CN1047003C - 制造液晶显示器的方法及由该方法得到的液晶显示器 - Google Patents
制造液晶显示器的方法及由该方法得到的液晶显示器 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于用于液晶显示器的包含高分子量液晶材料的阻滞层领域。本发明涉及包含高分子量液晶材料的用于液晶显示器的阻滞层,其中通过改变高分子量液晶材料的中源基团使该层的分散性适合于有源液晶池的分散性,以便有源池和阻滞层之间的分散性差值在波长范围400-800nm内不超过0.1。
Description
本发明属于包含高分子量液晶材料的阻滞(retardation)层领域。此类阻滞层用于显示器。图1是显示器结构的示意图。
图1示出了显示器的截面,包括有源(active)机转层(4),有源池(可由透明电极(6)开通和关闭)和阻滞层(3),其中基底(2)设置在两层(3)和(4)的每一侧。在两最外面的基底的外侧有起偏振器(1),在位于有源扭转层下方的起偏振器下而安放镜片(5)。
实际上,在一些显示器中可省去镜片。
本发明尤其涉及显示器的阻滞层(3)。阻滞层的作用是补偿在显示器中的有源池中所存在的不希望有的双折射效果。对于阻滞层,可使用由低分子量液晶材料组成的扭转向列层,比如在KirkOthmer’s Encyclopedia of Techology,第3版(纽约:Wiley&Sons)7卷,P728中所描述的那样。尽管使用低分子量液晶材料获得了良好的补偿效果,但同时存在低粘性的缺点。为此,低分子量物质被隔离剂密封在非挠性基底之间,为的是获得机转的、形状保持的结构。换句话说,不得不制造封闭的、刚性的池。
此外,还可使用双折射膜,例如拉伸聚合物膜如双折射聚碳酸酯膜。这类双折射聚碳酸酯膜在Jap.J.Appl.Physics,30卷,No.4(1991年4月),P682 686中有描述。通过使用双折射聚碳酸酯膜,可以获得降低了厚度和重量的液晶显示器。然而,该聚碳酸酯膜无法获得最佳的反差效果。
反差不好的原因如下:
如上所述,阻滞层的作用是补偿在显示器的有源池中存在的不希望有的双折射效果。双折射效果取决于阻滞值、扭转角和液晶分子层在显示器的有源池中的扭转方向。双折射层的阻滞值定义为双折射值(Δn)和层厚的乘积。在所给定的波长下,显示器有源池的双折射效果能够完全通过使用具有与有源池相比相同的阻滞值及相同的、反相的旋转角的阻滞层来补偿。为了完全补偿,这些条件应适用于波长谱的整个可见区。只有阻滞层材料在双折射对波长的依赖性(已知为分散性(dispersion))方面等于用于显示器的有源池中LC材料,才能满足这一要求。
但这不是双折射聚碳酸酯膜的情况。双折射聚碳酸酯膜的分散性低于工业上使用的液晶有源池。所以,只能设定它们的阻滞值(通过设定层厚)与有源池在550nm下的阻滞值匹配。结果,在可见波长范围的剩余部分中阻滞值无法与显示器有源池的阻滞值相配,尤其在波长范围400-550nm内分散性显得太低。这导致不是最好的反差效果。
DE3925382A1承认补偿膜(即阻滞层)的光学特性应具有与用于显示信息的液晶层(即有源液晶池)相同的波长相关性。此外,DE3925382提出含液晶聚合物的阻滞层比由拉伸聚碳酸酯组成的层更适宜用于所需的补偿。
然而,DE3925382A1没有提出阻滞层的分散性怎样才能很精确地与特定有源液晶池的分散性匹配。
在本发明中,提供了高分子量物质的阻滞层,它所具有的阻滞性实际上在整个可见波长范围内与有源池的阻滞性相配。
相应地,本发明涉及一种制造液晶显示器的方法,该显示器包含一有源液晶池和一包含高分子量液晶材料的阻滞层,其中通过改变高分子量液晶材料的中源(mesogenic)基团使该层的分散性适合于有源液晶池的分散性,以致有源池和阻滞层之间的分散性差值在波长范围400-800nm内不超过0.1,优选不超过0.03。
高分子量液晶材料是指:相对较低分子量的液晶聚合物,齐聚物和液晶玻璃。液晶玻璃和齐聚物的分子量在1000-4000范围变化,而液晶聚合物在1000-20,000范围内变化。高分子量的液晶材料比低分子量的液晶材料具有更高的机械强度。所以,没有必要将液晶材料密封在刚性池中。由于使用液晶材料,以及液晶材料的中源基团很容易改变,有可能获得分散性大致与有源池的分散性相同的阻滞层。
