CN104768720A - 木板及其生产方法 - Google Patents
木板及其生产方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104768720A CN104768720A CN201380053724.6A CN201380053724A CN104768720A CN 104768720 A CN104768720 A CN 104768720A CN 201380053724 A CN201380053724 A CN 201380053724A CN 104768720 A CN104768720 A CN 104768720A
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Abstract
本发明涉及木板,特别地后固化的木板和更特别地涉及具有优良溶胀性能的刨花板;本发明还涉及生产这种板的方法。
Description
本申请涉及木板,尤其后固化的木板,和更特别地涉及具有优良溶胀性能的刨花板(particle board);还涉及生产这种板的方法。
刨花板是典型地由各种木材粒料,例如木屑,锯木刨花或锯屑制造的复合材料。它可特别地用于制造各类家具,例如橱柜,厨房炊具,和淋浴家具等等。一般地,通常通过混合木材粒料和粘合剂组合物,例如可热固化的树脂,随后将所得混合物制成片材,和在升高的温度下压缩所述片材,从而生产刨花板(有时称为"刨花板")。最常见地使用脲醛树脂(UF),三聚氰胺脲甲醛树脂(MUF)和酚醛树脂作为刨花板内的粘合剂体系。而且,可使用各种添加剂,其中包括蜡,染料和剥离剂,它们增补具有进一步所需性能的刨花板。为了改进刨花板的视觉外观和耐久性,可将饰面施加到其可视的表面上。
与常规的木材产品和胶合板相比,刨花板具有各种优点,因为它比较便宜,且通常更加致密和更加均匀。结果,在许多应用中,刨花板替代了这些常规材料,主要是因为成本原因。
然而,在某些应用中,刨花板的一个主要缺点是,一旦暴露于湿气下延长的时间段,则它经历显著的溶胀。这尤其基于下述事实:特别地,脲醛刨花板显著吸湿。暴露于湿气或者与水直接接触通常导致该材料溶胀。结果,刨花板的外观和强度显著受到损害。由于对湿度的这一敏感性,因此在潮湿环境内采用刨花板可能不利地受到局限。
抗湿和抗溶胀也是其他类型的木板,例如胶合板的重要考虑因素,尽管与刨花板相比,胶合板的结构通常赋予它对湿气和溶胀不那么敏感。
木板当然必须满足包括满意的内部粘结强度,弹性模量,弯曲强度和尺寸稳定性的要求的组合。对例如因霉菌和/或生物降解导致的腐败抗性也是重要的。
以前尝试过例如通过使用较高量粘合剂,制造当暴露于湿气下时,具有降低的溶胀的脲醛刨花板。然而,使用显著较高量的粘合剂会负面影响刨花板的总体性能以及成本效率,且固化的UF粘合剂仍然倾向于吸湿。
而且,建议通过施加热量到成品上,减少UF/MUF刨花板内的溶胀,于是刨花板通常变得较少吸湿并减少热挤压应力。然而,即使这种技术可基本上导致刨花板的降低的溶胀,但宽泛施加热量还导致已固化的UF/MUF粘合剂降解,于是产品的结构完整性受到负面影响。
因此本发明要解决的一个具体的技术问题是克服以上的负面效果,并提供在厚度方向上低溶胀的刨花板,和生产这种刨花板的方法。
根据本发明,通过提供制造木板的方法,解决了上述技术问题,该方法包括下述步骤:
(a)提供木块;
(b)将碳水化合物粘合剂组合物施加到步骤(a)提供的木块上;
(c)将步骤(b)获得的木块制成片材;
(d)加热并挤压步骤(c)获得的片材以获得已固化的木板;和
(e)后固化步骤(d)获得的木板。
在一个实施方案中,木板是刨花板,并且本发明提供制造刨花板的方法,该方法包括下述步骤:
(a)提供木粒料;
(b)混合步骤(a)提供的木材粒料与碳水化合物粘合剂组合物;
(c)将步骤(b)获得的混合物制成片材;
(d)加热并挤压步骤(c)获得的片材,获得已固化的刨花板;和
(e)后固化步骤(d)获得的刨花板。
本文中的术语"刨花板"包括含木材粒料和粘合剂组合物的任何种类的刨花板。这种刨花板的实例包括中密度纤维板(MDF),具有各种密度和强度的硬质纤维板或高密度纤维板,以及定向刨花板(OSB)。该刨花板可以是均匀的且可具有不均匀的结构,例如包括不同的材料层。例如,刨花板可具有3层,例如芯层和两层表面层,其中每一层包括不同的木材材料和/或不同等级的木材材料和/或不同密度和/或不同粘合剂组合物和/或粘合剂用量。
刨花板的厚度范围可以是5-100mm。优选的厚度范围为10-45mm或16-22mm。木板的厚度可以是≥5mm,≥8mm,≥10mm,≥15mm,和/或≤100mm,≤80mm,≤60mm,≤50mm,≤45mm或≤25mm。
木板的长度可以是≥1.5m,≥2m,≥2.5m或≥3m和/或≤8m,≤6m或≤5m。木板的宽度可以是≥1m,≥1.2m,≥1.5m或≥1.8m和/或≤4m,≤3m或≤3.5m。
本文中所使用的术语“木材粒料”包括任何种类的木材粒料或纤维,例如木屑,木刨花,锯木刨花和锯屑或其混合物。来自原始木材和/或回收木材二者的木材粒料可用于生产本发明的刨花板。另外,任何种类的木材,例如桦树,山毛榉树,桤木,松木,云杉,热带木材和类似物可用作所述木材粒料的来源。根据本发明,进一步可能的是在制造刨花板中使用不同类型木材的混合物。而且,在以上定义的方法中所使用的木材粒料可以预干燥到小于8%,小于6%或小于5%的湿度。例如,可预干燥木材粒料到1-5%湿度的含湿量,例如2-4%的湿度,或1.5-3.5%的湿度。
根据本发明的措辞"碳水化合物粘合剂组合物"包括任何种类的碳水化合物-基粘合剂组合物,它可用于生产刨花板或木板。与在刨花板的制造中所使用的常规的粘合剂相反,在本发明的方法中所使用的碳水化合物粘合剂优选不含或基本上不含甲醛,和因此可避免与使用和/或释放甲醛有关的问题。这种碳水化合物粘合剂组合物可以是没有添加甲醛的粘合剂。
