CN103998118A - 具有可相容增强物的中空纤维膜 - Google Patents

具有可相容增强物的中空纤维膜 Download PDF

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CN103998118A
CN103998118A CN201280062275.7A CN201280062275A CN103998118A CN 103998118 A CN103998118 A CN 103998118A CN 201280062275 A CN201280062275 A CN 201280062275A CN 103998118 A CN103998118 A CN 103998118A
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silk
polymer
coating
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membranous wall
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CN103998118B (zh
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S.K.彼得森
P.L.科特
白晋华
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BL Technologies Inc
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    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
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    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D69/00Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/08Hollow fibre membranes
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    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D71/00Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
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Abstract

本发明公开一种制造增强中空纤维膜的方法,该方法包括在拉动一个或多个纱丝或束丝穿过流延头的同时使膜涂料流过流延头。丝例如通过迫使纱或束围绕流延头中的弯曲部或者穿过流延头中的狭窄间隙而在流延头中分散开。丝适于粘合至膜涂料或膜壁。增强中空纤维膜包括由膜壁单独包绕并且粘合至该膜壁的多根丝。

Description

具有可相容增强物的中空纤维膜
技术领域
本发明的技术领域是中空纤维膜,例如用于通过微滤或超滤来提供水处理的中空纤维膜。
背景技术
中空纤维膜能够通过不同的方法由多种聚合物制成。一种方法涉及如例如美国专利3,615,024、5,066,401和6,024,872中所教导的非溶剂诱导的相分离(NIPS)。另一种方法涉及如例如美国专利4,702,836和7,247,238中所教导的热诱导的相分离(TIPS)。膜可以具有位于其内表面或其外表面上的分离层,并且例如可以用于微滤(MF)或超滤(UF)。
能够通过将膜涂料涂布在预成形的管状编带上来增大中空纤维膜的强度。Mahendran等人的美国专利5,472,607和6,354,444教导了通过有限渗透将膜涂布在编带的外侧上。Hayano等人的美国专利4,061,861、Lee等人的美国专利7,267,872和Shinada等人的美国专利7,306,105还教导了编带支承的膜。根据Mahendran等人的教导制成的中空纤维膜已成功商业化。
已提出的用于制造增强中空纤维膜的另一种方法涉及在流延中空纤维的同时将纤维嵌入到中空纤维的壁内。Murase等人的美国公布2002/0046970、Yoon等人的国际公布WO03/097221和Koenhen的美国专利6,454,943描述了将单丝或复丝纱纵向地嵌入到中空纤维的壁内的方法。这些方法中没有一个已生产出可购得的膜。