分散性这里被定义为在某一波长下的阻滞值(或双折射值)除以在550nm下的阻滞值(或双折射值)
显然,由以下措施能改变液晶材料的分散性:
-通过使用有大共轭体系的中源基团提高液晶材料的分散性,而较小的共轭体系降低分散性,尤其在波长范围400-550nm内。通常,中源基团具有以下通式:
-(CH2)m-O-1-(Q)n-2-R1
其中m代表0-6中的整数,
Q代表-C(O)-O-,-C=C-,-C=N-,-N=C-,-O-C(O)-,-C≡C-或-N=N-,
R1代表-O-R2,-NO2,-CN,-HC=C(CN)2,C(CN)=C(CN)2或-R2,
1代表具有4-10个碳原子的取代或未取代环状、芳族或杂环化合物,
2代有具有4-10个碳原子的环状、芳族或杂环化合物,
n代表0或1。
如果Q基采用诸如-C=C-,-C=N-,-N=C-或-C≡C-的基团,或如果n为零,则中源基团具有大的共轭体系。使用-C(O)-O-或-O-C(O)-,共轭度下降。中源基团的R1端基采用-O-R2或R2,则共轭度进一步下降。
如果1或2采用非芳族的环状化合物,分散性将比使用芳香族化合物时低。
-通过采用有极性部分的中源基团提高液晶材料的分散性。例如,如果采用R1为-NO2而不是为O-R2或R2的通式1的中源基团,分散性提高。中源基团的卤化也使分散性提高。
当通过商业途径获得的有源池的分散性是已知的时,操作人员很容易通过上述措施调节阻滞层的分散性。在某波长下的双折射值用折光仪容易测量,从不同波长下的双折射值能计算分散性。商品池的阻滞值能够由操作人员已知的各种光学技术测量。从某波长的阻滞值和在550nm下的阻滞值能计算在某波长下的分散性。
为了精确地与有源池的分散性相匹配,使用其中有大共轭体系的中源基团和有较小共轭体系的中源基团同时存在的液晶材料。通过改变两种中源基团的比例,分散性能够精确地与有源池匹配。环状或芳族化合物1和2的实例包括:
其中R3代表具有1-5个碳原子的烷基。
R2基团的例子包括:
-(CH2)x-O-C(O)-C(CH3)=CH2,
-(CH2)x-O-C(O)-CH=CH2x,
(CH2)x-CH3,
-CH2-CH(CH3)-(CH2)x-CH3
-CH(CH3)-(CH2)x-CH3,其中X=1-14。
一些R2基团含有不对称碳原子。在LCD阻滞层中使用手性(仅仅是左旋或右旋)R2基是有利的,这在下文中进行解释。
已发现高分子量液晶材料的分散性主要取决于中源基团。特定的中源基团得到实际上相同的分散性,不管它是嵌入液晶聚合物,还是齐聚物或玻璃。
上面已指出,高分子量材料比低分子量材料具有更高的机械强度。从而有可能将液晶材料置于两厚度为20-500微米的玻璃基底之间,而不是置于厚玻璃基底之间。该液晶材料甚至可置于柔性塑料基底(如PET和聚碳酸酯)之间或涂在这些基底上。
为了获得有源池的双折射效果的完全补偿,还需要使阻滞层具有与有源池相比相同的反相的旋转角。通过将液晶材料置于两取向基底之间,使一个基底与另一基底有不同取向方向,获得了一扭转结构。
制备取向基底的各种技术是已知的。例如,基底本身可以在一个方向被摩擦加工。在这种情况下,基底可由例如聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯醇、玻璃等制造。另外,该基底上可提供一层薄的取向层。这可以是能被摩擦的薄聚合物层,例如聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯醇等。此外,这一薄取向层可以是在小于90°(通常60°或86°)的角度下蒸发的SiOx层。一般,低柔性的基底,如玻璃或石英,用于SiOx蒸发。这些取向技术对于普通技术人员来说是已知,这里不再解释。当然,有可能采用其它取向技术。
为了控制指示器(director)的旋转方向(向左或向右)和/或获得大于90℃的旋转角,液晶材料经常与手性物质即所谓的手性掺杂剂混合。原则上,任何光学活性化合物可用于这一目的。作为例子可列举胆甾醇衍生物和4-(4-己氧基-苯甲酰氧基)苯甲酸2-辛基酯。一般来说,相对于液晶材料的总量使用至多5重量%的手性掺杂剂。另外,液晶材料本身可以有手性中心。优选地,这可由提供有手性链(基团R2)的中源基团或隔离剂来进行,因为以这种方式几乎或完全不对转变温度产生不利影响。有手性链的中源基团的例子已在上面描述过。
