例如通过注射,如推注或连续输注),并且可以以添加有防腐剂的安培瓶、预填充注射器、小体积输注容器或多剂量容器内的单位剂型呈现。所述药物组合物可以采取诸如油中或含水载体中的悬液、溶液或乳液的形式,并且可以包含配制用试剂,例如助悬剂、稳定剂和/或分散剂。或者,本发明的药物组合物可以为通过消毒固体的无菌分离或者通过从溶液冻干而获得的粉末形式,所述粉末形式在使用前用合适的载体(如不含热原质的无菌水)重溶。
对于局部施用于表皮,所述药物组合物可以被配制成膏、霜或洗剂,或者透皮贴剂的活性成分。合适的透皮递送系统公开于,例如A.Fisher et al.(美国专利第4,788,603号),或R.Bawa et al.(美国专利第4,931,279号、第4,668,506号以及第4,713,224号)中。膏和霜可以,例如与加有合适增稠剂和/或胶凝剂的含水或油性基料一起配制。洗剂可以与含水或油性基料一起配制,且通常还包含一种或多种乳化剂、稳定剂、分散剂、助悬剂、增稠剂或着色剂。例如如美国专利第4,140,122、4,383,529或4,051,842号所公开的,所述药物组合物还可以经离子导入而递送。
适合在口腔中局部递送的药物组合物包括单位剂型,例如在调味基料(通常为蔗糖和阿拉伯树胶或黄芪胶)中包含本发明的药物组合物的糖锭;在惰性基料(例如凝胶和甘油或蔗糖和阿拉伯树胶)中包含所述药物组合物的锭剂,例如凝胶和甘油或蔗糖和阿拉伯树胶;粘膜粘附性凝胶;和在合适的液体载体中包含所述药物组合物的漱口水。
对于局部施用于眼,所述药物组合物可以以滴剂、凝胶(gel)(S.Chrai et al.,美国专利第4,255,415号)、胶(gum)(S.L.Lin et al.,美国专利第4,136,177号)或经延长释放的眼睛插入物(A.S.Michaels,美国专利第3,867,519号和H.M.Haddad et al.,美国专利第3,870,791号)的形式施用。
需要时,通过例如与某些亲水性聚合物基质(例如包含天然凝胶、合成聚合物凝胶或它们的混合物)组合使用,上述药物组合物可以经改变以产生所应用的治疗性化合物的缓释。
其中的载体为固体的适合直肠施用的药物组合物最优选以单位剂量栓剂的形式呈现。合适的载体包括可可脂和本领域常用的其他材料,并且可以通过药物组合物与软化或熔化载体的混合然后冷却并在模具中成型而容易地形成所述栓剂。
适合阴道施用的药物组合物可以以除了纳米颗粒和治疗剂外还包含载体的阴道栓剂、棉塞、霜、凝胶、糊、泡沫或喷雾的形式提供,此类载体是本领域熟知的。
对于通过吸入施用,本发明的药物组合物通常由吹入器、喷雾器或压力包或递送气溶胶喷雾的其他常规方法而递送。压力包可以包含合适的推进剂,例如二氯二氟甲烷、三氯氟甲烷、二氯四氟乙烷、二氧化碳或其他合适的气体。在压力气溶胶的情况下,可以通过提供阀门确定剂量单位,以递送经计量的量。
或者,对于通过吸入或喷射施用,本发明的药物组合物可以采取干粉组合物的形式,例如药物组合物与诸如乳糖或淀粉的合适粉末基料的粉末混合物。所述粉末组合物可以以单位剂型在例如胶囊或药筒或凝胶或泡罩包装(blister pack)中,由此借助于吸入器或吹入器可以施用所述粉末。
对于皮内施用,本发明的药物组合物可以经液体喷雾,例如经塑料瓶喷雾器而施用,典型地为(异丙去甲肾上腺素吸入器-Wintrop)和(异丙去甲肾上腺素吸入器-Riker)。
本发明的药物组合物还可以包含其他辅料,例如调味料、染料、抗微生物剂或防腐剂。
还应该理解,治疗中需要使用的药物组合物的量不仅随所选择的治疗剂而不同,还随施用途径、所治疗的疾病性质和患者的年龄与状况而不同,并且最终取决于服务的内科医生或外科医生的判断。对于这些因素的评价,参见J.F.Brien et al.,Europ.J.Clin.Pharmacol.,14,133(1978);和Physicians'Desk Reference,CharlesE.Baker,Jr.,Pub.,Medical Economics Co.,Oradell,N.J.(第41版,1987)。通常,在与本发明的荧光纳米颗粒组合使用时,治疗剂的剂量可低于单独施用治疗剂或者以常规药物剂型施用时的剂量。荧光纳米颗粒对靶位点(例如位于细胞表面的受体)的高特异性,可以提供相对高度定位的治疗剂浓度,或者可选择地,在延长时间内提供治疗剂的缓释。
本发明的纳米颗粒或组合物可以施用于受试者。所述受试者可以是哺乳动物、优选人。所述哺乳动物包括、但不限于小鼠、大鼠、兔、猿、牛、羊、猪、狗、猫、农场动物、运动动物、宠物、马和灵长类。
本发明进一步提供了用于检测细胞成分的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:(a)使所述细胞与基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒接触,所述纳米颗粒包含基于二氧化硅的核,所述核包含位于其内的荧光化合物;包围至少一部分所述核的二氧化硅壳;与所述纳米颗粒连接的有机聚合物;与所述纳米颗粒连接的约1至约20个配体;和与所述纳米颗粒连接的造影剂或螯合剂;和(b)通过至少一种成像技术监测所述纳米颗粒与细胞或细胞成分的结合(和/或潜在的细胞内摄取)。所述成像技术可以为PET、SPECT、CT、MRI、光学生物发光或荧光成像及它们的组合。
可以在具有代谢活性的完整细胞中、完整细胞裂解物中、在透化细胞中、在固定细胞中或者利用部分纯化的细胞成分在无细胞环境中检测并确定细胞成分的位置。所述接触的量和持续时间可取决于例如处理方法的诊断或治疗目标或两者,所述诊断或治疗目标例如经上调的信号转导通路中间物(即Akt,NF-κB)、疾病状态或状况的荧光检测,治疗剂的递送。接触的量或持续时间还取决于荧光纳米颗粒相对于目的分析物的浓度和用于处理的细胞状态。
本发明进一步提供了靶向肿瘤细胞的方法,所述方法包括包括:向癌症患者施用有效量的基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒包含:基于二氧化硅的核,所述核包含位于其内的荧光化合物;包围至少一部分所述核的二氧化硅壳;与所述纳米颗粒连接的有机聚合物;与所述纳米颗粒连接并且能够结合肿瘤标志物的配体;和至少一种治疗剂。所述纳米颗粒可以具有放射性标记。可以通过但不限于以下途径向患者施用纳米颗粒:口腔、静脉、鼻、皮下、局部、肌内或透皮。
在某些实施方式中,理想地,例如同时或依次使用具有不同性质(例如不同的荧光化合物、配体、有机聚合物涂层、造影剂、治疗剂)的两种或更多种类型的荧光纳米颗粒的混合物,以发掘靶向肿瘤细胞的不同成分或不同肿瘤细胞群的好处。
本发明的方法和组合物可用于帮助内科医生或外科医生鉴别和表征疾病区域,例如癌症和炎症/感染过程,包括但不限于皮肤癌(黑素瘤)、头颈癌、前列腺癌、脑癌和肠癌,以区分病变组织和正常组织,例如检测利用常规操作的显微镜难以检测的肿瘤边缘,例如在脑手术中,以帮助指导治疗性或手术介入,例如通过确定病灶是否为癌性而应切除或者非癌性的而应保留,或者从外科上对疾病分期,例如术中淋巴结分期、前哨淋巴结(SLN)定位,例如为保留重要神经结构(腮腺内神经)的神经保留过程。
本发明的方法和组合物可用在转移性疾病的检测、治疗响应监测、SLN定位/靶向、神经保留过程、残留疾病检测、治疗剂的靶向递送(与诊断性/治疗性平台组合)、非靶向的荷载药物的纳米颗粒的局部递送(导管递送)、血脑屏障治疗、炎症/缺血性疾病的治疗(即脑、心脏、尿道、膀胱)、疾病的组合治疗和传感(例如内参比pH传感、氧传感)等。
本发明的方法和组合物还可用于疾病的检测、表征和/或确定定位,尤其是早期疾病、疾病严重度或者与疾病有关的状况、疾病分期和/或监测疾病。发射信号的存在、不存在或水平可指示疾病状况。本发明的方法和组合物还可用于监测和/或指导各种治疗性介入,例如基于手术和导管的过程,并且监测包括基于细胞的治疗在内的药物治疗。本发明的方法还可用于疾病或疾病状况的诊断。可以利用本发明的方法和组合物鉴定并表征留存于疾病位点或形成疾病边缘的细胞亚群,例如干细胞样细胞(“癌干细胞”)和/或炎性细胞/吞噬细胞。对于前述各项,可以(在治疗前、过程中或后)检测或监测的此类疾病或疾病状况的实例包括癌症(例如黑素瘤、甲状腺癌、大肠癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、宫颈癌、皮肤癌、脑癌、胃肠癌、口腔癌、肾癌、食道癌、骨癌),其可用于鉴别发生癌症和/或恶性疾病的易感性提高的受试者,即这些受试者易于发生癌症和/或恶性疾病,炎症(例如,由存在的癌前病变引起的炎性疾病),心血管疾病(例如,动脉粥样硬化和血管炎性疾病、缺血、中风、血栓),皮肤病(例如卡波济氏肉瘤、牛皮癣),眼科疾病(例如黄斑变性、糖尿病性视网膜病变),传染病(例如细菌、病毒、真菌和寄生虫感染,包括获得性免疫缺陷综合症),免疫疾病(例如自身免疫性疾病、淋巴瘤、多发性硬化症、类风湿关节炎、糖尿病),中枢神经系统疾病(例如神经退行性疾病,如帕金森氏症或阿尔茨海默氏症),遗传性疾病,代谢性疾病,环境疾病(例如铅、汞和放射性中毒、皮肤癌),骨相关疾病(例如骨质疏松症、原发性和转移性的骨肿瘤、骨关节炎)和神经变性疾病。
本发明的方法和组合物因此可用于,例如确定肿瘤和/或共存的干细胞样细胞(“癌干细胞”)的存在和/定位,炎性细胞的存在和/或定位,包括例如在瘤周区活化的巨噬细胞的存在,血管病的存在和定位,包括在冠状动脉和外周动脉内、扩大的动脉瘤区、颈动脉内的不稳定斑和缺血区域内具有急性堵塞(即易损的斑)的风险的区域。本发明的方法和组合物还可用于鉴定和评价细胞死亡、损伤、凋亡、坏死、缺氧和血管发生。PCT/US2006/049222。
提供以下实例的目的仅在于例示而非限制本发明。
实施例1.涂布有PEG的纳米颗粒的制备和表征
根据如PCT/US2008/074894和Stober et al.Controlled growth ofmonodispersed silica spheres in the micron size range.Colloid Interface Sci.1968;26:62-69.Ohnishi et al.J.Mol.Imaging 2005,4:172–181.中公开的公认方法合成包含NIR发射染料(Cy-5)的纳米颗粒并通过PEG化使其功能化。使Cy5马来酰亚胺与共反应性有机硅烷化合物(3-巯基丙基)三甲氧基硅烷反应,形成荧光二氧化硅前体。该荧光二氧化硅前体与正硅酸四乙酯共浓缩,形成基于二氧化硅的荧光核。将具有以甲氧基为末端的聚乙二醇链(PEG,约0.5kDa)的PEG-硅烷化合物甲氧(聚乙烯氧)丙基]–三甲氧硅烷加入至基于二氧化硅的荧光核中,以在所述核上形成PEG涂层。利用生理盐水(含0.15M NaCl的H2O)使具有PEG涂层的纳米颗粒透析通过3500MWCO Snakeskin透析膜,并进行无菌过滤。在注射前,所有样本在其峰吸收波长(640nm)都是光密度匹配的。通过动态光散射(DLS)和荧光关联光谱(FCS)完成流体动力学尺寸测定。简而言之,利用HeNe激光(λ=632.8nm)在Brookhaven Instruments Company 200SM static/DLS系统上测定经水透析的颗粒。由于染料吸收与激发源的重叠,利用15分钟的整合时间获得可接受的信噪比。对于FCS,利用水来透析颗粒,稀释至0.15M NaCl中,并在Zeiss LSM 510Confocor 2 FCS(HeNe 633nm激发)上测定。在所有测定前针对尺寸对所述仪器进行校准。由FCS曲线确定以每个分子/颗粒的计数率计算的PEG化纳米颗粒和游离染料的相对亮度的比较。
实施例2.涂布有PEG的纳米颗粒的肾清除率
