CN106172792A - 营养组合物用于预防疾病的用途 - Google Patents
营养组合物用于预防疾病的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106172792A CN106172792A CN201610573964.4A CN201610573964A CN106172792A CN 106172792 A CN106172792 A CN 106172792A CN 201610573964 A CN201610573964 A CN 201610573964A CN 106172792 A CN106172792 A CN 106172792A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种通过将某一营养组合物给予0‑48月龄受试人以预防和/或治疗内脏肥胖和/或改变体脂分布的方法,以及预防余生疾病发生的方法。
Description
本申请是题为“营养组合物用于预防疾病的用途”的第200780048216.3号发明专利申请的分案申请。原申请对应国际申请PCT/NL2007/050162,申请日为2007年4月19日,优先权日为2006年11月2日。
技术领域
本发明涉及通过给予婴儿特定的营养配方奶粉来预防生命后期的内脏肥胖及疾病。
背景技术
母乳喂养是优选的婴儿喂养方法。生命早期的母乳喂养可影响生命后期疾病的发生。然而,有时不可能或不值得进行母乳喂养。此时婴儿配方奶粉和二段配方奶粉是很好的替代品。对现有婴儿配方奶粉或二段配方奶粉的组成以满足快速生长和发育的婴儿的特殊营养需求的方式加以改变。
似乎仍然可对婴儿配方奶粉的构成加以改进。例如,对婴儿配方奶粉中的组分对生命后期的内脏肥胖和/或健康的作用知之甚少。本发明涉及这些未来的健康。
WO 2006069918描述了一种在婴儿生命最初几个月中通过给予婴儿含有一定量蛋白的营养组合物以连续降低胰岛素如生长因子1(IGF-1)循环水平的方法,其中所述组合物含有低于2.25g的蛋白/100kcal。由于已知IGF-1是一个生长营养调控的关键控制点,因而这可提供一种降低生命后期患肥胖症危险的方法。WO 2007004878涉及一种处理和/或预防儿童肥胖症的方法,包括给予一种含有脂肪、可消化碳水化合物和蛋白的营养组合物,其中所述蛋白含有占蛋白干重的至少25重量%的链长为25-30个氨基酸的肽。
发明内容
本发明的发明人认识到,婴儿的总脂肪组织不是确定生命后期疾病风险的好的预测指标。体脂可被分配和储存在身体内不同位置的脂肪组织中。不同的脂肪组织具有不同的代谢作用,尤其是在婴儿中。婴儿的皮下脂肪组织具有维持足够体温的重要功能。沉积在身体躯干部分的脂肪组织(内脏脂肪)只用作能量储备。此外,不同位置的脂肪细胞在大小和蛋白分泌水平上有所不同,这些因素是葡萄糖和脂平衡的潜在调控子。重要的,内脏脂肪组织是一种具有高度代谢活性的组织,其将游离脂肪酸直接释放到肝脏门静脉中。获得的自由脂肪酸流会影响肝脏的葡萄糖代谢和胰岛素敏感度并继而导致代谢疾病。因此,生命后期患某种疾病的主要原因是脂肪组织的分布,尤其是对于内脏和皮下脂肪组织之间不平衡的情况和/或婴儿早期内脏脂肪组织发育过度的情况。内脏脂肪组织堆积尤其是内脏/皮下脂肪组织比例的增加,被发现是患病尤其是患代谢和心血管疾病的主要原因,而与整体肥胖无关。
对于脂肪细胞增殖,已经确定了两个关键窗口:孕晚期/婴儿早期,并且或多或少会涉及到青春期。在这些时段之外,细胞数保持大致相同并在整个成人期保持。因此,婴儿早期体脂分布的理想情况是内脏脂肪细胞数量与皮下脂肪细胞数量相比相对较少。相对低的内脏脂肪细胞量可预防大量内脏脂肪组织并继而预防生命后期的代谢疾病。
因此,本发明的目的是预防生命晚期疾病和/或降低婴儿期内脏脂肪细胞形成和/或降低婴儿期内脏脂肪/皮下脂肪组织比例。
由于药物化合物的给予通常是不被接受的,同时因为婴儿需要接受到充足的用于比如器官、肌肉和大脑的正常生长发育的营养品所以营养品也不能剧烈地改变,因此找到能够充分改变婴儿内脏脂肪细胞增殖的方法非常困难。因此,本发明的主要目的是通过设计一种给予婴儿并可维持正常生长发育的营养品来降低婴儿期和/或生命后期内脏脂肪组织的过度堆积。
迄今为止,由于缺乏安全和容易应用的测量婴儿内脏脂肪组织的技术,对影响生命早期体脂分布的因素的研究受到了限制。因此,发明人建立了一种通过超声波检测12个月到4岁的儿童的内脏和皮下脂肪组织分布的可靠方法。
出乎意料的是,使用这种方法,发明人已经发现饮食对13个月婴儿的内脏/皮下脂肪组织的比例有影响。令人惊奇地发现给予低蛋白浓度的营养组合物可降低内脏/皮下脂肪组织的比例而不影响体重、身长和体重指数。比例降低被认为可预测生命后期内脏肥胖增加的风险和/或生命后期疾病增加的风险。给予低蛋白的营养组合物使得早期的饮食干预可降低生命后期疾病的风险。