STN显示器池的旋转角一般为240°,但可以是任何其它合适的值。在旋转角为90°(或-90°)的情况下,这种膜一般称作“扭转向列”型。对于TFT-TN补偿层,旋转角90°(或-90°)是需要的。如果旋转角更大,该膜称作“超扭转向列”型。另外,本发明还涉及旋转角较小的阻滞层,从0°(无扭转)至90°(或-90°)。为方便起见,这些层在这里也称作“扭转向列”型。在旋转角为0°的情况下,液晶层的布置将是均匀平面式。在超过360°的旋转角下,在单层内结构绕了一整圈以上。结构在一整圈内所经过的(包括的)长度称作节距。本发明还涉及超过一节距(甚至超过5节距)的阻滞层。
通过选择合适的层厚可调节光学阻滞值(=Δn(双折射值)xd(该(S)TN层的厚度)。这可通过使用合适尺寸的隔离剂来进行。一般来说,玻璃微球、聚合物微球或氧化硅微球可用作隔离剂。
此外,高分子量液晶膜能放在显示器池的基底和另一基底之间。在本发明另一实施方案中,LC聚合物膜放在起偏振器和基底之间。在这些本发明的实施方案中,第二基底是不需要的,可进一步降低阻滞层的厚度和重量。
本发明进一步涉及可通过上文所述方法获得的液晶显示器。此外,本发明涉及其中同时存在具有大共轭体系的中源基团和具有较小其轭体系中源基团的所述液晶显示器。
参考下面的非限制性实施例进一步说明本发明。
实施例
实施例1
从含有中源基团的环氧化物和二胺制备液晶玻璃。
LC玻璃的合成(一般方法):
1当量二胺和4当量环氧化物的混合物在氮气气氛下于130℃加热5小时。冷却熔体并溶于THF,约20%(m/M)的这一溶液在10倍过量的乙醇中沉淀。收率在75-90%范围内。
氰基联苯的环氧化物
39.0g(0.20摩尔)羟基氰基联苯、100ml(1.25摩尔)表氯醇和0.44g(2.4毫摩尔)苄基三甲基铵氯化物的混合物被升温至70℃。接着在3小时内供给17g(0.42摩尔)氢氧化钠在100ml水中的溶液。加完料之后,在70℃另外搅拌1小时。反应混合物冷至20℃,添加入200ml二氯甲烷。有机层与水层分离,相继用NaCl溶液(两次)和水(两次)洗涤。经硫酸镁干燥和蒸发浓缩后,粗产物从450ml甲醇中转变成结晶形式。收率是38.30g(76%)。
使用间二亚甲苯基二胺(m-XDA)、ex Fluka,由上面所指定的用来合成LC玻璃的一般方法,从氰基联苯的环氧化物制备LC玻璃(LCl)。测得分子量为1140,Tg:64/70℃,Tc:127℃。
苯甲酸甲氧基苯基酯的环氧化物
4甲氧基苯酚-4’羟苯甲酸酯的制备
将74.5g(0.6摩尔)4-甲氧基苯酚,55.3(0.40摩尔)羟基苯甲酸和1.24g(20毫摩尔)硼酸溶于750ml甲苯中。接着滴加入2.0g(20.4毫摩尔)H2SO4,混合物回流26小时,所形成的水经共沸除去。蒸发掉甲苯,反应产物在200ml乙醚/石油醚(1∶1(V∶V))中洗涤两次。产物两次从400ml乙腈中转变成结晶形式,然后干燥,收率56.1g(49%)。
将42.0g(0.17摩尔)4-甲氧基苯酚-4’羟苯甲酸酯、100ml(1.25摩尔)表氯醇和0.35g苄基三甲基铵氯化物的混合物升温至70℃。接着,在2小时内供给6.4g(0.16摩尔)氢氧化钠在32ml水中的溶液。加入溶液之后,在70℃下连续搅拌另外2小时。反应混合物冷至20℃,有机层与水层分离,并用50ml水洗涤。通过在低于50℃的温度下真空蒸发,除去多余的表氯醇。残余物溶于250ml的丁醇/甲苯(1∶2(V∶V))并在20%氢氧化钠溶液(1.49g)存在下于30℃搅拌1小时。有机层用水洗涤几次。在真空蒸发之后,粗产物两次从甲醇中转变至结晶形式。收率是28.5g(55%)。
使用亚甲基二胺、ex Fluka由上面所指定的用来合成LC玻璃的一般方法制备液晶玻璃(LC2)。分子量测得是1398,Tg:66/72℃,Tc:127℃。
实施例2
从含有中源基团的环氧化物和含有中源基团的二醇制备液晶聚醚。
LC聚醚的合成(一般方法):
