CN106328996A - 锂离子二次电池 - Google Patents
锂离子二次电池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106328996A CN106328996A CN201610390262.2A CN201610390262A CN106328996A CN 106328996 A CN106328996 A CN 106328996A CN 201610390262 A CN201610390262 A CN 201610390262A CN 106328996 A CN106328996 A CN 106328996A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- additive
- rechargeable battery
- lithium rechargeable
- molar ratio
- positive
- Prior art date
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- Granted
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 110
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- -1 ester compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical class O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical group O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910014387 LixNiyCoz Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 31
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 17
- GWAOOGWHPITOEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5,2,4-dioxadithiane 2,2,4,4-tetraoxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CS(=O)(=O)OCO1 GWAOOGWHPITOEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 7
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 4
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- PFPYHYZFFJJQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC1=O PFPYHYZFFJJQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LLYXJBROWQDVMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-4-nitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1Cl LLYXJBROWQDVMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 2
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- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- OVAQODDUFGFVPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium cobalt(2+) dioxido(dioxo)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[Mn](=O)(=O)([O-])[O-].[Co+2] OVAQODDUFGFVPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- OPUAWDUYWRUIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanedisulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CS(O)(=O)=O OPUAWDUYWRUIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 2
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMYIIHDQURVDRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenylethenylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZMYIIHDQURVDRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BKOOMYPCSUNDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbut-2-ene Chemical group CC=C(C)C BKOOMYPCSUNDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGHDLJAZIIFENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-hydroxy-3-prop-2-enylphenyl)propan-2-yl]-2-prop-2-enylphenol Chemical group C1=C(CC=C)C(O)=CC=C1C(C(F)(F)F)(C(F)(F)F)C1=CC=C(O)C(CC=C)=C1 QGHDLJAZIIFENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AGQKYUPKNZGEQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(C)(=O)OC=C.C(O)(=O)Cl Chemical compound C(C)(=O)OC=C.C(O)(=O)Cl AGQKYUPKNZGEQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DZAHXNNEQCZPGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCCCOC(OC)=O.COC(O)=O Chemical compound CCCCOC(OC)=O.COC(O)=O DZAHXNNEQCZPGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013292 LiNiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000572 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide (NCM) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- QOSMNYMQXIVWKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propyl levulinate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)CCC(C)=O QOSMNYMQXIVWKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical class [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SOXUFMZTHZXOGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Co].[Ni] SOXUFMZTHZXOGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VKJLWXGJGDEGSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(2+);oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4].[Ba+2] VKJLWXGJGDEGSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
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- JKJWYKGYGWOAHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) carbonate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)OCC=C JKJWYKGYGWOAHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OCCCC QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JMPVESVJOFYWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropan-2-yl carbonate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)OC(C)C JMPVESVJOFYWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethanesulfonate Chemical compound CCS([O-])(=O)=O CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
