CN108966738A - A kind of method for treating seeds preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry - Google Patents
A kind of method for treating seeds preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry Download PDFInfo
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- CN108966738A CN108966738A CN201810844755.8A CN201810844755A CN108966738A CN 108966738 A CN108966738 A CN 108966738A CN 201810844755 A CN201810844755 A CN 201810844755A CN 108966738 A CN108966738 A CN 108966738A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/08—Immunising seed
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- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to strawberry cultivating technical field, specially a kind of method for treating seeds for preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry includes the following steps: that S1 selects seed；S2 immersion treatment；The processing of S3 nutrient solution；S4 electric field treatment；S5 cryopreservation；S6 vernalization；Seed is handled using the method for the present invention, the disease resistance of seed can be improved, prevents seed grey mold disease, improves seed anti-adversity, promotes seed growth, shortens the germination period, improves seed viability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to strawberry cultivating technical field, specially a kind of method for treating seeds for preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry.
Background technique
Fragaria herbaceos perennial, beautiful in colour, soft and succulency, moderately sour and sweet, the 6%-12% containing sugar in berry have
Machine acid 1.0%-1.5%, protein 0.4%-0.8%, 50-120mg containing vitamin C in every 100g fruit, and rich in phosphorus, calcium,
The minerals such as iron, zinc.
Gray mold often results in flower and a large amount of of fruit is rotted, susceptible variety diseased fruit rate can as one of strawberry Major Diseases
Up to 30%-60%.Grey mould fruit rot of strawberry is a kind of important strawberry fungal disease caused by having Botrytis cinerea dip dyeing, and pathogen is in flower
Phase invades the tissues such as fruit, petal, blade by epidermis or wound and causes damages, and early stage water occurs at petal and calyx
Stain shape spot, later period brown spot and fruit rot, while site of disease forms conidium.Therefore, process is planted in strawberry
It is middle that study a kind of method for preventing gray mold extremely urgent.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is in order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a kind of seed treatment sides for preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry
Method.
Specifically realized according to following technical scheme:
A kind of method for treating seeds preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry, includes the following steps:
S1 selects seed: selection maturation, full grains, the seed of no disease and pests harm are spare；
S2 immersion treatment: spare seed is soaked in water 2-4h, primary every 20-30min stirring in soaking process, makes to plant
The seed inferior for floating on the water surface is pulled in sub- water swelling out, and the high quality seed draining of submerged in the water is dried；
The processing of S3 nutrient solution: high quality seed and nutrient solution are stirred according to the ratio of mass ratio 1:(2-2.5), and
It is warming up to 55-60 DEG C with 0.9-1.1 DEG C/min in whipping process, isothermal holding 15-20min obtains immersion seed；
S4 electric field treatment；
S5 cryopreservation: the seed dressing for impregnating seed weight 20-25% is added in seed to impregnating, is uniformly mixed, through low
Temperature processing, obtains low temperature seed；
S6 vernalization: being placed in germinating cabinet for low temperature seed, temperature be 30-35 DEG C, humidity 86-88%, illumination 300-
Vernalization is carried out under conditions of 400Lux.
The water, temperature are 55-60 DEG C.
The water includes honey and urea, and the mass concentration of honey and urea is respectively 0.5-0.8% and 0.1- in water
0.3%.
The nutrient solution is made of following raw material: 5-8 parts of chitosan, 1-2 parts of catechin, ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid 0.8-1.2
Part, 1-3 parts of Daidezin, 0.5-0.8 parts of gibberellin, 1-1.5 parts of glycine betaine, 0.2-0.6 parts of chitin, Boscalid 0.8-
1.2 parts, 0.7-1.5 parts of S-Ethyl ethylthio sulfonate, 20-25 parts of purified water.