合成流体动力学半径为约3nm的荧光核-壳二氧化硅纳米颗粒。如动态光散射(DLS)结果(图1a)所显示的,发现这些纳米颗粒的直径为6至10nm。6nm和3.3nm数量级的裸(无PEG涂层)二氧化硅纳米颗粒在裸鼠中的体内全身NIR荧光成像显示在注射后45分钟相当大的肾清除率,并且在肝脏中仍具有显著聚集(图1b)。在随后的24小时过程中发生至肝肠循环中的最终排泄。基于这些结果,根据PCT/US2008/074894中的方法,利用以甲氧基为末端的聚乙二醇链(PEG,约0.5kDa)共价涂布颗粒,以防止调理素作用(opsonization)并进一步增强颗粒清除,同时保持小的流体动力学尺寸。通过NIR荧光成像,这种处理降低了注射后45分钟时的肝脏滞留并导致肾脏向膀胱内的过滤提高(图1c),膀胱荧光至(out to)24小时可见。探针被很好地耐受,在研究期间没有观察到不良反应或动物死亡。在注射涂布有124I-标记的PEG涂布的纳米颗粒后24小时的系列共配准PET-CT成像(图1d,上行)证明少量残留膀胱活性,以及在肝脏/胃肠道上的活性(中间),侧面为独立获得的显微CT和显微PET扫描。系列显微PET成像证明了在NIR荧光成像上的发现。基于血液活性在96小时时间内的时间依赖性变化,发现标记有124I的PEG化纳米颗粒的血液停留半衰期为7.3小时。发现标记有124I且结合有RGD的纳米颗粒的血液停留半衰期为5.6小时。
根据这些体内数据,在两组PEG化的含Cy5颗粒上进行具有涂层的纳米颗粒的更详细的生物分布和清除率研究,以评价探针尺寸对生物分布的影响。如通过荧光关联光谱(FCS)所测定的,产生了流体动力学直径为3.3±0.06和6.0±0.1nm的纳米颗粒(图2a)。在体内研究前,对颗粒的光物理性质进行了研究,以确定其相比游离染料的性能水平。如通过吸收谱和发射谱(图2b)和FCS(图2c)所测定的,尽管粒径极小,但二氧化硅包裹的染料分子显示由粒径决定的超过游离染料的光物理增强(包括亮度的显著增加)。当利用高能量635nm激光照射时,与游离染料相比,直径为3.3nm和6.0nm的纳米颗粒的光致漂白半衰期分别提高2倍和3倍(图2d)。因此,发现这些纳米颗粒探针比其游离染料对应物更亮且更耐光。
除了由全身成像半定量评价体内纳米颗粒的性能外,还利用荧光酶标仪进行组织匀浆和流体的离体分析,这可以对在NIR荧光成像中观察到的变化进行校准定量。将样本分成“滞留”(肝脏、肾脏、肺、脾匀浆以及血液)和“排泄”(尿)来源的颗粒荧光组,进行背景校正并基于校准曲线转化为每只动物的初始剂量的百分数(%ID)。组织分析显示了在主要器官中的最小颗粒滞留,大多数荧光来自循环血液(图3a)。将以“滞留”成分之和计算的净颗粒滞留与指数衰减曲线拟合,以确定排泄动力学(图3b)。较大的颗粒显示较长的组织半衰期(t1/2(3.3nm)=190分钟,t1/2(6.0nm)=350分钟)和较大的起始器官滞留。48小时后,6nm的颗粒在体内显示最小滞留(R总(6.0nm)=2.4±0.6%ID)。根据每单位时间排泄的平均尿量的保守性估计,利用在处死时收集的尿液样本连同连续稀释校准数据来估测总的肾清除率。通过该方法,对两个颗粒尺寸随时间排泄的%ID进行估测(图3c)。
实施例3.与αvβ3整合素靶向肽轭合的荧光二氧化硅纳米颗粒(黑素瘤模型)
为了合成对肿瘤标志物αvβ3整合素具有高亲和力的多模态纳米颗粒,通过Cys-马来酰亚胺连接键使线性RGD六肽(CGGRGD)与所述纳米颗粒轭合。向雄性无胸腺裸鼠的侧腹内皮下注射C6大鼠神经胶质瘤细胞。以约0.5cm的直径向小鼠静脉注射裸二氧化硅纳米颗粒或PEG化的RGD纳米颗粒(约500nm/kg)。图4显示了无肿瘤小鼠和有肿瘤小鼠的体内生物分布。
利用流式细胞术研究靶向性(结合有RGD)和非靶向性(涂布有PEG)纳米颗粒与ανβ3-整合素阳性的人黑素瘤细胞系(M21细胞)和整合素阴性的人黑素瘤细胞系(M21L细胞)的体外结合性质(图5a、5b)。
实施例4.与αvβ3整合素靶向肽轭合的荧光二氧化硅纳米颗粒和淋巴结定位(黑素瘤模型)
本发明人利用生物相容性材料二氧化硅,二氧化硅具有能够被准确调整至对肾清除率最优的粒径。本发明人将小靶向肽和放射性标记连接至颗粒表面,用于在明确表征的体内人黑素瘤模型中进行系列PET成像测定,并利用包封的近红外(NIR)染料和多尺度光学荧光成像方法对引流淋巴结和淋巴管定位。Ballou et al.,Sentinel lymph nodeimaging using quantum dots in mouse tumor models.Bioconjugate Chem.18,389-396(2007)。Kim et al.,Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinellymph node mapping.Nat.Biotechnol.22,93-97(2003)。Tanaka et al,Image-guidedoncologic surgery using invisible light:completed pre-clinical developmentfor sentinel lymph node mapping.J Surg Oncol.13,1671-1681(2006)。本发明人还进行了毒性测定并衍生了人正常器官放射剂量。具体地,本发明人合成了直径为约7nm、近红外(NIR)染料包封的核-壳二氧化硅纳米颗粒,用PEG链涂布并利用少量(约6-7)靶向肽和放射性标记进行表面功能化。
利用多模态分子成像方法,本发明人证明这些探针同时无毒、显示高亲和性/亲和力结合、高效排泄以及在肿瘤和正常组织之间显著不同的摄取和差异。通过NIR染料荧光实现的对淋巴结和淋巴管的灵敏检测、定位和探询凸显了这种多模态平台用于在临床背景下检测转移性疾病和对其进行分期的明显的潜在优势,同时扩大了可被检测的淋巴结尺寸的下限值。
材料和方法
cRGDY-PEG纳米颗粒和PEG-纳米颗粒的合成
按照之前的描述,通过改良的型二氧化硅浓缩制备颗粒。Wiesner et al.,Peg-coated Core-shell Silica Nanoparticles and Mathods of Manufactire andUse,PCT/US2008/74894。Larson,et al.,Silica nanoparticle architecturedetermines radiative properties of encapsulated chromophores.Chem.Mater.20,2677-2684(2008)。Bogush,et al.,Preparation of Monodisperse Silica Particles:Control of Size and Mass Fraction.J.Non-Cryst.Solids,104,95–106(1988)。Sadasivan,et al.,Alcoholic Solvent Effect on Silica Synthesis—NMR and DLSInvestigation.J.Sol-Gel Sci.Technol.12,5–14(1998)。Herz,et al.,Large Stokes-Shift Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles with Enhanced Emission over Free Dyefor Single Excitation Multiplexing.Macromol Rapid Commun.30,1907-1910(2009)。Tyrosine residues were conjugated to PEG chains for attachment of radioiodineor stable iodine moieties.Hermanson,BioconjugateTechniques,(Academic Press,London,第2版,2008)。在放射性标记前所有样本在其峰吸收波长(640nm)都是光密度匹配的。通过半胱氨酸-马来酰亚胺连接键将cRGD肽与功能化PEG链相连,并利用绝对颗粒浓度和用于cRGD肽的试剂的起始浓度的基于FCS的测定估测与颗粒结合的cRGD肽的数量。
通过荧光关联光谱(FCS)检测的流体动力学尺寸和相对亮度比较测定
将经水透析的颗粒稀释至生理盐水(含0.15M NaCl的H2O)中并利用HeNe 633nm激发在Zeiss LSM 510Confocor 2FCS上进行测定。在所有测定前针对尺寸对仪器进行校准。利用扩散时间差异评价染料和颗粒物质的流体动力学尺寸的变化。利用每分子/颗粒的计数率进行游离染料和PEG纳米颗粒以及RGDY-PEG纳米颗粒的相对亮度比较。
C点轭合物(C dot conjugate)的放射性标记
利用IODOGEN方法(Pierce,Rockford,IL)进行cRGDY-PEG和PEG-纳米颗粒的放射性标记。Piatyszek,et al.,Iodo-gen mediated radioiodination of nucleicacids.J.Anal.Biochem.172,356–359(1988)。通过γ-计数和利用Varian荧光计(激发650nm/发射680)计算的荧光测定活性。
细胞和细胞培养
将人黑素瘤M21和M21变体(M21-L,αv阴性)细胞系保持在RPMI 1640培养基/10%胎牛BSA、2mM L-谷氨酰胺、青霉素和链霉素(Core Media Preparation Facility,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,New York)中。将人脐带静脉节内皮细胞(HUVEC)培养在M199培养基/10%胎牛血清、20μg/ml内皮细胞生长因子、50μg/ml肝磷脂、青霉素和链霉素中。
124I-cRGD-PEG-纳米颗粒的体外细胞结合和分子特异性
为了测定颗粒对M21细胞的结合和特异性,用含10μg/ml I型胶原(BDBiosciences,Bedford,MA)的磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)涂布24孔平板,并进行温育(37℃,30分钟)。将M21细胞(3.0-4.0×105细胞/孔)培养至汇合并用RPMI 1640培养基/0.5%胎牛血清蛋白(BSA)洗涤。向孔中加入124I-cRGD-PEG-纳米颗粒(0–4.0ng/ml)并温育细胞(25℃,4小时),用RPMI 1640培养基/0.5%BSA洗涤,并溶解在0.2M NaOH中。利用针对碘-124校准的1480自动γ计数器(Perkin Elmer)测定放射性。在100倍过量的cRGD(PeptidesInternational,Louisville,KY)存在下测定非特异性结合。产生结合数据的标准曲线并利用线性回归分析(Microsoft Excel 2007)进行分析以产生受体-结合参数(Kd,Bmax,IC50)。
利用光学检测方法的体外细胞结合研究
针对温育次数和颗粒浓度的范围,利用流式细胞术测定cRGDY-PEG-纳米颗粒和PEG-纳米颗粒与M21细胞的最大差异结合,并将最佳值用于竞争性结合和特异性研究中。用RPMI 1640培养基/0.5%BSA洗涤细胞(3.0×105细胞/孔),利用0.25%胰蛋白酶/EDTA分离,并在微离心管中沉淀(在1400rpm、25℃离心5分钟)。将沉淀重悬在BD FACSFlow溶液(BDBiosciences,San Jose,CA)中并在Cy5通道中分析以测定与颗粒结合的探针的百分数(FACSCalibur,Becton Dickinson,Mountain View,CA)。在过量cRGD和/或小鼠单克隆抗人整合素αvβ3荧光素轭合抗体(Millipore,Temecula,CA)存在下使cRGDY-PEG-纳米颗粒(2.5ng/ml)与M21、M21L和HUVEC细胞一起温育,之后另外进行竞争性结合研究,并通过流式细胞术进行分析。为了评价RGDY-PEG纳米颗粒相对于cRGD肽的潜能,进行抗附着实验。用含玻连蛋白的PBS(5μg/ml)涂布96孔微滴定板,然后用200μl RPMI/0.5%BSA(1小时,37℃)涂布96孔微滴定板。利用处于RPMI/0.1%BSA的含不同浓度的cRGDY-PEG-纳米颗粒或cRGD肽的一式四份地温育细胞(3×104/100μl/孔)(30分钟,25℃),并加入至涂布有玻连蛋白的板中(30分钟,37℃)。用RPMI/0.1%BSA轻柔地洗涤孔以除去未附着的细胞,用4%PFA固定附着的细胞(20分钟,25℃)并用亚甲基蓝染色(1小时,37℃)以用于光密度的测定,所述光密度的测定利用Tecan Safire酶标仪(λex=650nm,λem=680nm,12nm带宽)而计算。以cRGD肽与cRGDY-PEG-点IC50值之比计算多价提高倍数。Montet,et al.,Multivalent effects ofRGD peptides obtained by nanoparticle display.J Med Chem.49,6087-6093(2006)。