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- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CJYZTOPVWURGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;manganese(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Mn].[Mn+3] CJYZTOPVWURGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;fluoride;triphosphate Chemical compound [F-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- QTECDUFMBMSHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl prop-2-enoate Chemical group C=CCOC(=O)C=C QTECDUFMBMSHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明提供一种锂离子二次电池。所述锂离子二次电池包括正极、负极、隔膜和电解液,所述电解液包含:包含硫的添加剂A;以及具有不饱和键的与添加剂A不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂B和/或具有卤素的与添加剂A和添加剂B都不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂C,相对于所述添加剂A和添加剂B和添加剂C的合计摩尔量的所述添加剂A的摩尔比率,小于相对于所述合计摩尔量的所述添加剂B的摩尔比率和添加剂C的摩尔比率的合计。
Description
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请要求2015年06月30日向日本特许厅提交的日本专利申请第2015-131993号的优先权,因此将所述日本专利申请的全部内容以引用的方式并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及非水电解质电池,尤其涉及锂离子二次电池。
背景技术
非水电解质电池作为包括混合动力汽车和电动汽车等汽车用的电池已经实用化。作为这种车载电源用电池,使用锂离子二次电池。对锂离子二次电池要求兼具有输出特性、能量密度、容量、寿命和高温稳定性等各种特性。特别是为了改善电池寿命(即循环特性),对电解液实施了各种改良。
例如,在日本专利公开公报特开2012-94454号中公开了以改善电池的高温保存后的倍率特性为目的的、在电解液中含有环状二磺酸酯的技术。在日本专利公开公报特开2012-94454号的实施例中,公开了使用锂锰铝系复合氧化物作为正极活性物质用、以及使用包含添加的甲烷二磺酸二亚甲酯的非水电解液。
环状二磺酸酯在电极(特别是负极)表面分解后形成覆盖膜已被公众所知。形成的覆盖膜可以提高电池的循环特性。其中,甲烷二磺酸亚甲酯(以下称为“MMDS”)具有高的负极保护效果已被公众所知。
已经知道的是,在高温环境下,如果并用MMDS与含有包含镍的锂镍系复合氧化物的正极活性物质,则MMDS会攻击锂镍系复合氧化物,存在使正极劣化的可能性。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的在于提供一种锂离子二次电池,采用锂镍系复合氧化物作为正极活性物质,而且即使在高温下使用时,通过防止正极的劣化和在负极上形成覆盖膜的效果,能够延长电池的循环寿命(具有高放电容量保持率)。
本发明的实施方式的锂离子二次电池,其包括正极、负极、隔膜以及电解液,所述电解液包含:包含硫的添加剂A;以及具有不饱和键的与添加剂A不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂B和/或具有卤素的与添加剂A和添加剂B都不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂C,相对于所述添加剂A和添加剂B和添加剂C的合计摩尔量的所述添加剂A的摩尔比率,小于相对于所述合计摩尔量的所述添加剂B的摩尔比率和所述添加剂C的摩尔比率的合计。