发明人发现给予蛋白浓度降低的组合物(相当的等热量摄入),特别能够降低饭后的胰岛素动力学(胰岛素峰和曲线下面积(AUC)),并且能够程度较低地降低饭后的葡萄糖动力学(葡萄糖峰和AUC),这最终可降低胰岛素抗性(或增加胰岛素敏感性)。在不同脂肪组织中,内脏脂肪细胞对这些具有更相关的膜受体的信号分子(胰岛素和葡萄糖)是最敏感的,导致更多的葡萄糖被脂肪细胞摄取转化为脂肪,并且在达到临界质量时,脂肪细胞会增殖。这样,胰岛素是内脏脂肪细胞特异性增殖的一个重要因素。因此,婴儿期降低的胰岛素峰和AUC和降低的胰岛素抗性和/或不敏感性是预防生命后期的内脏肥胖和/或疾病的预测指标。
具体实施方式
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及含有脂质、蛋白和可消化碳水化合物组分的组合物用于制备营养组合物的用途,其中所述蛋白组分提供小于9%的总卡路里,所述脂质组分提供35-55%的总卡路里,所述可消化碳水化合物组分提供30-60%的总卡路里,所述营养组合物被给予36月龄以下的人,用于预防该人36个月以后患病,其中所述疾病选自2型糖尿病、空腹性高血糖、胰岛素抗性、内脏肥胖、高胰岛素血症、高血压、心血管疾病、脑血管病、动脉粥样硬化、血脂异常、高尿酸血症、脂肪肝、骨性关节炎和睡眠呼吸暂停。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及含有脂质、蛋白和可消化碳水化合物组分的组合物用于制备营养组合物的用途,其中所述蛋白组分提供小于9%的总卡路里,所述脂质组分提供35-55%的总卡路里,所述可消化碳水化合物组分提供30-60%的总卡路里,所述营养组合物被给予36月龄以下的人,并用于a)预防和/或治疗内脏肥胖;b)预防和/或治疗内脏脂肪组织的堆积;和/或c)降低内脏脂肪和皮下脂肪组织面积的比例。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及含有脂质、蛋白和可消化碳水化合物组分的组合物用于制备营养组合物的用途,其中所述蛋白组分提供小于9%的总卡路里,所述脂质组分提供35-55%的总卡路里,所述可消化碳水化合物组分提供30-60%的总卡路里,所述营养组合物被给予36月龄以下的人,并用于预防和/或治疗选自2型糖尿病、空腹性高血糖、胰岛素抗性和/或不敏感性以及高胰岛素血症的疾病。
内脏肥胖
内脏肥胖不同于全身性肥胖或全身性肥胖症。人类受试者可能由于皮下脂肪堆积的增加而患全身性肥胖症,但不会患内脏肥胖。另一方面,人类受试者可能患内脏肥胖而不患全身性肥胖症。生命后期的健康问题如糖尿病和心血管疾病增加的风险与内脏肥胖而不是全身性肥胖症的发生有关。
术语“内脏肥胖”是指内脏脂肪组织增加的病症。内脏肥胖通常是由过多的内脏脂肪组织(堆积)导致的。内脏脂肪,也被称为器官脂肪、腹腔内脂肪、腹膜脂肪或中心性脂肪,通常位于腹膜腔内,而皮下脂肪位于皮肤之下,肌内脂肪分散于骨骼肌中。内脏脂肪包括包围重要器官的腹部脂肪,并包括肠系膜脂肪、肾周围脂肪、腹膜后脂肪和腹膜前脂肪(包围肝脏的脂肪)。在过了婴儿期的人类中,内脏肥胖症也被称为中心性肥胖症,“苹果型”肥胖症、“上半身”肥胖症、“腹部肥胖症”、“男式肥胖症”、“腰部显著肥胖症”、“躯干性肥胖症”或“男性肥胖症”。成年男性腰围大于102cm或者成年女性腰围大于88cm表示存在内脏肥胖症。也可用腰围臀围比作为内脏肥胖的指标。男性腰围臀围比超过0.9,女性腰围臀围比超过0.85表示有内脏肥胖。对于3-19岁的孩子,与年龄和性别有关的腰围的合适分界值(cutoff)可参见文献Taylor et al,2000Am J Clin Nutr 72:490-495.Visceral fatstores in adults and children can be investigated by imaging techniquesincluding computed tomography(CT),and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)。这些方法对4岁以下儿童而言是精确的成像技术,但缺点在于费用、辐射暴露(对于CT)方面,因此其应用仅限于研究领域。因为克服了上述这些缺点,超声波(US)被提议作为测量皮下和内脏脂肪储备的替代性非侵入性技术。然而,对于4岁以上的孩子,目前还没有合适的超声波成像技术。
