CN104813131B - 热能储存系统及使用该热能储存系统的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及热能储存系统,该热能储存系统包括能量储存器和内组合式加热和冷却机(15),能量储存器(2)具有垂直温度梯度。内组合式加热和冷却机(15)适用于从能量储存器中取回具有第一温度的能量,而同时返回具有更高的第二温度的加热的能量以及具有更低的第三温度的冷却的能量。本发明还涉及用于使用所述热能储存系统的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及包括能量储存器及内组合式加热和冷却机的热能储存系统,所述能量储存器具有垂直温度梯度。
背景技术
现今电能主要通过基于涡轮机的发电进行供应。必须不断平衡给电网的电力供应以应对电网中累积的电力消耗和任何损耗。当存在不平衡时,电网的频率受到影响,使得相对于标准频率50Hz,生产过剩导致频率增加以及生产不足导致频率减小。通过允许发电频率的微小变化进行某些平衡。如果偏差过大,则电网瘫痪。
电力生产包括两个主要部分,基础发电和负载跟踪发电。基础发电在恒定负载下操作并且由例如核电站、煤或燃气发电站或热电联产站(CHP)产生。为了使频率稳定在50Hz,对同步发电机/涡轮机中的旋转质量进行瞬时调节(即,在数秒内调节变化)是非常重要的。
对于在诸如数小时直至数天的更长时间段中的稳定,通过调节电力消耗(通过从电网开启或关闭电力消耗者),和/或通过调节电力生产(即,通过使用负载跟随发电站,诸如瑞典的水力发电站或在欧洲大陆的燃气发电站)来平衡电力生产和消耗。
通过将不同AC电网彼此连接来创建大型跨国电网,其中总旋转质量相配合。然而,由太阳能发电或风力发电产生的电能没有旋转质量。因此,一定数量的电力生产仍然需要基于涡轮机或包含不进行发电的旋转部件。对相应于每年55TWh的发电量的瑞典电网中的未来能量混合结构的估计表明,生产量的25%需要是基于涡轮机的,而剩下的75%可以基于风力发电(45TWh)和太阳能发电(10TWh)。
因此,持续过渡到来自风和太阳的可再生的、间歇性的电能导致完全不同的能量供应条件,因为电力生产取决于天气,即变化是季节性的、每天的、每小时的、低至数秒内的,并且因为现今由太阳能或风力发电产生的电能没有旋转质量。未来,期望通过额外调节风力发电涡轮机的方式来实现这种稳定。
此外,任何未来的电力生产过剩可以使用现今的技术来进行利用或者处理,例如作为废物,用于出口,或在区域供暖系统中进行使用。废物仅仅表示保持过剩的能量未被使用,即,关闭大量太阳能或风力发电站以便降低电力生产水平。出口表示将过剩的电力出口到另外的国家。然而,这并不总是可能的,因为必须存在人们可以向其出口电力的市场。如果未来邻近国家中的供电也发展为类似的风力和电力供应,则出口的可能性将受到限制。区域供暖系统表示通过使用一些电锅炉将大量过剩的电力传输到区域供暖系统中。由于过剩仅在一年中的短时期中存在,故电锅炉方面的投资必须是非常高效的。此外,不可能在区域供暖系统中使用所有生成的电力,因为过剩的生产通常在消耗低的时期,春天和夏天期间发生,消耗低即指生产和消耗未得到平衡。这些情况还可能由于在预测天气和电力消耗方面的难度。
因此,存在对改进的能量储存系统的需求,该能量储存系统利用电能的生产过剩并且其用于均衡并调节电力生产中的任何变化,而不管电力生产是季节性的、每天的、每小时的、或低至数秒内的。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面的目的是提供一种系统,其中过剩的电力可以被储存为热量供以后使用,例如,该系统用于在各季节、数天、数小时或者甚至数秒期间平衡过剩的电力生产使接近电力消耗。
根据本发明的第一方面,这些目的通过热能储存系统来实现,所述热能储存系统包括能量储存器和内组合式加热和冷却机,能量储存器具有垂直温度梯度,内组合式加热和冷却机适用于从能量储存器中取回具有第一温度的能量,而同时返回具有更高的第二温度的加热的能量以及具有更低的第三温度的冷却的能量。
