CN105340614B - A kind of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure and method - Google Patents

A kind of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure and method Download PDF

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CN105340614B
CN105340614B CN201510741008.8A CN201510741008A CN105340614B CN 105340614 B CN105340614 B CN 105340614B CN 201510741008 A CN201510741008 A CN 201510741008A CN 105340614 B CN105340614 B CN 105340614B
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lattice
grass
seed
side slope
slope
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CN105340614A (en
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甘美娜
杨津津
王栋宇
温莹
马娟
赵强民
胡传伟
李曦亭
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Palm Eco-Town Development Co Ltd
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G9/00Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
    • A01G9/02Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E02D17/202Securing of slopes or inclines with flexible securing means
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2200/00Geometrical or physical properties
    • E02D2200/13Geometrical or physical properties having at least a mesh portion

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of New Rigid side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure and methods, the main points of its technical scheme are that the safeguard structure installed in the cave hole being included between each lattice girder, it is sowed grass seeds by duster the conditioned soil mixed with seed mixture by machine in slope surface, on the conditioned soil surface covered with outer protective net, cushion block is fixed on the lattice girder, the Traction networks for forming gap with the lattice girder and Climbing Plant being supplied to climb are fixed with by the cushion block.The conditioned soil sowed grass seeds by duster is directed to the side slope of different gradient, mixes different seed mixtures.The structure and method have without remove former lattice protection works, can effectively slow down rainwater destroy by rush of water slope surface soil layer and vegetation, mitigate structural pressure, water conservation breathe freely compared with Canon promote plant root growth, effectively reduce hard side slope daytime temperature, increase plant absorption highway polluted gas, sowing collocation is made to improve diversity, ornamental value and sustainability using indigenous plant many advantages, such as.

Description

A kind of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure and method
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of low influence slope protection greening technology, more particularly, to it is a kind of have lattice protection it is precipitous, The big hard side slope of the gradient carries out the structure and method that greening forms vegetative coverage.
Background technology
From last century the eighties so far, with Urbanization Construction, left it is many using cement concrete constructions come real The side slope without any greening of existing engineering protection, they dissipate heat to pedestrian, vehicle in the daytime, also easily cause Visual Aesthetics Fatigue.Landscape planting especially is carried out on precipitous rock side slope lattice safeguard structure, is a great problem.If concrete lattice by Dry transverse direction lattice girder intersects composition with several vertical lattice girders, and lattice collar tie beam cave hole is square.Side slope of the gradient more than 45 degree claims For abrupt slope, plant is difficult to grow in slope surface under field conditions (factors).Typically now it is that cooperation is built using the method for reconstruction of dismantling The slope protection structure and method of greening, but the original hard slope protection project of dismounting is not only time-consuming and laborious, also increases and tears open The risk that comes down except period causes soil erosion.
Therefore, develop a kind of green to the progress of the hard abrupt slopes such as rock, guncreting, mortar plaster in the short period of time Chemoprevention is protected, the low ecological reestablishment for influencing greening hard lattice side slope, it appears particularly important.
The present invention is namely based on what such case was made.
The content of the invention
The present invention seeks to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of light-duty low influence hard side slope lattice greening knot is provided Structure and method, the Rectangular Concrete lattice for solving the problems, such as hard slope surface realize landscape planting in free removal.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
A kind of method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening, it is characterised in that the hard side slope lattice is given birth to State greening structure is included in the greening safeguard structure of installation in the cave hole 4 between each lattice girder 1, is sprayed in slope surface by machine The conditioned soil 2 mixed with seed mixture is broadcast, it is solid on the lattice girder 1 on 2 surface of conditioned soil covered with outer protective net 3 Surely there is cushion block 9, the Traction networks 5 for forming gap with the lattice girder 1 and Climbing Plant being supplied to climb are fixed with by the cushion block 9;It is described Greening safeguard structure be included in the baffles 6 being fixed in cave hole 4 with reinforcing bar 7 in slope surface and tightly wrap each baffle 6 it Between internal layer protection network 8;
The method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening includes having the following steps:
A, slope surface treatment:Clear up sundries, surface dust, weeds and danger stone in hard side slope;
Pumping equipment is set B,:From top of the slope or platform both ends pumping equipment is set to discharge runoff and lead to bottom of slope;
C, installation greening safeguard structure in the cave hole 4 between each lattice girder 1;
D, prepare conditioned soil 2 and then mix seed mixture, the component of wherein conditioned soil 2 is:Local loam 65-80%, mud Charcoal soil 8-20%, coconut palm chaff 2-10%, calcium superphosphate 2-10% and polyacrylamide 0.5-5% are mixed thoroughly and then used after mixing seed mixture Machine is sowed grass seeds by duster in the slope surface cheated to each lattice girder cave;
E, covering is for preventing the outer protective net 3 of soil erosion in the conditioned soil 2, in the outer of the lattice girder 1 Layer paving is for the Traction networks 5 of Climbing Plant climbing;
F, non-woven fabrics is covered, then carries out maintenance management.
