CN104876667A - Compound fertilizer for corn planting - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of crop fertilizers, particularly a compound fertilizer for corn planting. According to the characteristics of demand of corn for fertilizers, the actual state of fertilizer application in the existing corn planting in China and the hazards of application of a single fertilizer, the invention aims to provide a compound fertilizer for corn planting. The compound fertilizer for corn planting can enhance the soil fertility, improve the soil structure and lower the pesticide residues, and well overcomes the hazards of single fertilizer application to the soil and crops. The technical scheme is as follows: the compound fertilizer for corn planting is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 40-44 parts of lignite, 42-46 parts of urea, 5-8 parts of monoammonium phosphate and 1-2 parts of Bacillus subtilis. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing the components, pulverizing, stirring, granulating, drying, screening and packaging. Compared with the simple substance fertilizer, the fertilizer provided by the invention has the advantages of complete nutrients, fewer accessory ingredients and favorable physicochemical properties, and is beneficial to implementing scientific fertilizer application.

Description

A kind of composite fertilizer for corn planting

Technical field

The present invention relates to Crop fertilizer field, particularly a kind of composite fertilizer for corn planting.

Background technology

Corn is important food crop and cash crop, and statistics its output of display and cultivated area are only second to paddy rice and corn, occupy third place in the world.Occupy an important position in the people's livelihood and economy. effectively utilize limited land resources, improve the yield and quality of corn crop, to the grain security of China or food safety all has important meaning, be also the target that scientific worker pursues always.

Corn needs the nutritive element absorbed to reach kind more than 20 in the process of g and D, mainly contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium three kinds of macroelement; The trace elements such as the major elements such as Calcium Magnesium Sulphur and iron, manganese, zinc, boron, sodium, the nitrogen element of corn growth demand is maximum, phosphoric takes second place, potassium element is minimum. and active effect is played in the synthesis of zinc element to Endogenous auxins such as indolylacetic acids in Corn in addition, ferro element can be absolutely necessary to the content improving corn product Determination of Chlorophyll one of element, and these elements provide mainly through soil.

Use single mineral manure and can be able to produce serious influence to soil in a large number for a long time in corn planting process:

1, heavy metal and toxic element increase:

Produce the heavy metal polluted and mainly contain Zn, Cu, Co and Cr, processing is exploited from the raw material of chemical fertilizer, always bring some heavy metal elements or toxic substance into chemical fertilizer, wherein based on phosphate fertilizer, in the chemical fertilizer that current China uses, phosphate fertilizer accounts for 20%, the raw materials for production of phosphate fertilizer are Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL), it contains a large amount of harmful element F and As, and the course of processing of Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) also can bring other heavy metal Cd, Hg, As, F, particularly Cd into simultaneously; In addition, also can with trichoro-aldehyde in the phosphate fertilizer utilizing spent acid to produce, murder by poisoning is caused to crop, research shows, no matter be acid soil, subacidity soil or calcareous soil, long-term application chemical fertilizer also can cause the enrichment of heavy metals in soil, directly be detrimental to health, such as, long-term application ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, the content of As in soil can be made to reach 50 ~ 60 mg/kg, meanwhile, along with the increase entering soil Cd, in soil, effective Cd content also can increase, and the Cd amount of Crop also increases.

2, microorganism active reduces, and material is difficult to transform and degraded:

Soil microorganisms is individual little and live body that energy is large, they are the executive of Organic Matter Transformation, it is again the active storehouse of plant nutrient, have and transform organic, to decompose mineral and degraded toxic substance effect, the test of Nanjing soil institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences shows, use different fertilizer to have a great impact microbic activity, the order of soil microbe quantity, active size is: fertilizer is joined and executed that inorganic fertilizer > mono-organic fertilizer > is mono-executes inorganic fertilizer; At present, based on nitrogenous fertilizer in the chemical fertilizer that China uses, and the amount of application of phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and fertilizer is low, and this can reduce quantity and the activity of soil microorganisms.