动物模型和肿瘤接种
根据纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心的机构动物管理和使用委员会(InstitutionalAnimal Care and Use Committee of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center)批准的方案并遵循美国国立卫生研究院动物福利健康指导方针(National Institutes ofHealth guidelines for animal welfare)进行所有动物实验。向雄性无胸腺nu/nu小鼠(6-8周龄,Taconic Farms Inc,Hudson,NY)提供含碘化钾的水溶液以在体内阻止胸腺对任何游离放射性碘的摄取,并如在他处10详述的,使动物随意保持于Harlan Teklad GlobalDiet 2016。为了产生M21或M21L异种移植物,将等体积的细胞(约5×106/100μl)和基质胶(matrigel)皮下共注射至不同小鼠的后肢中。利用测径器规则地测定肿瘤尺寸,获得平均肿瘤体积为200mm3。
体内药物代谢动力学和停留半衰期(T1/2)测定
通过静脉注射124I-cRGDY-PEG-纳米颗粒或124I-PEG-纳米颗粒(约20μCi/小鼠)后在规定时间处死小鼠组,并收集、称重和在针对124I校准的闪烁γ-计数器中对血液、肿瘤和器官进行计数,从而计算针对注射时间的放射性衰减校准的时间依赖性活性浓度(%ID/g)。将所产生的各个组织的时间-活性浓度数据与减少的多指数函数拟合,以分别测定所述函数的T1/2和A的值,组织/器官停留半衰期和零时间截距。
利用之前描述的方法估测随时间排泄于尿液中的颗粒级分。Burns,et al.,Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles with Efficient Urinary Excretion forNanomedicine,Nano Letters 9,442-8(2009)。简而言之,向小鼠静脉注射200μl未标记的cRGDY-PEG-纳米颗粒或PEG-纳米颗粒,在168小时的时间内收集多个尿液样本(每个时间点的小鼠为n=3)。利用荧光分析和连续稀释校准曲线测定各个时间点的颗粒浓度,其中所述校准曲线是由混合有已知浓度颗粒(%ID)的尿液样本的背景校正荧光信号测定而产生的。然后,利用浓度数值和小鼠日平均尿量的估值用于计算随时间排泄的累积尿液%ID/g。为了评价累积粪排泄,在静脉注射200μl 124I-cRGDY-PEG-纳米颗粒(每个时间点的小鼠为n=4)后,使用代谢笼在类似时间间隔收集粪。利用针对124I校准的γ-计数器计算样本活性。
放射量测定
从分析学上求源自各组织的时间活性函数的积分(同时需要考虑放射性衰减的影响),以获得相应的累积活性(即放射性衰减的总数)。然后,假定此类放射的完全局部吸收并忽略穿透性放射(即γ-射线)的作用,通过使累积活性和非穿透性放射(正电子)的124I平衡剂量常数相乘,从而计算小鼠器官吸收的124I剂量。Eckerman,et al.,Radionuclide Data and Decay Schemes,第2版,Reston,VA:Society of Nuclear Medicine;1989。通过对小鼠和人(70-kg标准男性)之间的总体重和器官质量的差异的调整,将小鼠正常器官累积活性转化为人正常器官累积活性。Cristy,et al.,Specific absorbed fractions ofenergy at various ages from internal photon sources(I-VII).Oak Ridge National LaboratoryReport ORNL/TM-8381/V1-7.Springfield,VA:National TechnicalInformation Service,Dept of Commerce;1987。将所计算的人正常器官累积活性输入至OLINDA放射量测定计算机程序中,以利用核医学学会医用内放射剂量测定委员会(MedicalInternal Dosimetry(MIRD)Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine)的形式,计算标准男性的器官吸收剂量。Loevinger,et al.,MIRDPrimer for Absorbed Dose Calculations(Society of Nuclear Medicine,New York,1991)。Stabin,et al.,OLINDA/EXM:the second-generation personal computer software for internal doseassessment in nuclear medicine.J Nucl Med.46,1023-1027(2005)。
急性毒性研究和组织病理学
在6组雄性和雌性B6D2F1小鼠(7周龄,Jackson Laboratories,Bar Harbor,ME)中进行急性毒性测试。在单次静脉注射(200μl)中,处理组(n=6只雄性,n=6只雌性)接受未标记的靶探针(127I-RGDY-PEG-纳米颗粒),对照组(n=6只雄性,n=6只雌性)接受未标记的碘化PEG-纳米颗粒(载体,127I-RGDY-PEG-纳米颗粒)。对未处理的对照(n=2只雄性,n=2只雌性)进行额外测定。在注射后14天内每日观察小鼠发病/死亡和体重变化的症候,进行大体尸体剖检(gross necropsy),组织病理学,并在注射后第7和第14天采血用于进行血液和血清化学分析(图10和表3)。
肿瘤特异性靶向的连续PET成像
利用专门的小动物PET扫描仪(Focus 120显微PET;Concorde Microsystems,Nashville,TN)进行成像。在整个扫描期间将具有M21或M21L后肢肿瘤的小鼠保持在以2L/分钟的含2%异氟烷麻醉的氧中。在向所有小鼠静脉注射200μCi 124I-cRGDY-PEG-纳米颗粒或124I-PEG-纳米颗粒时开始一小时的列表模式获取(list-mode acquisition),然后为在96小时的间隔内的连续30分钟静态图像。针对扫描仪响应的不均匀性、死亡时间计数损失(dead time count loss)、随机计数和注射时间的物理衰减校正图像数据。通过使用所计算的系统校准因子将所重建的图像中的体素(Voxel)计数率转化为活性浓度(%ID/g)。通过使用ASIPro软件(Concorde Microsystems,Nashville,TN)进行所重建的图像的三维目的区域(ROI)分析,以测定在肿瘤中探针摄取的平均值、最大值和标准差(SD)。通过源自图像的肿瘤%ID/g值除以γ-计数器肌肉%ID/g值,获得肿瘤-肌肉活性浓度比。
利用组合的NIR荧光成像和显微术的淋巴结定位
通过4象限瘤周施用向具有后肢肿瘤的裸鼠注射等体积的50μl cRGDY-PEG-点样本并允许自由行动。在30分钟至1小时间隔后,利用2%异氟烷/98%氧混合物麻醉小鼠,并沿小鼠的腹面垂直进行表面旁中线切割以通过外科手术将来自后肢的区域暴露于与肿瘤处于身体同侧的腋窝。利用装备有650±20nm NIR激发和710nm长通发射滤光片的目测荧光显微镜进行局部区域淋巴结(例如腹股沟、腋窝)和引流淋巴管(包括腋区)的原位光学成像。如之前所报道的,另外获得全身光学图像(Cambridge Research Instruments Maestroimager)并进行光谱展开。Burns,et al.,Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles withEfficient Urinary Excretion for Nanomedicine,Nano Letters 9,442-8(2009)。
统计学分析
利用单尾Mann-Whitney U检验(P<0.05被认为是具有统计学显著性)进行比较接受靶向/非靶向探针或具有M21/M21L肿瘤的肿瘤小鼠组的统计学分析。对于生物分布研究,在各个时间点比较124I-cRGDY-PEG-(n=7只小鼠)和124I-PEG-纳米颗粒(对照,n=5只小鼠)的组织特异性平均%ID/g值,并且血液、肿瘤和主要器官在注射后4和96小时以及肿瘤和其它组织在注射后24小时都观察到了示踪剂活性的统计学显著性差异(表1)。对于肿瘤靶向研究,发现M21肿瘤小鼠(n=7)和M21L肿瘤小鼠(n=5)以及接受对照探针的小鼠(n=5)之间的平均%ID/g值的差异在注射后4小时(对于两个对照为p=0.0015)最大,在注射后24小时(分别为p=0.0015和p=0.004)、48小时(分别为p=0.001和p=0.003)、72小时(分别为p=0.015和0.005)和96小时(对于M21-M21L为p=0.005)保持显著提高。发现124I-cRGDY-PEG-纳米颗粒(n=7)与124I-PEG-纳米颗粒(n=5)的肿瘤-肌肉比注射后24小时(p=0.001)和注射后72小时(p=0.006)具有统计学显著性,但在注射后4小时(p=35)没有统计学显著性。利用非线性回归分析(SigmaPlot,Systat,v.11.0)测定尿液校准曲线(R2=0.973,p=0.01)以及尿液(R2>0.95,p=0.047)和粪(R2>0.995,p<0.002)累积%ID排泄曲线的拟合度值(R2)以及其相关p值。
结果
纳米颗粒设计和表征
根据之前公开的方法制备涂布有末端为甲氧基的聚乙二醇(PEG)链(PEG约0.5kDa)的Cy5染料包封的核-壳二氧化硅纳米颗粒(最大发射波长>650nm)。Burns,et al.,Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles with Efficient Urinary Excretion forNanomedicine,Nano Letters,9,442-8(2009)。Ow,et al.,Bright and stable core-shell fluorescent silica nanoparticles.Nano Lett.5,113–117(2005)。中性PEG涂布防止网状内皮组织系统的非特异摄取(调理素作用)。具有双功能的PEG的使用能够实现少量(每个颗粒约6-7)αvβ3整合素靶向的环状精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(cRGDY)肽配体的连接以保持便于高效肾清除率的小的流体动力学尺寸。通过酪氨酸连接剂的使用使肽配体额外标记有124I,以提供能够通过PET三维定量成像的信号(124I-cRGDY-PEG-点,图6A);当已经很大程度上清除背景活性并且使肿瘤-背景差异最大时,寿命相对长的124I(物理半衰期:4.2天)的重要应用优势在于足量信号持续足够长的时间以允许施用后至少数天的放射检测。通过放射性薄层色谱法,具有放射性标记的靶向纳米颗粒的纯度为>95%。通过FCS测定,不具有放射性标记的靶向纳米颗粒的稳定性为约1年。通过FCS分析,颗粒被完整排泄至尿液中。如本文所使用的,“点”和“纳米颗粒”可以互用。含有用于124I标记的酪氨酸残基且涂布有PEG的颗粒用作对照探针(124I-PEG-点)。通过尺寸排阻色谱对放射性标记的样本的纯化(图7)产生>95%的放射化学产率。通过荧光关联色谱(FCS)测定非放射性cRGDY-PEG-点和PEG-点的流体动力学直径为约7nm(图6B和6C)。测定cRGDY-PEG-点的相对亮度平均比游离染料高200%(图6C),这与之前的结果一致。Burns,et al.,Fluorescent SilicaNanoparticles with Efficient Urinary Excretion for Nanomedicine,Nano Letters,9,442-8(2009)。Larson,et al.,Silica nanoparticle architecture determinesradiative properties of encapsulated chromophores.Chem.Mater.20,2677-2684(2008)。基于这些物理化学性质,发明人预期在靶向颗粒的选择肿瘤摄取和滞留与肾清除率之间获得有利平衡,由此使靶向组织定位最大同时使正常组织毒性和放射剂量最小。