若通过成像技术测定发现男性肚脐周围的内脏脂肪组织(VAT)超过100cm2或女性的超过90cm2(Saito et al,1009,Int J Obes Suppl 3:S226),则被认为患有内脏肥胖或内脏脂肪组织堆积过量。
如果满足一个或多个上述标准(VAT、腰围或腰围臀位比阈值),则受试者被认为患有内脏肥胖。
内脏脂肪组织堆积过量涉及内脏脂肪组织堆积到内脏肥胖出现的水平,并可通过与上述用于内脏肥胖相同的方法测定。
36个月以下的非肥胖人具有性别特异性的年龄-体重指数(BMI),通常为95%以下,更优选地为85%以下。BMI是一个人体测量亮度,被定义为以千克计的体重除以以米计的长度的平方。性别特异性的年龄-BMI表公众是可以获得的,例如从美国国家健康统计中心获得。
测定48个月以下的人类受试者中的内脏肥胖的方法
除了极其昂贵、对患者不友好和浪费时间的MRI和CT方法之外,目前还没有测定4岁以下儿童的内脏肥胖的合适方法。如已经提到的,用超声波(US)方法来检测内脏脂肪与皮下脂肪不适合婴儿和4岁以下的幼儿。这是由于多种原因,比如这种检测不够灵敏(婴儿的内脏脂肪层非常薄:小于总体脂的10%),以及不成熟和正在发育的器官不同的形态学。成人最常用的US方法已在Armellini F.,Basic Life Sci.60:75-7and Stolk RP,2001,Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:1346-51中描述。这是一种测量脂肪层的间接方法,其测量腹内脂肪(IAM)距离:腹膜和1.主动脉(背侧)和/或2.脊柱之间的距离。已在此区域内发现了中心性脂肪层,尽管其也包括所有存在于腹腔内的组织(例如肠)。通过将电子测径器纵向放置在肚脐高度上,此方法已被发明人用于9、12、24和36个月以及6岁的幼儿。已发现在36个月以下尤其是24个月以下更尤其是前12个月的的婴儿中,结果被许多混淆因素所影响,例如可被变化量的空气充满的肠、变化大小的腹部、变化的粪便性质、变化的肌肉紧张程度。因此,本方法不能对内脏脂肪和脂肪分布进行真实评估,并且不适合48个月以下的人类受试者。
可对Suzuki et al,1993,Am J Med 95:309-14中描述的成人用超声波方法加以改进使此方法适合48个月以下的人类受试者。在本发明的方法和Suzuki方法中,扫描都是从剑突开始沿着中线(白线)到肚脐纵向地进行。
在深入研究之后,发现以下改进是非常重要的:1)涉及测量精确位置的改进和2)涉及测量单位的改进。
改进1:在Suzuki,1993的方法中,腹膜前脂肪层的参照点按照最大厚度测定,而皮下脂肪层的参照点按照最小厚度测定。在本发明使用(非常)年幼的儿童的方法中,选择最佳影像来测量脂肪层的中线切点和平行线。因此,在不同脂肪层(如皮下脂肪层和腹膜前脂肪层)的斜率改变和不同脂肪层开始位于相互平行位置处取点作为顶端参照点。
改进2:在本发明的方法中,测量面积而不是距离以增加本方法的灵敏度。已发现,以沿中线朝肚脐的方向1cm或2cm的脂肪组织面积的腹膜前脂肪测量,与测量白线到肝脏上部的腹膜之间的距离的Suzuki方法相比,结果更加可靠。更要指出的是,在24个月以下的非常小的幼儿中,测量沿中线1cm和2cm之间的面积获得了更好的结果。还发现,对48个月以下幼儿进行的测量从所述参照点沿中线朝肚脐的方向1cm或2cm长的脂肪组织面积的皮下脂肪测量,与测量皮下组织内表面到白线的距离的Suzuki方法相比,结果更加可靠。还要指出的是,在24个月以下的非常小的幼儿中,测量沿中线1cm和2cm之间的面积比测量距离获得了更好的结果。
因此,本发明涉及测定48个月以下,优选36个月以下,更优选24个月以下的人类受试者的内脏脂肪组织和/或内脏和皮下脂肪组织比例的方法,所述方法包括的步骤为:
i)超声波测量人类受试者腹部的脂肪组织,其中从剑突至肚脐沿中线(腹白线)对人类受试者进行纵向扫描,
ii)在不同脂肪层(即皮下脂肪层和腹膜前脂肪层)的斜率改变和不同脂肪层开始位于相互平行位置处取点作为顶端参照点,任选地选取最佳影像来测量此起始点,
iii)测量从第2步所述的参照点开始沿中线朝肚脐方向1cm和/或2cm的腹膜前脂肪面积,和/或测量从第2步所述的参照点开始沿中线朝肚脐方向1cm和2cm之间的腹膜前脂肪面积,
iv)任选地测量从第2步所述的参照点开始沿中线朝肚脐方向1cm和/或2cm的皮下脂肪面积,和/或测量从第2步所述的参照点开始沿中线朝肚脐方向1cm和2cm之间的皮下脂肪面积,和
v)任选地,计算腹膜前脂肪和皮下脂肪的面积比。
蛋白
