CN103907472A - Method for cultivating caesalpinia sappan linn in karst region - Google Patents
Method for cultivating caesalpinia sappan linn in karst region Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for cultivating caesalpinia sappan linn in a karst region. The method includes the steps of seed collecting, seed processing, seedling cultivation and forestation tending, select trees are selected as seed collecting seed trees, seeds are collected to be processed, the seeds are placed in a container for cultivating seedlings, wherein a seedling growing substrate is contained in the container, the seedlings leave from a nursery to perform forestation, and a new forestation land is managed in a tending mode. Non-woven cloth seedling growing bags are adopted for cultivating the seedlings, seedling transplanting, root excision, level-to-level management, full exposure seedling exercising, water-retaining agent and base fertilizer layering applying, shaping, pruning, apical bud cutting after autumn comes and other technological processing are performed, adaptability of the seedlings is high, the survival rate of forestation is high, growth is rapid, and the method is widely suitable for tropical and south subtropical karst regions and has good economical benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to forestry forest culture and management technical field, relate to the method for a kind of karst bush cultivation.
Background technology
Bush (
caesalpinia sappanlinn.), have another name called lignum sappan, Su Fang, red wood, brown wood, red bavin etc., belong to Caesalpiniaceae mysorethorn and belong to evergreen dungarunga, more than the height of tree 10 m, the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground can reach 20 cm.Natural distribution is in the torrid zone, South Subtropical Area of China, wherein comparatively common with hill-side, the foot of the hill below height above sea level 500 m of Karst District in Southwest China, Guangxi.Its dry duramen is traditional Chinese medicine material, has effect of the Eradicates of the invigorating blood circulation stasis of blood, swelling and pain relieving, for traumatic injury, the fracture injury of tendon and muscle, the stasis of blood stagnantly swell and ache, through closing dysmenorrhoea, postpartum stasis blocking, chest ventral spine pain, ulcer sore pain.Material is hard, and the coefficient of shrinkage is little, for making the special warfare material of high-grade musical instrument.In addition, bush also can be used as natural dye and uses, and is widely used in the industries such as food, daily use chemicals, leather and textile dyeing.Bush is of many uses, the huge market demand, and development prospect is wide.
For a long time, people utilize a lot of to bush felling, and artificial cultivation is few, so that bush natural distribution area, forest quantity sharply reduce.Late 1970s, the bush of the ground purchases such as Longzhou mostly is the rim of a bowl size (approximately 10 cm), and color and luster is ruddy, and medical material quanlity is better, and the diameter of purchase is many below 2 cm now, and look light red is to yellow, and quality is not equal to before.Bush wild resource is approach exhaustion soon, carries out forest plantation cultivation imperative.
By literature search, domestic scholars research at present focuses mostly in aspects such as chemical composition, pharmacology and the clinical practices of bush, and the research such as biological property, seedling-wood breeding and the cultivation management to bush is comparatively weak.Only CHINA JOURNAL OF CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA nineteen ninety the 15th 21～22 pages of volume o. 11ths, the people such as Yang Fushun, introduced bush collect seed grow seedlings, field management and the processing of gathering; 20～21 pages of forestry practical technique o. 11ths in 2011, Li Wenfu, has introduced bush botany characteristic, ecological habit, culture technique and the processing of gathering.The method that they introduce is too simple, and in karst, effect is unsatisfactory.Trace it to its cause: 1. bush is very easily aging, it is slightly improper to manage, and within 1～2 year, blossoms and bears fruit, and more difficult cultivation is become a useful person; 2. Shan Gao slope in karst is steep, and the many soil of stone is few, poultry water water conservation difficulty, and summer High Temperature, arid in addition, water evaporation quantity is large, causes seedling to be wilted, and stops growing even dead.Therefore, how to solve the problem of bush early ageing and lack of water, become prior art difficult point urgently to be resolved hurrily.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the deficiencies in the prior art, the method for the karst bush cultivation that a kind of survival rate is high, seedling growth is fast is provided, in order to instruct the mountain area masses to develop bush special medicinal material economy, realize bush resource sustainable application.