本发明的锂离子二次电池,利用电解液中含有的添加剂,在负极表面上很好地形成保护覆盖膜。电解液中含有的添加剂,在高温下几乎不攻击锂镍系复合氧化物正极。因此,能够防止正极的劣化。因此,能够提高本发明的锂离子二次电池的高温下的循环特性。
附图说明
图1是表示本发明的一个实施方式的锂离子二次电池的断面示意图。
具体实施方式
在下面的详细说明中,出于说明的目的,为了提供对所公开的实施方式的彻底的理解,提出了许多具体的细节。然而,显然可以在没有这些具体细节的前提下实施一个或更多的实施方式。在其它的情况下,为了简化制图,示意性地示出了公知的结构和装置。
以下说明本发明的实施方式。在本实施方式中,正极是薄板状或者片状的电池部件,该部件具有将包含正极活性物质、粘合剂、必要情况下的导电助剂的混合物涂布或滚压(rolling)到金属箔等正极集电体上后经过干燥工序形成的正极活性物质层。负极是薄板状或者片状的电池部件,该部件具有通过将包含负极活性物质、粘合剂、必要情况下的导电助剂的混合物涂布在负极集电体上而形成的负极活性物质层。隔膜是膜状的电池部件,该部件通过将正极和负极隔离,确保负极和正极之间的锂离子的传导性。电解液是通过将离子性物质溶解在溶剂中得到的电传导性溶液。在本实施方式中,尤其可以使用非水电解液。包括正极、负极和隔膜的发电元件是电池的主构成部件的一个单位。所述发电元件通常是层叠体,所述层叠体包括通过隔膜重叠的(层叠的)正极和负极。在本发明实施方式的锂离子二次电池中,所述层叠体浸渍在电解液中。
本实施方式的锂离子二次电池包括封装体以及收纳在所述封装体内部的所述发电元件。优选的是,发电元件收纳在密封的封装体内部。在此,“密封”的意思是指发电元件以不接触外部空气的方式被封装体材料包裹。即,封装体具有能够在其内部收纳发电元件且能被密封的袋形状。
在此,电解液包含:包含硫的添加剂;以及具有不饱和键的与添加剂A不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂B和/或具有卤素的与添加剂A和添加剂B都不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂C。此时,相对于添加剂A和添加剂B和添加剂C的合计摩尔量的、添加剂A的摩尔比率,小于相对于所述合计摩尔量的、添加剂B的摩尔比率与添加剂C的摩尔比率的合计。在这种摩尔比率下,如果电解液含有添加剂,则添加剂的负极覆盖膜的形成性能不会降低。因此,能够防止正极的劣化。其结果,能够提高电池的循环特性。
首先,说明在实施方式中使用的电解液。作为优选的电解液的例子,可以举出作为非水电解液的、包含碳酸二甲酯(以下称为“DMC”)、碳酸二乙酯(以下称为“DEC”)、碳酸二正丙酯、碳酸二异丙酯、碳酸二正丁酯、碳酸二异丁酯和碳酸二叔丁酯等链状碳酸酯与、碳酸丙烯酯(以下称为“PC”)和碳酸乙烯酯(以下称为“EC”)等环状碳酸酯的混合物。通过将六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)、四氟硼酸锂(LiBF4)或者高氯酸锂(LiClO4)等锂盐溶解在这种碳酸酯混合物中,得到电解液。
除了所述的成分以外,电解液还可以含有添加剂。在本实施方式中,可以添加在电解液中的添加剂,按照其功能可以分为三种:包含硫的添加剂A;具有不饱和键的、与添加剂A不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂B;以及具有卤素的、与添加剂A和添加剂B都不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂C。包含硫的添加剂A,在电池的充放电过程中电化学性分解后,在后述的全部实施方式中使用的电极表面上形成覆盖膜。由此,电极的结构稳定化。作为这种添加剂的例子,可以举出甲烷二磺酸亚甲酯(MMDS)、乙烷二磺酸亚乙酯和甲烷二磺酸亚丙酯等环状二磺酸酯;磺酸内酯等环状磺酸酯;以及亚甲基二苯磺酸酯、亚甲基二苯基甲烷磺酸酯和亚甲基二乙烷磺酸酯等链状磺酸酯。
与添加剂A同样地,具有不饱和键的、与添加剂A不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂B在电池的充放电过程中形成正极及负极的保护覆盖膜。添加剂B尤其可以防止添加剂A导致的、对含有锂镍系复合氧化物的正极活性物质的攻击。作为这种添加剂B的例子,可以举出碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯基亚乙酯、甲基丙烯酸碳酸丙烯酯和丙烯酸碳酸丙烯酯。特别优选的添加剂B的例子是碳酸亚乙烯酯(以下称为“VC”)。
与添加剂A同样地,具有卤素的、与添加剂A和添加剂B都不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂C在电池的充放电过程中形成正极及负极的保护覆盖膜。添加剂C也可以防止添加剂A导致的、对含有锂镍系复合氧化物的正极活性物质的攻击。作为这种添加剂C的例子,可以举出氟代碳酸乙烯酯、二氟代碳酸乙烯酯、三氟代碳酸乙烯酯、氯代碳酸乙烯酯、二氯代碳酸乙烯酯和三氯代碳酸乙烯酯。特别优选的添加剂C的例子是氟代碳酸乙烯酯(以下称为“FEC”)。