所述组合物中的蛋白含量以卡路里为基准低于9%。优选地,所述营养组合物中的蛋白含量以总卡路里为基准为7.2-8.0%,更优选地以总卡路里为基准为7.3-7.7%。所述组合物的总卡路里为所述组合物中脂肪、蛋白和可消化碳水化合物的卡路里之和。低蛋白浓度确保了较低的胰岛素反应,从而预防婴儿的脂肪细胞尤其是内脏脂肪细胞的增殖。营养组合物中的蛋白浓度由蛋白、肽和游离氨基酸的总和确定。蛋白浓度通过测量氮含量然后乘以因子6.38确定。一克蛋白相当于4kcal热量。基于干重,所述组合物优选地含有少于12wt%的蛋白,更优选地含有9.6-12wt%的蛋白,更优选地含有10-11wt%的蛋白。对于即饮型液体产品,每100ml所述组合物优选地含有少于1.5g蛋白,更优选地含有1.2-1.5g蛋白,更优选地含有1.25-1.35g蛋白。
所述蛋白的来源应以这种方式选择,即满足必需氨基酸含量的最低要求并确保令人满意的生长。因此优选基于牛奶蛋白如乳清、酪蛋白及其混合物的蛋白来源和基于大豆的蛋白。如果使用乳清蛋白,所述蛋白来源优选地基于酸性乳清或甜乳清、乳清蛋白分离物或其混合物,且可包括α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白。更优选地,蛋白来源基于除去了酪蛋白-甘油-巨肽的(CGMP)的酸性乳清或甜乳清。从甜乳清蛋白中除去CGMP或使用酸性乳清有利地降低了甜乳清蛋白中的苏氨酸含量。任选地,蛋白来源可用游离氨基酸如蛋氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸、精氨酸和色氨酸补充以改善氨基酸谱。优选地使用α-乳白蛋白丰富的乳清蛋白以优化所述氨基酸谱。使用氨基酸谱被优化得更接近人乳氨基酸谱的蛋白来源能够以低蛋白浓度提供必需氨基酸,即蛋白浓度以总卡路里为基准低于9%,优选地以总卡路里为基准为7.2-8.0%,并仍确保令人满意的生长。
如果将改良的甜乳清用作蛋白来源,优选地添加占总蛋白0.1-3wt%的游离精氨酸和/或0.1-1.5wt%的游离组氨酸。
尽管通常优选完整蛋白,但是所述蛋白可为完整的或水解的或者完整蛋白和水解蛋白混合物。优选地所述组合物含有水解的酪蛋白和/或水解的乳清蛋白。已发现与给予含有完整酪蛋白和完整乳清蛋白的组合物相比,给予蛋白含有水解酪蛋白和/或水解乳清的组合物可降低胰岛素和葡萄糖的饭后水平。胰岛素和葡萄糖的水平增加表示在喂以配方奶粉的婴儿中某种形式的胰岛素不敏感性和/或抗性。本发明组合物优选地含有占蛋白干重至少25wt%的链长2-30个氨基酸的肽。链长2-30个氨基酸的肽的量可通过如de Freitaset al,1993,J.Agric.Food Chem.41:1432-1438中所述的方法测定。本发明组合物可包含酪蛋白水解物,或本发明组合物可包含乳清蛋白水解物。本组合物优选地包括酪蛋白水解物和乳清蛋白水解物,因为牛酪蛋白的氨基酸组成更类似于在人乳蛋白中的氨基酸组成,而乳清蛋白更易于消化并在人乳中比例更大。所述组合物优选地含有占蛋白总重的至少50wt%,优选地至少80wt%,最优选地约100wt%的蛋白水解物。本组合物优选地含有蛋白水解程度在5-25%、更优选地7.5-21%、最优选地1—20%之间的蛋白。水解程度被定义为通过酶解破坏的肽键的百分比,以存在的可能的总肽键为100%。WO 01/41581描述了制备水解物的合适方法。
因为通过在胃中形成凝乳从而增加了胃排空时间,藉此增加了饱感,所以酪蛋白的存在是有利的。所述组合物优选地以干重为基准含有至少3wt%的酪蛋白。所述酪蛋白优选地为完整和/或未水解的。
脂质组分
本文中LA是指亚油酸(18:2n6);ALA是指α-亚油酸(18:3n3);LC-PUFA是指脂肪酸链中含有至少20个碳原子和2个或更多不饱和键的长链多不饱和脂肪酸;DHA是指二十二碳六烯酸(22:6,n3);EPA是指二十碳五烯酸(20:5n3);ARA是指花生四烯酸(20:4n6);中链脂肪酸(MCFA)是链长为6、8或10个碳原子的脂肪酸链和/或酰基链。
当为液体形式如即食液体时,每100ml组合物优选地含有2.1-6.5g脂肪,更优选地每100ml含有3.0-4.0g。以干重为基准,本发明组合物优选含有12.5-40wt%的脂肪,更优选地为19-30wt%。本组合物优选地含有脂质组分,其提供35-55%的总卡路里,更优选地提供40-50%的总卡路里。
具有低LA/ALA比例和/或低LA含量的组合物可防止内脏肥胖的发生。特别是给予LA/ALA比例在2-7之间和/或低LA含量(以总脂肪酸为基准,<15wt%)的营养组合物会减少生命后期内脏肥胖和/或疾病的发生。通常MCFA可减少肥胖。因此,最佳组合物还优选地含有MCFA,但不过量,即占总脂肪酸重量的3-50wt%。
LA应该优选地以充分促进健康生长和发育的量存在,但该存在量又要以尽可能低以预防内脏肥胖的发生。因此,组合物优选地含有占总脂肪酸<15wt%的LA,优选为5-14.5wt%,更优选为6-12wt%。
