CN105557117A - Comprehensive treatment method for tomato seeds - Google Patents
Comprehensive treatment method for tomato seeds Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105557117A CN105557117A CN201510877656.6A CN201510877656A CN105557117A CN 105557117 A CN105557117 A CN 105557117A CN 201510877656 A CN201510877656 A CN 201510877656A CN 105557117 A CN105557117 A CN 105557117A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- seed
- airing
- seeds
- parts
- treatment
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/08—Immunising seed
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C11/00—Other nitrogenous fertilisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a comprehensive treatment method for tomato seeds. The method includes steps: (1) airing; (2) sterilizing; (3) comprehensive treatment; (4) germination accelerating. The seeds are subjected to electric field radiation treatment after temperature variation treatment and chemical treatment are carried out at the same time, the treatment process cyclically repeats for many times to realize continuous physiological exercise and activity improvement of the seeds, and consequently characteristics of the seeds can be optimized, germination rate and seedling activity can be increased, and yield and quality of fruits are further improved. The seeds treated according to the method evidently show characteristics superior to those of seeds treated in the prior art, and yield increase and quality improvement of tomatoes are technically and strongly supported.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of planting, be specifically related to a kind of integrated conduct method of tamato seed.
Background technology
Tomato has another name called tomato, another name tomato, ancient name persimmon in June, report of good news ternary.In Peru and Mexico, be referred to as at first " wolf peach ".All raw cement glandular hairs, have overpowering odor.Stem easily lodges.Leaf winglike compound leaf or pinniform drastic crack, leaflet irregular, differs in size, avette or square is circular, and there are irregular sawtooth or sliver in edge.Calyx spoke shape, sliver lanceolar, during fruit, place is deposited; Corolla spoke shape, yellow.Berry oblate spheroid shape or closely spherical, meat and succulence liquid, orange colour or cerise, smooth, seed is yellow.Originate in South America, existing Chinese north and south is all extensively cultivated.Tomato nutrient enriches, tool flavour, has weight-reducing, dispelling fatigue, improves a poor appetite, improves digestion to protein, reduces the effects such as gasteremphraxis dyspepsia.The seed output and quality in most fruit and vegetable later stage has larger relation with the characteristic of seed during sowing, quality, and tomato is no exception.When current people plant tomato, many employings are hoted water treatment of seeds after process and are sowed; and realize only by the mode such as to topdress in the lifting of fruit yield and quality; but usually can run into bottleneck, seeds before seeding carries out the seed output and quality that scientific and reasonable process also improves fruit.
Summary of the invention
The present invention aims to provide a kind of integrated conduct method of tamato seed, can improve the characteristic of seed, and then improves the seed output and quality of fruit.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
An integrated conduct method for tamato seed, comprises the steps:
(1) airing process: seed is chosen from pulp after cleaning, select the noon of fine day, seed is laid on cardboard and is put in ventilation, airing every day 4 ~ 5h, airing 2 ~ 3 days;
(2) disinfect: the seed after airing being put in mass fraction is soak after 10 ~ 15min in the copper-bath of 0.1 ~ 0.2% to take out, then be positioned over soak 15 ~ 20min in agricultural streptomycin 1800 ~ 2000 times of liquid after take out, then to rinse well with clear water;
(3) integrated treatment: the seed after sterilization is put in nutrient solution, again it is put into temperature control box 3 ~ 4h jointly, temperature is slowly risen to 15 DEG C from 5 DEG C by period, intensification per hour 3 ~ 4 DEG C, after completing, seed is taken out and put into electric field seed processing machine process 2 ~ 3h, be put in temperature control box after having processed again and repeat, this circulation is an operation, operates 3 ~ 4 times altogether;
(4) vernalization process: after the wash seeds after integrated treatment is clean, with being put in germinating box after wet gauze parcel, control temperature is 24 ~ 28 DEG C, vernalization 20 ~ 30h.
Further, step (3) described nutrient solution is by the material of following weight portion: 1 ~ 3 part of gibberellin, 6 ~ 8 parts of polyethylene glycol, 2 ~ 4 parts of dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salts, 2 ~ 5 parts of calcium chloride, 0.5 ~ 1 part of emulsifier, 1 ~ 3 part of chitosan oligosaccharide, 0.2 ~ 0.6 part of amino-acid chelate, 500 ~ 600 parts of water mixing and stirring form.