添加剂在电解液制备时,相对于电解液整体的重量,以20重量%以下的比例添加,优选的是以15重量%以下的比例添加,更优选的是以10重量%以下的比例添加。通过混合规定量的各电解液成分制备非水电解液。使用所述的添加剂、正极、负极、隔膜和封装体,组装电池。此后,通过进行充放电等规定的操作,将电池精加工为可以出货的状态(出货前状态)。在对电池进行充放电的过程中,所述的添加剂由于电化学性反应或者其它化学反应,分别分解后形成电极表面上的覆盖膜,因此被消耗。由此,电解液中的添加剂的量分别减少。当使电池成为出货前状态时,特别优选的是,相对于添加剂A和添加剂B和添加剂C的合计摩尔量的、添加剂A的摩尔比率,小于相对于所述合计摩尔量的、添加剂B的摩尔比率与添加剂C的摩尔比率的合计。优选的是,通过含有硫的环状碳酸酯添加剂A在充放电的过程中全部都消耗在形成电极表面的覆盖膜,电解液中不大量残存添加剂A。
相对于添加剂A和添加剂B和添加剂C的合计摩尔量的、添加剂A的摩尔比率,优选的是50摩尔%以下。即,添加剂A的量不超过添加剂的总摩尔量的一半。可以仅添加添加剂B和添加剂C中的任意一方,也可以添加双方。在共同添加添加剂B和添加剂C的情况下,它们的摩尔比率可以设定在1:10~10:1的程度。在实施方式中,特别优选的是,使用添加剂A和添加剂B和添加剂C都含有的电解液。通过采用实施方式的添加剂,存在于负极的硫的重量非常适当,并大于存在于正极的硫的重量。
可以在全部实施方式中使用的负极,包括配置于负极集电体的、包含负极活性物质的负极活性物质层。优选的是,负极具有将包含负极活性物质、粘合剂和根据情况添加的导电助剂的混合物涂布或滚压在包括铜箔等金属箔的负极集电体上后经过干燥工序得到的负极活性物质层。在各实施方式中,优选的是,负极活性物质包含石墨颗粒和/或非晶质碳颗粒。如果使用包含石墨颗粒和非晶质碳颗粒的混合碳材料,则能够提高电池的再生性能。
石墨是六方晶系六角板状晶体的碳材料。石墨也被称为黑铅等。石墨优选的是具有颗粒形状。此外,非晶质碳可以局部具有类似石墨的结构。在此,非晶质碳的意思是具有无规地形成网络的微晶体结构的、作为整体是非晶质的碳材料。作为非晶质碳的例子,可以举出碳黑、焦炭、活性炭、碳纤维、硬碳、软碳和中孔碳。优选的是,非晶质碳具有颗粒形状。
作为根据情况用于负极活性物质层的导电助剂的例子,可以举出碳纳米纤维等碳纤维、乙炔黑和科琴黑等碳黑、活性炭、中孔碳、富勒烯类和碳纳米管等碳材料。此外,负极活性物质层可以适当含有增稠剂、分散剂和稳定剂等通常用于电极形成的添加剂。
作为用于负极活性物质层的粘合剂的例子,可以举出聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和聚氟乙烯(PVF)等氟树脂;聚苯胺类、聚噻吩类、聚乙炔类和聚吡咯类等导电性聚合物;丁苯橡胶(SBR)、聚丁橡胶(BR)、氯丁橡胶(CR)、异戊二烯橡胶(IR)和丁腈橡胶(NBR)等合成橡胶;以及羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、黄原胶、胍尔豆胶、果胶等多糖类。
可以在全部实施方式中使用的正极,包括配置在正极集电体上的、包含正极活性物质的正极活性物质层。优选的是,正极具有将包含正极活性物质、粘合剂和根据情况添加的导电助剂的混合物涂布或滚压在包括铝箔等金属箔的正极集电体上后经过干燥工序得到的正极活性物质层。作为正极活性物质,可以使用锂过渡金属氧化物。作为这种锂过渡金属氧化物,优选使用由通式LixNiyCozMe(1-y-z)O2(在此Me是从由Al、Mn、Na、Fe、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ca、K、Mg和Pb构成的组中选择的至少1种以上的金属)表示的过渡金属复合氧化物。作为这种过渡金属复合氧化物的例子,可以举出锂镍系氧化物(例如LiNiO2)、锂·钴系氧化物(例如LiCoO2)、锂·锰系氧化物(例如LiMn2O4)、以及它们的混合物。特别优选的是,使用由通式LixNiyCozMn(1-y-z)O2表示的锂镍钴锰复合氧化物。在此,通式中的x,是满足1≦x≦1.2的条件的数,y和z是满足y+z<1的关系的正数,而且,y的值为0.5以下。另外,如果锰的比例变大,则难以合成单相的复合氧化物。因此,优选的是,满足1-y-z≦0.4的关系。此外,如果钴的比例变大,则成本变高,容量也减少。因此,优选的是,满足z<y和z<1-y-z的关系。从能够得到高容量的电池的观点出发,特别优选的是,满足y>1-y-z和y>z的关系。优选的是,锂镍钴锰复合氧化物具有层状结晶结构。
作为根据情况用于正极活性物质层的导电助剂的例子,可以举出碳纳米纤维等碳纤维、乙炔黑和科琴黑等碳黑、活性炭、石墨、中孔碳、富勒烯类和碳纳米管等碳材料。此外,正极活性物质层中可以适当使用增稠剂、分散剂和稳定剂等通常用于电极形成的添加剂。