3, nutrient imbalance, nitrates accumulation:

At present, the chemical fertilizer that China uses is based on nitrogenous fertilizer, and phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and composite fertilizer are less, and long-term application causes soil nutrient to lack of proper care, the exhaustion of aggravation P in soil, K, cause NO3-N to accumulate, NO3-N itself is nontoxic, if but fully do not assimilated by crop its content can be made to increase sharply, taking in after human body by micro-reduction is NO2-, the oxygen carrying capability of blood is declined, brings out methemoglobinemia, time serious, people's death by suffocation can be made; Simultaneously; NO3-N can also be transformed into strong carcinogen nitrosamine in vivo, brings out various Digestive tract canceration, is detrimental to health; under Protectorate cultivation condition, even with application of organic fertilizers for NO3-N semi-invariant in main 100cm soil layer is also at 240 ~ 740 kg/hm2.

4, acidifying aggravation, PH changes greatly:

Long-term application chemical fertilizer accelerates soil acidification, and the process producing nitrate on the one hand to the nitrification of nitrogenous fertilizer in soil is relevant.First be that ammonium is transformed into nitrite, then nitrite is transformed into nitrate again, form H+, cause soil acidification, on the other hand, some physiological acidic fertilizers, after such as calcium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, the ammonium chloride nutrient ion in plant absorption fertilizer, H+ in soil increases, and the acidifying of many arable soils is relevant with physiological fertilizer long-term application; Simultaneously, long-term application KCL, because crop choice absorbs the impact of the physiological acidity caused, can make the neutral soil souring gradually that resiliency is little, in addition, nitrogenous fertilizer is under the condition of poor aeration, denitrification can be carried out, enter air with the form of NH3, N2, NH3, N2 in air can be passed through oxidation and change into HNO3 with hydrolytic action, drop in soil and cause soil acidification.Chemical fertilizer application promotes that soil acidification phenomenon is the most serious in acid soil.Ca, Mg can be accelerated after soil acidification from arable layer leaching, thus reduce degree of base saturation and soil fertility.

Because now agriculture modernization level is more and more higher, green non-pollution is more and more subject to the people's attention.Thus effectively utilize soil, improve the planting environment of corn, the yield and quality improving corn is the direction that people make great efforts.

Summary of the invention

For the characteristics of demand of corn to fertilizer, the present situation of applying fertilizer in the existing corn planting of China, use the harm of single fertilizer, object of the present invention is just to provide a kind of composite fertilizer for corn planting, while enhancing soil fertility, can also Soil structure be improved, reduce pesticide residue, the harm to soil and crop simultaneously well overcoming that single fertilising brings.Its technical scheme of dealing with problems is:

A kind of composite fertilizer for corn planting: be made up of brown coal 40-44 part of following weight fraction, urea 42-46 part, monoammonium phosphate 5-8 part, subtilis 1-2 part, its preparation method is above component mixing, pulverizing, stirring, granulation, oven dry, screening, packs.

Massfraction >=22% of nitrogen (N) in formula, massfraction >=3% of phosphorus (P), organic massfraction >=45%, containing 20,000,000 active bacteria in every gram.

Compared with simple substance fertilizer, fertilizer of the present invention has the following advantages: 1, that nutrient is complete, minor component is few: fertilizer of the present invention contains various nutrient elements, these nutritive elements are all the required nutritive ingredients of corn growth, the demand of corn growth to various nutrient can be met, simultaneously, because composite fertilizer's minor component is few, the detrimentally affect 2 even eliminated minor component and bring can be reduced, that physicochemical character is good: fertilizer of the present invention is through granulation, the dissolution rate of fertilizer reduces, fertilizer is because of leaching, infiltration, volatilization, the loss that denitrification etc. cause greatly reduces, extend fertilizer efficiency, simultaneously, the corrodibility of straight fertilizer, water absorbability, the bad proterties such as volatility is also improved, fertilizer prevented from caking, the utilization ratio of fertilizer improves 3, the realization being conducive to applying fertilizers scientifically: at present, the scientific and technological quality of China major part peasant is also lower, survey native scientific formulation fertilizer will really implement, also has sizable difficulty.The application of fertilizer of the present invention, can change the bad habit of inclined nitrogen fertilizer application, and avoid Nitrogen Resource to waste and environmental pollution, production cost reduces compared with simple substance fertilizer, and labour intensity reduces, and corn yield is guaranteed.