热能储存系统的一个优势是通过选择将在哪些温度水平下取回和释放能量来优化能量储存的可能性,其中所述选择全部取决于在时间上给定的时期中电网和能量储存器中的特定条件。其它优势是利用电网中的过剩电能以及容易针对电能消耗平衡电力生产的可能性。
内组合式加热和冷却机可以包括至少两个热泵,以便以具有最大性能系数的高能力同时实现加热与冷却。
每个热泵可以包括至少两个压缩机,其用于促进高效和灵活的热能储存系统增加热容量,并且与多个热泵组合以提高性能系数。
在一个实施例中,内组合式加热和冷却机适用于使至少两个压缩机之间的连接在串联连接与并联连接之间交替,用于允许增加加热的流体和冷却的流体的储存能力以及增加储存器的加热能力。另一个优势在于,内组合式加热和冷却机提供通过选择将在哪些温度水平下取回和释放能量来优化热储存的可能性,所述选择全部取决于在时间上给定的时期中在区域供暖与制冷系统中和能量储存器中的特定需求。
热能储存系统还可以包括布置在能量储存系统内的加压的电蒸汽锅炉,使得电网中的过剩电力可以被转换成作为蒸汽的热能,蒸汽可以直接被注入到热能储存器中。
热能储存系统还可以包括布置在能量储存器中的至少一个浸入式加热器,使得电网中的过剩电力可以被有效地转换成热能并且直接到热能储存器中。
热能储存系统还可以包括至少一个吸热系统。
吸热系统可以是低温系统。
吸热系统可以是高温系统。
热能储存系统还可以包括用于调节电网的至少一个放热系统。
放热系统可以包括热电联产站,用于仅将热量传递至能量储存器的可能性。
放热系统可以包括用于对过剩电能进行峰值调节(peak shaving)的电热水锅炉和/或电蒸汽锅炉。
根据本发明的第二方面,这些目的通过使用根据上述的热能储存系统的方法来实现,所述方法包括以下步骤:从能量储存器中取回具有第一温度水平的能量,将具有更高的第二温度的加热的能量返回到能量储存器的相应水平或返回到放热系统,以及将具有更低的第三温度的冷却的能量返回到能量储存器的相应水平或返回到吸热系统。
该方法的一个优势是通过选择将在哪些温度水平下取回和释放能量来优化能量储存的可能性,其中所述选择全部取决于在时间上给定的时期中电网和能量储存器中的特定条件。其它优势是利用电网中的过剩电能以及容易针对电能消耗平衡电力生产的可能性。
通常,除非本文另有明确规定,否则权利要求中使用的所有术语将根据其在本技术领域中的普通含义进行解释。除非另有明确陈述,否则对“一种(a)/一种(an)/所述(the)(元件、设备、组件、构件等)”的所有提及将被开放地解释为指所述元件、设备、组件、构件等中的至少一个示例。此外,在整个说明书提到的术语“包括”,其表示“包括但不限于”。
附图说明
现在将参考示出本发明的当前优选的实施例的附图更详细地描述本发明的这些和其它方面。
图1示出了根据本发明的实施例的能量储存系统的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据本发明的第一实施例的能量储存系统。该系统包括能量储存器2,其可以是针对能量的输入/输出的高性能和季节性的大储存能力进行设计的贮水池、地下洞穴或热能储存器。
在能量储存器2中储存了不同温度的能量。能量储存器的上层具有高于冷却器即下层的温度。还具有在中间的过渡区域中的具有中间温度的层。在能量储存器的各层中的温度可以用温度区间T1、T2和T3进行定义。这些区间可适合任何特定的工作条件。仅仅作为例子,第一温度区间T1在15℃至65℃的范围内,第二温度区间T2在50℃至100℃的范围内,且第三温度区间T3在4℃至25℃的范围内。区间T2中的温度在一些时间段中可以更高,例如高至150℃。
在能量储存器2内分层是因为具有不同温度的流体,即液态水之间的密度差异。热液态水比处于4℃以上范围内的冷却器的水具有更低的密度,这使得不同温度的水将被放置在能量储存器内的不同垂直水平处,即垂直温度层次。在从能量储存器中提取热量期间,密度差产生梯度流动,因为具有较低密度的热水向上流动通过储存器到达热交换器,在热交换器中,热水被冷却。在回流管中,密度差异使产生较冷的水的向下流动。这导致不同密度的两个水柱产生可被用于梯度流动的重力,以便降低电能的消耗。当对能量储存器充入热量时,效应被逆转,并且必须增加诸如泵或电动机的额外的电能源以驱使流动。