作为用于正极活性物质层的粘合剂的例子,可以举出聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和聚氟乙烯(PVF)等氟树脂;聚苯胺类、聚噻吩类、聚乙炔类和聚吡咯类等导电性聚合物;丁苯橡胶(SBR)、聚丁橡胶(BR)、氯丁橡胶(CR)、异戊二烯橡胶(IR)和丁腈橡胶(NBR)等合成橡胶;以及羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、黄原胶、胍尔豆胶和果胶等多糖类。
在全部实施方式中使用的隔膜,包括烯烃系树脂层。烯烃系树脂层是包括通过使用了α-烯烃的聚合或共聚合得到的聚烯烃的层。作为这种α-烯烃的例子,可以举出乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、戊烯和己烯。在实施方式中,优选的是,所述烯烃系树脂层是具有包含电池温度上升时堵塞的空孔的结构的层亦即包含多孔质或者微多孔质的聚烯烃的层。通过使烯烃系树脂层具有这种结构,即使万一电池温度上升,隔膜也堵塞(关闭),可以切断离子流。从发挥关闭效果的观点出发,特别优选的是,使用多孔质的聚乙烯膜。隔膜根据情况可以具有耐热性微颗粒层。所述耐热性微颗粒层用于抑制因电池发热而导致的电池功能停止的情况。此外,耐热性微颗粒层包括具有150℃以上的耐热温度且不易引起电化学反应的稳定的耐热性的无机微颗粒。作为这种耐热性的无机微颗粒的例子,可以举出二氧化硅、氧化铝(α-氧化铝、β-氧化铝和θ-氧化铝)、氧化铁、氧化钛、钛酸钡和氧化锆等无机氧化物;以及勃姆石、沸石、磷灰石、高岭土、尖晶石、云母和莫来石等矿物。这样,具有耐热性树脂层的隔膜,一般被称为“陶瓷隔膜”。
在此,参照附图说明实施方式的锂离子二次电池的构成例子。图1表示了锂离子二次电池的断面图的一个例子。作为主要的构成要素,锂离子二次电池10包括:负极集电体11、负极活性物质层13、隔膜17、正极集电体12和正极活性物质层15。在图1中,在负极集电体11的双面设有负极活性物质层13。在正极集电体12的双面设有正极活性物质层15。但是,也可以仅在各集电体的单面上形成活性物质层。负极集电体11、正极集电体12、负极活性物质层13、正极活性物质层15和隔膜17为一个电池的构成单位亦即发电元件(图中的单电池19)。多个这种单电池19通过隔膜17层叠。从各负极集电体11延伸的延伸部,统一与负极引线25连接。从各正极集电体12延伸的延伸部,统一与正极引线27连接。另外,作为正极引线优选使用铝板,作为负极引线优选使用铜板。正极引线和负极引线可以根据情况具有由其它金属(例如镍、锡、焊锡)或高分子材料形成的局部覆盖层。正极引线和负极引线分别与正极和负极焊接。包括多个层叠的单电池的电池,以焊接的负极引线25和正极引线27引出到外部的方式被封装体29封装。在封装体29的内部,注入电解液31。封装体29具有通过将两个重叠的层叠体的周缘部热熔接得到的形状。
实施例
<负极的制作:实施例和比较例3~10>
作为负极活性物质,使用了具有3.4m2/g的BET比表面积的石墨粉末。将所述石墨粉末、作为导电助剂的具有62m2/g的BET比表面积的碳黑粉末(以下称为“CB”)、作为粘合剂树脂的羧甲基纤维素(以下称为“CMC”)和苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物乳胶(以下称为“SBR”)以固体成分质量比CB:CMC:SBR=0.3:1.0:2.0的比例混合。将得到的混合物添加到离子交换水中后,与离子交换水一起进行了搅拌。由此,制备出包含均匀地分散在水中的所述材料的浆料。将得到的浆料涂布在作为负极集电体的、厚度10μm的铜箔上。接着,通过在125℃下加热电极10分钟,使水蒸发。由此,形成负极活性物质层。此外,通过对负极活性物质层进行冲压,制作出具有涂布在负极集电体的单面上的负极活性物质层的负极。
<负极的制作:比较例1和比较例2>
作为负极活性物质,除了使用了具有4.5m2/g的BET比表面积的非晶质碳粉末(硬碳)以外,通过与所述负极的制作方法同样的方法制作了负极。将该负极用于比较例1的电池。
此外,作为负极活性物质,除了使用了具有4.5m2/g的BET比表面积的石墨粉末以外,通过与所述的负极的制作方法同样的方法制作了负极。将该负极用于比较例2的电池。
<正极的制作:实施例和比较例1~10>
将作为正极活性物质的、通过将镍钴锰酸锂(NCM523,即镍:钴:锰=5:2:3,锂/除了锂以外的金属比=1.04,BET比表面积0.67m2/g)和锂锰氧化物(LiMn2O4)以70:30(重量比)混合得到的混合氧化物(MO);作为导电助剂的、具有62m2/g的BET比表面积的CB和具有22m2/g的BET比表面积的石墨粉末(GR);以及作为粘合剂树脂的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF),以固体成分质量比MO:CB:GR:PVDF为3:3:1:3的比例的方式,添加到作为溶剂的N-甲基吡咯烷酮(以下称为“NMP”)中。此外,在所述混合物中添加了作为有机系水分捕捉剂的草酸酐(分子量90),该草酸酐相对于从所述混合物去除了NMP的固体成分100质量份为0.03质量份。通过对包含所述草酸酐的混合物用行星方式进行30分钟的分散混合,制备出包含均匀分散了的所述材料的浆料。将得到的浆料涂布到作为正极集电体的厚度20μm的铝箔上。接着,通过在125℃下加热电极10分钟,使NMP蒸发。由此,形成了正极活性物质层。此外,通过对正极活性物质层进行冲压,制作出具有涂布在正极集电体的单面上的正极活性物质层的正极。