本发明人最近的国际公布WO2010/108285和WO2010/148517教导了在流延中空纤维的同时在中空纤维的壁内形成笼状增强结构。增强结构的丝可以例如通过热、紫外线或经由适于粘合方法的丝组分的溶剂粘合而在接触点处粘合在一起。
发明内容
下文的介绍旨在向读者介绍详细描述以理解并且不限制或限定权利要求。
在关于通过纵向纱增强的中空纤维膜的实验中,发明人观察到纱断裂穿过膜壁的故障模式。纱首先被封装在膜壁中,但是随着膜在空气冲刷期间摇摆,纱似乎会穿透膜壁。国际公布WO2010/108285和WO2010/148517中所描述的笼状结构通过增加螺旋缠绕或其它的倾斜丝而避免了该问题。本说明书将描述备选的增强膜及其制造方法。
本说明书中所描述的一种中空纤维膜通过嵌入在流过流延头的膜涂料中的一个或多个复丝纱或束而得以增强。所述丝至少部分地由适于粘合至膜涂料或经固化的膜壁的聚合物制成。例如,聚合物能够溶于膜涂料中、可以在膜涂料中熔化、或者可以对其表面进行处理以促进粘合。纱丝或束丝例如通过被迫围绕弯曲部或穿过流延头中的狭窄间隙而分散开。涂料能够渗透纱或束,从而包绕并且粘合至单根丝。由于基本上所有的单根丝都粘结至膜壁,因此丝抵抗在膜壁内移动并且不在正常使用中从膜中切出。
一种制造增强中空纤维膜的方法包括在拉动一个或多个纱丝或束丝穿过流延头的同时使膜涂料流过流延头。纱或束可以被迫围绕流延头中的弯曲部或者穿过流延头中的狭窄间隙。丝适于与膜涂料或固化膜壁粘合在一起。
一种增强中空纤维膜包括一个或多个纱或束,每个纱或束都包括由膜壁单独包绕并且粘合至膜壁的多根丝。
附图说明
图1是通过双组分丝增强的中空纤维膜的横截面的照片。
图2A是涂布头的示意性横截面。
图2B是图2A的涂布头的持针器和针的等距视图。
图3是具有聚酯丝的中空纤维膜的横截面的照片。
图4是在比图1中大的放大率下的通过双组分丝增强的中空纤维膜的横截面的一部分的照片。
具体实施方式
参照图1,中空纤维膜10具有膜壁16。该膜10可以具有任何尺寸,但是膜10的结构特别用于制造壁相对于其它增强膜小并且薄的膜。例如,膜10的外径可以为大约1.5mm或更小,壁厚为大约0.25mm或更小。所示的膜10具有大约0.9mm的外径和大约0.7mm的内径。
膜壁16具有嵌入在其中的丝14的一个或多个束12。丝14是长连续纤维,使得至少大部分、或者大约80%或更多的丝14具有至少一米的长度。当膜10的至少一米长的节段被装入膜组件中时,至少大部分丝14沿节段的整个长度是连续的。优选地,所有或基本上所有的丝14沿节段的整个长度是连续的。
图1中所示的特定的膜10具有一个束12,但是可以存在多个束12,例如两个到八个之间。词语“束”在复合材料工业中用于表示大体未加捻捆的连续人造丝,或者至少长节段的丝。然而,束12典型地具有每束12少于大约200根的丝14,而复合材料工业中的束可能具有上千根丝。词语“束”还可以表示由连续人造丝制成的丝纱,或者至少长节段的丝(聚集在一起但是未充分加捻而未被分类为加捻纱)。也可以使用其它类型的纱或线,但它们不是优选的。
尽管束12是能够从纺锤抽出并且被拉动穿过流延头的纺织品单元,但是丝14至多仅松散地交织在束12中。丝14可以如图1中所示彼此分散开,使得膜涂料能够在至少大部分的相邻的丝14的对之间流动。尽管丝14可能偶尔或随机地彼此交叉,但是丝14沿膜10的长度大体彼此平行。束12可以具有大体圆柱形的初始形状,并且具有大于壁16的厚度的直径,但是丝14分散到配合于壁16中的横截面中。
丝14能够由聚合物纤维如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酯、尼龙或PVDF制成。丝能够是双组分丝,所述双组分丝具有由适于粘合至形成膜的涂料的第一聚合物制成的第一部分(优选地为完整的外层或鞘)。粘合可以通过由涂料中的溶剂部分地溶解丝14的外层或其它部分。例如,增强丝14可以具有由能够溶解在用于膜涂料的溶剂中的聚合物制成的外层或其它部分。具体而言,外层或其它部分可以包括也存在于膜涂料中的聚合物。双组分丝14的第二部分(例如芯)由与第一聚合物相容的第二聚合物制成。第二聚合物可以被选择成相对于仅使用第一聚合物提供改进。例如,第二聚合物相对于第一聚合物可以更强、或成本更低、或者更强且成本更低。任一种或第一聚合物或第二聚合物可以是被选择成提高被一起纺织到双组分丝14中的能力的共聚物。
图1中所示的丝14是用下述纺织的双组分纤维,一个部分是聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)并且另一个部分是聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)。双组分丝14集合成220旦尼尔(g/9000m)的束12。该束12由36根丝14制成,每一根丝14为大约6旦尼尔。每一根丝14都具有PET的芯和PVDF的鞘,该芯占横截面积的大约70-90%。芯可以由熔化温度较低的共聚PET制成,以更密切地配合PVDF处理温度。PVDF的鞘层为大约1-2微米厚。束也能够通过其它数量和重量的丝制成。