该碳水化合物粘合剂组合物可以是含至少40%干重的碳水化合物的粘合剂组合物;它可包括至少50%,至少55%或至少60%干重的碳水化合物。
尽管不希望束缚于理论,但认为,由本发明与碳水化合物基粘合剂有关的后固化所提供的一个优点可在粘合剂内分解或转化吸湿组分,例如半纤维素(若存在的话),和可能地以固化形式掺入这种组分;认为这会降低总的水吸收和/或保留和/或溶胀。按照这一方式,这种降解产物可以有效地对粘合剂功效实质上产生贡献。此外,可实现木材的应力释放和/或潜在的增加抗菌性;例如所存在的任何半纤维素可支持微生物生长,和减少和/或消除这一物种或类似物种可减少成品对腐败,霉菌或生物降解的任何敏感度。
优选地,步骤(d)的加热和挤压片材,获得已固化木板之后,和在步骤(e)的后固化木板之前,该木板具有:
a)内部粘结强度≥0.1N/mm2或≥0.15N/mm2,优选≥0.2N/mm2和更优选≥0.25N/mm2,特别地这根据EN 310:1993测量;和/或
b)弯曲中的弹性模量≥1000N/mm2,优选≥1200N/mm2,和更优选≥1300N/mm2,特别地这根据EN310:1993测量;和/或
c)弯曲强度≥5N/mm2,优选≥7N/mm2,和更优选≥10N/mm2,特别地这根据EN310:1993来测量。
根据以上定义的方法的一个实施方案,碳水化合物粘合剂组合物包括至少一种碳水化合物组分;它可包括至少一种碳水化合物组分和至少一种胺组分。
本文的术语“碳水化合物组分”包括任何碳水化合物,它能与胺组分和任选地进一步的交联剂反应(例如通过施加热量),以便形成合适地固化的产物。根据本发明,碳水化合物组分可选自单糖,二糖,多糖,或其反应产物。碳水化合物组分可包括至少一种还原糖。
本文中所使用的术语“还原糖”表示含有醛基或者可异构化,即发生互变异构现象,以含有醛基的一种或多种糖,所述基团可以例如用Cu-离子氧化,以得到羧酸。根据本发明,任何这种碳水化合物组分可以任选地被取代,例如被羟基,卤素,烷基,烷氧基和类似基团取代。在任何这种碳水化合物组分中,可存在一个或多个手性中心,和在每一手性中心处可能的两种光学异构体包括在本文描述的发明内。进一步地,还要理解,各种混合物,其中包括任何这种碳水化合物组分的各种光学异构体的外消旋混合物,或其他非对映异构体混合物,及其各种几何异构体可在本文描述的一个或多个实施方案中使用。
而且,尽管非-还原糖,例如蔗糖可能不是优选的,但在本发明的范围内,例如通过原位转化成还原糖,它们依然可能是有用的。进一步地,还要理解,单糖,二糖或多糖可部分与前体反应,形成碳水化合物反应产物。就碳水化合物反应产物衍生于单糖,二糖或多糖,且维持与胺组分类似的反应性,以形成与单体,二糖或多糖与胺组分的反应产物类似的反应产物来说,碳水化合物的反应产物在措辞“碳水化合物组分”的范围内。
碳水化合物粘合剂组合物可包括水溶性预反应的粘合剂组合物,后者包括(i)至少一种碳水化合物组分和(ii)至少一种含氮组分的反应产物。碳水化合物组分与含氮组分的重量比可以是0.5:1到30:1。
粘合剂可以是含有至少20wt%,例如至少25wt%,30wt%,35wt%,40wt%,45wt%,50wt%,55wt%,60wt%,65wt%,70wt%,75wt%或80wt%所述预反应的粘合剂组合物和/或不大于85wt%,例如不大于80wt%,75wt%或70wt%所述预反应的粘合剂组合物的水溶液或分散体形式。
本文中所使用的术语“预反应的粘合剂组合物”包括通过使碳水化合物组分和含氮组分反应可获得和/或获得的任何化学组合物,它可或者原样或者通过进一步改性用作粘合剂,例如粘结松散组装的物质。
本发明的优选实施方案中的预反应的粘合剂组合物基于碳水化合物组分/含氮组分粘合剂体系,即碳水化合物组分和含氮组分不仅小量地存在于起始材料内,以制备本发明的预反应的粘合剂组合物,而且是起始材料中的主要组分。因此,在制备预反应的粘合剂组合物的起始材料内至少一种碳水化合物组分和至少一种含氮组分的总量可以是至少20wt%,基于预反应之前粘合剂组合物的总重量。例如,至少一种碳水化合物组分和至少一种含氮组分的总量在预反应之前可以是至少30wt%,40wt%,50wt%,60wt%,70wt%,80wt%,90wt%,95wt%,或98wt%。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,在预反应的粘合剂组合物内,(i)至少一种碳水化合物组分和(ii)至少一种含氮组分的反应产物,未反应的碳水化合物组分和未反应的含氮组分的总量,即((i)和(ii)的反应产物量)+(未反应的碳水化合物量)+(未反应的含氮组分量)为至少20wt%,基于预反应的粘合剂组合物的总重量,例如为至少30wt%,40wt%,50wt%,60wt%,70wt%,80wt%,90wt-%,95wt%,或98wt%。
该粘合剂可以是:
·在国际专利申请号PCT/EP2013/057151中公开的粘合剂;
在美国专利申请序列号13/696,439(以US 2013/0059075 A1形式公布)中公开的粘合剂;或
·在美国专利申请序列号13/696,452(以US 2013/0047888 A1形式公布)中公开的粘合剂;
其中每一篇在本文中通过参考引入。