体外受体结合研究
为了研究124I-cRGDY-PEG-点和124I-PEG点对肿瘤和血管内皮表面的体外结合亲和性和特异性,使用了过表达αvβ3整合素(M21)和不表达αvβ3整合素(M21L)的黑素瘤和人脐静脉内皮(HUVEC)细胞系。利用流式细胞术,在颗粒浓度范围(0-8ng/ml)和温育时间(达5小时)内观察到了cRGDY-PEG-点的高度特异的线性可饱和结合,在4小时和约2.0ng/ml颗粒浓度具有最大差异结合(数据未显示)。在用过量的非放射性标记cRGD初始温育M21细胞并然后加入多种浓度的具有放射性标记的靶向探针后,利用γ-计数法测试124I-cRGDY-PEG点的受体结合特异性(图8A)。对结合数据的Scatchard分析获得解离平衡常数Kd为0.51nM(图8A,插图)和受体浓度Bmax为2.5pM。根据Bmax值,估测αvβ3整合素受体密度为1.0×104/M21细胞,合理地与之前公开的该细胞系的估测值5.6×104一致。Cressman,et al.,Bindingand uptake of RGD-containing ligands to cellularαvβ3integrins.Int J Pept Res Ther.15,49-59(2009)。在4-37℃的温度范围内还观察到了整合素特异性M21细胞摄取的递增性增加,这提示受体介导的细胞内化导致总体摄取(数据未显示)。通过流式细胞术,利用靶向探针的额外竞争性结合研究显示了受体介导的与抗-αvβ3整合素抗体的结合被完全抑制(图8B)。利用过量的cRGDY或抗-αvβ3整合素抗体均没有观察到受体与M21L细胞结合的量级(M21为约10%)的显著降低(图8C)。通过额外的γ-计数研究证明了这些结果,并且经测定124I-cRGDY-PEG-点的50%结合抑制浓度IC50为1.2nM。利用抗附着试验和M21细胞发现,cRGDY-PEG-点相对于同数cRGD肽的关联多价提高倍数大于2.0(数据未显示)。Montet,etal.,Multivalent effects of RGD peptides obtained by nanoparticle display.J Med Chem.49,6087-6093(2006)。Li,et al.,64Cu-labeled tetrameric and octomericRGD peptides for small-animal PET of tumorαvβ3integrin expression.J.Nucl Med.48,1162-1171(2007)。与M21细胞类似,通过流式细胞术过量抗体有效地抑制了cRGDY-PEG-点受体与HUVEC细胞的结合(图8D)。
生物分布和清除率研究
通过向M21肿瘤异种移植物小鼠模型静脉施用示踪剂剂量((约0.2纳摩)的124I-cRGDY-PEG点和124I-PEG-点,评价了时间依赖性生物分布和肾脏以及肝胆管的清除率(图9)。虽然在注射后(p.i.)196小时时间间隔计算了靶向探针的组织活性浓度(每克的注射剂量的百分数(%ID/g)),但124I-cRGDY-PEG点(图9A)和124I-PEG-点示踪剂(图9B)的比较被限定于96小时窗口,原因是在第1周没有获得后者的数据。在注射后4和96小时观察到了血液、肿瘤和主要器官以及在注射后24小时观察到了肿瘤和数个其它组织的示踪剂活性的统计学显著性(p<0.05)差异(表1)。靶向探针在注射后第1周几乎被完全从躯体清除(约3%ID)。这些示踪剂的血液、肿瘤和主要器官停留半衰期(T1/2)示于表2(第2和5列)。代表性数据组(血液停留)示于图9A的插图中。测定124I-PEG-点的相对长血液T1/2值为7.3±1.2小时。在连接cRGDY肽以合成124I-cRGDY-PEG-点后,T1/2值略降低至5.6±0.15小时,但伴随有较高的探针生物利用度(表2,第3列)。发现124I-cRGDY-PEG-点的肿瘤T1/2值是血液的约13倍,相比之下124I-PEG-点仅为5倍差异(表2,第2和5列)。
表1:比较124I-cRGDY-PEG-点和124I-PEG-点的生物分布研究
表2
+70-kg标准男性,U(上),L(下),§小鼠黑素瘤模型,ξ远低于其他组织的骨骼活性(未报道)
前述生物分布数据通过适当质量调整转化至男性,得到人正常器官放射剂量并发现与其它常用诊断性放射示踪剂的相当(表2,第8、9列)。与靶向探针无毒且导致非组织特异性病理影响(即非急性毒性)的发现(图10和表3)一起,计划了利用这些试剂首先在男性中的靶向和非靶向分子成像应用。
表3
N:正常,U:没有获得,NP:不存在,1:最小,2:中间,F:焦点,MF:多焦点
在证明127I-RGD-PEG点在静脉施用于小鼠后无毒的另一个研究中,利用约100倍人剂量当量的127I-RGD-PEG点在2周的时间内进行正式单剂量毒性测试。127I-PEG点用作对照颗粒。总之,方法如以下所述。在急性毒性研究中使用了28只8周龄B6D2F1小鼠,并将其分成处理组和对照组。处理组(n=6只雄性+6只雌性)通过静脉接受剂量为1×10-9摩尔/小鼠的一个剂量的127I-PEG化RGD二氧化硅纳米颗粒,而对照组(n=6只雄性+6只雌性)接受相同量的载体。在给药和临床化学后第7天每组处死两只小鼠(每组1只雄鼠和1只雌鼠),在尸体解剖时进行血液学和组织特异性组织病理学检查。所有剩余的动物(每组n=5只雄性+5只雌性)都在处理后观察14天。将4只未经处理的小鼠(2只雄性和2只雌性)用作对照。研究的结论是在给药过程中或者随后的14天观察期没有观察到不利事件。没有观察到死亡或发病。临床观察包括无以下情况:贫血,体重降低,激动,呼吸加快,胃肠道功能紊乱,行为异常,神经功能障碍,血液异常,临床化学异常,器官病理学上与药物相关的病变。因此,以1×10-9摩尔/小鼠的127I-PEG化RGD二氧化硅纳米颗粒的单次注射(等同于阶段0成像研究所需的PEG化RGD二氧化硅纳米颗粒剂量的100倍过量的剂量)在B6D2F1小鼠中是安全的且无毒。
通过尿液样本的荧光测定分析,发现直径约7nm的靶向探针和非靶向探针在168小时时间内的有效肾脏排泄。基于连续稀释校准方案,对荧光信号进行背景校正并转化为颗粒浓度(%ID/μl)(图9C插图,表4第2列)。Burns,et al.,Fluorescent SilicaNanoparticles with Efficient Urinary Excretion for Nanomedicine,Nano Letters,9,442-8(2009)。浓度值以及平均尿液排泄率的年龄依赖性保守估测允许计算所排泄的累积%ID(表4第4列)。Drickamer,Rates of urine excretion by house mouse(musdomesticus):differences by age,sex,social status,and reproductivecondition.J.Chem.Ecol.21,1481–1493(1995)。观察到几乎一半的注射剂量(约43%ID)在注射后开始的24小时都被排泄和在注射后96小时约72%ID被排泄(图9C),这表明在注射后第1天发生了大量排泄。在注射后168小时时,在尿液中没能检测到显著的颗粒荧光。124I-cRGDY-PEG-点的粪排泄谱表明,在24小时和96小时分别清除了平均7%ID和15%ID注射剂量(图9D)。在注射靶向探针后的多个时间点获得的尿液样本的FCS分析揭示,颗粒被完整地排泄而没有释放出包封的染料(数据未显示)。
表4:尿液浓度和累积排泄数据
连续全身PET研究
在静脉注射124I-cRGDY-PEG-点或124I-PEG-点(对照)后的多个时间点对M21和M21L皮下后肢移植物小鼠模型中的整合素表达进行PET成像。在注射后4小时(左:M21肿瘤;中间:M21L肿瘤)和24小时(右:M21肿瘤)的代表性全身冠状线方向的显微PET图像示于图11A。从这些图像清楚可见过表达αvβ3整合素的M21肿瘤的特异性靶向。显示了接受靶向124I-cRGDY-PEG-点的M21(n=7)和M21L(对照)肿瘤(n=5)组以及接受非靶向124I-PEG-点示踪剂的M21肿瘤小鼠的平均肿瘤%ID/g和标准差(图11B)。在最大肿瘤摄取时(注射后约4小时),在M21肿瘤中观察到活性-浓度比对照高三倍。除1小时(p=0.27)外,在注射后所有时间点(p<0.05)的差异都具有统计学显著性。
源自图像的124I-cRGDY-PEG-点的肿瘤-肌肉摄取(%ID/g)比揭示了在随后的时间(在注射后约24-72小时)的增强的肿瘤造影,而124I-PEG-点的则减弱(图11C)。该发现表明124I-cRGDY-PEG-点实际上是肿瘤选择性的,其在起始的24小时期间由于血液活性被清除而变得较明显(比较图11C和图9A的插图)。在124I-cRGDY-PEG-点和124I-PEG点两者的源自PET的肿瘤组织%ID/g值与相应的离体γ-计数肿瘤%ID/g值之间发现具有统计学显著相关性(相关系数r=0.94,P<0.0016,图11D),这证明了PET用于非侵入性取得的定量生物分布数据的准确性。
体内NIR荧光成像和显微术
本发明人利用发明人的用于对局部/区域性淋巴结和淋巴管定位的小靶向纳米颗粒进行了体内荧光成像研究,由此克服前述限制。重要地,多模态性质和本发明人的靶向颗粒探针的小尺寸可以被开发用以使在4象限肿瘤周施用后在本发明人的黑素瘤模型中的淋巴结尺寸和淋巴管分支的范围可视化,从而模拟术中人前哨淋巴结定位过程。最初,在4小时的时间内利用靶向或非靶向颗粒探针在完整的小鼠中进行系列NIR荧光显微术。靶向探针的瘤周施用揭示了在该间隔向相邻腹股沟部和腘部淋巴结的引流和持续可视化,其中较小和/或较远的淋巴结和淋巴管较难以可视。相比之下,非靶向探针产生局部淋巴结的较短期(约1小时)可视化,观察到其逐渐减弱的荧光信号(数据未显示)。一旦手术暴露,发现该观察结果是来自肿瘤位点的与靶向探针所观察到的延长滞留相比较快速的颗粒扩散所造成的。
本发明人接着利用活动物的全身光学成像(图12A)和NIR荧光显微术(图12B)在多个空间尺度上进行代表性淋巴结定位,以使接受手术的活动物中从瘤周区至腹股沟和腋窝淋巴结的淋巴管引流可视化。此外,较高分辨率的荧光图像(图12B,下行)允许包括高内皮微静脉在内的更详细淋巴结内结构可视化,这促进了循环初始淋巴细胞向淋巴结内的流通,并且这可能对淋巴结分期和检测疾病较早期阶段的微转移的能力具有重要意义。通过在腋窝区内的荧光显微术还使较小、较不强的淋巴管分支可视化(数据未显示)。因此,靶向探针的小尺寸不仅允许靠近肿瘤的初始引流(或前哨淋巴结)可视化,还能够使较远的淋巴结和待可视化的淋巴管引流模式可视化。
讨论
本发明人报道了无毒、高亲和性且被高效清除的二氧化硅纳米颗粒用于肿瘤选择性靶向和淋巴结定位,从而成功解决了目前与其他颗粒技术相关的数个难题。这是首个靶向纳米颗粒,该纳米颗粒基于其有利性质而可以被描述为在临床上可被转化为组合的光学PET探针。与其小尺寸(直径约7nm)相关的该多模态探针的互补性质可通过能够使在不同空间、时间和灵敏度尺度获得的成像数据无缝整合而有利于临床评估,从而潜在地为控制肿瘤生物学的基础分子过程提供了新思路。
本发明人的体外结果显示了约7nm靶向颗粒探针与M21和HUVEC细胞的受体结合特异性。利用细胞类型相同但使用了所述肽的单价形式的受体结合实验已经报道了类似结果。Cressman,et al.,Binding and uptake of RGD-containing ligands to cellularαvβ3integrins.Int J Pept Res Ther.15,49-59(2009)。重要地,结合cRGDY的颗粒探针的多价提高和延长的血液和肿瘤滞留时间T1/2值是与颗粒平台相关的重要性质,而在利用所述肽的单价形式时没有发现该性质。