在室温下向含OH的化合物和5%BF3Et2O(在二氯甲烷中)溶液的混合物中慢慢滴加已溶于二氯甲烷的环氧化物。在使用丙烯酸酯醇的情况下,添加微量Ionol,ex Shell。聚合反应混合物搅拌过夜,然后用固体CaO中和。一小时后过滤出CaO。聚醚在乙醚中沉淀,用乙醚洗涤,并真空干燥。收率是75-90%。使用环氧基/OH比率为5∶1的(2,3-二羟基丙氧基)苯甲酸甲氧基苯基酯,由上面所指定的用来合成LC聚醚的一般方法,从苯甲酸甲氧基苯基酯的环氧化物制备液晶聚醚(LC3)。以与EP-A2-0550105中的己氧基类似物相同的方式制备二醇。测得分子量为2984,Tg:46/52℃,Tc:146℃
苯甲酸硝基苯基酯的环氧化物
4硝基苯基4’羟苯甲酰基环氧基丙基醚的制备
向56g(1摩尔)氢氧化钾在225ml水中的溶液加入69g(0.5摩尔)对-羟基苯甲酸。在室温下向这一溶液缓慢地滴加42g(0.55摩尔)烯丙基氯。加完烯丙基氯之后,再回流18小时。冷却后反应混合物分成两层。加入28g(0.5摩尔)氢氧化钾在240ml水中的溶液,加热直到形成均匀的反应混合物为止。再次冷却后,用浓盐酸酯化,4(烯丙氧基)苯甲酸沉淀出来。这一产物从250ml冰醋酸重结晶。将32g(0.18摩尔)的干燥4(烯丙氧基)苯甲酸溶于150ml亚硫酰氯,加入2滴二甲基甲酰胺,全部物料煮沸回流。蒸除亚硫酰氯,冷却后将残余物引入到100ml干燥二氯甲烷中。过滤后,在剧烈搅拌下和在温度5-10℃下经1小时将该二氯甲烷溶液加入到23g硝基苯酚(0.166摩尔)在135ml二氯甲烷和34.2ml吡啶的混合物中的溶液中。在室温下继续搅拌2小时。向反应混合物中加入250ml二氯甲烷;全部物料用稀盐酸洗涤两次,然后用水洗至中性。蒸除溶剂之后,残余物从甲醇中转变成结晶形式。收率37.6g(70%)。
将10g(33毫摩尔)4-硝基苯基4’羟基苯甲酰基烯丙基醚溶于50ml二氯甲烷中,在氮气气氛中添加11.2g(45.5毫摩尔)间-氯代过苯甲酸。在室温下搅拌24小时之后,加入250ml二氯甲烷,溶液用碳酸钠溶液洗涤,然后用水洗涤至中性。在干燥和蒸除溶剂之后,残余物从250ml乙醇中转变成结晶形式。收率是8.1g(77%)。
使用环氧基/OH比率为5∶1的(2,3-二羟基丙氧基)苯甲酸硝基苯酯,由以上所指定的用来合成LC聚醚的一般方法,从苯甲酸硝基苯酯的环氧化物制备液晶聚醚。以与EP-A2-0550105中的己氧基类似物相同的方式制备二醇。测得分子量为3173,Tg:58/63℃,Tc:130℃
苯甲酸甲氧基环己基酯的环氧化物
4’甲氧基环已基羧酸4(2,3-环氧丙氧基)苯酯
76g(480毫摩尔)4-甲氧基环己烷羧酸(顺/反式混合物)在已加了几滴二甲基甲酰胺的350ml亚硫酰氯中煮沸回流7小时。所获得的4-甲氧基环己烷羧酰氯几乎全部由反式化合物组成。在蒸除亚硫酰氯之后,将残余物引入到75ml干燥四氢呋喃中。在温度0-5℃下,这一溶液缓慢滴加到158.4g(1440毫摩尔)氢醌在650ml四氢呋喃和375ml吡啶的混合物中。加料结束后,当混合物达到室温时,将它倾入到冰和浓硫酸中。用二氯甲烷萃取,蒸发二氯甲烷,蒸发残余物连续地从乙醇-水混合物和从甲苯中转变成结晶形式,得到收率为24.45g(20%)的纯反式4’-甲氧基环己基羧酸4-羟基苯酯。
24.3g(97毫摩尔)上述化合物与17.6g(145毫摩尔)的烯丙基溴和13.4g(97毫摩尔)碳酸钾在350ml丁酮中煮沸回流24小时。冷却后,反应混合物被倾至1升冰水中,用乙醚萃取。在干燥和蒸除乙醚之后,获得28.9g(97%)4’-甲氧基环己基羧酸4-烯丙氧基苯酯。
向28.7g(99毫摩尔)该化合物在250ml二氯甲烷中的溶液加入32.9g氯代过苯甲酸,混合物在氮气气氛下搅拌24小时。在用二氯甲烷稀释后,反应混合物用碳酸钠溶液和水洗涤。干燥后蒸除二氯甲烷,残余物在填装了硅胶的柱上提纯,用己烷/乙酸乙酯混合物(75/25)洗脱。收率是20.8g(66%)4’-甲氧基环己基羧酸4(2,3-环氧基丙氧基)苯酯。
使用环氧基/OH比率为5∶1的(2,3-二羟基丙氧基)苯甲酸甲氧基苯酯,通过上面所指定的用来合成液晶聚醚的一般方法,由苯甲酸甲氧基环己基酯的环氧化物与苯甲酸甲氧基苯酯的环氧化物一起用来制备液晶聚醚(LC5)。查明在聚醚中存在16摩尔%的含环己基的环氧化物。
实施例3
制造阻滞层的操作过程