基于聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)的膜涂料与上文段落中所描述的丝14相容并且可以用于使用NIPS方法形成膜壁16。这种涂料可以通过将PVDF溶解到热NMP中并且增加少量非溶剂来制备。涂料可以具有80-84重量%NMP、14-16重量%PVDF和2-4重量%PVP k30。聚合物浓度和温度可以改变以调节涂料粘度。
在图1的膜10中,丝14通过与膜壁16的材料化学相容的外部鞘层和更强的芯聚合物制成。例如,PET是易于形成到丝14中并且具有适于增强或支承膜的机械特性的强力材料。相比而言,PVDF是不易于形成到纱中的相对较弱的材料。然而,图1的芯和鞘双组分丝14二者良好地粘合至膜壁16并且为机械上牢固的。
膜10的拉伸强度首先由丝14的芯的拉伸强度的总和来确定。例如,上文所描述的220旦尼尔束12具有大约7N的断裂强度,该断裂强度主要由PET芯来提供。具有1.0mm外径和0.7mm内径的PVDF膜也具有在膜10中提供的每束12大约7N的断裂强度。相比而言,未增强的相同尺寸的纤维在小于2N下断裂。
在通过TIPS方法形成的膜中,丝的至少一部分可能具有允许其在受热膜涂料中至少部分地熔化的熔化温度。这些丝变为粘合至膜壁的熔化物。例如,双组分丝能够由Eastman F61HC聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)均聚物(熔点260℃)芯和Dupont3632共聚PET(熔点160℃)鞘来纺织。该双组分丝能够集合成束。芯可以占横截面积的50%至80%。共聚PET鞘在被嵌入到TIPS方法的受热涂料中时部分熔化并且在纺织期间变为粘合至膜壁的熔化物。
丝(包括单聚合物丝)的表面也可以在膜涂料围绕其流延之前被改性或处理,以促进粘合至膜涂料。这种处理可以包括例如等离子体或化学刻蚀。该处理被选择成适于纱和涂料的材料。
丝14(包括双组分丝14)可以在嵌入到壁16中之前预收缩或被热处理。可以提供加热器(例如使用热空气或受热引导件)以在束12被承载至涂布头时对束12进行加热从而使丝14预收缩或对丝14进行处理。备选地,束12或单根丝14可以在丝14集合成束12之前或者束12卷绕在用于进给涂布头的线轴上之前的一个或多个单独步骤中预收缩或被热处理。
加热区域可以包括直径4cm×长60cm的管状室,该管状室在顶部和底部处具有开口,因此加热区域的轴线能够与束12或丝14的行进方向对准。该管状室还具有与鼓风机和加热元件的侧连接。能够通过改变加热元件的电流消耗来控制空气温度。
根据时间以及加热区域中的温度和丝14上的任何张力,丝14将收缩或热定型或者收缩且热定型。然而,丝14不应当被加热至可以开始彼此粘合的程度。例如,空气温度可以处于大约100至200摄氏度之间。接触时间可以处于大约0.1至5.0秒之间。
优选地,丝14通过被置于张力下以在将丝14暴露于比涂料的温度高且比膜10将在使用中遇到的任何温度高的温度下的同时延长丝14而热定型。随后允许丝14在仍然保持延长状态下的同时冷却至大约室温。这有助于避免在制造或使用膜10时丝14的部件之间的分离。
为了在制造膜10的同时握持束12,一个或多个线轴(每一个线轴都用束12卷绕)都被放置在纱架上,该纱架典型地定位于流延头的旁边或之上。纱架由固定的线轴保持器、引导件和拉伸装置构成,像传统的纺织设备中一样。束12通过分配模具,该分配模具具有围绕流延头的中心轴线的延伸部均匀分布的一系列对准小孔。
图2A示出了流延头20,该流延头20备选地被称为涂布头或喷丝头。流延头20可以由三个主要部分制成——主体28、持针器30和按钮32。按钮32附接到主体28的一侧并且具有模具34(典型地为柱孔),该模具34形成流延头20的最终外部流延表面。持针器30保持针26并且被插入到主体28的相对侧中,使得针26进入模具34。针26的端部典型地与模具34的端部齐平,但是其中的一个也可以相对于另一个移位。针26和模具34产生环形圈,膜涂料和束12通过该环形圈。针26和模具34结合孔流体和涂料的流率确定了所得膜10的内径和外径。
针26被压入持针器30的中心孔24中。针26和中心孔24与流延头20的中心或纵向轴线对准并且在形成时提供用于将孔流体注入膜10中的管道。针26和持针器30的外径还提供用于涂料和束12通过涂布头20时沿其流动的内表面。