所估测的124I-PEG-点示踪剂的相对长的血液T1/2值(7.3±1.2小时)可能与涂布有在化学上为中性的PEG的表面有关,其使探针在生物学上为惰性且显著较不易于被网状内皮组织系统吞噬。发现124I-cRGDY-PEG-点示踪剂的T1/2值降低至5.6±0.15小时,这极有可能是被靶向整合素和/或更具活性的巨噬细胞活性识别的结果。然而,这显著长于之前公开的现有cRGDY肽示踪剂的血液T1/2值(约13分钟),并在较长的时间内产生较高的探针生物利用度,促进肿瘤靶向并产生较高的肿瘤摄取。Montet,et al.,Multivalent effects ofRGD peptides obtained by nanoparticle display.J Med Chem.49,6087-6093(2006)。此外,124I-cRGDY-PEG-点的肿瘤T1/2值是血液的约13倍,相比之下124I-PEG-点的肿瘤T1/2值与血液的差异仅为5倍,这提示前者的靶向组织定位显著高于后者。体内数据的此类机制性解释可被开发用以改善临床诊断、治疗计划和治疗监测方法。
本研究的结果强调了强大、可定量且具有高灵敏度的成像工具PET带来的用于非介入性地提取与受体表达水平、结合亲和性和特异性有关的分子信息的明显优势。与周围的正常结构相比,在M21肿瘤中的较高聚集和从M21肿瘤中的较慢清除使得能够区分特异性肿瘤摄取机制和正常组织中的非特异性机制(即组织灌注、渗漏)。然而,少部分的M21肿瘤摄取大概可归因于血管渗透性的改变(即增强的渗透性和滞留作用)。Seymour,Passivetumor targeting of soluble macromolecules and drug conjugates.Crit. Rev.Ther. DrugCarrier Syst.9,135-187(1992)。根据所观察的%ID/g在接受对照示踪剂(124I-PEG-点,图11B)的小鼠中提高,这种非特异性摄取模式反映了在注射后较早时间点的相对少部分的总肿瘤摄取(124I-PEG-点,图11B)。在注射后1小时时,在M21肿瘤中没有观察到相对于对照的显著的%ID/g提高。该观察结果可反映在第1小时内差异灌注的影响,而在随后的注射后时间(即24小时)主要观察到肿瘤聚集和滞留。此外,与临床上批准的肽示踪剂18F-半乳糖RGD相比,发现124I-cRGDY-PEG-点34在M21肿瘤中的摄取是它的几乎2倍,同时额外产生了多价结合、延长血液循环时间和提高肾清除率的优势。
组合的光学-PET探针的一个优势是评价尺寸为或远低于PET扫描仪的分辨率界限(即所谓的部分容积效应)的解剖结构的能力,其可破坏病变内的活性检测和定量。例如,在小动物模型中,考虑到所观察的淋巴结尺寸通常处于系统空间分辨率的量级(1-2mm),因此PET成像不能充分解决小局部/区域性淋巴结内的转移性疾病的评估,而这种评估在临床上对黑素瘤分期和治疗至关重要。通过利用第二互补敏感成像模式,可以获得近红外(NIR)荧光成像、揭示淋巴结病变的功能图和淋巴引流情况。Ballou,et al.,Sentinel lymph nodeimaging using quantum dots in mouse tumor models.Bioconjugate Chem.18,389-396(2007)。虽然需要进一步工作以研究与转移病灶有关的淋巴结内cRGDY-PEG-点荧光分布,从而确定是否能够实现该病灶的灵敏定位,但这些结果明显证明了利用此类组合光学PET探针工作的优势。
在临床中,不能夸大此类组合平台用于肿瘤分期和治疗的好处。该纳米探针的延长的血液循环时间和所产生的生物利用度凸显了其用作用于早期和长期监测疾病控制的不同阶段(诊断性筛选、治疗前评价、治疗性干预和治疗后监测)的通用工具的用途,而不受出于毒性考量带来的限制。其他重要优势是,虽然快速清除的探针可用于本身快速的靶向组织定位的某些应用,但许多试剂在全身施用后在血管化通常较弱且另外相对难以接近的实体瘤中的定位将可能是缓慢的。因此,由于靶组织定位的动力学不再受限,当前的纳米颗粒平台扩展了此类试剂的应用范围。此外,通过PET可以在其生物分布和数量方面对深淋巴结定位,同时可以通过NIR荧光成像获得浅表淋巴结的更准确、更详细定位。最后,除了其多价提高外,来自肿瘤的靶向探针相对于来自血液的相对延长的滞留可经开发作为放疗或药物递送载体而用于未来的治疗诊断应用。
实施例5.与αvβ3整合素靶向肽和/或uMUC1靶向肽轭合的荧光二氧化硅纳米颗粒(甲状腺癌和鳞状细胞癌(SCC)模型)
通过巯基-马来酰亚胺连接键使具有半胱氨酸末端官能团的cRGD肽(PeptidesInternational)与PEG化的纳米颗粒连接。所述纳米颗粒可任选通过合成肽配体EPPT1而被进一步功能化。在粒径、尺寸分布和光致漂白的基础上进一步表征所述纳米颗粒。
纳米颗粒-肽轭合物的表征
为了在每个颗粒基础上评价光物理性质,利用分光光度法、光谱荧光分光光度法和多光子荧光关联光谱(FCS)测定粒径、亮度和尺寸分布。通过扫描电子显微镜和动态光散射(DLS)测定结果确证尺寸数据。Ow et al.Bright and stable core-shell fluorescentsilica nanoparticles.Nano Letters 2005;5,113。可以在碱性条件下利用Biuret分光光度法在比色学上评价每个纳米颗粒的RGD肽平均数量以及RGD与功能化PEG基团的偶联效率(λ=450nm,最大吸光度)。
使用Iodogen51(Pierce,Rockford,IL),通过酪氨酸连接剂对纳米颗粒轭合物进行碘化以产生放射性标记(124I)(T1/2约4天)和稳定(127I)形式。通过使用尺寸排阻色谱纯化终产物。
RGD-纳米颗粒和RGD-EPPT-纳米颗粒的体外靶向特异性和生物分布图的评价
利用抗整合素和抗uMUC1抗体,相对于已知αvβ3整合素阴性和αvβ3整合素阳性(分别为M21-L和M21人黑素瘤细胞系)以及uMUC1-阴性和uMUC1-阳性(分别为U8728、H-29细胞系)对照,对甲状腺和鳞状细胞癌(SCC)细胞系中的αvβ3整合素和uMUC1表达图进行评价。选择高表达αvβ3-整合素和/或MUC1的细胞系用于与RGD-纳米颗粒和RGD-EPPT-纳米颗粒的差异结合研究,以及用于体内成像。
定量细胞结合实验评价肿瘤细胞的标记效率,并利用放射碘化的纳米颗粒轭合物(124I-RGD-纳米颗粒、124I-RGD-EPPT-纳米颗粒)进行测试肿瘤、器官和流体内摄取的生物分布研究。为了利用光学NIFR成像比较纳米颗粒轭合物的PET摄取数据和最初所观察的数据,还对各纳米颗粒轭合物进行碘化以产生放射性标记(124I)和稳定(127I)形式。
利用RGD-点和RGD-EPPT-C-点的荧光显微术。通过荧光显微术将使与对照细胞系相比RGD-纳米颗粒和RGD-EPPT-纳米颗粒与高表达αvβ3-整合素和/或MUC1的甲状腺癌/SCC细胞系的差异结合可视化。
动物模型。根据机构动物管理和使用委员会批准的方案并遵循NIH动物福利指导方针进行所有动物实验。
体内生物分布:向雄性无胸腺裸鼠(6-8周龄,每种肿瘤的n=5)的两侧腹皮下(s.c.)注射不同组织来源的整合素-阴性/-阳性或uMUC1-阴性/-阳性肿瘤(每种肿瘤的n=3)。在直径(i.d.)为0.5cm时,向小鼠静脉注射(IV)124I-标记的纳米颗粒轭合物(约500nm/kg)。在0.5、1和24小时后处死动物,移取肿瘤、器官和流体用以称重和计数(γ-计数器)。生物分布的结果将被表示为每克组织所注射的剂量的百分数。
定量细胞结合实验。通过在潮湿的CO2气氛下于37℃将高表达αvβ3-整合素和/或MUC1的固定数量的肉瘤细胞和浓度预先选定的带124I标记的纳米颗粒轭合物一起温育1小时,对标记效率进行评价。充分洗涤细胞,用0.1%Triton X裂解,并在γ-计数器中对细胞裂解物进行计数。
利用体内多模态(PET-NIRF)成像评价肿瘤特异性靶向的相对差异
作为高通量诊断筛选工具,光学NIRF成像可以以提高的灵敏度和瞬时分辨率来评价功能化逐步提高的纳米颗粒轭合物在体内的生物分布的相对差异。还可以获得肿瘤特异性靶向的半定量数据。这些初步研究促进了强表达目的标志物的细胞系的选择,所述标志物用于利用PET对生物分布和肿瘤特异性靶向进行更详细的定量。
在1周的时间内进行全身microPETTM和NIRF光学成像,以评价侧腹肿瘤内的不同摄取。利用离体肿瘤的荧光显微术确证这些研究的结果。
系列体内NIFR成像。向小鼠两侧注射αvβ3整合素-阴性和αvβ3整合素-阳性细胞或uMUC1-阴性和uMUC1-阳性细胞(每种肿瘤的n=5)。在肿瘤达到直径约0.5cm时,静脉注射稳定的碘化和未碘化的纳米颗粒轭合物(RGD,127I-RGD、RDG-EPPT、127I-RGD-EPPT)。在0、0.5、1、2、4、6、12和24小时利用MaestroTM体内荧光成像系统(CRI,Woburn,MA)进行系列成像。在第24小时,安乐处死小鼠,并切除主要组织/器官、称重并置于6孔板中用于离体成像。采用光谱解混算法(spectral unmixing algorithms)利用目的区域(ROI)在肿瘤、所选择的组织和参考注射液上分析荧光发射,以除去自动荧光。用组织的平均荧光强度除以注射液值允许对各注射纳米颗粒轭合物在各种组织/器官之间进行比较。
动态MicroPET成像获取和分析。向两组荷载肿瘤的小鼠(每种肿瘤的n=5)注射放射性标记有124I的纳米颗粒轭合物(放射示踪剂),并利用Focus 120 microPETTM(ConcordeMicrosystems,TN)进行1小时的动态PET成像。在静脉注射约25.9MBq(700μCi)放射示踪剂时启动1小时列表模式(list mode)获取。通过滤波反投影在128x128x96矩阵中重构所产生的列表模式数据。利用ASIProTM软件(Concorde Microsystems,TN)进行所重构的图像的目的区域分析,以确定肿瘤、其他器官/组织和左心室(LV)内的放射示踪剂摄取(%ID/g)的平均值和标准差。从注射后24、48和72小时时间点的静态图像获得额外数据。利用三区间、四参数动态模型表征示踪剂的体内行为。为了该分析,利用放置于左心室上的目的区域计算动脉输入。
实施例6.小型猪的淋巴结定位
由于这些系统通常太麻烦且以操作组使用时费用昂贵,或者可能不能提供必要的视场或组织造影,目前实际上还不能实现淋巴结流域的实时术中扫描。此外,也不能获得在临床上具有希望的含生物稳定性荧光团的试剂用以增强组织造影进而用于延长的淋巴结定位/切除过程,所述试剂产生改良的图像物理学特征和比亲本染料长的循环有效期。利用该动物研究,本发明人证明多模态颗粒探针和实时分子成像设备技术两者的优势可被容易地转换为未来的多种人类临床试验。通过提供现有状态的靶向可视化工具(该工具便于检测转移性SLN并能够准确描绘相邻解剖学的淋巴结)以使损伤重要结构的风险最小化,此类改革性技术可显著影响标准的术中癌护理。优点包括头和颈内淋巴结疾病传播和肿瘤程度的延长的实时体内术中定位。通过PET可对深淋巴结定位,而通过NIR荧光成像可获得表面淋巴结的准确且详细的定位。所述颗粒探针的小尺寸还可以扩展可被灵敏检测的淋巴结尺寸的下限。所提议的无毒多模态平台和组合诊断/治疗方法的净效应对于这种高致死性疾病的疾病分期、诊断和临床结果具有重要意义。
疾病靶向
除了黑素瘤外,许多其他肿瘤(即乳房、肺和脑)也过表达ανβ3整合素受体并且可用作疾病靶标。转移性黑素瘤的预后非常差,并且存活中值小于1年11。成功控制依赖于早鉴别和癌的适当手术切除。在美国,原发疾病的手术移除、筛查和治疗区域性淋巴结传播是准确对疾病分期和量身治疗的护理标准。最近修订的分期指导认为用显微镜可见的淋巴结转移的存在是导致存活大幅降低的晚期疾病的特点。对病理性淋巴结状况的了解对早期风险层化、结果预测的改善和患者子群的选择至关重要,而这可能受益于辅助治疗(治疗性淋巴结切除、化疗)或临床试验。
前哨淋巴结(SLN)定位