Embodiment

Below in conjunction with embodiment, detailed description is made to the present invention

Embodiment one

A kind of composite fertilizer for corn planting: be made up of 44 parts, the brown coal of following weight fraction, 46 parts, urea, monoammonium phosphate 8 parts, subtilis 2 parts, its preparation method is above component mixing, pulverizing, stirring, granulation, oven dry, screening, packs.

Embodiment two

A kind of composite fertilizer for corn planting: be made up of 40 parts, the brown coal of following weight fraction, 42 parts, urea, monoammonium phosphate 5 parts, subtilis 1 part, its preparation method is above component mixing, pulverizing, stirring, granulation, oven dry, screening, packs.

Embodiment three

A kind of composite fertilizer for corn planting: be made up of 42 parts, the brown coal of following weight fraction, 44 parts, urea, monoammonium phosphate 7 parts, subtilis 1.5 parts, its preparation method is above component mixing, pulverizing, stirring, granulation, oven dry, screening, packs.

Urea

Be a kind of high density nitrogenous fertilizer, belong to neutral readily avaiable fertilizer, urea can promote division and the growth of cell, make crop branches and leaves look in great numbers, urea is organic nitrogenous fertilizer, the urase effect in soil, after being hydrolyzed into volatile salt or bicarbonate of ammonia, ability utilization absorbed by crops; Urea is molecular state before conversion, by adsorption by soil, can be able to not outflow with water; The ammonia formed after transforming is also volatile, a large amount of ammonium ions can be accumulated because urea transforms in soil simultaneously, PH can be caused to raise 2-3 unit, add the biuret of urea containing some amount itself, its concentration is when 500ppm, and therefore other urea contents using the phase also should not too much or too concentrated just to play restraining effect to crop young root and young shoot.

Monoammonium phosphate

Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is a kind of water soluble quick-acting composite fertilizer, and available phosphorus (AP2O5) is about 5.44:1 with the ratio of total nitrogen (TN) content, is one of principal item of high-concentration phosphate compound fertilizers.This product is widely used in various food crop and the cash crop such as paddy rice, corn, corn, Chinese sorghum, cotton, melon and fruit; Be widely used in the various soil properties such as red soil, yellow earth, brown earth, yellow moist soil, black earth, cinnamon soil, purple soil, Baijiang soil; Be particularly suitable for the drought areas such as NORTHWEST CHINA, North China, northeast to use; Ammonium phosphate in acid, can produce detrimentally affect with seed is too close in soil, should not be used in combination with alkaline fertilizer.

Humic acids (Humic acid, HA)

Humic acids (Humic acid, HA), also known as humic acid, a kind of natural organic high-molecular compound is the chief component of soil ulmin, is extensively present in peat, brown coal; The materials such as peat are organic ore bodies that plant residue is formed through chronobiological and physics chemical action, containing a large amount of humic acid in it, humic acid is the many rings of a large class, condensed ring organic compound, and this kind of material has good effect to strengthening soil fertility and improving Soil structure; Humic acids is not a single acid, but a complicated mixture containing the functional group such as carboxyl, phenolic hydroxyl group, and this mixture shows the character of diprotic acid or triprotic acid once in a while, and humic acids at occurring in nature usually and ion forming complex; The macromolecular basic structure of humic acids is aromatic ring and alicyclic ring, ring is connected with the functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, quinonyl, methoxyl group, has the effects such as exchange, absorption, complexing, chelating with metal ion; In dispersion system as polyelectrolyte, have the effects such as cohesion, peptization, dispersion; It is combined with elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium the humic acid fertilizer made, and has fertilizer synergistic, improves soil, stimulates plant growth, improves the functions such as agricultural product quality; Humic acids and the combined use of pesticides such as nitrofen, atrazine, can improve drug effect, suppress residual hazard.