使用两个厚度为100微米的玻璃基底。在它们上面涂上MerckliquicoatPA,在60℃预固化15分钟,在300℃固化1小时,然后按照Merck的说明,按合适的方向在毡布上摩擦处理。为了确保PI层的适当粘合,使用以下操作程序预先清洗玻璃基底。
用洗涤剂进行超声波清洗(Q9,Purum GmbH)
-KOH(1M),50℃/小时。
-NHO3/H2SO4/H2O(1∶1∶10),60℃/1小时
-在异丙醇蒸汽中回流30分钟或更长。
在每两次清洗步骤之间,用软化水漂洗。这是根据由W.H.deJeu在Physical Properties of liquid Crystals,第1版(Gordon andBreach Science Publishers),P.23中所描述的方法的派生方法。
将LC3溶于有5重量%手性掺杂剂(Merck CB15)的环戊酮中。向过滤了的该溶液添加0.5重量%(按LC材料3计算)的交联聚合物微球(Dynosphere DL-1060,ex JSR)作为隔离剂。将LC材料3与隔离剂的溶液旋转涂敷在两个已预处理过的玻璃基底上。所得层厚为4微米。LC材料3的两片膜在真空烘箱中于20℃干燥16小时。然后,按取向方向相差60°将一片放在另一片上方,并在160℃模塑。接着,将样品冷至115℃,5分钟后冷至室温。根据在E.P.Raynes,“Molecular Crystals”liquid Crystalsletters4(3-4)(1987),69-75中所描述的理论,由各种光学技术测试所制得的阻滞膜的质量。
通过将两起偏振器之间的阻滞层的透光光谱拟合到Raynes给出的公式中,求得高分子量液晶材料的分散性。在图2中,对于LC3,双折射聚碳酸酯膜(如在Jap.J.Appl.physics,30卷,No.4(1991年4月),P682-686中所描述的)和在Sharp文字处理器WD A330中使用的商品低分子量液晶有源池,以及含有商品液晶混合物ZLI4544,ex Merck的有源池都给出了分散性(定义为:在某波长下的阻滞值除以在550nm下的阻滞值)
从图2可清楚地看出,本发明的LC3的分散性在整个波长范围400-800nm内几乎与商品有源池的一样(分散性差值小于0.1),而双折射聚碳酸酯膜的分散性只能在550nm下与商品有源池匹配,并显示出较大的偏差,尤其在较短的波长的范围400-550nm内。
LC5的分散性在整个波长范围400-800nm内与含有ZLI4544的有源池的分散性一样。
在图3中,给出了本发明的各种LC材料的分散性。从图3可以看出,与使用具有一种有较小共轭体系的中源基团如苯甲酸苯酯基团的LC材料相比,使用有较多共轭体系的中源基团如氰基联苯基的LC材料能得到较高的分散性。在有苯甲酸硝基苯酯中源基团的LC材料和有苯甲酸甲氧基苯酯中源基团的LC材料之间的比较表明,后者,即最低共轭材料,具有最低的分散性。当中源基团中一些苯基被环己基替代,分散性进一步下降。这些实施例表明,通过改变LC材料的中源基团能设定分散性。
Claims (5)
1.一种制造液晶显示器的方法,该显示器包含一有源液晶池和一包含高分子量液晶材料的阻滞层,其中通过改变高分子量液晶材料的中源基团使该层的分散性适合于有源液晶池的分散性,以致有源池和阻滞层之间的分散性差值在波长范围400-800nm内不超过0.1,优选不超过0.03。
2.按照权利要求1的一种制造液晶显示器的方法,其中高分子量液晶材料置于两取向的基底之间,一个基底与另一基底有不同取向。
3.按权利要求1或2的制造液晶显示器的方法,其特征在于,通过增加或减少中源基团的共轭度、通过使用具有极性部分的中源基团,或通过卤化中源基团来调整阻滞层的分散性。
4.按权利要求1的制造液晶显示器的方法,其特征在于,使用两种中源基团并且这两种中源基团的比率是变化的。
5.由按权利要求1-4之任一项的方法可获得的液晶显示器,其中同时存在有大共轭体系的中源基团和有小共轭体系的中源基团。
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ATE201514T1 (de) * | 1995-12-22 | 2001-06-15 | Dejima Tech Bv | Temperatur-angepasste verzögerungsschicht |