优选地,任何碳水化合物组分应当是不挥发的,以最大化其保持可获得以供与胺组分反应的能力。碳水化合物组分可以是其醛糖或酮糖形式的单糖,其中包括丙糖,丁糖,戊糖,己糖或庚糖;或多糖;或其组合。例如,当丙糖充当碳水化合物组分或者与其他还原糖和/或多糖结合使用时,可利用丙醛糖或丙酮糖(其中分别包括甘油醛和二羟基丙酮)。当丁糖充当水化合物组分或者与其他还原糖和/或多糖结合使用时,可利用丁醛糖(其中包括赤藓糖和苏糖)和丁酮糖(其中包括赤藓酮糖)。而且,当戊糖充当碳水化合物组分或者与其他还原糖和/或多糖结合使用时,可利用戊醛糖(其中包括核糖,阿拉伯糖,木糖和来苏糖)和戊酮糖(其中包括核酮糖,阿拉伯酮糖,木酮糖和来苏酮糖)。当己糖充当碳水化合物组分或者与其他还原糖和/或多糖结合使用时,可利用己醛糖(其中包括葡萄糖(即右旋糖),甘露糖,半乳糖,阿洛糖,阿卓糖,塔罗糖,古洛糖和艾杜糖)和己酮糖(其中包括果糖,阿洛酮糖,山梨糖和塔格糖)。当庚糖充当碳水化合物组分或者与其他还原糖和/或多糖结合使用时,可利用庚酮糖(其中包括景天庚酮糖)。已知非天然存在的这种碳水化合物组分的其他立体异构体也考虑可用于制备本文描述的粘合剂组合物。在一个实施方案中,碳水化合物组分是高果糖的玉米糖浆(HFCS)。
如上所述,碳水化合物组分可以是多糖。例如,碳水化合物组分可以是低聚合度的多糖,且包括例如糖蜜,淀粉,纤维素水解物,或其混合物。根据一个具体的实例,碳水化合物组分是淀粉水解物,麦芽糊精,或其混合物。尽管较高聚合度的碳水化合物可能不是优选的,但在本发明的范围内,尤其通过原位解聚,它们依然可能是有用的。
此外,根据本发明,可与非-碳水化合物的多羟基反应物结合使用碳水化合物组分。可与碳水化合物组分结合使用的非-碳水化合物的多羟基反应物包括,但不限于,三羟甲基丙烷,甘油,季戊四醇,聚乙烯醇,部分水解的聚乙酸乙烯酯,完全水解的聚乙酸乙烯酯,及其混合物。例如,非-碳水化合物的多羟基反应物足够不挥发,以最大化它保持可获得以供与胺组分反应的能力。而且,根据本发明,非-碳水化合物的多羟基反应物的疏水性可以是决定如本文描述制备的粘合剂的物理性能的因素。
进一步地,本文中措辞“胺组分”包括含有至少一个氮原子且能与至少一种碳水化合物组分反应的任何化合物或化合物的混合物。
根据本发明,至少一种胺组分可选自NH3,含至少一个伯胺基的无机胺或有机胺,及其盐。例如,作为胺组分,可原样使用NH3(例如,水溶液形式),以及它们的任何类型的无机和有机铵盐形式,只要这些盐能与以上定义的碳水化合物组分反应即可。无机铵盐的具体实例包括硫酸铵(AmSO4),氯化铵和硝酸铵。
而且,根据本发明,胺组分可以是多胺。本文中术语“多胺”包括具有两个或多个胺基的任何有机化合物,所述胺基可独立地被取代或未取代。
例如,多胺可以是伯多胺。本文中所使用的“伯多胺”是具有两个或更多个伯胺基(-NH2)的有机化合物。在术语伯多胺范围内的是可原位改性或异构化以生成具有两个或更多个伯胺基(-NH2)的那些化合物。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,伯多胺可以是化学式为H2N-Q-NH2的分子,其中Q是烷基,环烷基,杂烷基,或环杂烷基,它们各自可以是任选地被取代。例如,Q可以是选自C2-C24中的烷基,选自C2-C9中的烷基,或者选自C3-C7中的烷基。根据一个优选的实施方案,Q是C6烷基。根据另一实施方案,Q可以是环己基,环戊基或环丁基,或苄基。
本文中所使用的术语“烷基”包括可以任选地支化的碳原子链。要进一步理解,烷基优选具有有限的长度,其中包括C1-C24,C1-C12,C1-C8,C1-C6和C1-C4。特别地,较短烷基可增加该化合物较小的亲油性,和因此对碳水化合物组分具有不同的反应性和在粘合剂溶液内具有不同的溶解度。
本文中所使用的术语“环烷基”包括可以任选地支化的碳原子链,其中至少一部分是环状的。而且,根据本发明,要注意术语“环烷基”还包括多环结构。例如,这种环烷基包括,但不限于,环丙基,环戊基,环己基,2-甲基环丙基,环戊基乙-2-基,甲硅烷基和类似基团。此外,形成环烷基的链有利地具有有限的长度,其中包括C3-C24,C3-C12,C3-C8,C3-C6,和C5-C6。根据本发明,形成环烷基的较短烷基链可增加该化合物较小的亲油性,和因此将具有不同的行为。
本文中所使用的术语“杂烷基”包括含碳和至少一个杂原子二者的原子链,且该原子链被任选支化。这种杂原子的实例包括氮,氧和硫。在某些变通方案中,所述杂原子还包括磷和硒。在一个实施方案中,杂烷基是聚醚。本文中所使用的术语“环杂烷基”包括含碳和至少一种杂原子二者的原子链,例如杂烷基,且可任选地支化,其中该链的至少一部分是环状的。特别地,环杂烷基的实例包括,但不限于,四氢呋喃基,吡咯烷基,四氢吡喃基,哌啶基,吗啉基,哌嗪基,高哌嗪基(homopiperazinyl),奎宁环基,和类似基团。
本文中术语“任选取代”包括氢原子被其他官能团取代。这种其他官能团包括,但不限于,氨基,羟基,卤素,硫醇基,烷基,卤代烷基,杂烷基,芳基,芳烷基,芳基杂烷基,硝基,磺酸及其衍生物,羧酸及其衍生物,和类似基团。而且,根据本发明,任何氨基,羟基,硫醇,烷基,卤代烷基,杂烷基,芳基,芳烷基,芳基杂烷基,和/或磺酸被任选取代。
例如,伯多胺可以是二胺,三胺,四胺,或五胺。根据具体的实施方案,多胺是选自二亚乙基三胺,1-哌嗪乙胺,或双(六亚甲基)三胺中的三胺。在另一实施方案中,多胺是四胺,例如三亚乙基四胺。在另一实施方案中,多胺是五胺,例如四亚乙基五胺。
伯多胺的一个特征是可拥有低位阻。在本发明范围内,例如,1,2-二氨基乙烷,1,4-二烷基丁烷,1,5-二氨基戊烷,1,6-二氨基己烷,1,12-二氨基十二烷,1,4-二氨基环己烷,1,4-二氨基苯,二亚乙基三胺,三亚乙基四胺,四亚乙基五胺,1-哌嗪乙胺,2-甲基-五亚甲基二胺,1,3-戊二胺,和双(六亚甲基)三胺,以及1,8-二氨基辛烷具有低位阻。