在黑素瘤分期中惯常使用的SLN定位技术鉴定荷载肿瘤转移的最高风险的具体淋巴结。该方法鉴别患有转移性疾病的患者用于进一步的治疗。标准护理技术依赖于在原发性肿瘤周围注射用于SLN定位的放射性锝(99mTc)胶体硫染料,然后是术中使用γ探针测定所暴露的淋巴结流域内淋巴结构中的放射性。在原发性肿瘤周围注射的蓝色染料可帮助描绘来自相邻组织的小SLN,但该技术不可靠且易于发生并发症。当前的SLN定位和活组织检查技术具有局限性,并且与其他解剖学位点相比SLN在头和颈内的非定位占较高比率。头和颈区以其不可预测的转移性疾病谱而为人所知。原发性病变在该区域与淋巴结转移的紧密相接使得由于来自注射位点的干扰而难以在术中使用γ探针。重要的是,目前的技术不能使外科医生看见前哨淋巴结并可靠地使之与相邻脂肪或其他组织区分,从而使重要结构(即神经)在切除以鉴定和收集该淋巴结的过程中具有受损害的风险。淋巴结的小尺寸和在引流情况中的宽变化带来了额外的挑战,从而导致约10%的非定位率。
纳米颗粒
大多临床前研究都使用了RGD肽或肽-轭合物放射示踪剂作为用于使ανβ3整合素表达成像的靶向配体。18F-半乳糖-RGD和99mTc-NC100692是已经成功用于患者中用以诊断疾病的肽示踪剂。肽示踪剂被快速清除,这可导致受体结合降低和来自非特异组织分散的背景信号提高。这些性质限制了肽示踪剂用于长期监测的潜能。相比之下,也已经用于使沿肿瘤神经脉管系统的整合素表达成像的纳米颗粒探针(约10-100nm)已经延长了循环半衰期,用于进行较长期的监测(即数天)。纳米颗粒通常大于抗体和放射性药物(<10kDa),并且由于改变了肿瘤脉管渗透性而与跨膜转运减慢、RES摄取提高和非特异性摄取增强有关。用于该SLN定位研究的直径7nm的靶向纳米颗粒大概与白蛋白分子的平均直径相当并且比典型抗体的平均直径小2-3倍。相对于肽示踪剂,靶向颗粒探针较不易于溢出并且与增强肿瘤靶向的延长的循环半衰期有关。重要的是,124I-cRGDY-PEG-点证明了对M21肿瘤中的临床转换所必需的重要的体外和体内性质。
材料和方法
向自发性黑素瘤辛克莱小型猪(Sinclair miniature swine)(10-12kg,Sinclair研究中心,MO)静脉注射5mCi 18F-氟-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG),用于淋巴结和/或器官转移的全身扫描。利用临床上的PET扫描仪使小型猪在注射后40分钟接受1小时的动态18F-FDG PET全身PET扫描,用以筛选转移性疾病,然后是用于解剖学定位的CT扫描获取。然后,在18F-FDGPET后48小时在肿瘤位点的周围以4象限谱给小型猪皮下注射多模态124I-RGD-PEG-点,并且进行第二动态PET-CT扫描以评价额外的淋巴结转移。
将小型猪置于操作室用于鉴定淋巴结。利用大视野近红外荧光相机系统、较小视野的改良内诊镜和改良的立体显微镜进行光学荧光成像,用于在暴露的手术床内获得较高分辨率的荧光影像。
利用经临床批准的手握式PET设备通过γ计数在操作床内术中进行荧光信号的验证,以对术中从皮肤和淋巴结内以及淋巴结流域获得的靶向点进行透皮定位。
切除原发性黑素瘤皮肤病变并且进行切口以允许进入前哨淋巴结。利用手握式PET和多尺度光学成像系统证明淋巴结鉴别,并切除可疑淋巴结。样本送于转移瘤的组织学评价和光学共聚焦显微术,以证明存在恶性和纳米颗粒荧光两者。
出于关联目的,收集前哨淋巴结后,切除完整的淋巴结流域,并利用组织学方法(和根据需要用于黑素瘤的免疫组化标记物)、荧光显微术和手握式PET探针进行进一步评价。通过在成像上的显示,该步骤有助于鉴定淋巴结流域内的任何其他恶性淋巴结和相邻淋巴结内存在的124I-RGD-PEG-点的数量。
顺次向动物的四肢皮下施用124I-RGD-PEG-点。利用光学成像系统和手握式PET探针跟踪124I-RGD-PEG-点至腹股沟/腋窝淋巴结的转运,用以证明转移沿淋巴通路的持续时间。通过手术暴露引流淋巴结流域并观察淋巴结引流的情况。从各个位点收集前哨淋巴结以证明组织的淋巴管性质。安乐处死动物,并在动物设施的尸体剖检房切除在成像上观察到的任何进一步的病变。
讨论
全身18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)PET-CT扫描显示了与上背上的脊柱相邻的原发性黑素瘤病变以及在动物右侧后部的颈内的单个淋巴结,两者均渴求FDG(FDG-avid),并且怀疑为转移性疾病。在肿瘤位点周围皮下4象限注射124I-RGD-PEG-点(其额外鉴定出另外两个高代谢淋巴结以及引流淋巴管)后,证明了该发现。最终扫描解释指向3个潜在的转移性淋巴结。在手握式PET探针在前哨淋巴结的位置鉴定并证明了提高的计数率后,从两侧进行来自颈内的其他淋巴结流域的原发性病变、高代谢淋巴结和组织的手术切除。通过病理学分析使在所切除的正后方前哨淋巴组织中测定的补缀荧光信号与黑素瘤转移瘤的位点相关联。所有高代谢淋巴结样本都被染成黑色,并发现与黑素瘤细胞的独特聚团的存在相关联。因此,被送至病理学用于H&E和其他已知黑素瘤标志物的染色的手术所切除的组织的结果证明了多模态成像的发现。
图13a显示了利用自发性小型猪黑素瘤模型用于对淋巴结流域和引流已知原发性黑素瘤位点的区域性淋巴管定位的实验装置。需要这种中等尺寸的小型猪模型用以模拟人体内前哨淋巴结(SLN)活组织检查方法的应用,并更准确地概括人类疾病。图13b显示了在肿瘤位点周围皮下注射多模态颗粒(124I-RGD-PEG-点)后5分钟的小视野PET图像。肿瘤区、淋巴结和引流肿瘤位点的淋巴管为活性提高的区域(黑色)。
图14显示了全身动态18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)PET扫描(图14a)和合并的18F-FDG PET-CT扫描(图14b),其显示了通过颈内淋巴结疾病的位点的径向、冠状线方向和轴向的图像。进行18F-FDG PET扫描以对静脉施用放射性标记的纳米颗粒探针后和施用前的转移性疾病的位点定位。在动物右侧的颈后观察到了单个高代谢淋巴结(箭头,轴向图像,上图/下图),并在小型猪全身图像上进行鉴定(图14c)。
图15显示了与图14相同的图像组,但是在与上背上的脊柱相邻的原发性黑素瘤病变的水平上。鉴定了渴求PET(PET-avid)的病变(箭头,轴向,上图/下图),并且在全身小型猪图像上进行了鉴定(图15c)。
图16显示了模仿了临床方法在1小时的时间内在肿瘤位点周围皮下4象限注射124I-RGD-PEG-点后的高分辨率动态PET(图16a)和合并PET-CT图像(图16b)。在颈内发现三个高代谢淋巴结(箭头),这提示转移性疾病。切除右后SLN并进行全身近红外(NIR)荧光成像。在全身光学成像上,在所切割的淋巴结内是可检测Cy5荧光信号(图16c,上图,Cy5成像)。在通过H&E染色的淋巴结的低倍(箭头)和高倍横截面图(下方两幅图)上,该黑色染色的淋巴结(箭头,SLN)的病理学分析证明了侵袭性黑素瘤细胞的聚团,并且发明人预期黑素瘤特异性,其可利用特殊染色进一步证明(Melan A,HMB45,PNL2,and“melanomaassociated antigen”biogenex clone NKI/C3)。另外,发明人还根据共聚焦荧光显微术和高分辨率数字放射自显影术预期颗粒与这些转移性细胞聚团的共定位,这可证明转移性疾病的检测。
实施例7.与MC1R靶向肽轭合的荧光二氧化硅纳米颗粒(黑素瘤模型)
对于多模态(PET-NIRF)成像实验,替换纳米颗粒表面的靶向肽和放射性标记经以测定靶向特异性、结合亲和性/亲和力和检测灵敏度。利用用于靶向杀伤表达MC1R的黑素瘤细胞的治疗性放射性标记(镥-177,177Lu,t1/2=6.65天)合成纳米颗粒。组合的定量PET和光学成像结果与肿瘤组织放射自显影和跨越空间尺度的光学成像相关联。对于细胞显微术,使用用于合并反射比和荧光成像的体内共聚焦荧光扫描仪。
实施例8.用于靶向放疗的荧光纳米颗粒
利用131I-RGD纳米颗粒进行剂量扩大研究,并利用18F-FDG PET在6周的时间内每周对治疗的响应进行监测。利用平面γ相机成像进行纳米颗粒平台的时间依赖性肿瘤摄取和放射量测定。体内成像数据与所切除的肿瘤样本的γ计数相关联。
使用雄性裸鼠(6-8周龄,Charles River Labs,MA)用于在注射M21人黑素瘤细胞(含5x105细胞的PBS)后产生后肢异种移植物模型。允许肿瘤生长10-14天直至尺寸为0.5-0.9cm3。
基于131I-的靶向放疗研究。将治疗性放射核素131I用作用于靶向放射的放射性标记。在不导致动物死亡且体重降低小于20%(MTD)的131I最高可能剂量的估测中,在荷载有肿瘤的裸鼠中进行剂量放大研究。为向血液54施用200拉德(rad)剂量,需要10MBq的施用活性,其将270拉德的剂量递送至肿瘤。利用经设计允许修复和节约骨髓的剂量分割,施用10MBq的4个剂量,以获得大于1000拉德的肿瘤剂量。131I允许利用针孔瞄准仪的平面γ相机成像,用以检测纳米颗粒的时间依赖性肿瘤摄取和放射量测定。18F-FDG PET允许定量监测肿瘤响应,因此提供了补充信息。
基于该数据和荷载有紫杉醇的纳米颗粒的体内效果的数据,进行利用131I-RGD-纳米颗粒轭合物的治疗研究。两组荷载肿瘤的小鼠(n=10/组)接受4个以每周一次共4周静脉施用的131I-RGD-纳米颗粒轭合物的10.4MBq活性,或盐水载体(对照,n=10)),并在6周的时间内进行监测。在肿瘤体积(通过测径器测定)的基础上对治疗响应/进展进行定量。还通过SPECT成像(Gamma Medica),在6周时间的时间内使来自治疗组的所有小鼠都每周成像一次(约1小时时间)。
18F-FDG PET成像获取和分析。荷载肿瘤的两组小鼠(n=10/组)在治疗前并且然后以每周为基础在治疗后6周的间隔内进行初始PET扫描。向小鼠静脉注射(i.v.)500μCi 18F-FDG并在治疗前和治疗后利用Focus 120microPETTM(Concorde Microsystems,TN)获得静态10分钟PET图像。通过滤过反投影在128x128x96矩阵中重构所获得的数据。利用ASIProTM软件(Concorde Microsystems,TN)进行所重构的图像的目的区域(ROI)分析,以确定肿瘤内放射示踪剂摄取(%ID/g)的平均值和标准差。在研究结束时处死动物并切除肿瘤用于γ计数。
实施例9.与放射性核素螯合剂和MC1R靶向肽轭合的荧光纳米颗粒
将PEG化纳米颗粒与靶向肽和结合高特异活性放射性标记的大环螯合剂轭合。
利用标准方法,将使用NHS酯或马来酰亚胺衍生的可商购高纯度两臂活化的PEG与纳米颗粒的二氧化硅壳轭合。两个功能化PEG基团(NHS酯或马来酰亚胺)中的任一者可用于与肽-螯合剂构建体环状肽Re-[Cys3,4,10,D-Phe7]α-MSH3-13(ReCCMSH(Arg11))或1,4,7,10-四氮杂环十二烷-N,N′,N″,N″′-四乙酸(DOTA)连接螯合剂的进一步轭合。如以下所讨论的,所衍生的PEG与纳米颗粒表面的共价连接的进行方式使得暴露不同的官能团用于连接DOTA和肽-螯合剂构建体。
功能化纳米颗粒的合成和物理化学表征
通过建立以下部分与所衍生的PEG基团的共价键合来合成功能化的纳米颗粒。
(A)DOTA螯合剂,其用于随后用发射正电子的放射金属(即64Cu)的高特异性活性放射性标记,以利用PET成像可进行诊断性检测。利用标准的Fmoc化学使DOTA与功能化PEG轭合,并通过色谱进行螯合纳米颗粒的纯化。通过在60℃温育反应混合物30分钟使64Cu和177Lu与DOTA结合,然后进行凝胶过滤或高压液相色谱纯化。或者,通过DOTA-功能化PEG(放射性金属)或酪氨酸功能化PEG(124I)可以使诸如124I、86Y、68Ga和89Zr的PET核素与纳米颗粒轭合。以177LuCl3形式获得的单个光子发射物177Lu与用于放疗的DOTA络合。
(B)通过铼环化αMSH黑素瘤靶向肽类似物(ReCCMSH(Arg11))。有必要证明PEG化纳米颗粒表面的DOTA螯合剂与ReCCMSH(Arg11)部分的比例。
按照以下进行功能化纳米颗粒制备物的表征。