LA/ALA的重量比例应优选地具有良好的平衡以预防生命后期的内脏脂肪组织沉积(如内脏肥胖)和疾病,并同时确保正常的生长和发育。本组合物中LA/ALA重量比优选为2-7之间,更优选为3-6,更优选4-5.5,更优选4-5之间。脂质组分优选地含有占总脂肪酸<15wt%的LA且LA/ALA比例为2-7之间。
优选地本组合物含有n-3LC-PUFA。n-3LC-PUFA可预防内脏肥胖的发生。更优选地,本发明组合物含有n-3LC-PUFA,更优选地含有EPA、DPA和/或DHA。已发现这些LC-PUFA可降低内脏肥胖。
由于低浓度DHA、DPA和/或EPA已经有效,并且由于正常生长和发育的重要性,本组合物中LC-PUFA的含量优选地不超过总脂肪酸的15wt%,更优选地不超过10wt%,更优选地不超过5wt%。本组合物优选地含有占总脂肪酸至少0.1wt%、更优选地至少0.25wt%、更优选地至少0.5wt%、更优选地至少0.75wt%的LC-PUFA。由于同样的原因,EPA含量优选地不超过总脂肪酸的5wt%,更优选地不超过1wt%,但是优选地至少为总脂肪酸的0.025wt%,更优选地至少为0.05wt.%。DHA含量优选地不超过总脂肪酸的5wt%,更优选地不超过1wt%,但是至少为0.1wt.%。DPA含量优选地不超过总脂肪酸的1wt%,更优选不超过0.5wt%,但是至少为总脂肪酸的0.01wt.%。
因为ARA可抵消n-3LC-PUFA对内脏肥胖的作用,本组合物含有相对低量的ARA。ARA含量优选地不超过总脂肪酸的5wt%,更优选地不超过1wt%,更优选地不超过0.5wt%,更优选地不超过0.25wt%,最优选地不超过0.05wt%。LC-PUFA、LA、ALA、ARA等以甘油三酯形式、甘油二酯的形式、甘油单酯的形式、磷脂的形式或一个或多个以上物质的混合物的形式,优选地以甘油三酯和/或磷脂的形式,而作为游离脂肪酸被提供。
为了获得本发明的脂肪混合物而被混合的合适的脂质来源为亚麻油(亚麻籽油)、菜籽油(包括菜籽油、低芥酸菜籽油和芥花籽油)、鼠尾草油、紫苏油、马齿苋油、越橘油、沙棘油、麻油、高油酸葵花籽油、高油酸红花油、橄榄油、海洋油、微生物油、黑醋栗种子油、蓝鱼油、黄油脂肪、椰子油和棕榈仁油。油的来源优选地选自亚麻籽油、油菜籽油、椰子油、高油酸葵花籽油、黄油和海洋石油。
乳糖
胰岛素敏感性的保持可通过在本组合物中加入低血糖可消化碳水化合物进一步提高,所述优选为碳水化合物乳糖。因此,除脂质组分外,本组合物优选地还含有不消化的寡糖和/或乳糖。本组合物优选含有可消化碳水化合物组分,其中至少35wt%、更优选至少50wt%、更优选至少75wt%、甚至优选至少90wt%、最优选至少95wt%为乳糖。优选地本组合物含有至少25克乳糖/100g干重,更优选地每100g本组合物干重含有至少40g乳糖。本组合物优选含有提供总卡路里的30-60%、更优选地提供总卡路里的40-50%的可消化碳水化合物。
不消化寡糖
已发现可发酵的不消化寡糖(NDO)(尤其是寡聚半乳糖)具有血液胰岛素调节作用,并因此有助于减少内脏脂肪细胞增殖。因此,本组合物优选地包括本发明的低蛋白组分和可发酵的不消化寡糖。本发明低蛋白组分和不消化寡糖的结合协同降低了内脏肥胖和/或预防了生命后期疾病的发生。
不消化寡糖优选地具有2到60之间的DP。不消化寡糖优选地选自寡聚果糖(包括菊糖)、寡聚半乳糖(包括反寡聚半乳糖)、寡聚葡糖(包括龙胆寡糖、黑曲霉寡糖和环糊精寡糖)、阿拉伯寡糖、甘露寡糖、木寡糖、海藻寡糖(fuco-oligosaccharide)、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、魔芋葡甘寡糖、半乳甘露寡糖、含有唾液酸的寡糖和糖醛酸寡糖。本组合物优选地含有寡聚果糖、寡聚半乳糖和/或半乳糖醛酸寡糖,更优选地含有寡聚半乳糖,最优选地含有β连接的寡聚半乳糖。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述组合物含有β连接的寡聚半乳糖和寡聚果糖混合物,其重量比优选地为20-2:1,更优选地为12-7:1。本组合物优选地含有DP为2-10的寡聚半乳糖和/或DP为2-60的寡聚果糖。所述寡聚半乳糖优选自β连接的寡聚半乳糖、反寡聚半乳糖、寡聚半乳糖、乳糖-N-四糖(LNT)、乳糖-N-新四糖(neo-LNT)、岩藻糖基乳糖、岩藻糖基化的LNT和岩藻糖基化的neo-LNT。β连接的寡聚半乳糖在例如VivinalTM商标(Borculo DomoIngredients,Netherlands)下销售。糖寡聚半乳糖优选为β连接,因为人乳中的寡聚半乳糖也是如此。寡聚果糖是含有β连接的果糖单位链的NDO,DP或者平均DP为2-250,更优选为10-100。寡聚果糖包括菊糖、果聚糖和/或多聚果糖的混合型。特别优选的寡聚果糖是菊糖。适用于本组合物的寡聚果糖也已可商业购得,如HP(Orafti)。糖醛酸寡糖优选地从果胶降解中获得,更优选地选自苹果果胶、甜菜果胶和/或柑橘果胶。本组合物优选地含有重量比为20-2:1:1-3、更优选为12-7:1:1-2的β连接的寡聚半乳糖:寡聚果糖:糖醛酸寡糖。
