CN105358610A - 利用微波能量固化热塑性塑料的方法 - Google Patents
利用微波能量固化热塑性塑料的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种用于使热塑性塑料、尤其是聚酰亚胺致密化以用于与电子电路结合使用,同时产生改进的物理特性和高度的结晶度的方法,所述方法涉及在通常低于玻璃转变温度100℃或更低的温度持续约50至100分钟的时间的变频微波(VFM)处理。所述方法尤其适用于基于BPDA-PPD的聚合物,但是一般也可以适用于具有相同特征的其他有意设计的聚酰亚胺结构。本发明实现了涉及集成电路的分层结构的形成,所述分层结构具有较小特征尺寸以及高Tg且带有其他优良特性的聚合物外覆层。
Description
发明背景
技术领域
本发明涉及用于使热塑性聚合物致密化的装置和方法,并且更具体地涉及用于在所选基板上产生具有提高的结晶度的致密热塑性膜的方法。
背景技术
相关技术描述
聚酰亚胺对于微电子行业而言是具有吸引力的材料,因为它们的机械、电气和化学特性极佳。常规热固化所用工艺时间通常在4至6小时范围;需要放慢温度升降速率以及在各种温度均延长的维持时间,以便实现缓慢的反应速率、反应副产物和溶剂的除气以及聚合物链的取向。减少固化这些聚合物所需的处理时间将会增加产量并且减少总体生产成本。
基于聚酰胺酸的聚酰亚胺(诸如3,3',4,4'-联苯四羧酸二酐(BPDA)与对苯二胺(PPD))对于电子封装应用是合乎需要的,在所述电子封装应用中,低残余应力电介质是必不可少的。这个聚合物的许多独特特性均归因于其主链(backbone)的刚性以及在固化期间发生的高度取向性。这种取向对于实现低热膨胀系数(CTE)、形成低应力膜是关键的。
这类聚合物体系的一个明显缺点是固化温度较高(通常为350℃),这阻碍了它在许多先进的半导体系统中的使用,其中较小特征尺寸以及对应地减少的扩散距离严重限制可提供给各种工艺步骤的热预算。例如,最近有篇论文已报道了这种聚合物体系优良的特性(表1),但是所有已报道的膜已经在310℃至350℃处理过(无论通过常规烘炉固化、快速热板固化还是微波固化)[K·D·法恩沃斯(K.D.Farnsworth)等人,VariableFrequencyMicrowaveCuringof3,3',4,4’-Biphenyltetracarboxylicaciddianhydride/P-Phenylenediamine(BPDA/PPD),Intl.JournalofMicrocircuitsandElectronicPackaging23:162-71(2002)]。虽然VFM固化明显更快,但是固化温度并未改变,并且在此范围内的固化温度大大超过许多感兴趣的应用所允许的最大温度。将这些聚合物体系应用于电子应用的需求可能因以下事实而遇到困难:市售型号BPDA/PPD已存在了30年以上,然而使用非常有限。
表1:通过现有技术方法而得到的典型固化PI2611特性
方法 | 热固 | 热板 | VFM |
特性 | |||
最终固化温度,℃ | 350 | 350 | 350 |
总体固化时间,秒(s) | 18,000 | 3600 | 1200 |
[100]Si上的残余应力,MPa | 6 | 35.3 | 4.2 |
CTE,ppm/℃ | 3 | 6.6 | 3.8 |
抗拉强度(Tensile strength),Gpa | >0.374 | >0.0841 | >0.361 |
10KHz下的介电常数 | 3.06 | 3.09 | 3.34 |
10KHz下的损耗正切(Loss tangent) | 0.0032 | 0.00426 | 0.0033 |
双折射率 | 0.2249 | - | 0.2237 |
固化程度 | 100% | 87-108% | 82-102% |
降解温度,℃ | 539 | - | 540 |
目标以及优点
本发明的目标包括以下内容:提供用于使热塑性膜致密化的改进方法;提供用于使半导体基板上的热塑性膜致密化的方法;提供用于利用具有改进特性的热塑性膜来涂布半导体晶片的方法;提供用于制造具有提高的结晶度的热塑性膜的低温工艺;以及,提供用于在所选基板上以受控取向来产生聚酰亚胺膜的方法。结合附图阅读以下说明,本发明的这些和其他目标及优点将会通过考虑以下说明变得明显。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面,一种用于使热塑性膜致密化的方法包括:
将热塑性塑料以可溶态(solubleform)沉积在所选基板上;
软烘(softbaking)所述膜以去除残余溶剂;以及