The electric field treatment is handled under conditions of electric field strength is 0.45-0.53kV/cm, frequency is 7.5-8.2kHz
3-5min, adjustment electric field strength is 0.2-0.32kV/cm, frequency handles 1-3min under conditions of being 3.5-4.1kHz.
The low-temperature treatment be temperature be 0-4 DEG C under conditions of cryostat handle 35-45min, with 0.5-1.0 DEG C/
Cryostat handles 25-30min under the conditions of the rate of temperature fall of min is cooled to subzero 10 DEG C of subzero 15-.
The seed dressing, including following raw material composition: 5-6 parts of moringa seeds, 3-4 parts of cordate houttuynia, Radix Isatidis 8-10
Part, 7-8 parts of Capsellabursa-pastoris(Linn.)Medic, 3-4 parts of pumpkin seeds, 1-2 parts of oblongleaf kadsura stem or root, 2-3 parts of folium artemisiae argyi, 3-4 parts of perilla leaf, 3-4 parts of Chloris virgata, kaolinite
20-30 parts native, 8-16 parts of sawdust, 5-12 parts of basalt, 70-80 parts of purified water.
The seed dressing, preparation method are as follows: weigh moringa seeds, cordate houttuynia, Radix Isatidis, Capsellabursa-pastoris(Linn.)Medic, pumpkin seeds, blowing
Scattered, folium artemisiae argyi, perilla leaf, Chloris virgata store 2-3h under the conditions of 0-4 DEG C, are then ground to 80 meshes, then plus water is heated to
Water temperature is 88-92 DEG C, and then constant temperature extracts 1-2h, is then cooled to room temperature, and kaolin, sawdust, basalt is added and is uniformly mixed.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
Seed is handled using the method for the present invention, the disease resistance of seed can be improved, prevents seed grey mold disease, improves seed
Anti-adversity promotes seed growth, shortens the germination period, improves seed viability.
The present invention effectively breaks the dormant state of seed by water immersion treatment, and can have containing honey and urea
Effect promotes the activity of enzyme in seed, enhances the ability of neutron absorption moisture and nutrient, enhances the vigor of embryo, so that germination is neat fast
Speed.
The present invention is handled by nutrient solution, excites seed vitality, is promoted the metabolic situation of seed mesocotyl, is facilitated
Neutron absorption effective component, so that seed has efficient antibacterial action, the nutrient solution containing chitosan can be in seed
Surface forms protection structure, and cooperation other compositions can effectively prevent virus and germ to immerse, enhance the disease-resistant resistance of seedling
Can, so that disease incidence be effectively reduced.
The present invention can not only effectively promote the effective component infiltration of nutrient solution through electric field treatment, while can also enhance battalion
A point combination for middle effective component and seed inner tissue ingredient is formed, and then enhances the anti-adversity of seed.
The present invention is handled by seed dressing, destroys seed cell wall, and contain cellulose components in seed dressing, in turn
The accumulating rate of nutriment in seed is accelerated, and effective component acts synergistically in Chinese medicine, can promote seed to disease pest
Harmful resilience, and the permeability of kind of skin can be improved, seed is promoted to the efficiency of the absorption of extraneous nutrient, and then improves kind
The germination percentage of son, wherein can be effectively retained the active constituent of neutron absorption by low-temperature treatment, then stay medicinal ingredient
In Interior Seed, and then facilitate prevent gray mold.
Specific embodiment
Specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below, but the invention is not limited to these realities
Mode is applied, it is claimed to still fall within the claims in the present invention for any improvement or replacement on the present embodiment essence spirit
Range.