(A)利用64Cu通过标准的同位素稀释实验测定每个纳米颗粒的DOTA螯合剂的平均数。简而言之,将64Cu加入至含已知量的ReCCMSH(Arg11)-纳米颗粒的溶液中。将经温育的溶液点在涂布二氧化硅凝胶的玻璃板上,在1:110%乙酸铵-甲醇(含EDTA)中显影,并通过放射性-TLC分析。虽然标记有64Cu的ReCCMSH(Arg11)-纳米颗粒将保持在原点,但结合EDTA的64Cu将迁移。相对于向反应混合物中添加的64Cu的总纳摩尔数对百分标记效率作曲线。由该曲线的拐点计算每个纳米颗粒所连接的螯合剂数量。
(B)利用分光光度法(λ=435nm,最大吸光度)和已知的ReCCMSH(Arg11)的消光系数估测每个纳米颗粒的ReCCMSH(Arg11)肽的平均数以及ReCCMSH(Arg11)与功能化PEG基团的偶联效率。引入铼所带来的优势是可在产物的小样本上进行铼浓度的高灵敏吸光度测定。
用以评价肿瘤特异性靶向和治疗响应的黑素瘤模型中的多功能纳米颗粒体外和
体内光学PET成像
比较64Cu-DOTA-ReCCMSH(Arg11)-纳米颗粒与天然的64Cu-DOTA-ReCCMSH(Arg11)构建体,以检测纳米颗粒的靶向能力。
竞争性结合实验。使用MC1R受体阳性的B16/F1鼠黑素瘤细胞系。利用125I-(Tyr2)-NDP7(与MC1R具有皮摩尔亲和力的放射性碘化的MSH类似物)测定ReCCMSH(Arg11)肽的IC50值,即抑制50%放射性配体结合所需的肽浓度。在25℃将单细胞和含约50,000cpm 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP的0.5ml结合介质一起温育3小时,其中所述结合介质含25mmol/L N-(2-羟乙基)-哌嗪-N-(2-乙烷磺酸)、0.2%BSA和0.3mmol/L 1,10-邻二氮杂菲],其中(Arg11)CCMSH的浓度范围为10-13至10-5mol/L。分别收集并计算细胞和介质中的放射性,用Kell软件包(Biosoft,MO)处理数据以计算Re(Arg11)CCMSH肽的IC50值。
受体定量实验。向孔内添加5x105B16/F1细胞试样,在200μL RPMI培养基中培养,并在含浓度增加的125I-(Tyr2)-NDP(2.5-100nCi)的0.5mL结合介质(含25mM HEPES的MEM,pH 7.4)存在下在37℃温育1.5小时。用0.5mL、pH7.4的冰冷0.2%BSA/0.01M PBS洗涤细胞两次,并在γ-计数器中测定与细胞级分相关的活性水平。通过将细胞和非放射性NDP的终浓度为10μM的125I-(Tyr2)-NDP一起温育测定非特异性结合。通过对游离125I-(Tyr2)-NDP的特异结合比和特异结合的浓度(fmol/百万细胞)作曲线获得斯卡查德图(Scatchardplots),结合位点的最大数Bmax为线性回归线的X截距。
向雄性裸鼠(6-8周龄)的后肢皮下注射B16/F1鼠黑素瘤细胞系(含5×105细胞的PBS)。使肿瘤生长10-14天直至尺寸为0.5-0.9cm3。
生物分布:向每只具有可触知的B16/F1肿瘤的小鼠皮下注射少量64Cu-DOTA-ReCCMSH(Arg11)-纳米颗粒轭合物(约10μCi,0.20μg)。在所选择的注射后的时间点(2、4、24、48、72小时;每个时间点n=4-5)处死动物,移除期望的组织,称重并计算累积放射性。将注射有天然放射性标记性构建体64Cu-DOTA-ReCCMSH(Arg11)(约10μCi,0.20μg)的其他小鼠(n=5)用作对照组,并在注射后1小时进行评价。为了测定体内摄取特异性,给另外一组小鼠(2小时时间点)预注射20μg NDP以用作注射64Cu-DOTA-ReCCMSH(Arg11)纳米颗粒轭合物紧前的受体阻断物。对主要器官和组织进行称重和γ计数,并测定每克的注射剂量百分数(%ID/g)。
系列体内NIRF成像。与以下PET研究平行,在荷载肿瘤的动物(n=10)的静脉注射前和注射后利用可调的680nm扫描NIR激光束和CCD进行NIR(荧光断层成像,FMT 225,Visen,Woburn,MA)。使小鼠保持持续的异氟烷麻醉,并置于手提式多模态成像盒(与本发明的FMT 2500和Focus 120 microPET两者兼容)中用于在注射前和注射后(1、2、4、6、12、24、48和72小时)的FMT扫描。利用Visen的所有权软件重建在1-10分钟的时间内检测的NIR荧光图像,并重叠于小鼠正常图像之上。成像数据是定量的,原因是所测定的强度与NIR荧光团浓度正相关,从而能够对待产生的绝对荧光团浓度作参变量图,用于与所得PET成像数据共配准。
动态PET成像获取和分析。将两组荷载肿瘤的小鼠(n=5/组)置于成像盒中,用于共配准连续PET-光学研究。给小鼠静脉注射(i.v.):一组为放射性标记的64Cu-DOTA-ReCCMSH(Arg11)纳米颗粒轭合物,第二组为天然的64Cu-DOTA-ReCCMSH(Arg11)构建体。注射后,利用Focus 120 microPETTM(Concorde Microsystems,TN)获取动态1小时PET图像。1小时列表模式图像采集在静脉注射放射性标记探针(约1mCi)时开始。通过滤过反投影在128x128x96矩阵中重构所产生的列表模式数据。利用ASIProTM软件(ConcordeMicrosystems,TN)进行所重构的图像的目的区域(ROI)分析,以确定肿瘤、其它器官/组织和左心室(LV)内放射示踪剂摄取(%ID/g)的平均值和标准差。数据的示踪剂动力模建允许包括递送、清除率和分布容积在内的药物动力学参数的估测。如所示,利用置于左心室上的目的区域测定动脉血输入(作为血液活性的测定值)。从注射后24小时、48小时、72小时的时间点的静态图像获得额外的数据。
组织的荧光显微术和放射自显影。显示空间尺度逐渐减小的光学成像技术(即全身荧光成像、荧光肉眼检测和体内荧光共聚焦激光扫描显微术)的组合用于在注射后72小时在完整的活动物中的肿瘤成像。使小鼠保持持续的异氟烷麻醉,由此能够检测和定位在放大倍率范围内自完整动物/器官水平至细胞水平的荧光信号。利用装配有Cy5荧光滤波器组和CCD相机的荧光立体显微镜(Visen;Nikon SMZ1500)进行全动物/肉眼成像。荧光共聚焦激光扫描显微术的能力将得到开发。随后安乐处死小鼠用于放射自显影,从而以高分辨率遍及肿瘤体积对示踪剂生物分布定位。切除肿瘤、快速冷冻、连续切片(10μ片)并载玻片封固,并将改变切片置于与避光盒内的磷板接触(达1周)。在剩余的连续切片上进行H&E染色。放射自显影的结果将与PET成像数据和组织学结果相关联。
可以可选择地使用治疗性放射性核素177Lu或90Y用于靶向放疗。在不导致动物死亡且体重降低小于20%(MTD)的177Lu最高可能剂量的估测中,在荷载有肿瘤的裸鼠中进行剂量放大研究。评估基于文献数值猜测为MTD(或接近MTD)的放射性药物的剂量。
实施例10.经功能化以通过“链接化学”与配体和造影剂轭合的荧光纳米颗粒
包含用于随后与配体(例如肽)和造影剂(例如放射性核素)轭合的通用官能团的
纳米颗粒的合成
为了合成适合高特异活性放射性标记的纳米颗粒-肽-螯合剂构建体的阵列,可以使用“链接化学“法使纳米颗粒表面功能化(图17)。该方法基于由铜催化的作用于叠氮基与三键的环化加成。此类方法允许大量多功能性以开发多模态应用。
纳米颗粒合成和表征。按照图14中的方案产生被共价连接的PEG基团。通过硅烷基团使PEG共价连接至纳米颗粒。使用标准的化学途径用于产生具有三键的功能化PEG。
具有三键的纳米颗粒的功能化。为了合成双功能化的PEG,第一步采用经过详细研究的活化羧酸酯和脂肪胺的反应(图18)。或者,可以使用另一种具有合适的三键的胺,例如对-氨基苯乙炔。合成的第二步还依赖于熟知的轭合反应。
与模型肽和螯合剂轭合的功能化纳米颗粒的合成和物理化学表征
功能化纳米颗粒包含(A)去铁胺B(DFO),用于随后用正电子放射体锆-89(89Zr)的高特异活性放射性标记和(B)SSTR-靶向肽奥曲肽。
具有叠氮键的DFO的合成。通过DFO-B与对-叠氮基苯甲酸的反应产生具有叠氮键的DFO(图19)并进行纯化。“链接化学”反应是在室温下的1,3-双极环加成并且条件常被称为“Huigsen条件”。虽然通常可以在室温下在乙醇中完成反应,但加热反应可能也是恰当的。催化剂通常为Cu(I)Br,但可选择的催化剂包括Cu(I)I或Cu(II)SO4(和还原剂)。Knoret al.Synthesis of novel1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraaceticacid(DOTA)derivatives for chemoselective attachment to unprotectedpolyfunctionalized compounds.Chemistry,2007;13:6082-90。链接反应也可以在没有任何催化剂的情况下进行。或者,可以将DFO-B中的NH3+基团直接转换成叠氮基。
利用叠氮基进行Tyr3-奥曲肽的合成。在肽合成仪上进行Tyr3-奥曲肽(图20A)的固相肽合成(SPPS)。简而言之,合成涉及如之前描述用于该肽的Fmoc(9-芴甲氧羰酰氯)法。简而言之,试验方案需要25μmol随后被Fmoc保护的氨基酸,所述氨基酸被1-羟基苯并三唑(HOBt)和2-(1-H苯并三唑-1-基)-1,1,3,3-四甲基亚胺基六氟磷酸酯(HBTU)的组合活化。除非另有说明,否则可商购受Fmoc保护的氨基酸,由Perkin-Elmer(Norwalk,CT)获得预填充的氨基酸,然而不可获得预填充形式的那些,例如Damino acids和Fmoc-Cys(Acm)由BACHEM Bioscience,Inc.(King of Prussia,PA)或Novabiochem(San Diego,CA)提供。通过将含叠氮基的酸偶联至肽的N-末端而将叠氮基(用于“链接”化学)引入至肽骨架,而肽仍然受保护且与树脂连接(图20B)。
功能化纳米颗粒的合成。接下来的步骤是将具有叠氮键的DFO与具有叠氮键的Tyr3-奥曲肽两者(图21A和B)轭合至纳米颗粒。“链接化学”是高选择性、定量性的且能够非常快速进行并使用温和条件。来自DFO和Tyr3-奥曲肽的组合叠氮基的数量将受到控制而从不超过可获得的三键数量;三键通常<5%过量。
功能化纳米颗粒表征。通过利用89Zr(或68Ga)的标准同位素稀释试验测定每纳米颗粒的DFO螯合肽的平均数量。在回旋加速器上产生89Zr并进行纯化。简而言之,将10浓度的89Zr-草酸盐加入至含已知量的DFO-衍生纳米颗粒的溶液中。在30分钟的室温温育后,将溶液点至涂布二氧化硅凝胶的玻璃板上,在1:1 10%乙酸铵-甲醇(含EDTA)中显影,并通过放射性TLC分析。虽然89Zr-DFO衍生的纳米颗粒将保持在原点,但非特异结合结合至EDTA的89Zr将迁移。将百分标记效率绘作添加至反应混合物的89Zr总纳摩尔数的函数。然后可以从该曲线的拐点确定与纳米颗粒所连接的螯合剂数量。
通过测定Tyr3-奥曲肽的二硫键而确定每个纳米颗粒的Tyr3-奥曲肽的平均数。简而言之,可以通过过量的亚硫酸钠在pH 9.5和室温下定量切割Tyr3-奥曲肽的二硫键。可以使用DTNB或Elman试剂用于通过吸光度测定法定量蛋白中的巯基。其易于与巯基形成混合的二硫化物,从而释放发色团5-巯基-2-硝基苯甲酸(最大吸光度为410nm)。仅易于接触该水溶试剂的蛋白巯基才被修饰。或者,可以使用来自Invitrogen的Measure-iTTM巯基测定试剂盒。
在合适的肿瘤模型中的体内测试
利用具有AR42J肿瘤的雌性SCID小鼠产生皮下异种移植物模型。简而言之,向雌性SCID小鼠的侧腹中皮下注射AR42J细胞(1×107)。使肿瘤生长10-12天至尺寸为0.5-0.9cm3。
预期89Zr对DFO-纳米颗粒的放射性标记在室温下进行<15分钟。通过加入EDTA和随后的凝胶过滤步骤除去非特异性结合的89Zr。
受体结合试验。利用从AR42J肿瘤获得的膜上的89Zr-DFO-纳米颗粒进行受体结合试验。通过高纯度天然草酸锆分别与DFO-奥曲肽和DFO-纳米颗粒的反应制备竞争性配体natZr-DFO-纳米颗粒和natZr-DFO-奥曲肽。通过HPLC证明终产物的纯度。利用MilliporeMultiScreen测试系统(Bedford,MA),根据之前公开的方法测定IC50值。利用程序GraFit(Erithacus Software,U.K.)、LIGAND(NIH,Bethesda,MD)和GraphPad PRISMTM(SanDiego,CA)进行数据分析。