在不高于所述热塑性塑料的玻璃转变温度(glasstransitiontemperature)Tg以下100℃的温度,通过VFM将所述膜固化20至120分钟。
根据本发明的另一方面,一种用于制造微电子器件的方法包括:
制备半导体晶片,在所述半导体晶片上带有集成电路;
将热塑性膜以可溶态沉积在所述半导体晶片上;
软烘所述膜以去除残余溶剂;以及
在不高于所述热塑性塑料的玻璃转变温度Tg以下100℃的温度,通过VFM将所述膜固化20至120分钟。
根据本发明的另一方面,一种电子器件包括:
半导体,在所述半导体上具有功能集成电路;以及
在所述半导体上的基本致密的热塑涂层,所述涂层具有在300℃至400℃的范围内的Tg。
附图说明
随附本说明书并形成为本说明书部分的附图被包括来图示本发明的某些方面。参考附图中示出的示例性的且因而非限制性的实施方式,将更容易清楚本发明的以及随本发明提供的系统的部件和操作的更清楚的概念,其中相同数字(如果所述数字在多于一个附图中出现)指示相同元件。附图中的特征不一定按比例绘制。
图1是BPDA-PPD的结构的示意图。
图2示出各种条件下固化的BPDA-PPD膜的模量(modulus)。
图3示出与图2相同的条件下固化的BPDA-PPD膜的硬度。
图4示出在各个时间上通过VFM在200℃固化的BPDA-PPD的亚胺化百分比。
图5示出聚酰亚胺PMDA-ODA的扭结链特性。
图6示出可为线性聚酰亚胺提供双官能聚酰胺酸段的分子的一些替代种类。
图7示出可为聚酰亚胺提供双官能胺的分子的一些替代种类。
具体实施方式
一般来说,本发明提供了用于在足够低的温度使热塑性塑料、尤其是聚酰亚胺致密化以用于与电子电路结合使用,同时产生改进物理特性和高度的结晶度的方法。本发明尤其适用于基于BPDA-PPD的聚合物,但是在本公开内容中随后将会清楚,这种方法一般也可以适用于具有相同的特征的其他有意设计的聚酰亚胺结构。
聚合物BPDA-PPD(3,3',4,4'-联苯四羧酸二酐/对苯二胺)是基于聚酰胺酸的聚酰亚胺,所述聚酰亚胺由HD微系统公司(HDMicrosystems)(新泽西州帕林市起司奎克大道250号,邮编00859-1241(250CheesequakeRoad,Parlin,NJ00859-1241))制造并以产品名称PI2611销售。在高温(>200℃)下,材料经历从其可溶的、聚酰胺酸形态(如从HD微系统公司获得)至不可溶的、完全亚胺化(imidized)聚合物的转变。所述聚合物的许多独特特性均归因于其主链的刚性以及在固化期间发生的高度取向性。
当通过常规烘炉方法在所推荐的350℃的温度固化时,显著线性BPDA-PPD的图1显示取向性和结晶度上的增加(如由模量增加证实)、热膨胀系数的降低以及红外(FTIR)峰值位移[J·C·科本(J.C.Coburn)、M·T·鲍狄埃(M.T.Pottiger)以及C·A·普莱德(C.A.Pryde),“StructureDevelopmentinPolyimideFilms”,Mat.Res.Soc.Symp.Proc,Vol.308,475-87(1993))]。这些高程度的取向/结晶度在250℃与350℃之间的固化温度,利用对流加热实现,如表2中所示。在350℃至400℃的温度(高于Tg(340℃))固化,实际降低CTE并且增加模量,这导致了膜中残余应力急剧增加。这实际上要归因于环至表面的面内取向的损耗。以高于Tg的温度固化典型非线性的聚酰亚胺(像BTDA/ODA/MPD,表3)并不影响残余应力,因为它们未对齐至表面。
表2:BPDA-PPD的特性与固化温度(数据来自科本(Coburn)等人,1993年)。
表3:BPDA-ODA-MPD的特性与固化温度
申请人展开了一系列的研究,以便确定微波固化是否在大体上较低温度进行,以在将有用于集成电路应用的范围内处理材料(诸如BPDA-PPD)。使用具有5.65GHz至7.0GHz的扫频范围、0.1秒的扫频速率和200W的功率的MicroCureTM2100VFM(北卡罗来纳州莫里斯维尔市Lambda科技公司(LambdaTechnologies,Morrisville,NC))进行实验。如以下实例将示出,结果不仅令人惊讶,而且从常规的聚合物理论观点看,实际上是反直觉的。
实例
PI2611膜在175℃和200℃的温度进行VFM固化达范围从5分钟至120分钟的时间。以4000rpm将树脂旋涂到硅晶片上,以便获得7μm厚的膜,所述膜随后在130℃软烘2分钟,以在固化之前移除残余溶剂。图2示出这些样本与烘炉固化样本(350℃和400℃)相比的杨氏模量。令人惊讶的观察结果是,当在200℃固化60分钟后具有模量突升,此时,模量实际高于常规烘炉中固化的材料模量。注意,模量在100nm至200nm的厚度上通过纳米压痕方法测量,以最小化基板影响。