根据以上定义的方法的优选实施方案,胺组分是伯多胺1,6-二氨基己烷(六亚甲基二胺,HMDA)。在进一步的实施方案中,胺组分是1,5-二氨基-2-甲基戊烷(2-甲基-五亚甲基二胺)。在另一实施方案中,胺组分是伯多胺聚醚-多胺。例如,根据本发明,所述聚醚-多胺是二胺或三胺。在一个实施方案中,聚醚-多胺是称为Jeffamine T-403聚醚胺的平均分子量为440的三官能伯胺(例如,HuntsmanCorporation)。
在进一步的实施方案中,胺组分可包括聚合的多胺。例如,在本发明范围内的聚合的多胺包括壳聚糖,聚赖氨酸,聚乙烯亚胺,聚(N-乙烯基-N-甲基胺),聚氨基苯乙烯和聚乙烯胺。在具体的实例中,胺组分包括聚乙烯胺。本文中所使用的聚乙烯胺可以是均聚物或共聚物。
本发明的进一步的实施方案涉及以上定义的方法,其中至少一种碳水化合物组分选自核糖,阿拉伯糖,木糖,来苏糖,葡萄糖(右旋糖),甘露糖,半乳糖,阿洛糖,阿卓糖,塔罗糖,古洛糖,艾杜糖,果糖,阿洛酮糖,山梨糖,二羟基丙酮,蔗糖和塔格糖及其混合物,和至少一种胺组分选自硫酸铵(AmSO4),氯化铵,硝酸铵,1,2-二氨基乙烷,1,4-二氨基丁烷,1,5-二氨基戊烷,1,6-二氨基己烷,1,12-二氨基十二烷,1,4-二氨基环己烷,1,4-二氨基苯,二亚乙基三胺,三亚乙基四胺,四亚乙基五胺,1-哌嗪乙胺,2-甲基-五亚甲基二胺,1,3-戊二胺和双(六亚甲基)三胺,1,8-二氨基辛烷或其混合物。
可使用至少一种碳水化合物组分和至少一种胺组分在溶剂内的溶液和/或分散液形式的碳水化合物粘合剂组合物。本文中术语“溶剂”包括溶解或分散碳水化合物组分和胺组分可使用的任何溶剂或溶剂混合物。例如,溶剂可以是水,有机溶剂或其混合物。有机溶剂的实例包括醇类,醚类,酯类,酮类,醛类,烷烃和环烷烃。
可将含有10-95wt%,20-90wt%,30-85wt%,或40-80wt%全部碳水化合物和胺组分的水溶液或分散液形式的碳水化合物粘合剂组合物施加到例如木材粒料上,基于该溶液或分散液的总重量。
碳水化合物组分和胺组分的用量包括允许形成固化粘合剂的这种用量。根据以上定义的方法的一个实施方案,碳水化合物粘合剂组合物包括50-90wt%全部碳水化合物组分和10-50wt%全部胺组分,基于碳水化合物和胺组分的总含量。
根据本发明的具体实例,在以上定义的发明中,碳水化合物粘合剂组合物包括25-50wt%一水合右旋糖(DMH),25-50wt%果糖和10-50wt%HMDA,基于碳水化合物和胺组分的总含量。
进一步的实例包括含10-90wt%,10-80wt%,10-70wt%,10-60wt%或10-50wt%DMH,5-80wt%,10-70wt%,20-60wt%或30-50wt%果糖,和5-50wt%,10-40wt%,和15-35wt%HMDA的粘合剂组合物,基于碳水化合物和胺组分的总含量。要理解,本文中所有上限和下限范围可任意地组合。
可使用化学计量量的碳水化合物组分和胺组分,所述化学计量量将导致基本上完全固化的反应,或者可使用亚化学计量的用量。例如,可通过使用比化学计量反应所要求的少的胺组分,和随后例如通过施加热量,预固化所述粘合剂组合物,从而制备碳水化合物粘合剂组合物。这一预反应的粘合剂组合物然后补充其余胺组分,例如实现化学计量比例。使用这种预反应的粘合剂组合物提供粘合剂组合物货架期方面的优点且可导致改进的固化工艺和较好的内部粘结强度。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,在碳水化合物粘合剂组合物中,碳水化合物组分内的羰基对胺组分内的反应性氨基之比范围可以是5:1到1:2。例如,羰基与反应性含氮基团之比范围可以是5:1到1:1.8,5:1到1:1.5,5:1到1:1.2,5:1到1:1,5:1到1:0.8和5:1到1:0.5。进一步的实例包括诸如4:1到1:2,3.5:1到1:2,3:1到1:2,2.5:1到1:2,2:1到1:2和1.5:1到1:2之类的比例。
本文中术语“反应性氨基”包括能与碳水化合物组分反应的在胺组分内的任何氨基。具体地,这种反应性氨基的实例包括伯和仲氨基,酰胺基,亚胺和酰亚胺基,以及氰酸酯和异氰酸酯。
与在刨花板的制造中所使用的常规的UF/MUF粘合剂相反,使用本文中定义的碳水化合物粘合剂组合物与各种优点有关。例如,与UF/MUF粘合剂相反,在后固化过程中,碳水化合物粘合剂可与木材分解产物经历改进的固化/交联和因此潜在地导致改进的粘合性能。另外,尽管UF/MUF粘合剂体系对暴露于升高的温度敏感,且倾向于在长期热暴露下降解,但碳水化合物粘合剂体系在有效地后固化刨花板所要求的温度下热稳定。最后,在后固化步骤中,在施加热期间,木材中的组分,例如半纤维素,可分解成糖类,糖类潜在地参与碳水化合物粘合剂的进一步的固化反应并导致更加结实的产品。
此外,目前认为本发明的后固化可引起在起始固化过程中尚未转化的糖类在后固化期间转化,固化或者在其他情况下结合到碳水化合物粘合剂上;它们因此将不再拥有任何潜在的关于细菌生长的有害影响,和确实,可对粘合剂的强度和/或其他性能产生积极的贡献。若在所释放的糖类,例如葡萄糖没有焦糖化的条件下(例如,在pH9下,低于约150℃)至少部分发生后固化,则本发明可提供将所释放的糖类掺入到粘合剂内的特别的优势。这可以是尤其采用碳水化合物+胺粘合剂体系的情形。
碳水化合物粘合剂,当固化时,可包括Maillard反应产物,例如蛋白黑素,和/或聚酯组分。
本文中术语“后固化”没有具体地限制且简单地是指加热刨花板到比室温(20℃)高的温度。
后固化可招致木板内,尤其在木板的芯内的温度高于起始固化期间的温度。例如,在刨花板生产过程中,刨花板的芯的温度增加很少超过110-115℃。后固化可招致比制造中高的芯温度和因此产生在起始固化过程中看不到的效果。
在后固化木板的步骤期间,特别地使用RF波后固化期间,木板的内部温度,特别地是在厚度方向上木板的中心的温度可特别地从加热和挤压板的步骤(d)的最后处的温度(它比后固化步骤期间实现的温度低至少5℃,至少10℃或至少15℃)升高到下述温度:
a)≥100℃,≥110℃,≥115℃,≥120℃,≥130℃或≥140℃,和/或
b)≤200℃,≤180℃,≤170℃或≤160℃。
在以上定义的方法的进一步的实施方案中,在范围为75℃-280℃的温度下进行步骤(e)的后固化。后固化温度的进一步的实例包括80-260℃,90-240℃,110-220℃和130-210℃的范围。
可通过任何合适的技术,例如通过加热的压机,常规的烘箱,热的蒸汽,通过电磁辐射(特别地采用1MHz至10GHz的频率),其中包括微波和/或射频范围(RF)内的电磁辐射,进行以上定义的方法中的后固化步骤(e)。例如,可通过在至少50W,或至少80W或至少100W和/或小于2000W,小于1500W或小于1000W的能级下施加电磁辐射,进行步骤(d)获得的固化刨花板的后固化步骤(e)。所施加的辐射功率可以是至少5kW/m2,至少10kW/m2或至少20kW/m2;它可以不大于200kW/m2,不大于150kW/m2,或不大于100kW/m2。例如,典型的微波频率包括900MHz和2450MHz,而典型的RF波频率包括13,17或40MHz,对其没有任何限制。在使用RF波频率的情况下,该频率可以是≥0.5MHz或≥1MHz或≥5MHz和/或≤200MHz或≤150MHz或≤100MHz。
进一步地,根据另一实例,预见到对于木板的后固化来说,使用电磁辐射,特别地FR能量是最有效的,若在板从固化压机中离开之后直接施加的话。在该制造工艺的这一点处,木板的内部温度通常合理地高,例如高于100℃。这将降低实现目标后固化温度,例如140℃或160℃所要求的电磁能的输入。
在另一实施方案中,可通过在压机内,在减少的接触压力下,再加热刨花板,进行后固化步骤(e);这一工序是有利的,因为不要求额外的设备。
根据本发明,在以上定义的方法中,步骤(e),在后固化中的加热进行10秒-30小时的持续时间。进一步的实例包括2分钟-24小时,5分钟-18小时,10分钟-12小时和12分钟-8小时的加热时间段。另一方面,若电磁波,例如,微波和/或RF波作为能量来源施加,在后固化步骤期间施加热量,则与通过热空气和/或蒸汽,常规的加热相比,步骤(e)的加热持续时间可有利地降低到短得多的时间。若电磁波,例如微波或RF波用作热量来源,则可使用10秒-10分钟,20秒-8分钟,40秒-5分钟,或60秒-3分钟的加热时间段,这取决于刨花板的厚度与密度,以及电磁波的频率和/或功率。也可通过控制存在的水量,例如通过控制添加的水量和/或在基底木材内的水量和/或在粘合剂固化过程中生成的任何水量,来控制加热速率和/或使用电磁波生成的温度。
在后固化步骤(e)之前,可排列由步骤(d)获得的多个固化的木板,形成木板的层叠件,例如含至少2,3,4或5个木板和/或不大于20,15,10或8个木板的层叠件。可排列木板的层叠件,和每一木板堆叠在另一个之上,且例如每一木板基本上是水平的,和特别地每一木板优选具有覆盖或基本上覆盖相邻木板表面的表面,以便该层叠件具有笔直的侧面。该层叠件可以具有的总厚度≥2cm,≥5cm或≥10cm和/或≤200cm,≤150cm或≤100cm。特别地当使用电磁辐射时,可在木板的层叠件上进行后固化步骤(e)。
后固化工艺同样不仅在以上提及的加热时间段期间发生,而且将继续,只要对于发生各自的化学固化反应来说,加热的刨花板的温度足够高即可。因此,后固化时间段可以显著长于加热时间段。例如,可通过电磁波,加热3-10(例如,4-8)个刨花板的层叠件10秒-5分钟(例如30秒-2分钟),和随后在热绝缘的环境内储存,以便维持该温度延长的时间。这一工序将允许快速加热多个刨花板并提供针对所需的后固化程度的后加热条件。
鉴于上述情况,总的后固化时间段范围可以是5分钟-72小时,例如10分钟-48小时,15分钟-36小时,30分钟-30小时,45分钟-24小时,或1小时-18小时。总的后固化可以是至少5分钟和/或小于2小时,或者小于1小时。
根据以上定义的方法的进一步的实施方案,步骤(d),例如在温度设定为140℃-270℃范围内的热的压机中,加热步骤(c)获得的片材,获得固化的刨花板。步骤(d)制备刨花板中采用的典型的温度的进一步的实例包括设定范围为150-250℃,160-240℃和180-220℃的温度。
根据另一实施方案,在本发明方法的步骤(d),例如在热的压机内,在范围为20-80bar的压力下,挤压步骤(c)获得的片材,获得固化的刨花板。一般地,步骤(d)期间施加的压力取决于各种因素,例如木材和粘合剂组合物的类型,刨花板的厚度与密度,温度等。在进一步的实例中,压力可以是25-75bar,30-70bar,或35-65bar。
根据进一步的实施方案,在以上定义的方法的步骤(d),在范围为2秒/mm-60秒/mm的挤压因子(press factor)下,挤压步骤(c)获得的片材,获得固化的刨花板。因此,挤压时间将取决于刨花板的厚度,和根据本发明的进一步的实例,范围可以是3秒/mm-40秒/mm,4秒/mm-30秒/mm,或5秒/mm-20秒/mm。
本发明的方法可进一步包括在步骤(c)至步骤(d)之间的步骤(c'):冷压步骤(c)获得的片材。
在下述中,描述了本发明的进一步的方面。然而,应当理解,以上相对于本发明方法提供的所有定义同样应用到下述方面中,除非另有说明。
本发明的另一方面涉及通过以上定义的方法可获得的木板,特别地刨花板。
在以上定义的木板的进一步的实施方案中,和尤其在刨花板的方面中,对于24小时的浸渍时间来说,根据EN 317:1993测定的在板的厚度方向上的溶胀小于或等于70%,优选小于或等于60%和更优选小于或等于50%。