US6351299B2 (en) * | 1996-04-15 | 2002-02-26 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device |
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JP3452742B2 (ja) * | 1996-12-24 | 2003-09-29 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
TW515925B (en) * | 1996-12-25 | 2003-01-01 | Sharp Kk | Liquid crystal display device |
JP3399773B2 (ja) * | 1997-03-05 | 2003-04-21 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
JP3452755B2 (ja) | 1997-04-07 | 2003-09-29 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
GB9713981D0 (en) * | 1997-07-03 | 1997-09-10 | Sharp Kk | Optical device |
US6606143B1 (en) * | 1998-03-13 | 2003-08-12 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device with phase element |
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US6853423B2 (en) * | 1998-11-06 | 2005-02-08 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Quarter wave plate comprising two optically anisotropic layers |
JP2001066596A (ja) * | 1999-08-24 | 2001-03-16 | Nec Corp | 液晶表示装置 |
DE60302698T2 (de) * | 2002-04-26 | 2006-08-24 | Optrex Corp. | Nematische Flüssigkristallanzeigevorrichtung vom Doppelschichttyp |
GB2394718B (en) * | 2002-09-05 | 2007-03-07 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerised liquid crystal film with retardation pattern |
JP4475515B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-03 | 2010-06-09 | 国立大学法人東京工業大学 | 光ダイオード |
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JPH01206318A (ja) * | 1988-02-03 | 1989-08-18 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 液晶表示装置 |
US4954288A (en) * | 1988-12-05 | 1990-09-04 | Hoechst Celanese Corp. | Side chain liquid crystalline polymers exhibiting nonlinear optical response |
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JP2916331B2 (ja) * | 1991-11-08 | 1999-07-05 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 液晶表示装置 |