实例
图3呈现先前实例中描述的BPDA-PPD膜的硬度。同样,可以看到在约60分钟的固化时间上出现急剧增加,此时,硬度是相当于350℃烘炉固化所产生的硬度。
实例
图4呈现在200℃通过VFM固化时的亚胺化百分比随时间的变化,如通过FTIR测得。可以看出,亚胺化在20分钟后完成约80%,在60分钟后基本完成,其中从60分钟至120分钟改变极小。
当BPDA-PPD通过微波(VFM)在仅200℃完全固化(Tg=350℃)时,从90%至100%的固化程度的增加以及取向在60分钟至75分钟之间急剧转变至如模量(图2)、硬度(图3)以及FTIR(图4)所示工艺时发生。这种取向非预期地作为利用MW的实时急剧相变而发生,但是模量未增加至更高水平,如在对流烘炉固化的情况下所示,同时CTE保持在3.1ppm/℃。这代表了平均较低残余应力水平,而且不必加热至高于Tg。因此,硅晶片上BPDA/PPD膜的VFM固化显示没有发生另外翘曲。
这种高取向表示聚合物链更紧密的对齐,其类似于液晶相的高度取向的“杆状”堆积。这种特定热塑结构的电子性质是源自使芳香环和酰亚胺杂环(如图1所示)中的sp2轨道沿这个非常线性且刚性的结构非常好地对齐。相比之下,更常见的市售聚酰亚胺结构更为扭结且更易弯曲,如膜中的常见聚酰亚胺的结构(PMDA-ODA),图5中所示。
形态上各向同性的PMDA-ODA具有面外CTE,所述面外CTE仅为面内CTE的1.2倍,然而,取向的BPDA-PPD是各向异性的,面外CTE比面内CTE高25倍。这种各向异性以及低CTE密切匹配硅的各向异性以及CTE(3.1ppm/℃),这允许涂布在硅晶片上的聚合物膜在冷却后几乎没有诱导应力。这对电子器件行业来说是非常重要的,它增加了对涂布有聚酰亚胺电介质膜的堆叠薄硅晶片的使用,以提供非常高密度的功能性。在聚合物电介质膜(约60ppm/℃)与硅晶片之间,当前的CTE失配通常在直径为300nm的晶片中形成300μm至800μm的翘曲。这已成为难以控制的问题,因为BPDA-PPD固化的350℃至400℃的常规烘炉固化温度远远超过用于寻求与先进设备和封装结构相兼容的低于250℃的固化温度的电子器件行业的晶片处理的可行极限。例如,一些高级存储设备(诸如聚合物或陶瓷RAM器件)在比250℃高得多的温度不可操作。在仅200℃的固化温度利用微波形成高度取向、低CTE聚酰亚胺膜的能力是一个显著的技术突破。
数十年来,聚酰亚胺膜早已是微电子行业的有机电介质的选择,因为这种材料对于高于300℃的温度具有高热、化学和机械稳定性。近来在电子器件技术方面的进展通常形成对高于250℃的高温工艺的敏感性。这种限制已迫使行业寻求其它化学种类,诸如具有低于250℃的固化温度的聚苯并恶唑(polybenzoxazoles)和环氧树脂。在所有情况下,这些聚酰亚胺的替代物都会折损稳定性和介电特性或是降低制造的稳健性。在低于300℃的温度通过常规烘炉不完全固化的聚酰亚胺对微电子器件而言,化学和介电特性不可接受。
在如200℃那样低的温度形成高度取向、低CTE聚酰亚胺膜的能力允许在大多数的封装工艺流程中包括稳健的聚酰亚胺膜固化步骤,所述封装工艺流程主要在250℃或低于250℃的温度,以便避免晶圆附接、晶圆包封、模制、晶圆底部填充以及晶圆堆叠应用中常用的环氧树脂粘合剂的分解。
另外,在低于Tg的较低微波固化温度与封装或组装中使用的任何其他工艺步骤中出现的最高温度之间的差异现在为50℃或更小。这种较低温度范围偏移几乎消除用常规烘炉固化发现的时间和温度对模量和CTE的强烈影响(如由M·T·鲍狄埃(M.T.Pottger)和J·C·科本(J.C.Coburn),“ModelingStressesinPolyimideFilms”,Mat.Res.Soc.Symp.Proc.,Vol308,527-534(1993)所述)。
利用临界反应性偶极子在整个材料块上的均匀微波激励,聚酰亚胺链的固化反应(亚胺化/环化)变得非常有效,同时维持块体中低得多的温度(200℃)。聚合物的低温固化已经在各种系统中得到证实。随着反应接近完成(几乎完成90%,如图4所示),链的刚性变得越来越高,并且链变得不太可活动。在旋转的偶极子(此时主要是羰基)中的微波能量的延续效应有助于将这些刚性杆取向/结晶至较低能量的堆叠位置。相似的情况可以在非常接近0℃的小水分子的同步结晶(冻结)点中发生。这种同步在聚合物的标准对流加热情况下不会发生,因为所述工艺涉及链通过与其他链碰撞的随机碰撞,所述碰撞扰乱次序的程度几乎与增强次序的程度差不多,因此需要更高温度。
申请人已示出,在出乎意料低的温度的微波引起的取向对于线性BTDA-PPD结构而言是可能的。基于这种观察结果,申请人预期了这种现象可扩展至具有相同的特征的其他有意设计的聚酰亚胺结构。