Utilize a large amount of humic acid contained in brown coal can reduce soil in the present invention and phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency is improved to solubility phosphorus fixation, impel Ca3(PO4 in the activation of soil trace element, usually soil) 2 be difficult to water-soluble, can slowly be dissolved in the polyacid in soil, fertilizer efficiency is slow, have the several functions such as anti-freezing, buffering, water tariff collection, and add the hydrophosphate and all water-soluble energy of dihydrogen phosphate calcium phosphate absorbed by crops that are formed after humic acid reacts; Trace element such as Fe, Al, Cu, Mg, the Zn etc. that can exist with some salt forms hard to tolerate form complex compound, water-soluble absorbed by crops, the commercialization chelated trace fertilizer of these trace elements is expensive, and humic acid can be used as the extensively inexpensive natural chelators in source and trace element chelatedly makes it easily be absorbed.

Subtilis and urea, monoammonium phosphate, mix with brown coal after the compound manure made contain the available nutrients such as a large amount of humic acid, can Soil structure be improved:

1, the formation of soil granular is promoted:

Ammonium humate can promote the formation of soil aggregate, and this is mainly transformed slowly by soil microorganisms, if often use humic acid fertilizers will accelerate this conversion process.

2, the adjustment of soil Zhong Shui, fertilizer, gas, thermal conditions is conducive to:

Its unit weight reduction when the crumb structure in soil improves, porosity increase have possessed good thorough fare.Again because humic acid fertilizers color is conducive to the absorption to solar thermal energy deeply.Releasing heat when humic acid fertilizers are subject to the Decomposition of microorganism especially can make ground temperature improve when crop seedling is just unearthed early spring, and plays anti-cold spell in spring effect.

3, lean soil and saltings is transformed:

Adhere to that using humic acid fertilizer fundamentally can transform good farmland as dead soil for a long time, because the acidity of humic acid can neutralize with the alkalescence of saline-alkali soil, so the potential of hydrogen (PH) of the adjustable soil of humic acid reaches administer saline and alkaline effect.

4, the activity of soil microorganisms is promoted:

Use humic acid fertilizers in soil after, have promoter action to Soil Microorganism activity, especially in soil, azotobacter is significantly increased, and the content of nitrate is obviously increased, and has enriched the nitrogen nutrition of soil, has improved the nutritional condition of crop root.

Because brown coal contain a large amount of organic matters and available nutrient; There is the inorganic nutrients content of the organic matter increasing soil, improve the effective rate of utilization of chemical fertilizer and improve corn yield, improve the effects such as corn quality, not only be rich in the nutritive elements such as the necessary nitrogen of corn growth, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, and dissolving power is strong, very easily absorbed by plant leaf surface, can promote that corn growth especially suitably can control the openness of corn blade face pore, reduce rising, improve anti-adversity ability, improve various enzymic activity, increase chlorophyll content, and movability is large, effectively can improve improving activity of root system, prevent early ageing.

Subtilis can secrete synthesis multiple organic acid, enzyme, physiologically active substance etc.; Available protein, multiple sugar and starch, decompose tryptophane and form indoles.Not only there is the powerful effect of becoming thoroughly decomposed to organic materials, and also breed a large amount of function bacterium during the fermentation and produce multiple special efficacy meta-bolites, thus stimulate crop growth, promote plant growth, ripe, to reduce costs, increase yield, improve income; Improve crop disease-resistant, drought resisting, cold tolerance, after function bacterium enters soil, can fixed nitrogen, phosphorus decomposing, potassium decomposing, increase soil nutrient, improvement Soil structure, improve chemical fertilizer utilization ratio; Gas chromatography material can be processed, nontoxic, harmless, pollution-free; Material is through mineralization, and nutrient becomes available state and quick-acting state from invalid state and slow state; Through humify, produce a large amount of humic acid, stimulate plant growth.

Subtilis is Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, endogenous spore can be produced, heat-resisting strong stress resistance, at the surperficial ubiquity of soil and plant, be a kind of endophyte common in plant materials, nontoxic to people and animals, free from environmental pollution, fast growth, nutritional needs are simple, and being easy to survival on the surface of plant, surely growing and breeding, is a kind of desirable Biocontrol microorganism.

Subtilis is various to the mechanism of action of phytopathogen and mode, mainly comprises several aspects such as Competition, antibiosis, bacteriolysis and Promoting plant growth.