Further, electric-field intensity when the described electric field seed processing machine of step (3) works is 150 ~ 550KV/m, and direction of an electric field vertical ground is downward, and pulse frequency is 0.5 ~ 22Hz.
Further, described amino-acid chelate is made up of amino acid chelated iron, zinc-amino acid chelate, chelating amino acids manganese and chelating amino acids chromium.
The present invention has following beneficial effect: the present invention carries out after temperature becomes, medicament processes simultaneously to seed, again electric field radiation process is carried out to it, and reciprocation cycle repeatedly, constantly like this physiology is carried out to seed take exercise and active to improve, the characteristic of seed can be optimized, improve germination rate, the seedling vigor of sowing, and then improve the seed output and quality of fruit.Seed after this method process obviously shows the feature being better than prior art, for the lifting of tomato production and quality provides strong technical support.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
An integrated conduct method for tamato seed, comprises the steps:
(1) airing process: seed is chosen from pulp after cleaning, select the noon of fine day, seed is laid on cardboard and is put in ventilation, airing every day 4h, airing 2 days;
(2) disinfect: the seed after airing being put in mass fraction is take out after soaking 10min in the copper-bath of 0.1%, then be positioned over soak 20min in agricultural streptomycin 1800 times of liquid after take out, then to rinse well with clear water;
(3) integrated treatment: the seed after sterilization is put in nutrient solution, again it is put into temperature control box 3h jointly, temperature is slowly risen to 15 DEG C from 5 DEG C by period, intensification per hour 3 ~ 4 DEG C, after completing, electric field seed processing machine is put in seed taking-up and process 3h, be put in temperature control box after having processed again and repeat, this circulation is an operation, operates 3 times altogether;
(4) vernalization process: after the wash seeds after integrated treatment is clean, with being put in germinating box after wet gauze parcel, control temperature is 24 ~ 28 DEG C, vernalization 25h.
Further, step (3) described nutrient solution is by the material of following weight portion: 3 parts of gibberellin, 6 parts of polyethylene glycol, 2 parts of dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salts, 3 parts of calcium chloride, 0.6 part of emulsifier, 2 parts of chitosan oligosaccharides, 0.2 part of amino-acid chelate, 500 parts of water mixing and stirring form.
Further, electric-field intensity when the described electric field seed processing machine of step (3) works is 200KV/m, and direction of an electric field vertical ground is downward, and pulse frequency is 0.5 ~ 22Hz.
Further, described amino-acid chelate is made up of amino acid chelated iron, zinc-amino acid chelate, chelating amino acids manganese and chelating amino acids chromium.
Embodiment 2
An integrated conduct method for tamato seed, comprises the steps:
(1) airing process: seed is chosen from pulp after cleaning, select the noon of fine day, seed is laid on cardboard and is put in ventilation, airing every day 4h, airing 3 days;
(2) disinfect: the seed after airing being put in mass fraction is take out after soaking 10min in the copper-bath of 0.2%, then be positioned over soak 18min in agricultural streptomycin 1900 times of liquid after take out, then to rinse well with clear water;
(3) integrated treatment: the seed after sterilization is put in nutrient solution, again it is put into temperature control box 3h jointly, temperature is slowly risen to 15 DEG C from 5 DEG C by period, intensification per hour 3 ~ 4 DEG C, after completing, electric field seed processing machine is put in seed taking-up and process 2h, be put in temperature control box after having processed again and repeat, this circulation is an operation, operates 4 times altogether;
(4) vernalization process: after the wash seeds after integrated treatment is clean, with being put in germinating box after wet gauze parcel, control temperature is 24 ~ 28 DEG C, vernalization 20h.
Further, step (3) described nutrient solution is by the material of following weight portion: 3 parts of gibberellin, 7 parts of polyethylene glycol, 2 parts of dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salts, 5 parts of calcium chloride, 1 part of emulsifier, 2 parts of chitosan oligosaccharides, 0.2 part of amino-acid chelate, 550 parts of water mixing and stirring form.
Further, electric-field intensity when the described electric field seed processing machine of step (3) works is 300KV/m, and direction of an electric field vertical ground is downward, and pulse frequency is 0.5 ~ 22Hz.