营养组合物
本组合物特别适合提供给36个月以下的人类受试者、尤其是24个月以下的人类受试者、更优选0至12个月的婴儿每日所需营养。因此,本组合物包括脂质、蛋白和可消化碳水化合物组分,其中脂质组分提供35-55%的总卡路里,蛋白质部分提供最多至9%的总卡路里,可消化碳水化合物部分提供30-60%的总卡路里。本组合物优选地含有提供40至50%总卡路里的脂质组分、提供7.2-8%的总卡路里的蛋白组分和提供40至50%的总卡路里的可消化碳水化合物组分。
本组合物不是人乳。本组合物优选地含有(i)植物脂质和/或动物(非人类)脂肪;和/或(ii)植物蛋白和/或动物(非人类)乳蛋白。动物乳蛋白的实例为来自牛乳的乳清蛋白和来自羊乳的蛋白。本组合物优选地不含蛋白酶抑制剂,优选地不含胰蛋白酶抑制剂、糜蛋白酶抑制剂或弹性蛋白酶抑制剂。无蛋白酶抑制剂可确保蛋白质足够的生物利用度,这在低蛋白水平时特别重要。
本组合物优选地以液态形式给予。为了满足36个月以下的幼儿优选婴儿对卡路里的需求,组合物优选地含有50-200kcal/100ml液体,更优选地含有60-90kcal/100ml液体,更优选地含有60-75kcal/100ml液体。此卡路里强度了确保水和卡路里消耗之间的最佳比例。本组合物的渗透压优选介于150-420mOsmol/l之间,更优选介于260-320mOsmol/l。低渗透压旨在减少胃肠应激。应激可诱导脂肪细胞形成。
优选地,组合物是液态形式,其粘度介于1-60mPa.s之间,更优选地为1-20mPa.s,更优选地为1-6mPa.s。所述液体的粘度是在20℃,剪切率为95s-1下使用物理学流变仪MCR300(Physica Messtechnik GmbH,Ostfilden,Germany)测定的。低粘度确保了液体的准确给予,例如准确通过奶嘴。而且此粘度与人乳的粘度非常相似。本组合物优选地通过将粉状组合物与水混合而制备。通常婴儿配方奶粉就是用这种方式制备的。本发明因此也涉及到包装的粉状组合物,其中与所述包装一起提供的还有奶粉与适量液体混合从而使液体组合物的粘度介于1-60mPa.s之间的指导说明。
当所述组合物为液体形式时,优选的每日给予体积为约80-2500ml/天,更优选地大约为450-1000ml/天。
低于48个月以下的人类受试者
因为建立内脏脂肪细胞数量的最重要阶段是生命的前36个月,因此将本组合物给予生命头三年的人类受试者。因为在生命头12个月中内脏脂肪细胞的增殖占主导地位,因此将本组合物给予给此生命阶段的婴儿特别重要。本组合物因此有利于0-24个月的人类,尤其优选0-18个月的人类,最优选0-12个月的人类。本发明特别地旨在预防在生命后期患病,而非实施方案中的治疗方法。因此,在一个实施方案中,将本组合物给予给48个月以下且未患肥胖症或小儿肥胖的人类受试者,优选为不肥胖的婴儿,更优选为未超重的婴儿。本组合物优选地口服给予48个月以下的人类受试者。在另一个实施方案中,本组合物被给予给48个月以下优选为婴儿的人类受试者,其与母乳喂养的48个月以下优选为婴儿的人类受试者相比,具有异常的特别是较高的内脏/皮下脂肪组织面积比。
应用
本组合物旨在a)预防和/或治疗48个月以下的人类受试者的内脏肥胖;b)预防和/或治疗其过度内脏脂肪组织堆积;和/或c)增加其皮下/内脏脂肪组织比。内脏脂肪组织过度堆积是指内脏脂肪组织堆积超过母乳喂养的婴儿的内脏脂肪组织堆积。合适的情况下,内脏脂肪组织可通过本发明的超声波方法测定。在一个实施方案中,内脏脂肪组织过度堆积是指堆积值超过一个完全母乳喂养的西欧婴儿的内脏脂肪组织的平均值和/或中间值的两倍标准方差。在一个实施方案中,本组合物旨在预防和/或治疗内脏脂肪组织过度堆积。