实例
充分利用本发明工艺的其他聚合物的设计可将如图6的一般种类所建议的双官能聚酰胺酸段与如图7中建议的具有R1和R2的双官能胺组合。存在当固化时将会产生具有高取向概率的线性、缀合(conjugated)且刚性的聚酰亚胺膜的许多其他的可能性。
另外示出[Y·仓本(Y.Kuramoto),ChemicalOscillations,Waves,andTurbulence.Springer,Berlin(1984)]的是,化学和生物学中的突然相变可随处于临界分布水平的分子之间的相互作用发生。在接近固化结束时以降低速率移动的极化聚合物链的微波引起的相互作用在这些链的长度分布更窄的情况下,可能变得更有效地同步且高度地取向。
实例
由于BTDA-PPD的观察到的取向和结晶度呈现为以相变(参见图2至图4)方式大幅同步,因此应当可能通过减少起始材料中的链长分布,在MW辐射中引起其他聚酰亚胺以及其他热塑性塑料的高度取向。减少热塑性塑料的多分散性指数(PDI)可以通过使用分离技术(诸如体积排阻色谱法(sizeexclusionchromatography))或是通过限制在初始材料成型过程中热塑性塑料封端反应的初始形成而完成。通过这些方法,应当可能增强聚酰亚胺以及将受益于可调节的硬度和CTE的其他热塑性塑料(诸如聚烯烃、聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯和丙烯腈)中更宽泛的选出物质的机械特性。这种可选设计能力在使用标准热固技术时明显并不可能实现。
基于先前的实例和论述,应当了解,存在工艺变量范围,所述工艺变量范围将会产生可接受的结果,并且最佳参数可随特定应用而变。技术人员可容易地通过日常实验来优化用于特定系统的工艺。对于BPDA-PPD系统,申请人偏向于在从175℃至225℃的温度范围内进行约20至120分钟的工艺。对于专门设计的聚合物配方(诸如结合图6和图7论述的那些),应当了解,Tg值将有可能发生一定程度变化,但许多情况下,将在约300℃至400℃的范围内。对于这些系统,通过对BPDA-PPD的模拟,申请人偏向于针对特定配方在不高于所述热塑性塑料的玻璃转变温度Tg以下100℃的温度进行微波处理。所需处理温度的上限还将在一定程度上是由最终用途决定。对于电子器件,行业通常是偏向于保持处于约250℃以下,且许多情况下,低于200℃(如果可能)。
技术人员将会清楚,本发明允许了制造此前无法构建出的结构。具体来说,可以构建复合结构,其中具有250℃或更小的温度上限的功能性硅集成电路被涂布有具有350℃或更大的Tg的致密热塑性塑料层。集成电路可以包括在100nm至15nm的范围内的特征。通过所有现有技术方法,使此类聚合物致密化所需的处理温度将会损毁底层电路元件的功能性。
应当理解,VFM处理是本质上灵活的方法,其中技术人员可以基于如空腔和工件的尺寸和形状、基板类型等的变量选择特定频率范围、扫描速率等等。众所周知的是,一些所选带宽(通常中心频率的±5%或±10%)上的扫频不仅提高了均匀性,还防止了电弧放电以及对工件中的电子部件的其他有害影响。因此,申请人偏向于在至少5%且更优选地是±10%的中心频率的带宽上扫频。
Claims (18)
1.一种用于使热塑性膜致密化的方法,所述方法包括:
将所述热塑性塑料以可溶态(solubleform)沉积到所选基板上;
软烘(softbaking)所述膜以去除残余溶剂;以及
在不高于所述热塑性塑料的玻璃转变温度Tg以下100℃的温度,通过VFM将所述膜固化20至120分钟。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述热塑性塑料包含具有双官能聚酰胺酸段和双官能胺段的聚酰亚胺,并且所述聚酰亚胺具有在300℃至400℃的范围内的Tg。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述聚酰亚胺包含BPDA-PPD并且所述VFM固化在约175℃至225℃的温度进行。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述VFM固化包括在至少±5%的所选中心频率的带宽上以扫描的方式施加微波功率。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述基板包括半导体晶片,所述半导体晶片上具有集成电路。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述热塑性塑料包含从以下各项组成的群组中选择的聚合物:聚酰亚胺、聚烯烃、聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯和丙烯腈。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其进一步包括以下步骤:减少所述热塑性塑料的多分散性指数(PDI)。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述PDI是通过从以下各项组成的群组中选择的方法来降低:使用包括体积排阻色谱法的分离技术;以及通过限制在用于所述热塑性塑料的初始材料成型过程中所述热塑性塑料封端反应的初始形成。