Further, described amino-acid chelate is made up of amino acid chelated iron, zinc-amino acid chelate, chelating amino acids manganese and chelating amino acids chromium.
Embodiment 3
An integrated conduct method for tamato seed, comprises the steps:
(1) airing process: seed is chosen from pulp after cleaning, select the noon of fine day, seed is laid on cardboard and is put in ventilation, airing every day 4h, airing 2 days;
(2) disinfect: the seed after airing being put in mass fraction is take out after soaking 15min in the copper-bath of 0.15%, then be positioned over soak 15min in agricultural streptomycin 2000 times of liquid after take out, then to rinse well with clear water;
(3) integrated treatment: the seed after sterilization is put in nutrient solution, again it is put into temperature control box 4h jointly, temperature is slowly risen to 15 DEG C from 5 DEG C by period, intensification per hour 3 ~ 4 DEG C, after completing, electric field seed processing machine is put in seed taking-up and process 3h, be put in temperature control box after having processed again and repeat, this circulation is an operation, operates 4 times altogether;
(4) vernalization process: after the wash seeds after integrated treatment is clean, with being put in germinating box after wet gauze parcel, control temperature is 24 ~ 28 DEG C, vernalization 26h.
Further, step (3) described nutrient solution is by the material of following weight portion: 2 parts of gibberellin, 8 parts of polyethylene glycol, 3 parts of dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salts, 4 parts of calcium chloride, 1 part of emulsifier, 2 parts of chitosan oligosaccharides, 0.5 part of amino-acid chelate, 580 parts of water mixing and stirring form.
Further, electric-field intensity when the described electric field seed processing machine of step (3) works is 500KV/m, and direction of an electric field vertical ground is downward, and pulse frequency is 0.5 ~ 22Hz.
Further, described amino-acid chelate is made up of amino acid chelated iron, zinc-amino acid chelate, chelating amino acids manganese and chelating amino acids chromium.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example does not use electric field seed processing machine to seed treatment when integrated treatment step, and all the other method steps are all identical with embodiment 1.
Comparative example 2
This comparative example only uses electric field seed processing machine to seed treatment when integrated treatment step, and all the other method steps are all identical with embodiment 2.
Embodiment 3
Seed is first put in nutrient solution when integrated treatment step by this comparative example, more jointly puts into temperature control box process 16h, and finally use electric field seed processing machine to seed treatment 12h again, all the other method steps are all identical with embodiment 3.
Blank group
By now conventional method of hoting water treatment of seeds, seed is processed.
Adopt above-mentioned each routine mode to cultivate tamato seed respectively, its comparing result is as shown in the table:
| Germination rate (%) | Germination vigor (%) | Per mu yield (kg/ mu) | |
| Embodiment 1 | 95.8 | 75.7 | 3910 |
| Embodiment 2 | 96.1 | 76.1 | 3950 |
| Embodiment 3 | 96.5 | 78.2 | 4080 |
| Comparative example 1 | 79.3 | 51.6 | 3290 |
| Comparative example 2 | 81.7 | 53.3 | 3340 |
| Comparative example 3 | 87.7 | 68.4 | 3520 |
| Blank group | 78.6 | 52.8 | 3100 |
Table 1.
Claims (3)
1. an integrated conduct method for tamato seed, is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
(1) airing process: seed is chosen from pulp after cleaning, select the noon of fine day, seed is laid on cardboard and is put in ventilation, airing every day 4 ~ 5h, airing 2 ~ 3 days;
(2) disinfect: the seed after airing being put in mass fraction is soak after 10 ~ 15min in the copper-bath of 0.1 ~ 0.2% to take out, then be positioned over soak 15 ~ 20min in agricultural streptomycin 1800 ~ 2000 times of liquid after take out, then to rinse well with clear water;
(3) integrated treatment: the seed after sterilization is put in nutrient solution, again it is put into temperature control box 3 ~ 4h jointly, temperature is slowly risen to 15 DEG C from 5 DEG C by period, intensification per hour 3 ~ 4 DEG C, after completing, seed is taken out and put into electric field seed processing machine process 2 ~ 3h, be put in temperature control box after having processed again and repeat, this circulation is an operation, operates 3 ~ 4 times altogether;
(4) vernalization process: after the wash seeds after integrated treatment is clean, with being put in germinating box after wet gauze parcel, control temperature is 24 ~ 28 DEG C, vernalization 20 ~ 30h;
Step (3) described nutrient solution is by the material of following weight portion: 1 ~ 3 part of gibberellin, 6 ~ 8 parts of polyethylene glycol, 2 ~ 4 parts of dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salts, 2 ~ 5 parts of calcium chloride, 0.5 ~ 1 part of emulsifier, 1 ~ 3 part of chitosan oligosaccharide, 0.2 ~ 0.6 part of amino-acid chelate, 500 ~ 600 parts of water mixing and stirring form.