本发明的另一方面涉及刨花板,其特征在于对于24小时的浸渍时间来说,根据EN 317:1993测定的在板的厚度方向上的溶胀小于或等于70%,优选小于或等于60%和更优选小于或等于50%。
在优选的实施方案中,以上定义的刨花板显示出对于24小时的浸渍时间来说,根据EN 317:1993测定的在板的厚度方向上的溶胀小于或等于50%,小于或等于45%,小于或等于40%,小于或等于35%,或小于或等于30%。在以上定义的刨花板的甚至更优选的实施方案中,对于24小时的浸渍时间来说,根据EN 317:1993测定的在板的厚度方向上的溶胀小于或等于25%,小于或等于20%,小于或等于15%,小于或等于10%或甚至小于或等于5%。
木板可以是胶合板。在这一情况下,根据EN 314-2:1993的要求,特别地根据EN 314-1:1993测试时,胶合板优选具有等级为1的粘结质量,更优选等级为2的粘结质量,和最优选等级为3的粘结质量。
木板可以是定向刨花板。特别地,在这一情况下,木板可具有:
长轴弯曲强度至少14N/mm2,优选至少16N/mm2和更优选至少18N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 310:1993时;和/或
·短轴弯曲强度至少6N/mm2,优选至少7N/mm2和更优选至少8N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 310:1993时;和/或
·长轴弯曲时的弹性模量至少2500N/mm2,优选至少3500N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 310:1993时;和/或
·短轴弯曲时的弹性模量至少1200N/mm2,优选至少1400N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 310:1993时;和/或
·内部粘结强度至少0.26N/mm2,优选至少0.28N/mm2和更优选至少0.29N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 319:1993时;和/或
24小时浸渍湿时,厚度方向上的溶胀不大于25%,优选不大于20%和更优选不大于15%,特别地当根据测量EN 317:1993时。
木板可以是干法板(MDF)或纤维板。特别地在这一情况下,该木板可具有:
弯曲强度至少14N/mm2,优选至少17N/mm2或18N/mm2和更优选至少20N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 310:1993时;和/或
·弯曲时的弹性模量为至少1400N/mm2,优选至少1700N/mm2或1900N/mm2,更优选至少2000N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 310:1993时;和/或
内部粘结强度至少0.45N/mm2,优选至少0.5或0.55N/mm2和更优选至少0.6N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 319:1993时;和/或
24小时浸渍湿时,厚度方向上的溶胀不大于45%,优选不大于30%和更优选不大于20%,特别地当根据测量EN 317:1993时。
木板可以是刨花板。特别地在这一情况下,该木板可具有:
弯曲强度至少7N/mm2,优选至少8.5N/mm2或11N/mm2和更优选至少13N/mm2或14N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 310:1993时;和/或
·弯曲时的弹性模量为至少105N/mm2,优选至少1200N/mm2或1500N/mm2,更优选至少1800N/mm2或1900N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 310:1993时;和/或
内部粘结强度至少0.2N/mm2,优选至少0.25N/mm2和更优选至少0.3N/mm2,特别地当根据测量EN 319:1993时;和/或
24小时浸渍湿时,厚度方向上的溶胀不大于23%,优选不大于19%和更优选不大于16%,特别地当根据测量EN 317:1993时。
下述文献在本文中通过参考引入:EN 300:2006;EN 310:1993;EN 314-1:1993;EN 314-2:1993;EN 317:1993;EN 319:1993。
图1示出了由于在140℃下烘箱后固化24小时导致的重量损失vs溶胀减少百分比。粘合剂是40:40:20DMH:FRU:HMDA,经14s/mm挤压板。
图2示出了当在不同温度下后固化16小时时,在板片内的密度减少。粘合剂是40:40:20DMH:FRU:HMDA,经16s/mm挤压板。
图3示出了在140℃下后固化之前和恰好在之后样品的平均厚度和它们的再调节(reconditioned)厚度。粘合剂是40:40:20DMH:FRU:HMDA,经16s/mm挤压板。
图4示出了在不同温度下后固化16小时导致的溶胀减少。粘合剂是40:40:20DMH:FRU:HMDA,经16s/mm挤压板。
图5示出了在140℃和120℃下后固化变化长度的时间时,溶胀减少vs标准溶胀百分比。
图6示出了RF波后固化温度vs内部粘结强度(IB)和溶胀结果。
图7示出了因微波后固化导致的重量损失和溶胀减少。粘合剂是40:40:20DMH:FRU:HMDA,经14s/mm挤压板。