The method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening as described above, it is characterised in that:Described in step D Seed mixture include shrub seeds and mixing grass-seed and Climbing Plant seed, mixing grass-seed and Climbing Plant seed;Institute State shrub seeds includes white popinac again, and the Climbing Plant includes big winged bean and wedelia chinensis, and the grass-seed includes paspalum notatum, dog Root of the tooth, rye grass and Festuca Arundinacea.
The method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening as described above, it is characterised in that:Institute in step A The gradient of hard side slope is stated when 45 to 55 spend, is sowed grass seeds by duster at twice, first sows grass seeds by duster and mixes the conditioned soil 2 of the shrub seeds, The grass-seed and the conditioned soil 2 of Climbing Plant seed that incorporation of sowing grass seeds by duster again mixes;When the gradient is more than 55 degree, twice It sows grass seeds by duster and mixes the grass-seed of the mixing and the conditioned soil 2 of Climbing Plant seed.
The method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening as described above, it is characterised in that mixing it is described Grass-seed and Climbing Plant seed accounting are respectively:Paspalum notatum accounts for 10-20%, and Bermuda grass accounts for 10-20%, and rye grass accounts for 10-20%, high Fescue grass accounts for 10-20%, and big winged bean accounts for 12-30%, and wedelia chinensis accounts for 10-20%.
The method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening as described above, it is characterised in that:Described is green Chemoprevention protection structure includes the brick structure or concrete structure that are built into, and internal layer protection network 8 is laid on brick structure or concrete structure.
The method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening as described above, it is characterised in that:Described is interior Layer protection network 8 is the plastic wire netting by upper and lower laying.
The method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening as described above, it is characterised in that:Described is interior Layer protection network 8 is high-strength fiber glass complex three-dimensional net.
The method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening as described above, it is characterised in that:Described is outer Layer protection network 3 is using web and is covered in the surface layer of the conditioned soil 2.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:
1. the present invention relates to a kind of light-duty low influence hard side slope lattice greening structure and methods, conditioned soil is with local earth It gathers materials on the spot based on soil;Shrub seeds and grass-seed, Climbing Plant kind sublayering are sowed grass seeds by duster in slope surface;It is set from top of the slope to slope foot direction The Traction networks used for guiding Climbing Plant climbing are put, and make have certain distance between lattice girder and Traction networks, make Climbing Plant Cauline leaf of burning due to lattice girder concrete high temperature is avoided when growing into herein;The structure and method have prevents without removing former lattice Nurse's journey, can effectively slow down rainwater destroy by rush of water slope surface soil layer and vegetation, mitigate structural pressure, water conservation breathes freely and promotes plant roots compared with Canon System's growth effectively reduces hard side slope daytime temperature, increases plant absorption highway polluted gas, taking sowing using indigenous plant Many advantages, such as with diversity, ornamental value and sustainability is improved.
【Description of the drawings】
Fig. 1 is the diagrammatic cross-section of slope surface of the present invention.
In figure:1 is lattice girder;2 be conditioned soil;3 be outer protective net;4 cheat for cave;5 be Traction networks;6 be baffle;7 are Reinforcing bar;8 be internal layer protection network;9 be cushion block.
【Specific embodiment】
The technology of the present invention feature is described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in order to the field technology personnel energy It is enough to understand.
A kind of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure, as shown in Figure 1, in the cave hole 4 being included between each lattice girder 1 The safeguard structure of installation is sowed grass seeds by duster the conditioned soil 2 mixed with seed mixture by machine in slope surface, is covered on 2 surface of conditioned soil Outer protective net 3 is stamped, cushion block 9 is fixed on the lattice girder 1, is fixed with by the cushion block 9 and is formed with the lattice girder 1 Gap supplies the Traction networks 5 of Climbing Plant climbing.