Embodiment 1
A kind of method for treating seeds preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry, includes the following steps:
S1 selects seed: selection maturation, full grains, the seed of no disease and pests harm are spare；
S2 immersion treatment: the water that spare seed temperature is 60 DEG C is impregnated into 4h, stirs one every 30min in soaking process
It is secondary, make seed water swelling, pull the seed inferior for floating on the water surface out, the high quality seed draining of submerged in the water is dried；
The processing of S3 nutrient solution: high quality seed and nutrient solution are stirred according to the ratio of mass ratio 1:2.5, and stirred
60 DEG C are warming up to 1.1 DEG C/min in the process, isothermal holding 20min obtains immersion seed；
S4 electric field treatment；
S5 cryopreservation: the seed dressing for impregnating seed weight 25% is added in seed to impregnating, is uniformly mixed, at low temperature
Reason, obtains low temperature seed；
S6 vernalization: being placed in germinating cabinet for low temperature seed, in the item that temperature is 35 DEG C, humidity 88%, illumination are 400Lux
Vernalization is carried out under part；
The water includes honey and urea, and the mass concentration of honey and urea is respectively 0.8% and 0.3% in water；
The nutrient solution, is made of the following raw material: chitosan 8kg, catechin 2kg, ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid 1.2kg, Daidezin
3kg, gibberellin 0.8kg, glycine betaine 1.5kg, chitin 0.6kg, Boscalid 1.2kg, S-Ethyl ethylthio sulfonate 1.5kg, purified water 25kg；
The electric field treatment handles 5min under conditions of electric field strength is 0.53kV/cm, frequency is 8.2kHz, adjustment
Electric field strength is 0.32kV/cm, frequency handles 3min under conditions of being 4.1kHz；
The low-temperature treatment is that cryostat handles 45min under conditions of temperature is 4 DEG C, with the cooling of 1.0 DEG C/min
Cryostat handles 30min under the conditions of rate is cooled to subzero 10 DEG C；
The seed dressing, including the following raw material composition: moringa seeds 6kg, cordate houttuynia 4kg, Radix Isatidis 10kg, Capsellabursa-pastoris(Linn.)Medic 8kg,
Pumpkin seeds 4kg, oblongleaf kadsura stem or root 2kg, folium artemisiae argyi 3kg, perilla leaf 4kg, Chloris virgata 4kg, kaolin 30kg, sawdust 16kg, basalt
12kg, purified water 80kg；
The seed dressing, preparation method are as follows: weigh moringa seeds, cordate houttuynia, Radix Isatidis, Capsellabursa-pastoris(Linn.)Medic, pumpkin seeds, blowing
Scattered, folium artemisiae argyi, perilla leaf, Chloris virgata store 3h under the conditions of 4 DEG C, are then ground to 80 meshes, then plus water is heated to water temperature
It is 92 DEG C, then constant temperature extracts 2h, is then cooled to room temperature, and kaolin, sawdust, basalt is added and is uniformly mixed.
Embodiment 2
A kind of method for treating seeds preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry, includes the following steps:
S1 selects seed: selection maturation, full grains, the seed of no disease and pests harm are spare；
S2 immersion treatment: the water that spare seed temperature is 55 DEG C is impregnated into 2h, stirs one every 20min in soaking process
It is secondary, make seed water swelling, pull the seed inferior for floating on the water surface out, the high quality seed draining of submerged in the water is dried；
The processing of S3 nutrient solution: high quality seed and nutrient solution are stirred according to the ratio of mass ratio 1:2, and stirred
55 DEG C are warming up to 0.9 DEG C/min in journey, isothermal holding 15min obtains immersion seed；
S4 electric field treatment；
S5 cryopreservation: the seed dressing for impregnating seed weight 20% is added in seed to impregnating, is uniformly mixed, at low temperature
Reason, obtains low temperature seed；
S6 vernalization: being placed in germinating cabinet for low temperature seed, in the item that temperature is 30 DEG C, humidity 86%, illumination are 300Lux
Vernalization is carried out under part；
The water includes honey and urea, and the mass concentration of honey and urea is respectively 0.5% and 0.1% in water；
The nutrient solution, is made of the following raw material: chitosan 5kg, catechin 1kg, ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid 0.8kg, Daidezin