参照图2A和图2B,持针器30具有用于将行进穿过流延头20的每一个束12的槽38。主体28具有一个或多个束进口22,每一个束进口22都与槽38相对应,以用于接收期望数量的束12并且将其传输至槽38。典型地,仅一个束12通过每一个束进口22并且进入相应的槽38中,但是两个或更多个束12可以通过一个束进口22和槽38结合。此外,能够使用具有多个束进口22的流延头20而不提供穿过每一个可获得的束进口22的束12。
束进口22优选地被设定成相对于流延头22的中心轴线成一角度(例如30度或更大)。在从束进口22移动至槽38时,束12必须围绕设置于主体28上、或者设置于可选的嵌入主体28中的第一小孔44上的拐角42弯曲。槽38优选地还被壁架40阻断,该壁架40迫使束12在行进穿过流延头20时再次弯曲。束12在进入模具34、或者可选的单独的第三小孔36时再次弯曲。拐角42的上游边缘、壁架40、和模具34或第三小孔36(任一表面或者在束12弯曲时承受其的表面)优选地具有1mm或更大的半径并且被机器加工成细磨光。拐角42、壁架40、模具34或第三小孔36中的一个或多个使丝14分散,使得束12相对于其初始圆形横截面(如图1中所示)变得更宽且更薄。可以备选地通过在拐角42中的一个或多个与槽38的底部之间、可选的第二小孔50与槽38的底部之间、以及模具34或第三小孔36与针26之间具有狭窄间隙来提供或增强丝14的分散。
主体28还包括涂料注入端口46和排出部48。一组一个或多个第一端口46a允许涂料被注入槽38中。涂料穿过第一端口46a的流率优选地足以保持槽38充满涂料,使得丝14在接触针26之前被涂料润湿。如果通过第一端口46a提供不充足的涂料,则丝14将倾向于落入膜10的腔中并且膜10将具有缺陷。进入穿过第一端口46a的一些涂料将被迫逆流而围绕拐角42。该涂料通过与束进口22中的每一个束进口22连通的排出部48被排出。额外的第二端口46b允许涂料进入模具34与针26之间的间隙中。该额外的涂料完成了形成膜壁16需要的涂料的所需总流量。涂料能够从用氮加压的容器、或者使用容积式泵被注入端口46中。涂料可以被设置在处于大约15至200摄氏度的温度下和处于大约20至400kPa的压力下。
具有夹带丝14的膜涂料的管状流离开涂布头20并且落入凝固浴中。该凝固浴典型地是如已知的用于膜凝固的在底部和顶部装配有辊的罐。位于顶部辊之后的拾取卷绕器具有1至30m/min之间的可调节速度以及横向引导件以用凝固膜均匀地缠绕线轴。
参照图4,在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片下检查膜10显示基于PVDF的膜壁16良好地粘结至复丝束12内的单根丝14。在图4中能够看到,涂料渗透于丝14之间并且紧密地粘合至丝14的表面。有迹象表明PVDF与PET层之间的双组分纤维内存在一些分层。这是由切割样本造成的。
相比之下,图3显示膜涂料还能够使用流延头20制造成渗透在PET丝的133旦尼尔束的丝之间。然而,在该情况下,涂料不粘合至丝。相反,涂料在固化时收缩离开丝,从而使丝在弯曲时在膜内自由移动。
通过使用与膜涂料相容的鞘材料使得膜壁16粘结至丝14,并且通过将丝14分布在涂布头20中使得丝14充分分散开以允许膜涂料渗透在基本上所有的丝之间,制造出能够承受常规使用的弯曲运动的强韧的增强中空纤维膜10。所获得的是更耐久和抗裂的膜过滤装置。
丝14基本不增加膜的成本。相反,相比为了改进强度而会具有较厚的壁部段的无支承膜,壁较薄但是增强的膜能够产生按表面区域基础计成本较低的组件。
可以使用与选定的膜涂料相容的单组分丝。然而,这种丝与使用PET或另一种强力纺织聚合物作为芯材料的双组分纱相比,成本很可能更高或更弱或者成本更高且更弱。具体而言,PVDF和聚醚砜(PES)是优选的膜材料但是不会制成良好的增强纱,原因是PVDF和聚醚砜(PES)比PET更弱并且成本显著更高。
例子
图1中所示的膜10使用主要为PVDF/NMP混合物的涂料制成,所述涂料以28cc/min的速率被供给至模具34与针26之间的间隙中,并且以3cc/min被供给至槽38中。流延头20是如图2A和图2B所示的并且被加热至60摄氏度。采用具有鞘/芯类型的双组分丝14的一个束12。丝14的组分是70重量%的PET芯(Eastman F61HC)和30重量%的PVDF鞘(Solef1006)。束12包括均为6旦尼尔重量的36根未加捻丝14。线速度为15m/min(50fpm),气隙为110mm并且凝固浴为45摄氏度的水。
本书面描述使用例子公开本发明并且还使得本领域任何技术人员都能够实施本发明。本发明的范围由权利要求限定,并且可以包括本领域技术人员能够想到的其它例子。

Claims (21)

1.一种中空纤维膜,所述中空纤维膜包括:
a)膜壁,所述膜壁由膜涂料形成;以及
b)一个或多个束丝,所述一个或多个束丝嵌入在所述膜壁中;