由于主要在夏天期间执行对能量储存器的充能,而主要在冬天期间执行放能,这意味着在夏天期间需要额外的电能用于泵送,但在需求和成本更高的冬天期间可以产生额外的电能,即季节性的电能储存。在夏天将通过泵与电动机供应额外的电能。同一个泵-电动机在冬天期间将被用作涡轮机-发电机。垂直高度大的能量储存器将增强该效应。
为了利用储存器的全部潜力,有效地使用不同的、可变的温度是重要的。一个情况是储存器配备有位于不同高度的入口和出口。因此,存在一些能量连通构件11,例如伸缩套管,其从处理区延伸并且被设置为从能量储存器中取回在能量储存器的适当垂直水平处的一部分能量,以便允许通过至少一个热交换器9来处理能量。在该实施例中,提到的能量连通构件表示流体连通构件。能量连通构件还被设置为将处理的能量在位于能量储存器的适当垂直水平处返回到能量储存器。
能量储存器2可以经由热交换器9连接到吸热系统3、4和/或放热系统7。
作为例子,吸热系统3可以是低温系统,诸如用于对建筑物供暖的供暖系统。第一吸热系统3被连接到热交换器10。从能量储存器2中取回例如来自温度区间T1的第一温度的能量,且该能量被用来利用热交换器10对建筑物供暖。虽然图1仅示出一个建筑物,但是可能或者甚至优选将该装置连接到多个建筑物。吸热系统3还可以用作从系统中的消耗者采集热量的放热系统。
吸热系统4的另一个例子是高温系统,优选为区域供暖系统。吸热系统4可以充入从能量储存器2中获得的具有在区间T2内的温度的能量,或者充入从内组合式加热和冷却机15直接获得的具有在区间T2内的温度的能量。下文更详细地讨论了内组合式加热和冷却机15。吸热系统4还可以用作从系统中的消耗者采集热量的放热系统。
放热系统7提供可以通过工业设施或其它废热源、热电联产站(CHP)、用于发电和/或加热的太阳能电池板、热泵、生物燃料锅炉、电热水锅炉和/或电蒸汽锅炉、或化石燃料锅炉产生的能量。对于作为用于调节电网的装置的用途,热电联产站和电热水锅炉和/或电蒸汽锅炉是最有用且最重要的装置。
布置在放热系统7中的热电联产站(CHP)产生对于大规模的工厂通常以2:1的比例的热量和电力两者。在电力的价格低的时期中,不进行发电的能量生产可以是优选的。此刻整个锅炉能力是产生热量,即,正常热量产生的150%。如果改进热电联产站,该比例可以为1:1且锅炉能力为200%。然而,工厂中的冷凝器以及一些额外的诸如蒸汽转换器(用于将过热的蒸汽转换成饱和蒸汽)的部件在工厂中是需要的。结合能量储存器2,涡轮机可以通过同步发电机连接到电网并且在白天期间不发电,仅给能量储存器传递热量的情况下进行操作。如果在夜晚期间需要,热电联产站也可以产生全功率的电力(风力/太阳能补偿)。结合如上所述的热能储存器进行操作的热电联产站的添加意味着系统中包含了旋转质量,旋转质量在数秒内补偿电网变化。
布置在放热系统7中的电热水锅炉和/或电蒸汽锅炉可以用于过剩电能的峰值调节,例如用于在白天期间消耗电力(风力/太阳能峰值调节)。
上述热电联产站和电热水锅炉和/或电蒸汽锅炉可以是新装置或者已经存在的装置。
系统还包括连接到能量储存器2的内置加热和冷却机15。一方面,使用系统以便出于加热与冷却目的而增加能量储存器2的能量储存容量。另一方面,系统用于增加储存器的热容量。
优选地,内置加热和冷却机15包括至少两个热泵。内置加热和冷却机15通过能量流通构件11以与上述相同的方式连接到能量储存器2。
作为一个示例,内置加热和冷却机15从能量储存器中取回来自温度区间T1的一个水平的能量,而同时将具有更高的区间T2温度的加热的能量以及将具有更低的区间T3温度的冷却的能量返回到能量储存器中的相应水平,或例如直接返回到吸热系统4。然而,还可以从温度区间T1的一个水平取回能量并且将能量返回到加温器和冷却器,加温器即同一温度区间T1的较高水平,冷却器即同一温度区间T1的较低水平。因此,可以将加热的和冷却的能量返回到能量储存器中的被布置在取回流体的水平之上或之下的任意流体层,即,在具有更高的温度和更低的温度的水平。