1kg, gibberellin 0.5kg, glycine betaine 1kg, chitin 0.2kg, Boscalid 0.8kg, S-Ethyl ethylthio sulfonate 0.7kg, purified water 20kg；
The electric field treatment handles 3min under conditions of electric field strength is 0.45kV/cm, frequency is 7.5kHz, adjustment
Electric field strength is 0.2kV/cm, frequency handles 1min under conditions of being 3.5kHz；
The low-temperature treatment is that cryostat handles 35min under conditions of temperature is 0 DEG C, with the cooling of 0.5 DEG C/min
Cryostat handles 25min under the conditions of rate is cooled to subzero 15 DEG C；
The seed dressing, including the following raw material composition: moringa seeds 5kg, cordate houttuynia 3kg, Radix Isatidis 8kg, Capsellabursa-pastoris(Linn.)Medic 7kg,
Pumpkin seeds 3kg, oblongleaf kadsura stem or root 1kg, folium artemisiae argyi 2kg, perilla leaf 3kg, Chloris virgata 3kg, kaolin 20kg, sawdust 8kg, basalt 5kg,
Purified water 70kg；
The seed dressing, preparation method are as follows: weigh moringa seeds, cordate houttuynia, Radix Isatidis, Capsellabursa-pastoris(Linn.)Medic, pumpkin seeds, blowing
Scattered, folium artemisiae argyi, perilla leaf, Chloris virgata store 2h under the conditions of 0 DEG C, are then ground to 80 meshes, then plus water is heated to water temperature
It is 88 DEG C, then constant temperature extracts 1h, is then cooled to room temperature, and kaolin, sawdust, basalt is added and is uniformly mixed.
Embodiment 3
A kind of method for treating seeds preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry, includes the following steps:
S1 selects seed: selection maturation, full grains, the seed of no disease and pests harm are spare；
S2 immersion treatment: the water that spare seed temperature is 58 DEG C is impregnated into 3h, stirs one every 25min in soaking process
It is secondary, make seed water swelling, pull the seed inferior for floating on the water surface out, the high quality seed draining of submerged in the water is dried；
The processing of S3 nutrient solution: high quality seed and nutrient solution are stirred according to the ratio of mass ratio 1:2.2, and stirred
58 DEG C are warming up to 1 DEG C/min in the process, isothermal holding 18min obtains immersion seed；
S4 electric field treatment；
S5 cryopreservation: the seed dressing for impregnating seed weight 23% is added in seed to impregnating, is uniformly mixed, at low temperature
Reason, obtains low temperature seed；
S6 vernalization: being placed in germinating cabinet for low temperature seed, temperature be 32 DEG C, humidity 87%, illumination 300-400Lux
Under conditions of carry out vernalization；
The water includes honey and urea, and the mass concentration of honey and urea is respectively 0.7% and 0.2% in water；
The nutrient solution, is made of the following raw material: chitosan 6kg, catechin 1.5kg, ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid 1kg, Daidezin
2kg, gibberellin 0.7kg, glycine betaine 1.3kg, chitin 0.4kg, Boscalid 1kg, S-Ethyl ethylthio sulfonate 1.1kg, purified water 23kg；
The electric field treatment handles 4min, adjustment electricity under conditions of electric field strength is 0.5kV/cm, frequency is 7.8kHz
Field intensity is 0.25kV/cm, frequency handles 2min under conditions of being 3.8kHz；
The low-temperature treatment is that cryostat handles 35-45min under conditions of temperature is 2 DEG C, with the drop of 0.8 DEG C/min
Cryostat handles 28min under the conditions of warm rate is cooled to subzero 12 DEG C；
The seed dressing, including the following raw material composition: moringa seeds 5.3kg, cordate houttuynia 3.5kg, Radix Isatidis 9kg, Capsellabursa-pastoris(Linn.)Medic
7.7kg, pumpkin seeds 3.3kg, oblongleaf kadsura stem or root 1.5kg, folium artemisiae argyi 2.6kg, perilla leaf 3.4kg, Chloris virgata 3.5kg, kaolin 25kg, wood
Consider 12kg, basalt 9kg, purified water 75kg to be worth doing；
The seed dressing, preparation method are as follows: weigh moringa seeds, cordate houttuynia, Radix Isatidis, Capsellabursa-pastoris(Linn.)Medic, pumpkin seeds, blowing
Scattered, folium artemisiae argyi, perilla leaf, Chloris virgata store 2.5h under the conditions of 2 DEG C, are then ground to 80 meshes, then plus water is heated to water
Temperature is 90 DEG C, and then constant temperature extracts 1.5h, is then cooled to room temperature, and kaolin, sawdust, basalt is added and is uniformly mixed.