The safeguard structure is included in the baffle 6 being fixed in the cave hole 4 with reinforcing bar 7 in slope surface and tightly wraps each Internal layer protection network 8 between baffle 6.
The safeguard structure includes the brick structure or concrete structure that are built into, is laid on brick structure or concrete structure Internal layer protection network 8.
The internal layer protection network 8 is the plastic wire netting by upper and lower laying.
The internal layer protection network 8 is high-strength fiber glass complex three-dimensional net.
The outer protective net 3 is using web and is covered in the surface layer of the conditioned soil 2.
A kind of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation method, as shown in Figure 1, including the following steps:
A, slope surface treatment:Clear up sundries, surface dust, weeds and danger stone in hard side slope;
Cleaning leaves building sundries, surface dust, weeds and danger stone in hard side slope, modifies top of the slope corner and slope surface protrudes Rock mass corner angle etc., be allowed to relatively gentle so that slope surface basically reach it is smooth, convenient for linked network.
Pumping equipment is set B,:Pumping equipment is set to set pumping equipment that runoff is discharged and drawn from top of the slope or platform both ends To bottom of slope;
The pumping equipment of top of the slope, platform and slope surface is checked, to top of the slope or platform runoff by setting pumping equipment from top of the slope Or platform both ends discharge and lead to bottom of slope, to slope runoff by setting soakaway trench that water is led to bottom of slope.
C, installation safeguard structure in the cave hole 4 between each lattice girder 1;
The safeguard structure is included in the baffle 6 being fixed in the cave hole 4 with reinforcing bar 7 in slope surface and tightly wraps each Internal layer protection network 8 between baffle 6.The internal layer protection network 8 is wrapped in the resistance to compression that baffle 6 can be improved on baffle 6, anti-folding energy Power.Play the role of protective baffle plate, reduce conditioned soil 2 and be lost in when being washed away by runoff.Lightweight can be sowed grass seeds by duster or loaded in baffle 6 Planting matrix, then planting plants in matrix.
Further, the baffle 6 is made of anticorrosive wood, bamboo-wood composite material, the 6 width 80-100mm of baffle, Thick 5-6mm.
The safeguard structure can also include the brick structure or concrete structure that are built into, then in brick structure or concrete knot Internal layer protection network 8 is laid on structure.
The internal layer protection network 8 is the plastic wire netting by upper and lower laying.Plastic wire netting have service life it is long, The features such as anticorrosive, anti-aging, anti-cracking.Plastic wire netting is fixed with anchor pole, should be tensed when being laid with net.And every 300mm is bound with iron wire, and intensity is in 30 ~ 50kg/ ㎡.Certain gap is kept between net and slope surface, net is made to be in conditioned soil big About centre position ensures spray attachment effective thickness.
The internal layer protection network 8 can also use new slimmer and more graceful synthetic material in addition to using plastic wire netting High-strength fiber glass complex three-dimensional net.
D, prepare conditioned soil 2 and then mix the seed of mixing, the component of wherein conditioned soil 2 is:Local loam 65-80%, mud Charcoal soil 8-20%, coconut palm chaff 2-10%, calcium superphosphate 2-10% and polyacrylamide 0.5-5% are mixed after mixing seed mixture toward conditioned soil 2 It is even then with machine sow grass seeds by duster to each lattice girder cave cheat slope surface on.
2 retain water and nutrients of conditioned soil, loose ventilative, unit weight is small, can mitigate the pressure of slope planting structure load-bearing.Coconut palm Chaff is pure natural organic matter, rich in trace element necessary to plant growth, has good water-retaining property and gas permeability, beneficial to plant Object root system absorbs nutrient and moisture well, promotes plant establishment, fixed conditioned soil, can be with Natural Degradation.Compress coconut palm chaff matter Amount is light, storage space is small, storage life is longer, is easy to transport, and carrying cost is relatively low, is used when allocating Nutrition Soil convenient for scene.
Further, the seed mixture described in this practicality include shrub seeds and mixing grass-seed and Climbing Plant seed, The grass-seed of mixing and Climbing Plant seed;The shrub seeds again including white popinac etc., the Climbing Plant include big winged bean and Wedelia chinensis, the grass-seed include paspalum notatum, Bermuda grass, rye grass and Festuca Arundinacea.
The gradient of hard side slope is sowed grass seeds by duster at twice when 45 to 55 spend described in step A, the incorporation Shrub Species of first sowing grass seeds by duster The conditioned soil 2 of son forms basal layer;It sows grass seeds by duster again and mixes the grass-seed of the mixing and the conditioned soil of Climbing Plant seed 2, form surface layer.