降低内脏/皮下脂肪组织的比例是指朝在母乳喂养的婴儿中观察到的水平调整此比例。合适的情况下,内脏脂肪组织或内脏/皮下脂肪组织比例可通过本发明的超声波方法测定。例如,使用新的超声波方法测定的婴儿内脏/皮下脂肪组织的不健康比例在13个月的人类中为大于1.0。通过将本组合物给予给具有这种不健康比例的婴儿,内脏/皮下脂肪组织比例朝着在西欧的一组代表性的完全母乳喂养的婴儿的平均值和/或中间值下降。特别地,本发明涉及预防和/或治疗36个月以下的人类受试者的内脏肥胖和/或降低其内脏/皮下脂肪组织比例的方法。本发明也旨在预防36个月以上的婴幼儿的内脏肥胖,特别是预防8岁以上特别是13岁以上儿童的内脏肥胖。本发明人发现,内脏肥胖的降低适当地减少了生命后期疾病的发生和患病率,尤其是与内脏肥胖有关的疾病。本发明也提供了预防36个月以上的人患病的方法,其中所述疾病选自糖尿病(尤其是2型糖尿病)、空腹性高血糖、胰岛素抗性、高胰岛素血症、高血压、心血管疾病、内脏脂肪、脑血管病、动脉硬化、血脂异常、高尿酸血症、脂肪肝、骨性关节炎和睡眠呼吸暂停,其中该方法包含将本组合物给予36个月以下的人类受试者。术语血脂异常包括下列疾病:高脂血症、高脂蛋白血症、高乳糜微粒血症、高胆固醇血症、甲型脂蛋白低下血症、轻度高密度脂蛋白/低密度脂蛋白血症和高甘油三酯血症。特别地,糖尿病、内脏脂肪和/或心血管疾病优选心血管疾病的发病是可以预防的。本方法尤其适于预防在青春期尤其是13-18岁和/或成人期、尤其是18岁以上患上述疾病。
本发明优选地涉及治疗和/或预防36个月以下的人类受试者患2型糖尿病、空腹性高血糖、胰岛素抗性和/或感觉迟钝以及高胰岛素血症的方法。
在本文件中以及在其权利要求中,动词“含有”及其变化形式用于非限制意义,表示该词之后的项目都含有在内,但没有具体提到的项目不排除在外。此外,通过不定冠词“a”或“an”提及某一元件时并不排除有一个以上的元件存在的可能性,除非上下文明显要求有一个且只有一个元件。因此不定冠词“a”或“an”通常表示“至少一个”。
实施例
实施例1:低蛋白有益地影响了胰岛素敏感度
蛋白制剂:食料1a含有1.7g蛋白/100ml以及9.6g乳糖/100ml。蛋白由40wt%的酪蛋白和60wt%的乳清蛋白构成。食料1b含有1.2g蛋白/100ml和9.6g乳糖/100ml,所述蛋白的比例为40wt%的水解酪蛋白和60wt%的水解乳清蛋白。
食料2a和2b为体积匹配的人乳和婴儿配方奶粉(IMF)的组合物。食料2a人乳,每100ml含有65kcal、0.95g蛋白、6.46g碳水化合物和3.75g脂质。食料2bIMF,每100ml含有68kcal、1.4g蛋白、7.3g碳水化合物和3.5g脂肪。
食料3a和3b为能量匹配的人乳和IMF的组合物。
食料3a,每100ml含有72kcal、1.17g蛋白、8.35g碳水化合物和3.60g脂肪。食料3a等同于食料2b。
方法:在总计26只成年雄性Wistar大鼠(试验开始时10周龄)单独圈养。4小时禁食后,给8-10只大鼠饲喂2ml的受测组合物。接着,在饲喂后t=0、5、10、15、30、60、90和120分钟采集血样至肝素冷冻管中。在休息至少1周后重复该试验(交叉设计)。用放射免疫测定法(Linco研究的RIA)按照制造商说明测量血浆胰岛素。用氧化酶-过氧化物酶法在96孔板(Roche Diagnostics,#1448668)中测定血浆葡萄糖。在一个试验中,将食料1b与食料1a进行比较。在两个其他类似的试验中,分别将食料2a与食料2b比较,食料3a与食料3b比较。
结果:饲喂低蛋白的大鼠餐后葡萄糖峰和胰岛素峰比饲喂较高蛋白含量的食物的大鼠的要低。在饲喂较低蛋白的大鼠中,胰岛素的曲线下面积(AUC)并且在一定程度上葡萄糖的AUC均比较低(表1)。胰岛素和血糖水平的降低暗示胰岛素抗性降低和/或不敏感,这被认为有助于预防生命后期的向心性肥胖。降低的胰岛素抗性(或增加的胰岛素敏感性)由Belfiori公式证实。
同时,在摄取低蛋白食料的大鼠中,总氨基酸的AUC没有明显降低,并且必需氨基酸(苏氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和蛋氨酸的总和)的AUC在所测食料之间是相当的(数据未显示),说明有足够的蛋白生物利用度以确保适当生长和发育。
表1:蛋白质对血糖和胰岛素餐后高峰时间、最大峰高和曲线下面积的作用。
*:P=0.1;^:P≤0.15;#:P≤0.2
表2:蛋白浓度对饭后高峰时间、最大峰高和葡萄糖和胰岛素曲线下的面积的影响。
#:P=0.02;¥:P=0.05;*:P=0.1;^:P=0.2
实施例2:通过超声测量法确定,较低蛋白浓度的组合物影响婴儿的体脂分布
母乳喂养(低蛋白,0.6-1.0g蛋白/100ml)和标准配方奶粉(高蛋白,平均1.4g蛋白/100ml)对儿童体脂和脂肪分布的影响。229名平均13个月的荷兰儿童接受腹部超声检查。
体脂和脂肪分布:本试验所有超声测试都用配有线性(L 12-5)传感器和曲线传感器(C7-4)的ATL HDI 5000(WA,Bothell)进行。