<隔膜>
使用了包括耐热微颗粒层和烯烃系树脂层的陶瓷隔膜,所述耐热微颗粒层包含作为耐热微颗粒的氧化铝,厚度为5μm。所述烯烃系树脂层包含聚丙烯,厚度为25μm。
<电解液>
为了制备非水电解液,将碳酸乙烯酯(以下称为“EC”)、碳酸二乙酯(以下称为“DEC”)和碳酸甲乙酯(以下称为“EMC”)以EC:DEC:EMC=30:60:10(体积比)的比例混合,得到了非水溶剂。在得到的非水溶剂中,以浓度成为0.9mol/L的方式溶解了作为电解质盐的六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6),得到了电解质溶液。在得到的电解质溶液中,分别按规定的比例溶解了作为添加剂A的环状二磺酸酯(甲烷二磺酸亚甲酯(MMDS)、作为添加剂B的碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)和作为添加剂C的氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)。将得到的、包含所述添加剂的电解质溶液用作电解液。设添加的添加剂的总量为100%时的、用于各实施例的电池的添加剂的组成如表1所示。
<锂离子二次电池的制作>
从如上所述地制作成的各负极和正极切出各个规定尺寸的矩形。其中,将铝制的正极引线端子超声波焊接到用于连接端子的未涂布部上。同样地,将具有与正极引线端子相同尺寸的镍制的负极引线端子超声波焊接到负极板的未涂布部上。通过将所述负极板和正极板以两活性物质层隔着隔膜重叠的方式配置到厚度25μm的聚丙烯多孔质隔膜的双面上,得到了电极板层叠体。通过利用热熔接将两个铝复合膜的除了一个长边以外的三边粘合,制作出袋状的复合封装体。将所述电极层叠体插入复合封装体。使复合封装体中注入的电解液真空浸渍到电极层叠体中。此后,在减压下通过热熔接密封开口部。由此,得到了层叠型锂离子电池。通过使用所述层叠型锂离子电池进行了数次高温老化,得到了电池容量5Ah的层叠型锂离子电池。
<初始充放电>
使电池的剩余容量(以下称“SOC”)从0%到成为100%为止,在气氛温度55℃、1C电流和上限电压4.15V的条件下,进行了恒流恒压充电。接着,到SOC成为0%为止,以1C电流进行了恒流放电。
<各添加剂残存量的测定>
使用锂离子二次电池进行了初始充放电后,将电池分解。通过核磁共振法(NMR)测定了残存于从电池回收到的电解液中的各添加剂的量。
<电极的硫含量>
使用锂离子二次电池进行了初始充放电后,将电池分解。通过燃烧离子色谱法,测定了从分解的电池回收的各电极的硫含量。
<循环特性试验>
测定了电解液中残存的各添加剂的量后,以与所述步骤相同的步骤,再次将收纳有电池的封装体密封。使制作的电池的SOC在0%和100%之间,在55℃环境下反复进行了1个月的1C电流、4.15V下的恒流恒压充电(CCCV充电)和1C电流下的恒流放电(CC放电)。用计算式(1个月循环后的电池容量)/(初始电池容量)计算了容量保持率。
表1
在实施例1~10中,电解液中残存的MMDS的摩尔比率不超过50%。其结果,反复循环充放电后的放电容量保持率高。即,在电解液中残存的MMDS的摩尔比率小于VC的摩尔比率和FEC的摩尔比率的合计的情况下,放电容量保持率变高。这显示了通过MMDS对负极的活性物质起作用而在负极上形成保护覆盖膜带来的、高的负极保护效果。另一方面,在高温下,MMDS攻击作为正极活性物质的镍钴锰酸锂,因此,正极中的可逆锂减少。认为此时,能够以保持良好平衡的方式保护正极和负极的VC和/或FEC,可以将正极从高温下的MMDS的攻击保护起来,其结果,放电容量保持率得到了提高。即,认为,通过使MMDS、VC和/或FEC以保持良好平衡的方式以规定量残存在电解液中,能够显著提高放电容量保持率。例如,如果电解液中VC和/或FEC过剰,则产生大量气体,因此,电极的寿命缩短。
此外,通过使存在于负极的硫的重量大于存在于正极的硫的重量,在负极上形成足够的保护覆盖膜。因此,负极的保护效果进一步提高,所以放电容量保持率进一步得到改善。
以上,说明了本实施方式的实施例,但是所述实施例只是本发明的实施方式的一个例子,并非将本发明的技术范围限定于特定的实施方式或者具体的构成。
本发明的实施方式的锂离子二次电池,可以是以下的第一锂离子二次电池~第八锂离子二次电池。
所述第一锂离子二次电池,其在封装体内部包括发电元件,所述发电元件包括:正极活性物质层配置于正极集电体的正极;负极活性物质层配置于负极集电体的负极;隔膜;以及电解液,其中,所述电解液包括:包含硫的添加剂A;以及具有不饱和键的与添加剂A不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂B和/或具有卤素的与添加剂A和添加剂B都不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂C,当设所述添加剂A和添加剂B和添加剂C的合计摩尔量为100时,所述添加剂A的摩尔比率小于所述添加剂B的摩尔比率、添加剂C的摩尔比率、以及添加剂B和添加剂C的合计摩尔比率中的任意一方。