9.一种制造微电子器件的方法,所述方法包括:
制备半导体晶片,在所述半导体晶片上带有集成电路;
将热塑性膜以可溶态沉积在所述半导体晶片上;
软烘所述膜以去除残余溶剂;以及
在不超过所述热塑性塑料的玻璃转变温度Tg以下100℃的温度,通过VFM将所述膜固化20至120分钟。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述热塑性塑料包含具有双官能聚酰胺酸段和双官能胺段的聚酰亚胺,并且所述聚酰亚胺具有在300℃至400℃的范围内的Tg。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,所述聚酰亚胺包含BPDA-PPD并且所述VFM固化是在约175℃至225℃的温度进行。
12.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述VFM固化包括在至少±5%的所选中心频率的带宽上以扫描的方式施加微波功率。
13.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述集成电路包括宽度在100nm至10nm的范围内的功能电路特征,并且所述热塑性塑料具有在300℃至400℃的范围内的Tg。
14.一种电子器件,所述电子器件包括:
半导体,在所述半导体上具有功能集成电路;以及
在所述半导体上的基本致密热塑涂层,所述涂层具有在300℃至400℃的范围内的Tg。
15.如权利要求14所述的器件,其中所述集成电路包括宽度在100nm至10nm的范围内的功能电路特征。
16.如权利要求14所述的器件,其特征在于,所述热塑性塑料包含从以下各项组成的群组中选择的聚合物:聚酰亚胺、聚烯烃、聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯和丙烯腈。
17.如权利要求16所述的器件,其特征在于,所述热塑性塑料包含具有双官能聚酰胺酸段和双官能胺段的聚酰亚胺。
18.如权利要求17所述的器件,其特征在于,所述聚酰亚胺包含BPDA-PPD。
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CN109314060B (zh) * | 2016-06-19 | 2023-08-25 | 应用材料公司 | 用于由微波固化调整聚合物的热膨胀系数(cte)的方法 |
CN112840436A (zh) * | 2018-12-26 | 2021-05-25 | 应用材料公司 | 用于形成微波可调谐复合薄膜介电层的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN114038762A (zh) | 2022-02-11 |
KR102291979B1 (ko) | 2021-08-19 |
KR20150134392A (ko) | 2015-12-01 |
US20140284821A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
SG10201707843VA (en) | 2017-11-29 |
JP2016520417A (ja) | 2016-07-14 |
KR20210102502A (ko) | 2021-08-19 |
US20190148252A1 (en) | 2019-05-16 |
WO2014153336A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
US10224258B2 (en) | 2019-03-05 |
KR102421004B1 (ko) | 2022-07-13 |
US10854525B2 (en) | 2020-12-01 |
JP6660875B2 (ja) | 2020-03-11 |
SG11201507904YA (en) | 2015-11-27 |
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