如上所述,内置加热和冷却机15包括至少两个热泵。每个热泵包括至少两个压缩机,可以在热泵的制冷剂侧上串联连接和并联连接这两个压缩机。然而,热泵的数量和每个热泵内的压缩机的数量可以为任意合适的数量。热泵/压缩机的数量越大,内置加热和冷却机15就更高效。然而,这必须对组件数量增加导致的成本增加进行权衡。
内置加热与冷却机15从能量储存器的温度区间T1内的一个水平,从例如中间的温度水平取回能量。热泵被用于同时将该能量变换成用于加热与冷却目的两者的能量。用于加热与冷却的能量被返回到能量储存器中的正确的、相应的温度水平,或例如直接被传输到诸如区域供暖系统的吸热系统4。每个热泵可以使用不同的制冷剂。为了实现最大性能系数(COP),在蒸发器、冷凝器和子冷却器的水侧之上的流动将进行串联布置,以便降低每个热泵上所需的温度提升。
在第一示例中,第一和第二热泵每个包括至少两个串联连接的压缩机。当电力价格低时优选使用串联连接。在该例子中,热泵将使用来自温度区间T1(45℃)的能量产生关于上层温度区间T2(95℃)和下层温度区间T3(5℃)的能量。实现了3-4的加热的性能系数COP。当包含冷却效应时,COP是5-6。实际值取决于热泵的数量、压缩机的以及系统的效率。
在第二示例中,第一和第二热泵每个包括至少两个并联连接的压缩机。当电力价格相对较高时优选使用并联连接。在该例子中,热泵将使用来自温度区间T1的较高水平或者来自温度区间T2的较低水平(65℃)的能量产生关于上层温度区间T2(90-95℃)和中间的温度区间T1(40℃)的能量。实现了比串联连接的压缩机的COP近似高三倍的加热与冷却的COP。实际值取决于热泵的数量、压缩机的以及系统的效率。
在第三示例中,第一和第二热泵也包括至少两个压缩机,每个压缩机并联连接。在该例子中,热泵将使用来自温度区间T3的较高水平或者来自温度区间T1的较低水平(20℃)的能量产生关于中间的温度区间T1(55℃)和下层温度区间T3(5℃)的能量。实现了比串联连接的压缩机的COP近似高三倍的加热与冷却的COP。实际值取决于热泵的数量、压缩机的以及系统的效率。
根据第二示例的并联连接示出了在中间的温度水平的能量可以如何被转换成对应于常规的区域供暖水平的高温,并且同时产生为对应于低温系统的温度的能量。在第三示例中,同一部件可以从能量储存器的较低水平提取能量以便优化在5℃温度水平的冷却能量的生产并且用于产生用于低温系统的温度。
因此上述热能储存系统的一个优势是通过选择将在哪些温度水平下取回和释放能量来优化能量储存的可能性,其中所述选择全部取决于在时间上给定的时期中电网和能量储存器中的特定条件。
具有串联连接和并联连接的压缩机的可替代操作可能需要对应于串联操作的压缩机单元的数量的不同大小的压缩机。在此设置中,压缩机可以被连接到一个公共的电动机。可替代地,压缩机可以是大小相同的,但是在串联连接中将需要在压缩机和电动机之间进行速度调节。可将不同的装置用于该目的,诸如电动机的机械齿轮或者频率调节装置。可能使用液压发动机或蒸汽涡轮机来代替电动机。
能量储存系统还可配备有额外的能量消耗设备,诸如将间接加热提供到能量储存器2中的加压的电锅炉,和/或将直接加热提供到能量储存器2中的浸入式加热器。在诸如当阳光非常充足或风力非常强同时电力消耗低的极度电力过剩的时期中使用这些设备是优选的。在此情况下,这些设备被激活并因此消耗过剩的电力使得避免网络过载。
布置在地面上的加压的电锅炉产生以蒸汽形式的热能,蒸汽被直接注入到能量储存器中。经由至少一个(优选几个)配备有出口喷嘴的垂直蒸汽管道来将蒸汽直接散布到能量储存器2中,其中出口喷嘴在温度区间T1的底部或者温度区间T3的顶部。根据储存器的高度/深度,锅炉的静态液压将允许关于与实际压力有关的温度的能量传送。作为示例,这在具有150m水深的能量储存器中在大约200℃的温度下进行。该温度由于扩散到周围的流体中而迅速下降(比较给水贮水池中的“无声小汽锅”与锅炉)。在锅炉内循环的流体需要尽可能纯净,具有最少的引起例如腐蚀、起泡或结垢的悬浮固体和溶解的杂质。因此,到锅炉的流体诸如水经由水处理站从储存器泵送而来,水处理站将流体净化到对锅炉足够的水平(例如去离子水)。因此,该水处理将还成为净化能量储存器2中的流体的一部分。如果能量储存器完全充满水,则应从能量储存器的膨胀体积泵送水。去离子水将被储存在缓冲贮水池中以减小水处理站的大小并且允许对锅炉的峰值供应。