2. the integrated conduct method of a kind of tamato seed according to claim 1, is characterized in that, electric-field intensity when the described electric field seed processing machine of step (3) works is 150 ~ 550KV/m, and direction of an electric field vertical ground is downward, and pulse frequency is 0.5 ~ 22Hz.
3. the integrated conduct method of a kind of tamato seed according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described amino-acid chelate is made up of amino acid chelated iron, zinc-amino acid chelate, chelating amino acids manganese and chelating amino acids chromium.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510877656.6A CN105557117A (en) | 2015-12-04 | 2015-12-04 | Comprehensive treatment method for tomato seeds |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510877656.6A CN105557117A (en) | 2015-12-04 | 2015-12-04 | Comprehensive treatment method for tomato seeds |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105557117A true CN105557117A (en) | 2016-05-11 |
Family
ID=55868252
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510877656.6A Pending CN105557117A (en) | 2015-12-04 | 2015-12-04 | Comprehensive treatment method for tomato seeds |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN105557117A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106665043A (en) * | 2016-11-22 | 2017-05-17 | 蚌埠市涂山绿园蔬菜科研专业合作社 | Tomato planting method |
| CN106717276A (en) * | 2016-12-21 | 2017-05-31 | 阜阳市颍泉区玉寿种植专业合作社 | A kind of method for improving the outmoded percentage of seedgermination of tomato |
| CN106879276A (en) * | 2017-03-17 | 2017-06-23 | 界首市伟盛家庭农场 | A kind of Seed Treatment method for culturing seedlings for strengthening pear tree preventing from heavy metal characteristic |
| CN108124539A (en) * | 2018-01-17 | 2018-06-08 | 安徽省华禾种业有限公司 | A kind of tamato seed Pregermination and seedling breeding method |
| CN108966738A (en) * | 2018-07-27 | 2018-12-11 | 贵州省茗之源种植专业合作社 | A kind of method for treating seeds preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry |
| CN109006209A (en) * | 2018-05-17 | 2018-12-18 | 霍山县安绿园农业发展有限公司 | A kind of organic vegetable implantation methods |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103782748A (en) * | 2013-09-13 | 2014-05-14 | 哈尔滨派腾农业科技有限公司 | Planting technique for big tomatoes |
| CN103814748A (en) * | 2014-03-17 | 2014-05-28 | 太仓市金诸农业发展有限公司 | Green high-yield plantation method of tomatoes |
| CN104025747A (en) * | 2014-05-15 | 2014-09-10 | 和县华禾种业有限公司 | Tomato seed germination accelerating method |
| CN104145697A (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2014-11-19 | 太仓市丰缘农场专业合作社 | Planting method of seedless tomatoes |
| CN104938083A (en) * | 2015-06-27 | 2015-09-30 | 蚌埠市双墩农业生物科技开发有限责任公司 | High-germination rate treatment method for tomato seeds |
| CN105052467A (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2015-11-18 | 何慧艳 | Tomato cultivation method |
| CN105075450A (en) * | 2015-07-25 | 2015-11-25 | 安徽博发文化生态园有限公司 | Seed treatment method with high germination rate for vegetables |
| CN105103711A (en) * | 2015-08-19 | 2015-12-02 | 单县绿丰种业有限公司 | Germination method for tomato seeds |
-
2015
- 2015-12-04 CN CN201510877656.6A patent/CN105557117A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103782748A (en) * | 2013-09-13 | 2014-05-14 | 哈尔滨派腾农业科技有限公司 | Planting technique for big tomatoes |
| CN103814748A (en) * | 2014-03-17 | 2014-05-28 | 太仓市金诸农业发展有限公司 | Green high-yield plantation method of tomatoes |
| CN104025747A (en) * | 2014-05-15 | 2014-09-10 | 和县华禾种业有限公司 | Tomato seed germination accelerating method |
| CN104145697A (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2014-11-19 | 太仓市丰缘农场专业合作社 | Planting method of seedless tomatoes |