1.1 Competition

Competitive way: mainly comprise nutrient competition and site competition.The competition in nutrition and site, space refers to the phenomenon of fighting for space, nutrition, oxygen etc. in this environment between two or more microorganisms of being present in same tiny organism environment.Bacillus subtilis has stronger competition and colonization ability, thus seize pathogenic bacteria infect site, consume nutrient around it, stop and interference pathogenic bacteria infecting plant leaf surface and other organs, play the effect that diseases prevention is antibacterial.

1.2 antibiosis

The antibiosis of subtilis refers to and just to the metabolism and growth generation restraining effect of pathogenic micro-organism, thus can affect existence and the activity of pathogenic micro-organism at low concentrations by producing the multiple effective antimicrobial substance of meta-bolites.

1.3 bacteriolysis

It is by being adsorbed on the mycelia of pathogenic bacteria that the bacteriolysis of subtilis is mainly manifested in, and grows along with mycelial growth, then produces lysozyme and causes protoplasma leakage that mycelium is ruptured; Or produce antimicrobial substance by dissolving pathogenic bacteria archespore wall or cytolemma, cause the phenomenon such as cell wall perforation, deformity thus suppress spore germination.

1.4 inducing plants produce resistance and Promoting plant growth

Subtilis not only can Suppressing phytopathogens, but also can inducing plant self disease resistance mechanisms thus strengthen the effect of the disease-resistant performance of plant.Subtilis can produce the material of similar phytokinin, plant growth hormones, promotes that the growth of plant makes the infringement of plant resistant pathogenic bacteria.When acting on crop or soil. at crop rhizosphere or Colonization inside plants, and specific fertilizer effect can be played.

Intensity of soil respiration is as one of biological activity of soil index, conversion and the deliverability of soil nutrient thing can be reacted to a certain extent, the change of its respiratory rate and change direction have also reacted the ecosystem to the sensitivity of coercing and response modes, it is an important indicator of environmental safety assessment, when soil is subject to external contaminant pollution, microorganism may need more energy to survive, and makes the metabolic activity generation response in various degree of soil microorganisms.Research shows that the subtilis of each massfraction process all shows as the stimulatory effect to Soil Respiration, and subtilis massfraction is larger in soil, larger to the hormesis of intensity of soil respiration, namely stimulus intensity and dispenser massfraction are proportionate.

Urase belongs to a kind of hydrolase, only urea to be transformed in soil and urea desorption column has the enzyme of great effect, after people's soil executed by urea. under the katalysis of urase, resolve into rapidly carbonic acid gas and ammonia, so the reduction of soil urease liveness, hydrolysis of urea not only can be made to slow down, its hydrolysate is made effectively to be reduced the volatilization loss of hydrolysis of urea product ammonia more by adsorption by soil, also the corresponding minimizing hydrolysate NH soil nitrification potential of possibility, the soil of subtilis process all shows stimulatory effect to soil urease.The mechanism that subtilis stimulates urase, may be because the artificial microbial growth that adds of microbial pesticide provides carbon source and nutrition, thus the microbe population of generation this kind of enzyme is increased, increased activity, the thus activity of urase also corresponding enhancing in soil.

In soil, salt accumulation harm Soil structure is viscid, and air permeability is poor, and unit weight is high, and soil temperature rises, aerobic bacteria is movable poor, and nutrients release is slow, and permeability coefficient is low, wicking action is strong, causes topsoil salinification to aggravate further, causes that soil is cold, hard, plate phenomenon.Too much solubility salt, can improve the osmotic pressure of the soil solution, causes the arid of plant.Arid season, topsoil salinity excess accumulation easily hinders hypocotyl.At a high ph, the direct murder by poisoning of OH a pair plant can also be caused.Salinity excess accumulation in plant tissue, protoplasma can be made to be injured, and protein synthesis is obstructed, and nitrogenous mesostate accumulation, causes cytotoxic.Due to the competition of exchangeability Na+, plant is reduced the absorption of potassium, phosphorus and other nutritive elements, and the transfer of phosphorus also can be suppressed, thus affects the nutritional status of plant, affects the empty opening and closing of gas of plant.Under high concentration salts effect, the Starch formation in Stomacal guard cell is hindered, and cell can not be closed, and plant easily arid is withered.Use subtilis dominant strain, produce biological organic fertilizer, for plant production, when input cost is identical, growth and development of plants is good, and output increases, and alkaline land soil physicochemical character improves, and soil microbe quantity increases.