The present invention is achieved in that
The method of a kind of karst bush cultivation, comprise that seed collecting and seed treatment, cultivating seedlings and afforestation fosters operation, by selecting bush select tree as seed collecting elite stand, gather seed and carry out seed treatment, be placed in the container that seedling medium is housed and cultivate seedling, outplanting afforestation, carries out tending management to new planting site, and its concrete operation step is as follows:
(1) seed collecting and seed treatment:
1. collect seed: selects life in 6 years above, the bush select tree of perfectly straight, the robust growth of form is as seed collecting elite stand, 2～March, bush pod is yellowish-brown to crineous, sound can the gathering of shaking, and the pod of adopting is back put under daylight and is tanned by the sun, after dry, tap seed, reject impurity and shrivelled, damaged seed, seed is placed in to room ventilation place and dries in the shade, pack seed with cloth bag, normal temperature laboratory is dry to be hidden or puts into 4 DEG C of refrigerations of refrigerator, with adopting with broadcasting;
2. seed treatment: before sowing, adopt 50～65 DEG C of hot water presoaking and germinatings, the volumetric ratio of seed and hot water is 1: 2, pours seed in hot water into, and limit bevelling stirs, and makes it to be heated evenly, and after immersion 50～70 min, pulls seed out, drains away the water and can sow;
(2) cultivating seedlings:
1. container nursery: seedling medium is packed in the nonwoven Seedling bag of 8 cm × 10 cm, neatly put on seedling bed by 16 bag of 1 row, surrounding is real with fine earth training; Front 1 d of program request, sprays sterilization to seedling medium with 0.5 % liquor potassic permanganate; 2 seeds of each Seedling bag program request, earthing 2～3 cm, water after broadcasting, and keep seedling medium moistening; After sowing 2～3 d, come up, carry out thinning, final singling in the time growing 2～3 true leaves, each Seedling bag is cultivated 1 strain seedling;
2. seedling management: the happiness of bush seedling is cloudy, and need take sunshade sunshade summer, and pilespacing 5～6 m of described sunshade, at the high 2.5 m bracing wires apart from ground, cover the sunshade net of shading rate 70 % above; Water in right amount, keep seedling medium moistening, topdress in good time, promote seedling growth; Late September, transplant seedlings and be completely cured, by the management of nursery stock size fractionation, throw off sunshade net simultaneously, full exposure hardening, improves the adaptive capacity of nursery stock to environment, strengthens resistance; Adopt broad spectrum insecticide medicament seedling stage, as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses routinely; More than 1 year raw height of seedling 30 cm, can go out garden afforestation;
(3) afforestation is fostered:
1. wholely: complete autumn and winter last year afforestation; Planting density 2500～3333 strains/hm
2, adopt cave-shaped whole ground; Plant hole specification 35～45 cm × 35～45, cm × 35～45 cm, guarantee that seedling root has enough growing spaces;
2. execute water-loss reducer and base manure: planting site is discharged to water-loss reducer and base manure, and described water-loss reducer and base manure take layering to discharge; It is after mid-February rain when soil drench that described layering is discharged, first water-loss reducer and water are made into gel in mass ratio at 1: 150, the bottom is executed gel 4500 g/ caves, return 1/3 table soil and stir, then cover the table soil that one deck 4～5 cm are thick and make separation layer, then basal dressing 200 g/ caves, returning table soil mixes thoroughly, finally smash go back to cubsoil to pieces cave, earthing 10 cm above ground level, are steamed bun shape;
3. field planting: at annual rainwater to carrying out field planting between Clear and Bright; When field planting, nursery stock with rise, with fortune, with planting; Plant hole size is all slightly larger than seedling root with the degree of depth, and nursery stock is put into cave, and righting nursery stock returns soil steady and sure, and then covers one deck and loosen the soil, and surrounding is opened annular groove, finally uses weeds overlay tree dish, in order to rainfall interception, retains and conserve soil moisture;
4. tending management: new planting site is fostered 3～5 years continuously, annual 5～June and 8～September carries out respectively 2 weedings, loosens the soil, expands cave and fertilising; According to tree vigo(u)r, shape pruning in good time, cultivates trunk, enters and clips terminal bud after autumn, avoids flower bud differentiation, consumes nutrition excessively;
5. the extermination of disease and insect pest: bush insect pest mainly contains blows cotton scale insect, leaf beetle and geometrid moth, adopts broad spectrum insecticide medicament, and as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses routinely.
Bush field planting starts to form heartwood after 3 years, after 5 years, heartwood and sapwood boundary are obvious, after 8 years, can gather and be used as medicine; The general autumn, gather in two seasons of winter, while gathering, apart from 10～15 cm places, ground, trees cuted down, be sawn into the long juggle of 50～60 cm, prune bark and sapwood, purplish red or reddish yellow heartwood in the middle of getting, thick person half-and-half rives, dry or dry in the shade after can sell.
The raw material components of above-described seedling medium and parts by weight are: 50 parts of yellow soils, 30 parts, baked wheaten cake soil, 20 parts of decomposed dungs, 3 parts, fused calcium magnesium phosphate, and fully smash to pieces and mix rear use thoroughly.
The fertilizer that topdresses used in above-described seedling management, in earlier stage taking nitrogenous fertilizer as main, enters and stops using nitrogenous fertilizer after autumn, changes and executes phosphorus, potash fertilizer, impels nursery stock lignification; Described topdressing method is the aqueous solution that fertilizer is made into 0.3～0.5 % mass percent concentration, sprays 1 time every 15 d, executes rear use clear water hydro-peening leaf, in case burn nursery stock.