本发明提供制造木板,特别地刨花板的方法,其特征在于,当与湿气接触时,仅仅很小的溶胀,以及通过这一方法可获得的板。根据本发明,结合加热后固化木板与使用碳水化合物粘合剂体系,所述粘合剂体系特别地适合于这种后固化方法。如前所述,优选选择在本发明的方法中所使用的碳水化合物粘合剂体系为在所要求的条件下是热稳定的,在热处理过程中经历进一步的固化,且热木材的热降解产物相容。而且,优选避免使用外加的甲醛。
在下述中,通过提供实施例,且在没有限制到这些实施例的情况下,进一步阐述本发明。
实施例1:生产刨花板(300mm x 300mm x 10mm)
通过添加HMDA(10.53g)到由32.44g一水合右旋糖(DMH;90.9wt%在H2O中),29.59g果糖(FRU;100%固体),10.53g六亚甲基二胺(HMDA;70wt%在H2O中)和22.32水组成的预反应溶液中,制备碳水化合物粘合剂组合物。这一碳水化合物粘合剂组合物对应于40:40:20wt%DMH:FRU:HMDA。
混合该粘合剂组合物(105.3g;70wt%在H2O中)和木屑(526.5g),并制成具有650kg/m3的所需最终密度的片材。在195℃和56bar(504kN力)的压力下,用加热的压机(Fontijne Lab Econ 600)挤压这一片材。挤压因子为14s/mm,这相当于140秒的总挤压时间。
随后,在约10s/mm和更小的挤压因子下实现类似的结果。
实施例2:溶胀测量
根据EN 317:1993,进行溶胀测量,除非另有说明。
特别地,使用能维持温度在(20±1)℃下的恒温控制的水浴。制备侧面长度为(50±1)mm的刨花板样品,并在平均相对湿度为(65±5)%和温度为(20±2)℃的氛围内调节到恒定质量。当在24小时的时间间隔处进行的两次连续称重操作的结果相差不超过样品质量的0,1%时,考虑达到了恒定的质量。
接下来,在对角线的交点处,测量每一样品的厚度到±0,01mm的精度,并在pH为7±1和温度为(20±1)℃的清洁静止的水中用它们的各面浸渍样品。在整个试验时间段,2小时或24小时当中维持这一温度,这取决于实验。在试验过程中,彼此和从水浴的底部以及侧面分离样品。在整个试验当中,试样的上部边缘被(25±5)mm水覆盖。
最后,在浸渍时间流逝之后,从水中取出样品,除去过量的水,并按照与前面提及的相同方式,测量每一样品的厚度。
实施例3:后固化刨花板(重量损失/溶胀减少)
在烘箱内,在140℃的温度下,对根据实施例1获得的刨花板进行后固化24小时。随后,根据以上提及的起始调节,再调节刨花板样品(50±1mm x 50±1mm x 10±1mm),并测定重量损失和溶胀减少且对彼此作图。在图1中示出了结果。
实施例4:在后固化之后的密度减少测量
根据实施例1获得刨花板样品,所不同的是使用16s/mm的挤压因子,并在烘箱内,在不同温度下进行后固化16小时。
在如上所述进行后固化和再调节之后,测量密度并与刨花板样品的起始密度相比较。在图2中画出了结果,示出了在处理之前和之后比较它而记录的密度的减少。
实施例5:厚度测量
根据实施例1,获得刨花板样品,所不同的是使用16s/mm的挤压因子。然后,测定刨花板样品的起始厚度(50±1mm x 50±1mmx 10±1mm),和随后,测量在烘箱内在140℃下后固化之后和在如上所述进行的再调节之后所述样品的厚度。图3中示出了结果。
实施例6:在后固化之后的溶胀改进(温度-依赖)
根据实施例1,获得刨花板样品。然后,在烘箱内,在不同温度(65℃,90℃,115℃和140℃)下对刨花板样品进行后固化16小时的持续时间。在所述后固化处理之后,分别对于2和24小时的浸渍时间,根据EN 317:1993测定溶胀。在图4中给出了关于溶胀减少的结果。
实施例7:在后固化之后的溶胀改进(时间依赖)
根据实施例1,获得刨花板样品。然后,在烘箱内,在120℃和140℃的温度下对刨花板样品进行后固化不同的持续时间(30min.,60min.,90min.和120min.)。在所述后固化处理之后,分别对于2和24小时的浸渍时间,根据EN 317:1993测定溶胀。图5给出了关于溶胀的结果。
实施例8:通过RF波辐照,后固化
根据实施例1,获得刨花板样品。单独的样品尺寸为100±1mmx 100±1mm x 10±1mm。RF波的功率在200-800W范围内变化。对于所使用的样品尺寸来说,这大致相当于20-80kW/m2。在较高功率水平下观察到一些入射的闪烁光(incidences of flaring),这实质上形成了诱导在样品表面上燃烧的等离子体。功率水平下降防止闪烁光,但仍然允许相对快速的加热。在500W的功率水平下,在约60秒内实现140℃的温度和在约80秒内实现160℃的温度。在400W的功率水平下,在约80秒内实现140℃的温度和在约100秒内实现160℃的温度。实现了超过180℃的温度,但时间没有记录,这是因为闪烁导致具有记录难度(difficulties with flaring)并且需要降低功率输入。
在所述后固化处理之后,分别对于2和24小时的浸渍时间来说,根据EN 317:1993测定溶胀。另外,根据BS EN 319:1993,测量内部粘结强度。在图6中示出了所得数据。
实施例9:微波后固化对重量损失/溶胀的影响
根据实施例1,获得刨花板样品并在标准的家用微波炉(700W)内在全功率下,分别后固化40和60秒。样品尺寸分别为50±1mm x50±1mm x 10±1mm。随后,测定起始(即非-后固化的)刨花板样品和分别后固化40和60秒的样品的重量损失和溶胀(根据EN317:1993测量,24小时的浸渍时间)。在图7中示出了所得数据。
Claims (19)
1.一种制造木板的方法,该方法包括下述步骤:
(a)提供木块;
(b)将碳水化合物粘合剂组合物施加到步骤(a)提供的木块上;
(c)将步骤(b)获得的木块制成片材;
(d)加热并挤压步骤(c)获得的片材以获得固化的木板;和
(e)后固化步骤(d)获得的木板。