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KR950009315A (ko) * | 1993-09-29 | 1995-04-21 | 피이터 코르넬리스 샬크비즈크; 귄터 페트 | 얇은 유리 기판을 가진 보상층 |
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- 1994-09-29 CN CN94193572A patent/CN1047003C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-09-29 KR KR1019960701692A patent/KR100314320B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-09-29 US US08/619,613 patent/US5760859A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-09-29 WO PCT/EP1994/003246 patent/WO1995009379A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1994-09-29 CA CA002172973A patent/CA2172973A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-09-29 JP JP7510117A patent/JPH09504382A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1994-09-29 EP EP94929500A patent/EP0721602B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-29 DE DE69421407T patent/DE69421407T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-09-29 AT AT94929500T patent/ATE186125T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
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EP0382460A2 (en) * | 1989-02-06 | 1990-08-16 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device |
JP4098695B2 (ja) * | 2003-09-30 | 2008-06-11 | 株式会社デンソー | バルブタイミング調整装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR960705254A (ko) | 1996-10-09 |
KR100314320B1 (ko) | 2001-12-28 |
CN1132557A (zh) | 1996-10-02 |
CA2172973A1 (en) | 1995-04-06 |
ATE186125T1 (de) | 1999-11-15 |
JPH09504382A (ja) | 1997-04-28 |
US5760859A (en) | 1998-06-02 |
DE69421407D1 (de) | 1999-12-02 |
DE69421407T2 (de) | 2000-05-04 |
EP0721602A1 (en) | 1996-07-17 |
WO1995009379A1 (en) | 1995-04-06 |
EP0721602B1 (en) | 1999-10-27 |
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