所述第二锂离子二次电池,其是所述第一锂离子二次电池,其中,所述添加剂A的摩尔比率为50摩尔%以下。
所述第三锂离子二次电池,其是第一锂离子二次电池或第二锂离子二次电池,其中,包含所述添加剂B和所述添加剂C。
所述第四锂离子二次电池,其是所述第一锂离子二次电池~第三锂离子二次电池中的任意一种锂离子二次电池,其中,所述添加剂A是从环状二磺酸酯化合物选择的添加剂。
所述第五锂离子二次电池,其是所述第一锂离子二次电池~第四锂离子二次电池中的任意一种锂离子二次电池,其中,所述添加剂B为碳酸亚乙烯酯。
所述第六锂离子二次电池,其是所述第一锂离子二次电池~第五锂离子二次电池中的任意一种锂离子二次电池,其中,所述添加剂C为氟代碳酸乙烯酯(4-フルオロエチレンカーボネート)。
所述第七锂离子二次电池,其是所述第一锂离子二次电池~第六锂离子二次电池中的任意一种锂离子二次电池,其中,正极活性物质层包含由通式LixNiyCozMe(1-y-z)O2(在此Me是从Al、Mn、Na、Fe、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ca、K、Mg和Pb构成的组中选择的至少1种以上的金属)表示的过渡金属复合氧化物。
所述第八锂离子二次电池,其是第一锂离子二次电池~第七锂离子二次电池中的任意一种锂离子二次电池,其中,存在于所述负极的硫的重量,大于存在于所述正极的硫的重量。
出于示例和说明的目的已经给出了所述详细的说明。根据上面的教导,许多变形和改变都是可能的。所述的详细说明并非没有遗漏或者旨在限制在这里说明的主题。尽管已经通过文字以特有的结构特征和/或方法过程对所述主题进行了说明,但应当理解的是,权利要求书中所限定的主题不是必须限于所述的具体特征或者具体过程。更确切地说,将所述的具体特征和具体过程作为实施权利要求书的示例进行了说明。
Claims (8)
1.一种锂离子二次电池,其特征在于,所述锂离子二次电池包括正极、负极、隔膜以及电解液,
所述电解液包含:
包含硫的添加剂A;以及
具有不饱和键的与添加剂A不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂B和/或具有卤素的与添加剂A和添加剂B都不同的环状碳酸酯添加剂C,
相对于所述添加剂A和添加剂B和添加剂C的合计摩尔量的所述添加剂A的摩尔比率,小于相对于所述合计摩尔量的所述添加剂B的摩尔比率和所述添加剂C的摩尔比率的合计。
2.根据权利要求1所述的锂离子二次电池,其特征在于,所述添加剂A的摩尔比率小于50摩尔%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的锂离子二次电池,其特征在于,包含所述添加剂B和所述添加剂C。
4.根据权利要求1~3中任意一项所述的锂离子二次电池,其特征在于,所述添加剂A为环状二磺酸酯化合物。
5.根据权利要求1~4中任意一项所述的锂离子二次电池,其特征在于,所述添加剂B为碳酸亚乙烯酯。
6.根据权利要求1~5中任意一项所述的锂离子二次电池,其特征在于,所述添加剂C为氟代碳酸乙烯酯。
7.根据权利要求1~6中任意一项所述的锂离子二次电池,其特征在于,正极活性物质层包含过渡金属复合氧化物,所述过渡金属复合氧化物用通式LixNiyCozMe(1-y-z)O2表示,在此Me是从由Al、Mn、Na、Fe、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ca、K、Mg和Pb构成的组中选择的至少1种以上的金属,在所述通式中,x是满足1≦x≦1.2的条件的数,y和z是满足y+z<1的关系的正数,并且y的值为0.5以下。
8.根据权利要求1~7中任意一项所述的锂离子二次电池,其特征在于,存在于所述负极的硫的重量大于存在于所述正极的硫的重量。
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Also Published As
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US20170005369A1 (en) | 2017-01-05 |
JP6403278B2 (ja) | 2018-10-10 |
US10777848B2 (en) | 2020-09-15 |
CN106328996B (zh) | 2019-09-24 |
JP2017016879A (ja) | 2017-01-19 |
KR20170003393A (ko) | 2017-01-09 |
EP3113273B1 (en) | 2019-03-13 |
EP3113273A1 (en) | 2017-01-04 |
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