Specifically, when 45 to 55 spend, the seed mixed in the conditioned soil 2 sowed grass seeds by duster for the first time fills the gradient of hard side slope Wooden seed such as white popinac;The shrub seeds of 5 ~ 15g of incorporation in the conditioned soil 2 of every square metre of area.
Grass-seed is mixed in the conditioned soil 2 sowed grass seeds by duster for the second time such as:Paspalum notatum, Bermuda grass, rye grass, Festuca Arundinacea also have Climbing Plant seed is such as:Big winged bean and wedelia chinensis seed.The conditioned soil 2 of every square metre of area respectively mixes the grass-seed of 5 ~ 10g and climbs It helps vegetable seeds and carries out mixed configuration.It is respectively to calculate their ratio in quality:Paspalum notatum accounts for 10-20%, and Bermuda grass accounts for 10- 20%, rye grass accounts for 10-20%, and Festuca Arundinacea accounts for 10-20%, and big winged bean accounts for 12-30%, and wedelia chinensis accounts for 10-20%.
When the gradient is more than 55 degree, the grass-seed and the described of Climbing Plant seed that incorporation of sowing grass seeds by duster twice mixes change Good native 2.
Specifically, the grass-seed of incorporation has paspalum notatum, Bermuda grass, rye grass, Festuca Arundinacea, there is Climbing Plant seed Such as:Big winged bean and wedelia chinensis seed.The conditioned soil 2 of every square metre of area respectively the grass-seed of 5 ~ 10g of incorporation and Climbing Plant seed into Row mixed configuration.In quality come to calculate their ratio be that paspalum notatum accounts for 10-20% respectively, Bermuda grass accounts for 10-20%, and rye grass accounts for 10-20%, Festuca Arundinacea account for 10-20%, and big winged bean accounts for 12-30%, and wedelia chinensis accounts for 10-20%.
Can also sow grass seeds by duster for the second time to form conditioned soil 2 surface layer plant Climbing Plant seedling, can so accelerate plant Coverage.
E, covering is for preventing the outer protective net 3 of soil erosion in the conditioned soil 2, in the outer of the lattice girder 1 Layer paving is for the Traction networks 5 of Climbing Plant climbing;
The outer protective net 3 is using web and is covered in the surface layer of the conditioned soil 2.
Further, cushion block 9 is set on the lattice girder 1, and the Traction networks 5 are layered on described from top of the slope to slope foot direction On cushion block 9, make have certain distance between lattice girder and Traction networks 5, Climbing Plant is made to avoid mixing because of lattice girder when growing into herein Solidifying soil high temperature and cauline leaf of burning.
Early period is afforested based on herbaceous plant, after Climbing Plants length is waited to get up, can gradually pass through the traction of 1 outer layer of lattice girder Net 5 is to surrounding growth, Landfill covering slope surface.
When 45 to 55 spend, the outer protective net 3 especially based on the filling, described in when being planted supplemented by grass uses the gradient Coir net.
The outer protective net 3 has high-tensile, and Biodegradation Times are longer, adds slope surface roughness, can incite somebody to action Slope runoff becomes cross flow, reduces flow velocity, reduces slope wash, and plant fiber can retain, absorb partial moisture, increase slope surface and protect Outlet capacity ensures that soil needed for plant growth early period is not lost in.
F, non-woven fabrics is covered, then carries out maintenance management.
Non-woven fabrics is covered in time after being laid with Traction networks 5, and periodically waters, applies fertilizer and prevent pest and disease damage.After draft is grown It is periodically trimmed, to promote the growth of shrub.
One of embodiment:Certain rock side slope lattice girder ecological afforestation means of defence is as follows.
It clears up, modify certain 5 meters high, about 60 ° of the gradient, the hard lattice side slope for being about 50 meters;
Building waste in cleaning out a drain;
Unwrapping wire, drilling are carried out to lattice collar tie beam cave hole slope surface, width 100mm baffles in hole are installed, are laid with plastic iron wire Net slides pendant power with the scattered soil body, reduces soil erosion;
By local loam, peat soil, coconut palm chaff, calcium superphosphate and polyacrylamide example 73 by volume:15:5:5:2 into Row is configured to conditioned soil, about 55m3 conditioned soils is configured altogether, by paspalum notatum, Bermuda grass, rye grass, Festuca Arundinacea, big winged bean and amphibious crab Chrysanthemum seed in mass ratio 1:1:1:1:1:1 mixing, configures about 60kg altogether, mixes and sows grass seeds by duster in conditioned soil;
The composite soil of conditioned soil and seed is cultivated, covers outer protective net, extension climbs up by holding on to Traction networks, lid nonwoven Cloth, maintenance.