浸入式加热器产生直接进入到能量储存器中作为热量的电量。至少一个(优选几个)浸入式加热器被布置在温度区间T1的底部或者温度区间T3的顶部。根据能量储存器2的高度/深度,浸入式加热器的静态液压将允许在与能量储存器2中的实际压力有关的温度下的能量传送。作为示例,这在具有150m(近似15巴)水深的能量储存器中在大约200℃的温度下完成。经由梯度流动执行传送来自浸入式加热器的热量。接近浸入式加热器的温度由于扩散到周围流体中而迅速下降。这是鲁棒的设计,因为没有移动零件。
安装在能量储存器2中的蒸汽注入管道和浸入式加热器将被安装在垂直通道/管道中以便允许从能量储存器2之上的处理区或管沟进行维护和服务。
本领域技术人员应认识到,本发明绝不受限于上述的优选实施例。相反,在所附权利要求的范围内的许多修改和变化是可能的。
Claims (12)
1.一种热能储存系统,所述热能储存系统包括能量储存器(2)和内组合式加热和冷却机(15),所述能量储存器(2)具有垂直温度梯度,
所述内组合式加热和冷却机(15)适用于从所述能量储存器中取回具有第一温度的流体,而同时返回具有更高的第二温度的加热的流体以及具有更低的第三温度的冷却的流体,
其中所述内组合式加热和冷却机(15)包括至少两个热泵,其中每个热泵包括至少两个压缩机,并且其中所述内组合式加热和冷却机(15)适用于使所述至少两个压缩机之间的连接在串联连接与并联连接之间交替。
2.根据权利要求1所述的热能储存系统,还包括布置在所述热能储存系统内的加压的电蒸汽锅炉,使得电网中的过剩电力被转换成作为蒸汽的热能,所述蒸汽被直接注入到所述能量储存器(2)中。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的热能储存系统,还包括布置在所述能量储存器(2)中的至少一个浸入式加热器。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的热能储存系统,还包括至少一个吸热系统(3、4)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的热能储存系统,其中所述吸热系统(3)中的至少一个是低温系统。
6.根据权利要求4所述的热能储存系统,其中所述吸热系统(4)中的至少一个是高温系统。
7.根据权利要求5所述的热能储存系统,其中所述吸热系统(4)中的至少一个是高温系统。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的热能储存系统,还包括放热系统(7)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的热能储存系统,其中所述放热系统(7)包括热电联产站。
10.根据权利要求8所述的热能储存系统,其中所述放热系统(7)包括电热水锅炉和/或电蒸汽锅炉。
11.根据权利要求9所述的热能储存系统,其中所述放热系统(7)包括电热水锅炉和/或电蒸汽锅炉。
12.一种使用根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的热能储存系统的方法,包括以下步骤:
从所述能量储存器(2)中取回来自第一温度水平的流体;
将具有更高的第二温度的加热的流体返回到所述能量储存器(2)的相应水平或返回到放热系统(7),以及
将具有更低的第三温度的冷却的流体返回到所述能量储存器(2)的相应水平或返回到吸热系统(3、4)。
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