1腹膜前和皮下脂肪组织根据Suzuki等(Am J Med 1993;95(3):309-14.)所描述的方法来测量,并对其作以下改进:不同层次斜率变化平行层担任顶端参考点来衡量选择有关中线削减和脂肪层平行测量的最佳图像。腹膜脂肪被测量为沿中线测量腹膜脂肪作为1cm和2cm之间的长度面积,在肚脐方向面积的参考点开始(PP面积)。沿中线测量皮下脂肪1cm和2cm之间的长度面积,在肚脐方向面积的参考点开始(SC面积)。此外,计算腹膜脂肪和皮下脂肪比例。所有测量值都离线进行。
奶瓶喂养,食料2,被定义为完全母乳喂养时间等于或小于1个月。母乳喂养,食料2,被定义为完全母乳喂养时间超过4个月。食料1组和2组的婴儿分别为13.1±2.2和13.1±2.3个月大。
所有数据都适用ANOVA和SPSS统计包(SPSS Inc.Chicago,IL Version 11forWindows)进行分析。
母乳喂养和奶瓶喂养的婴儿腹部脂肪和脂肪分布的比较:对母亲妊娠前BMI和教育水平校正后,在低蛋白水平食料1组中观察到腹膜前脂肪/皮下脂肪组织比例变低的明显趋势。见表3。所述体重,身高和体重指数(BMI)在两个食料组中都不变。见表4。这代表着早期营养的低蛋白水平可影响体脂组成和/或分布进而促使内脏脂肪组织较皮下脂肪组织为少。
此外,所述测定腹膜前和皮下脂肪组织的方法是研究48个月以下儿童组的腹部脂肪的合适方法。
表3:作为不同蛋白水平的早期营养的结果的体脂分布
表4::婴儿的身体特性
实施例3:血糖/胰岛素和不消化寡糖
动物和处理:第一天通过胃管对成年雄性Wistar大鼠给予寡聚半乳糖(GOS)、纤维素或水。给予6ml团块等于它们每日纤维摄取的50%;GOS为从Elix'or(Borculo Domo)获得的反式寡聚半乳糖。将纤维溶于水中。大约24小时后(第二天),进行口服葡萄糖耐受试验并通过胃内注射碳水化合物(2g/kg体重)监测餐后葡萄糖和胰岛素进程120分钟。为此,通过颈静脉管重复采集血样。第一天胃内注射水或纤维素水溶液作为对照。由于Elix'or制剂也含有可消化碳水化合物(主要是乳糖),所述两种对照注射与碳水化合物一起给予以对此进行校正。
结果:用GOS预处理明显增加了胰岛素的分泌量,导致AUC值的增量明显(p<0.05)较低。血糖水平不受明显影响。用纤维素和水预处理不影响胰岛素分泌,见表5。
表5:大鼠中的胰岛素和葡萄糖水平
实施例4:婴儿配方奶粉
婴儿营养品含有提供48%总卡路里的脂质组分,提供8%总卡路里的蛋白组分和提供44%总卡路里的可消化碳水化合物组分;(i)基于总脂肪酸,所述脂质组分含有:10wt%LA、20wt%MCFA、0.2wt%DHA、0.05wt%EPA,所述LA/ALA比例为5.1;(ii)可消化碳水化合物组分含有51g乳糖/100g奶粉、0.36g DP为2-6的寡聚半乳糖和0.4g DP为7-60的寡聚果糖。(iii)所述蛋白组分含有牛乳蛋白。此婴儿营养品的包装标签指出其用于预防在生命后期患一种或多种疾病,其中所述疾病选自2型糖尿病,空腹性高血糖、胰岛素抗性、内脏肥胖、高胰岛素血症、高血压、心血管疾病、脑血管病、动脉粥样硬化、血脂异常、高尿酸血症、脂肪肝、骨性关节炎和睡眠呼吸暂停。
Claims (6)
1.一种测定48个月以下的人类受试者的内脏脂肪组织和/或内脏和皮下脂肪组织比例的方法,所述方法包括:
i)超声波测量人类受试者腹部的脂肪组织,其中从剑突至肚脐沿中线(腹白线)对人类受试者进行纵向扫描,
ii)在不同脂肪层、即皮下脂肪层和腹膜前脂肪层的斜率改变和不同脂肪层开始位于相互平行位置处取点作为顶端参照点,
iii)测量从第2步所述的参照点开始沿中线朝肚脐方向1cm和/或2cm的腹膜前脂肪面积,和/或测量从第2步所述的参照点开始沿中线朝肚脐方向1cm和2cm之间的腹膜前脂肪面积。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在步骤ii)中,采取测量所述参照点的最佳图像。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,还包括:
iv)测量从第ii)步所述的参照点开始沿中线朝肚脐方向1cm和/或2cm的皮下脂肪面积,和/或测量从第ii)步所述的参照点开始沿中线朝肚脐方向1cm和2cm之间的皮下脂肪面积。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,还包括:
v)计算腹膜前脂肪和皮下脂肪的比例。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法,其中,人类受试者在36个月以下。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的方法,其中,人类受试者在24个月以下。
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