| CN104938083A (en) * | 2015-06-27 | 2015-09-30 | 蚌埠市双墩农业生物科技开发有限责任公司 | High-germination rate treatment method for tomato seeds |
| CN105075450A (en) * | 2015-07-25 | 2015-11-25 | 安徽博发文化生态园有限公司 | Seed treatment method with high germination rate for vegetables |
| CN105052467A (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2015-11-18 | 何慧艳 | Tomato cultivation method |
| CN105103711A (en) * | 2015-08-19 | 2015-12-02 | 单县绿丰种业有限公司 | Germination method for tomato seeds |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 于红茹 主编: "《现代育苗技术》", 28 February 2014, 重庆大学出版社 * |
| 王建林等: "《高级作物生理学》", 31 March 2013, 中国农业大学出版社 * |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106665043A (en) * | 2016-11-22 | 2017-05-17 | 蚌埠市涂山绿园蔬菜科研专业合作社 | Tomato planting method |
| CN106717276A (en) * | 2016-12-21 | 2017-05-31 | 阜阳市颍泉区玉寿种植专业合作社 | A kind of method for improving the outmoded percentage of seedgermination of tomato |
| CN106879276A (en) * | 2017-03-17 | 2017-06-23 | 界首市伟盛家庭农场 | A kind of Seed Treatment method for culturing seedlings for strengthening pear tree preventing from heavy metal characteristic |
| CN108124539A (en) * | 2018-01-17 | 2018-06-08 | 安徽省华禾种业有限公司 | A kind of tamato seed Pregermination and seedling breeding method |
| CN109006209A (en) * | 2018-05-17 | 2018-12-18 | 霍山县安绿园农业发展有限公司 | A kind of organic vegetable implantation methods |
| CN108966738A (en) * | 2018-07-27 | 2018-12-11 | 贵州省茗之源种植专业合作社 | A kind of method for treating seeds preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN105557117A (en) | Comprehensive treatment method for tomato seeds | |
| CN106688849A (en) | Soilless culture method of Chinese flowering cabbage | |
| CN105432299A (en) | High-yield tomato planting method | |
| CN107046853A (en) | A kind of germination accelerating method of aspermous watermelon | |
| CN105917892A (en) | Planting method of high-quality Chinese cabbages | |
| CN106069541A (en) | A kind of method of Fructus actinidiae chinensis nursery | |
| CN107360815A (en) | A kind of implantation methods of high yield garden pea | |
| CN106665043A (en) | Tomato planting method | |
| CN103750175A (en) | Production technology of low-phytic acid bean sprouts | |
| CN105900648A (en) | Pollution-free wax gourd planting method | |
| CN105706875A (en) | Production method for moringa oleifera sprouting vegetables | |
| CN107173058A (en) | A kind of method of utilization pepper bar mushroom culture | |
| CN106612715A (en) | Method for chilli seeding and planting | |
| CN105993290A (en) | Method for acceleration germination of seeds of lagenaria siceria | |
| CN110800490B (en) | Application of cold plasma treatment in promoting survival and growth of grafted tomatoes | |
| CN107926524A (en) | A kind of breeding method of capsicum high-quality strong sprout | |
| CN106612740A (en) | High-yield and high-quality caraway planting method | |
| CN105103842A (en) | Planting method for enabling high yield of tomatoes | |
| CN105850271A (en) | Processing technology of chromium-rich malt flour | |
| CN109302943A (en) | A method of rich calcium Pleurotus eryngii is cultivated using abandoned vinasse | |
| CN107616081A (en) | A kind of implantation methods of bean sprouts | |
| CN107950338A (en) | A kind of implantation methods of high yield homoisoflavone soybean | |
| CN107371749A (en) | A kind of implantation methods for lifting capsicum selenium content | |
| Grzyb et al. | The residual effects of various bioproducts and soil conditioners applied in the organic nursery on apple tree performance in the period of two years after transplanting | |
| Grzyb et al. | Effect of fertilization in organic nursery for later growth and fruiting of apple trees in the orchard. J |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20160511 |