体外试验
利用细胞分离溶液(Sigma Chemical Co.,St.Louis,MO)从单层收集AR42J细胞并以2×106细胞/mL的浓度重悬在新鲜的DMEM培养基中。将约0.3pmol的89Zr-DFO-纳米颗粒的试样添加至10mL细胞中,在持续搅动下在37℃温育。在1、5、15、30、45、60和120分钟,一式三份地除去200μL试样并置于冰上。通过离心立即分离细胞,并计算化合物至细胞中的摄取%。
生物分布
向各个荷载有可触知的AR42J阳性肿瘤的小鼠静脉注射少量89Zr-DFO-纳米颗粒(约10μCi,0.20μg)。在所选择的注射后的时间点(1、4、24、48、72小时;n=4-5)处死动物,移除期望的组织,称重并计算放射性累积。在注射后1小时研究两个额外的对照组:(A)用天然放射性标记肽89Zr-DFO-奥曲肽(约10μCi,0.20μg)注射小鼠,和(B)用Tyr3-奥曲肽阻断(150μg)预注射小鼠以证明89Zr-DFO-纳米颗粒的受体介导的累积。对包括血液、肺、肝、脾、肾、肾上腺(STTR阳性)肌肉、皮肤、脂肪、心脏、脑、骨、胰腺(STTR阳性)、小肠、大肠和AR42J肿瘤在内的组织进行计数。通过与经称重、计数的标准溶液比较来计算每克的百分注射剂量(%ID/g)和每器官的百分注射剂量(%ID/器官)。
体内NIRF成像。在0、0.5、1、2、4、6、12、24、48和72小时利用MaestroTM体内荧光成像系统(CRI,Woburn,MA)进行系列成像。在72小时,安乐处死小鼠,并切除主要组织/器官、称重并置于6孔板中用于离体成像。采用光谱解混算法在肿瘤、所选择的组织和参考注射液上利用目的区域(ROI)分析荧光发射,以除去自动荧光。荧光强度和标准差(SD)是5只动物的组的平均数。用组织平均荧光强度除以注射液数值允许要在各个组织/器官之间进行的针对各个注射的纳米颗粒轭合物的比较。
小动物体内PET成像。在显微-FOCUSTM系统(Concorde Microsystems Inc,Knoxville TN)上进行小动物PET成像。用1-2%异氟烷麻醉荷载有AR42J肿瘤的小鼠(n=5/组),置于仰卧位置,并固定在传统制备的笼子(custom prepared cradle)中。通过尾静脉使小鼠接受200μCi的89Zr-DFO-奥曲肽-纳米颗粒络合物,并逐侧成像。通过在1小时时间框架内连续从注射时间获取多个连续的10分钟扫描,对动物进行最初成像,然后是在注射后2、4、24、48和72小时的10分钟静态数据获取。从在肿瘤和感兴趣的其它器官上所绘的目的区域(ROI)产生标准摄取值(SUV)。与提供高分辨率的X-射线CT解剖学图像的microCAT-II相机(Imtek Inc.,Knoxville,TN)的组合将实现PET图像的共配准。利用标志点配准技术(landmark registration technique)和AMIRA图像显示软件(AMIRA,TGS Inc,San Diego,CA)实现显微CT和PET图像间的图像配准。从由直接与动物床相连的基准提供的标志点的显微CT图像的严格转化进行配准方法。
药物代谢动力学测定。生物分布和动态PET数据将提供89Zr-DFO-奥曲肽-纳米颗粒在组织内的瞬时浓度,其将可以表征所述试剂的药物代谢动力学参数。
离体组织的荧光显微术和放射自显影术。在冷冻切片上进行纳米颗粒轭合物在组织中的定位。微PET成像可使本发明人完整地评价在肿瘤和其它非靶向组织中的整体分布。在成像实验的急性阶段之后,在肿瘤上进行放射自显影术,并且该数据将与PET成像和组织学结果两者相关联。制备连续切片(约10μm),以改变用于放射自显影术和组织学分析的切片。还通过多通道荧光显微术在NIR通道中分析这些切片。
实施例11.颗粒内化研究
本研究的目标是评估本发明的纳米颗粒的结合和内化以估测其在亚细胞器和胞外分泌中的定位。这将有助于研究具有不同靶向部分和连接治疗剂的功能化纳米颗粒的结局。例如,诊断性纳米颗粒(例如非靶向的涂布PEG的纳米颗粒和涂布cRGD-PEG的纳米颗粒)和治疗性纳米颗粒(例如与用于放疗的碘连接的cRGD-PEG-纳米颗粒,所述碘与酪氨酸激酶抑制剂连接或者与诸如紫杉醇的化疗药连接)两者。
材料和方法
内化/摄取研究。进行内化试验和共定位研究用于鉴定特定摄取途径。
将包括人M21细胞和小鼠B16细胞在内的黑素瘤细胞(约2x105细胞/孔)铺在8孔腔室载玻片(1.7cm2/孔)或具有12mm圆形盖玻片的24孔板(1.9cm2/孔)中并在37℃温育过夜。为了监测靶向纳米颗粒的内化,将细胞与cRGD-PEG点(0.075mg/ml)在37℃一起温育3小时。为了除去培养基中的未结合颗粒,用PBS洗涤细胞2次。在装配有HCX PL APO:63x1.2NAWater DICD物镜的Leica倒置共聚焦显微镜(Leica TCS SP2 AOBS)上进行共聚焦显微术,以评价cRGD-PEG-点与细胞器特异性染料或抗体的共定位。利用ImageJ软件1.37版(NIHImage;http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/)分析图像。
共定位实验/结合染料的标记物。为了鉴定参与C点内化的内吞小泡,利用结合染料的标记物在活细胞中进行共定位实验。用纳米颗粒和不同的染料温育细胞。染料包括:100nM溶酶示踪红温育30分钟以标记沿内体途径的酸性细胞器;2μg/mL转铁蛋白Alexa 488轭合物,以标记再循环和分选内体(网格蛋白依赖性途径);1mg/mL70kDa葡聚糖-FITC轭合物在37℃温育30分钟,以标记大胞饮体。
共定位/细胞器特异性抗体。利用高尔基体和溶酶体的已知标记物进行免疫细胞化学。对于高尔基体,利用Giantin(Abcam,兔多克隆抗体,1:2000)用于人细胞;GM-130(BDPharmingen,1μg/ml)用于小鼠细胞。对于溶酶体,使用LC3B(Cell Signaling,兔多克隆抗体,0.5μg/ml)。
对于Giantin或LC3B染色,在含10%正常山羊血清/0.2%BSA的PBS中封闭30分钟。一抗温育(兔多克隆抗-Giantin抗体,Abcam目录号#ab24586,1:2000稀释)或LC3B(CellSignaling,C#2775,0.5ug/ml)进行3小时,然后是与以1:200稀释的生物素化山羊抗兔IgG(Vector labs,cat#:PK6101)一起温育60分钟。根据厂商的说明,利用二抗封闭剂BlockerD,链霉亲和素-HRP D(Ventana Medical Systems)和DAB检测试剂盒(Ventana MedicalSystems)进行检测。
对于GM-130染色,将细胞在含小鼠IgG封闭剂(Vector Labs,Cat#:MKB-2213)的PBS中封闭30分钟。一抗温育(单克隆抗GM130抗体,BD Pharmingen;Cat#610822,浓度为1ug/mL)进行3小时,然后是60分钟的以1:200稀释的生物素化小鼠二抗(Vector Labs,MOMKit BMK-2202)的温育。根据厂商的说明,利用二抗封闭剂Blocker D,链霉亲和素-HRP D(Ventana Medical Systems)和DAB检测试剂盒(Ventana Medical Systems)进行检测。
对于温度依赖性研究,用cRGD-PEG-纳米颗粒在4℃、25℃和37℃温育纳米颗粒,以评价表面结合颗粒与内化颗粒的商(fraction)。
对于胞外分泌研究,温育纳米颗粒(0.075mg/ml)4小时,用PBS洗涤腔室载玻片,然后加入新鲜培养基。在0.5、1.0、1.5、2.5、4.5、8.0小时的时间间隔,洗涤细胞、用胰蛋白酶处理并通过荧光计计算细胞和培养基的荧光信号。在剂量响应研究中,以一个范围的浓度和温育时间温育细胞,并利用流式细胞术进行测定。在活力研究中,在温育前和温育后利用台盼蓝排除实验测定细胞活力,以评价毒性。在延时研究中,在将细胞与纳米颗粒轭合物在不同温育温度(4℃、25℃和37℃)下一起温育后,在12小时时间内以20分钟的间隔利用倒置共聚焦显微镜研究活细胞内纳米颗粒内化的机制。
讨论
发现cRGD-PEG-点和PEG-点与溶酶示踪红共定位于M21和B16细胞中,这意味着在胞内体途径中的摄取(图22)。数据表明,这些颗粒与转铁蛋白和葡聚糖的强共定位。不论表面功能性和总电荷,所研究的纳米颗粒(流体动力学直径为6-7nm)似乎遵循相同途径。两种细胞类型中的延时成像证明了功能化纳米颗粒在少部分所铺细胞中的内化。颗粒被最终递送至核周区内的小泡结构中。预期利用Giantin(或GM-130)的共定位试验在高尔基体中不显示纳米颗粒荧光信号。
本发明的范围不限于以上具体显示和描述的内容。本领域技术人员理解,对于所描述的材料、构型、结构和尺寸的实例而言,存在合适的替代。在本发明的说明书中引用并讨论了包括专利和多个出版物在内的多个参考文献。提供对此类参考文献的引用和讨论仅仅是为了阐明本发明的内容,而不是承认任何参考文献都是本文描述的发明的现有技术。本说明书中引用和讨论的所有参考文献都通过引用整体引入。本领域技术人员可以想到对本文所描述的内容的变化、修饰和其他实施,而这些并不背离本发明的精神和范围。虽然已经显示并描述了本发明的某些实施方式,但进行改变和修饰而不背离本发明的精神和范围对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。上述描述和附图所示的事物仅例示本发明,而非对本发明的限制。
Claims (5)
1.用于检测细胞成分的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
使所述细胞与基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒接触,所述纳米颗粒包含:
基于二氧化硅的核,所述核包含位于其内的荧光化合物;
包围至少一部分所述核的二氧化硅壳;
与所述纳米颗粒连接的有机聚合物;
与所述纳米颗粒连接的约1至约20个配体;
与所述纳米颗粒连接的造影剂或螯合剂;和
通过至少一种成像技术监测所述纳米颗粒与细胞或细胞成分的结合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述成像技术选自由以下组成的组:PET、SPECT、CT、MRI、光学成像、生物发光成像和它们的组合。
3.靶向肿瘤细胞的方法,所述方法包括:向癌症患者施用有效量的基于二氧化硅的荧光纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒包含:
基于二氧化硅的核,所述核包含位于其内的荧光化合物;
包围至少一部分所述核的二氧化硅壳;
与所述纳米颗粒连接的有机聚合物;
与所述纳米颗粒连接并能够结合肿瘤标志物的配体;和
至少一种治疗剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中,通过口腔、静脉内、鼻内、皮下、肌内或透皮施用所述纳米颗粒。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中,所述纳米颗粒具有放射性标记。
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WO2011003109A1 (en) | 2011-01-06 |
US20170239378A1 (en) | 2017-08-24 |
CN115990277A (zh) | 2023-04-21 |
PL3223013T3 (pl) | 2019-07-31 |
US20130039848A1 (en) | 2013-02-14 |
EP3499233A3 (en) | 2019-09-18 |
EP2449379B1 (en) | 2017-05-17 |
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