Test example 1
Botrytis cinerea germ activity test
It tests the demonstration area at selection 3 in 2016 to be handled, processing 1: it is without any processing, as blank control, place
Reason 2: nutrient solution is replaced to handle seed according to the method for embodiment 3 with Boscalid；Processing 3: embodiment 3, using random district's groups
Then arrangement, 3 repetitions conventionally carry out strawberry plantation, plot area 8m2, using conventional field management, Yu Jie
Fruiting period investigates gray mold incidence.
Gray mold preventive effect (%)=[(disease incidence-comparatively treated disease incidence)/disease incidence] comparatively
×100。
| Disease incidence (%) | Preventive effect (%) | |
| Processing 1 | 30.5 | |
| Processing 2 | 18.7 | 38.7 |
| Processing 3 | 1.5 | 95.1 |
Claims (8)
1. a kind of method for treating seeds for preventing grey mould fruit rot of strawberry, which comprises the steps of:
S1 selects seed: selection maturation, full grains, the seed of no disease and pests harm are spare；
S2 immersion treatment: spare seed is soaked in water 2-4h, primary every 20-30min stirring in soaking process, inhales seed
Water expansion, pulls the seed inferior for floating on the water surface out, the high quality seed draining of submerged in the water is dried；
The processing of S3 nutrient solution: high quality seed and nutrient solution are stirred according to the ratio of mass ratio 1:(2-2.5), and stirred
It is warming up to 55-60 DEG C with 0.9-1.1 DEG C/min in the process, isothermal holding 15-20min obtains immersion seed；
S4 electric field treatment；
S5 cryopreservation: the seed dressing for impregnating seed weight 20-25% is added in seed to impregnating, is uniformly mixed, at low temperature
Reason, obtains low temperature seed；
S6 vernalization: being placed in germinating cabinet for low temperature seed, temperature be 30-35 DEG C, humidity 86-88%, illumination 300-
Vernalization is carried out under conditions of 400Lux.
2. the method for treating seeds of prevention grey mould fruit rot of strawberry as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the water, temperature
It is 55-60 DEG C.
3. the method for treating seeds of prevention grey mould fruit rot of strawberry as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the water includes honey
And urea, the mass concentration of honey and urea is respectively 0.5-0.8% and 0.1-0.3% in water.
4. the method for treating seeds of prevention grey mould fruit rot of strawberry as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the nutrient solution, by
Following raw material composition: 5-8 parts of chitosan, 1-2 parts of catechin, 0.8-1.2 parts of ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid, 1-3 parts of Daidezin, red mould
0.5-0.8 parts plain, 1-1.5 parts of glycine betaine, 0.2-0.6 parts of chitin, 0.8-1.2 parts of Boscalid, 0.7-1.5 parts of S-Ethyl ethylthio sulfonate,
20-25 parts of purified water.
5. the method for treating seeds of prevention grey mould fruit rot of strawberry as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the electric field treatment,
3-5min is handled under conditions of electric field strength is 0.45-0.53kV/cm, frequency is 7.5-8.2kHz, adjustment electric field strength is
0.2-0.32kV/cm, frequency handle 1-3min under conditions of being 3.5-4.1kHz.