其中所述丝至少部分地由适于粘合至所述膜涂料或所述膜壁的聚合物制成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于,所述聚合物设置于所述丝的围绕芯的鞘中,并且所述芯由不同的聚合物制成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于,所述聚合物能够溶解在用于所述膜涂料的溶剂中。
4.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于,所述聚合物是同样存在于所述膜涂料中的聚合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于,所述聚合物是PVDF。
6.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于,所述聚合物是PES。
7.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于,所述聚合物具有低于用于形成所述膜壁的TIPS涂料的温度的熔化温度。
8.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于,所述聚合物具有被处理成促进粘合的表面。
9.根据权利要求5所述的膜,其特征在于,所述丝具有PET或共聚PET的芯。
10.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于,所述膜壁包绕并且粘合至所述丝。
11.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于,至少大部分所述丝从所述膜的至少1米长的节段的一端连续地延伸至另一端,并且所述丝大体彼此平行。
12.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于,所述丝的圆柱形捆的直径大于所述膜壁的厚度。
13.一种制造增强中空纤维膜的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)使膜涂料流过流延头;
b)拉动一个或多个纱丝或束丝穿过所述流延头;以及
c)迫使所述一个或多个纱或束围绕所述流延头中的至少一个弯曲部、或者穿过所述流延头中比所述丝的圆柱形捆更狭窄的至少一个间隙。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述丝包括第一聚合物的芯和第二聚合物的鞘。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括在步骤b)之前热定型所述丝的步骤。
16.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤a)包括:在所述流延头的第一区域中提供涂料,在所述第一区域中,束在模具上游的槽中行进;以及在与所述模具连通的第二区域中提供涂料。
17.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法还包括向所述膜的腔提供孔流体的步骤。
18.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第二聚合物是也在涂料中提供的聚合物。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第一聚合物包括PET。
20.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述丝的圆柱形捆所具有的直径大于所述膜壁的厚度。
21.一种增强中空纤维膜,所述增强中空纤维膜包括膜壁以及一个或多个束,每个束都包括由所述膜壁单独包绕并且粘合至所述膜壁的多根丝。
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DE112012005274T5 (de) 2014-10-09
US9321014B2 (en) 2016-04-26
KR101806600B1 (ko) 2018-01-10
US20130153490A1 (en) 2013-06-20
TWI652105B (zh) 2019-03-01
TW201334859A (zh) 2013-09-01
CN103998118B (zh) 2017-11-10
KR20170049610A (ko) 2017-05-10
HUP1400398A2 (en) 2015-03-02
HU231247B1 (hu) 2022-05-28
WO2013089971A1 (en) 2013-06-20

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