Embodiment of the present invention is only the description carried out to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, not to invention structure Think and scope is defined, on the premise of design philosophy of the present invention is not departed from, engineers and technicians are to the present invention in this field The all variations and modifications made of technical solution, protection scope of the present invention should all be fallen into.

Claims (8)

  1. A kind of 1. method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening, it is characterised in that hard side slope lattice ecology Greening structure is included in each lattice girder(1)Between cave hole(4)The greening safeguard structure of interior installation, passes through machine in slope surface The conditioned soil sowed grass seeds by duster mixed with seed mixture(2), in the conditioned soil(2)Surface is covered with outer protective net(3), in the lattice Beam(1)On be fixed with cushion block(9), pass through the cushion block(9)It is fixed with and the lattice girder(1)Gap is formed to climb for Climbing Plant Traction networks(5);The greening safeguard structure is included in the cave hole(4)Inside use reinforcing bar(7)The baffle being fixed in slope surface (6)With tightly wrap in each baffle(6)Between internal layer protection network(8);
    The method of hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening includes having the following steps;
    A, slope surface treatment:Clear up sundries, surface dust, weeds and danger stone in hard side slope;
    Pumping equipment is set B,:From top of the slope or platform both ends pumping equipment is set to discharge runoff and lead to bottom of slope;
    C, in each lattice girder(1)Between cave hole(4)Interior installation greening safeguard structure;
    D, conditioned soil is prepared(2)Then seed mixture, wherein conditioned soil are mixed(2)Component be:Local loam 65-80%, mud Charcoal soil 8-20%, coconut palm chaff 2-10%, calcium superphosphate 2-10% and polyacrylamide 0.5-5% are mixed thoroughly and then used after mixing seed mixture Machine is sowed grass seeds by duster in the slope surface cheated to each lattice girder cave;
    E, in the conditioned soil(2)The upper outer protective net for covering to prevent soil erosion(3), in the lattice girder(1)'s Outer layer spreads the Traction networks for Climbing Plant climbing(5);
    F, non-woven fabrics is covered, then carries out maintenance management.
  2. 2. the method for hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Step Seed mixture described in rapid D includes grass-seed and Climbing Plant seed, the grass-seed of mixing and Climbing Plant of shrub seeds and mixing Seed;The shrub seeds include white popinac again, and the Climbing Plant includes big winged bean and wedelia chinensis, and the grass-seed includes hundred Like grass, Bermuda grass, rye grass and Festuca Arundinacea.
  3. 3. the method for hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:Step The gradient of hard side slope is sowed grass seeds by duster at twice when 45 to 55 spend described in rapid A, and the described of the incorporation shrub seeds of first sowing grass seeds by duster changes Good soil(2), then the sow grass seeds by duster grass-seed of incorporation mixing and the conditioned soil of Climbing Plant seed(2);The gradient is more than 55 When spending, sow grass seeds by duster mix the grass-seed of the mixing and the conditioned soil of Climbing Plant seed twice(2).
  4. 4. the method for hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening according to claim 3, it is characterised in that mixed Close the grass-seed and Climbing Plant seed accounting be respectively:Paspalum notatum accounts for 10-20%, and Bermuda grass accounts for 10-20%, and rye grass accounts for 10-20%, Festuca Arundinacea account for 10-20%, and big winged bean accounts for 12-30%, and wedelia chinensis accounts for 10-20%.
  5. 5. the method for hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Institute The greening safeguard structure stated includes the brick structure or concrete structure that are built into, and internal layer is laid on brick structure or concrete structure and is prevented Protecting wire net(8).
  6. 6. the method for hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening, feature exist according to claim 1 or 5 In:The internal layer protection network(8)For by the plastic wire netting of upper and lower laying.
  7. 7. the method for hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening, feature exist according to claim 1 or 5 In:The internal layer protection network(8)For high-strength fiber glass complex three-dimensional net.
  8. 8. the method for hard side slope lattice ecological afforestation structure ecological greening according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Institute The outer protective net stated(3)Using web and it is covered in the conditioned soil(2)Surface layer.
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