2.权利要求1的方法,其用于制造刨花板,该方法包括下述步骤:
(a)提供木材粒料;
(b)混合步骤(a)提供的木材粒料与碳水化合物粘合剂组合物;
(c)将步骤(b)获得的混合物制成片材;
(d)加热并挤压步骤(c)获得的片材以获得固化的刨花板;和
(e)后固化步骤(d)获得的刨花板。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中在范围为75℃-280℃的温度下进行步骤(e)的后固化。
4.权利要求1-3任何一项的方法,其中使用射频(RF)波,进行后固化步骤(e)。
5.权利要求1-4任何一项的方法,其中使用热压机、常规烘箱、热蒸汽和/或微波进行后固化步骤(e)。
6.权利要求1-5任何一项的方法,其中进行步骤(e)后固化的加热持续10秒-30小时的时间。
7.权利要求1-6任何一项的方法,其中碳水化合物粘合剂组合物包括至少一种碳水化合物的反应产物。
8.权利要求1-6任何一项的方法,其中碳水化合物粘合剂组合物包括至少一种碳水化合物和至少一种胺组分。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中所至少一种碳水化合物组分选自核糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、来苏糖、葡萄糖(右旋糖)、甘露糖、半乳糖、阿洛糖、阿卓糖、塔罗糖、古洛糖、艾杜糖、果糖、阿洛酮糖、山梨糖、二羟基丙酮、蔗糖和塔格糖,及其混合物,且
所述至少一种胺组分选自硫酸铵(AmSO4)、氯化铵、硝酸铵、1,2-二氨基乙烷、1,4-二氨基丁烷、1,5-二氨基戊烷、1,6-二氨基己烷、1,12-二氨基十二烷、1,4-二氨基环己烷、1,4-二氨基苯、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺、四亚乙基五胺、1-哌嗪乙胺、2-甲基-五亚甲基二胺、1,3-戊二胺和双(六亚甲基)三胺、1,8-二氨基辛烷或其混合物。
10.权利要求8或9的方法,其中碳水化合物粘合剂组合物包括50-90wt%的全部碳水化合物组分和10-50wt%的全部胺组分,基于碳水化合物和胺组分的总含量。
11.权利要求8-10任何一项的方法,其中碳水化合物粘合剂组合物包括25-50wt%DMH,25-50wt%果糖和10-50wt%HMDA,基于碳水化合物和胺组分的总含量。
12.权利要求1-11任何一项的方法,其中在步骤(d)中,采用设定在范围为140℃-270℃的温度,加热步骤(c)获得的片材,获得固化的木板。
13.权利要求1-12任何一项的方法,其中在步骤(d)中,在范围为20-80bar的压力下,挤压步骤(c)获得的片材,获得固化的木板。
14.权利要求1-13任何一项的方法,其中在步骤(d)中,在范围为2s/mm-60s/mm的挤压因子下挤压步骤(c)获得的片材,获得固化的木板。
15.权利要求1-14任何一项的方法,其中该方法包括排列多个由步骤(d)获得的固化的木板以形成木板的层叠件,和对该木板的层叠件进行后固化步骤(e)的步骤。
16.权利要求1-15任何一项的方法,其中在木板的后固化步骤(e)期间,木板的内部温度,特别地在其厚度方向上木板的中心处的温度,从加热和挤压板的步骤(d)的最后的温度处升高到至少110℃的温度,所述步骤(d)的最后的温度比在后固化步骤期间实现的温度低至少5℃,特别地低至少10℃。
17.一种木板,特别地刨花板,它通过权利要求1-16任何一项的方法获得或者可获得。
18.权利要求17的木板或刨花板,其中对于24小时的浸渍时间来说,根据EN 317:1993测定的板的厚度方向上的溶胀小于或等于70%。
19.权利要求1-16任何一项的方法中后固化木板以降低木板厚度方向上溶胀的用途。
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GB201214734D0 (en) | 2012-10-03 |
WO2014027115A1 (en) | 2014-02-20 |
CN110788958A (zh) | 2020-02-14 |
RU2015109065A (ru) | 2016-10-10 |
US20150224671A1 (en) | 2015-08-13 |
ES2763356T3 (es) | 2020-05-28 |
RU2627644C2 (ru) | 2017-08-09 |
US10183416B2 (en) | 2019-01-22 |
MX350804B (es) | 2017-09-18 |
PL2885116T3 (pl) | 2020-04-30 |
US20170106561A1 (en) | 2017-04-20 |
CA2881758C (en) | 2020-12-29 |
MX2015002074A (es) | 2015-07-14 |
US9492943B2 (en) | 2016-11-15 |
PL2885116T5 (pl) | 2024-07-29 |
EP2885116B2 (en) | 2024-05-22 |
EP2885116A1 (en) | 2015-06-24 |
BR112015003477A2 (pt) | 2017-07-04 |
EP2885116B1 (en) | 2019-10-09 |
BR112015003477B1 (pt) | 2022-06-28 |
CA2881758A1 (en) | 2014-02-20 |
ES2763356T5 (es) | 2024-10-10 |
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