the fertilizer efficiency confirmatory experiment of the present invention's corn composite fertilizer used

Experiment is located at Daan District, Ruyang County, Luoyang, and experiment kind is corn agriculture China 101, and the soil that is for experiment is clay, height above sea level 355 meters, experiment land fertility is medium, and slight alkalinity, has irrigation conditions, trial plot area 60 ㎡, if three iteron arrangements are averaged, within continuous 3 years, experimental data is averaged.

Fertilizing method: according to the commitment principle of equal value, experimental group 1,2,3 groups of special compound fertilizer for corns using embodiment 1-3 to prepare respectively, use double centner for every mu; Control group uses the composite fertilizer that N P and K mass ratio is 15-5-5, every mu of amount of application 80 kilograms; Control group 2 every mu use 50 kilograms, urea, calcium superphosphate 60 kilograms, simultaneously using non-applying fertilizer, out of crop as blank, then the output of corn is measured, and measure soil organic matter content with potassium bichromate titrimetric method, Potentiometric Determination P in soil H value, microbes biomass carbon assay method measure soil microorganisms, and utilize core cutter method to calculate soil porosity and soil capillarity porosity, and result as shown in Table 1.

Table one, use special compound fertilizer for corns result:

Fertilizer	Output (kilogram)	Soil organic matter content	P in soil H value	Soil is biomass C	Soil porosity	Soil capillarity porosity
							Experimental group 1	73.50	1.98%	7.4	90.56mg/㎏	52%	20%
Experimental group 2	70.98	2.01%	7.3	90.08mg/㎏	51%	20%
							Experimental group 3	72.09	1.93%	7.3	89.90mg/㎏	52%	21%
Control group 1	61.58	1.75%	7.7	85.35mg/㎏	48%	16%
							Control group 2	62.14	1.72%	7.8	85.14mg/㎏	45%	15%
Blank group		1.73%	7.8	85.06mg/㎏	43%	15%

Note: soil sample adopts 7 samplings of S shape

As shown in Table 1, use special compound fertilizer for corns of the present invention, corn yield is improved significantly, and soil aggregate is as soil porosity, all improve with soil capillary porosity, simultaneously soil organic matter content, soil microorganisms content carbon and P in soil H value are all improved and the microorganism active of organic matter is proportionate, soil porosity and absorbancy, oxygen density are proportionate, absorbancy and microbial biomass carbon, amount nitrogen are proportionate, and capillary porosity and water conservation, ventilation property and electric conductivity are proportionate.Therefore the Special compound fertilizer for corn that prepared by the present invention has improves soil aggregate, increases organic matter content in soil, reduces the functions such as soil pollution, can be widely used in corn planting.

Claims (4)

1. the composite fertilizer for corn planting: it is characterized in that being made up of brown coal 40-44 part of following weight fraction, urea 42-46 part, monoammonium phosphate 5-8 part, subtilis 1-2 part, its preparation method is above component mixing, pulverizing, stirring, granulation, oven dry, screening, packs.

2. a kind of composite fertilizer for corn planting according to claim 1: it is characterized in that being made up of 44 parts, the brown coal of following weight fraction, 46 parts, urea, monoammonium phosphate 8 parts, subtilis 2 parts, its preparation method is above component mixing, pulverizing, stirring, granulation, oven dry, screening, packs.

3. a kind of composite fertilizer for corn planting according to claim 1: it is characterized in that being made up of 40 parts, the brown coal of following weight fraction, 42 parts, urea, monoammonium phosphate 5 parts, subtilis 1 part, its preparation method is above component mixing, pulverizing, stirring, granulation, oven dry, screening, packs.

4. a kind of composite fertilizer for corn planting according to claim 1: it is characterized in that being made up of 42 parts, the brown coal of following weight fraction, 44 parts, urea, monoammonium phosphate 7 parts, subtilis 1.5 parts, its preparation method is above component mixing, pulverizing, stirring, granulation, oven dry, screening, packs.