6. the method for treating seeds of prevention grey mould fruit rot of strawberry as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the low-temperature treatment is
Cryostat handles 35-45min under conditions of temperature is 0-4 DEG C, is cooled to the rate of temperature fall of 0.5-1.0 DEG C/min subzero
Cryostat handles 25-30min under the conditions of subzero 10 DEG C of 15-.
7. the method for treating seeds of prevention grey mould fruit rot of strawberry as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the seed dressing, packet
Include following raw material composition: 5-6 parts of moringa seeds, 3-4 parts of cordate houttuynia, 8-10 parts of Radix Isatidis, 7-8 parts of Capsellabursa-pastoris(Linn.)Medic, pumpkin seeds
3-4 parts, 1-2 parts of oblongleaf kadsura stem or root, 2-3 parts of folium artemisiae argyi, 3-4 parts of perilla leaf, 3-4 parts of Chloris virgata, 20-30 parts of kaolin, 8-16 parts of sawdust,
5-12 parts of basalt, 70-80 parts of purified water.
8. the method for treating seeds of prevention grey mould fruit rot of strawberry as claimed in claim 7, which is characterized in that the seed dressing,
Exist the preparation method comprises the following steps: weighing moringa seeds, cordate houttuynia, Radix Isatidis, Capsellabursa-pastoris(Linn.)Medic, pumpkin seeds, oblongleaf kadsura stem or root, folium artemisiae argyi, perilla leaf, Chloris virgata
Store 2-3h under the conditions of 0-4 DEG C, be then ground to 80 meshes, then plus water be heated to water temperature be 88-92 DEG C, then constant temperature mentions
1-2h is taken, room temperature is then cooled to, kaolin, sawdust, basalt is added and is uniformly mixed.
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| CN1295785A (en) * | 2000-12-07 | 2001-05-23 | 西安电子科技大学 | Method for treating seed in ac electric field |
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| CN107018836A (en) * | 2016-01-30 | 2017-08-08 | 长沙权湘农业科技有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of strawberry |
| CN107046855A (en) * | 2017-04-25 | 2017-08-18 | 蚌埠市和平乳业有限责任公司 | A kind of method for treating seeds for accelerating Itanlian rye germination |
| CN107466528A (en) * | 2017-09-21 | 2017-12-15 | 界首市靳莓果酒有限责任公司 | A kind of processing method for promoting strawberry germination |
| CN107926199A (en) * | 2017-11-18 | 2018-04-20 | 吕强 | A kind of tomato seeds disease-resistant treatment method |
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2018
- 2018-07-27 CN CN201810844755.8A patent/CN108966738A/en active Pending
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1295785A (en) * | 2000-12-07 | 2001-05-23 | 西安电子科技大学 | Method for treating seed in ac electric field |
| CN105557117A (en) * | 2015-12-04 | 2016-05-11 | 安徽省康之源农业科技有限公司 | Comprehensive treatment method for tomato seeds |
| CN107018836A (en) * | 2016-01-30 | 2017-08-08 | 长沙权湘农业科技有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of strawberry |
| CN105917940A (en) * | 2016-05-20 | 2016-09-07 | 安徽省天瑞园生态农业科技有限公司 | Strawberry seedling culture method |
| CN106385863A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-02-15 | 霍山县新元生态农业有限公司 | Seedling culture method for strawberry seeds |
| CN107046855A (en) * | 2017-04-25 | 2017-08-18 | 蚌埠市和平乳业有限责任公司 | A kind of method for treating seeds for accelerating Itanlian rye germination |
| CN107466528A (en) * | 2017-09-21 | 2017-12-15 | 界首市靳莓果酒有限责任公司 | A kind of processing method for promoting strawberry germination |
| CN107926199A (en) * | 2017-11-18 | 2018-04-20 | 吕强 | A kind of tomato seeds disease-resistant treatment method |
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Application publication date: 20181211 |
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