Above-described afforestation is fostered in the time of whole ground, and table soil and cubsoil are placed in respectively the both sides of plant hole, choose stone, tree root and grass roots in clean cave, allow soil natural weathering, slaking a period of time, remove the worm pupa in soil, reduce soil germ.
Above-described water-loss reducer is selected water board agricultural water-loss reducer, and its main component is polyacrylamide, specification 40～60 orders; The raw material components of described base manure and parts by weight are: 150 parts of composite fertilizers, 50 parts, fused calcium magnesium phosphate.
After above-described field planting, in 1 month, look into seedling after-culture, to leaking kind, dead seedling, residual seedling, reseed in time, give righting to crooked plant, guarantee then more than survival rate 99 %.
Above-described annual 5～June and 8～September carry out 2 weedings, loosen the soil, expand cave and fertilising, method be while fostering at every turn centered by nursery stock the weeds within the scope of radius 50～60 cm all root out, avoid weeds to consume moisture excessively; Shallow outer dark in while loosening the soil, prevent from damaging seedling root; When fertilising, be to open annular groove in tree crown periphery, discharge composite fertilizer's 100～200 g/ strains, earthing, lid grass after fertilising.
In above-described composite fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium active ingredient are respectively 16 %, 16 %, 16 %, total nutrient >=48 %.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:
(1) survival rate is high:
This cultivation method adopts nonwoven Seedling bag to cultivate seedling, is completely cured through transplanting seedlings, the technical finesse such as differentiated control, full exposure hardening, and nursery stock strong adaptability, while planting, without divesting Seedling bag, directly bury, do not fall apart and roll into a ball, do not hinder root, after cultivation, do not restrain the growth of seedlings, direct growth, more than survival rate 99 %.
(2) seedling growth is fast:
Owing to having mixed the saturated gel of appropriate water-loss reducer in the subsoil earth of cave, greatly suppress the evaporation of moisture, improve saturated soil water content, reduce saturated hydraulic conductivity in soil, thereby slow down the speed of soil release water, reduced infiltration and the loss of soil moisture, created and be of value to the liquid manure of seedling growth environment, nursery stock self-sow is fast; According to observation, adopt this cultivation method, 3 years raw stand average breast diameter 3.7 cm of bush, mean stand height 4.9 m.
(3) applied widely:
Through experimental study for many years, explore a kind of karst bush efficient cultivation method, be widely used in the torrid zone, south subtropics karst.
(4) economic, society, ecological benefits tool are good:
Bush is the famous indigenous tree species in Southwest China karst, and medicine, material are dual-purpose, have higher economic worth; In karst Popularization And Development bush special medicinal material economy, both afforested tor, improve the ecological environment, open up a shortcut for mountain area masses' increase wealth again, realize economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefits three wins.
Embodiment
With embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail below, but they are not limitation of the invention.
Embodiment 1:
In February, 2010 is in bush original producton location, Tianyang County, Guangxi, select that life in 6 years is above, form is perfectly straight, the select tree of robust growth is as seed collecting elite stand, the pod of adopting is back put under daylight and is tanned by the sun, after dry, tap seed, reject impurity and shrivelled, damaged seed, seed is placed in to room ventilation place and dries in the shade, pack seed with cloth bag, normal temperature laboratory is dry to be hidden.Bush seed should, with adopting with broadcasting, before sowing, adopt 50 DEG C of hot water presoaking and germinatings, and the volumetric ratio of seed and hot water is 1: 2, and seed is poured in hot water, and limit bevelling stirs, and makes it to be heated evenly, and after immersion 50 min, pulls seed out, drains away the water and can sow.Seedling medium comprises yellow soil 50 kg, burns native 30 kg, decomposed dung 20 kg, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 3 kg, after fully smashing to pieces and mixing thoroughly, packs in the nonwoven Seedling bag of 8 cm × 10 cm, neatly puts on seedling bed by 16 bag of 1 row, and fine earth training is real for surrounding; Front 1 d of program request, sprays sterilization to seedling medium with 0.5 % liquor potassic permanganate; 2 seeds of each Seedling bag program request, earthing 2 cm, water after broadcasting, and keep seedling medium moistening; After sowing 2 d, come up, carry out thinning, final singling in the time growing 2 true leaves, each Seedling bag is cultivated 1 strain seedling.Bush seedling happiness is cloudy, and need take sunshade summer, pilespacing 5 m of sunshade, and the high 2.5 m bracing wires apart from ground, cover the sunshade net of shading rate 70 % above; Water in right amount, keep seedling medium moistening, topdress in good time, taking nitrogenous fertilizer as main, enter after autumn and stop using early stage, changes and execute phosphorus, potash fertilizer, impels nursery stock lignification; While topdressing, fertilizer is made into the aqueous solution of 0.3 % mass percent concentration, sprays 1 time every 15 d, execute rear use clear water hydro-peening leaf, in case burn nursery stock; Late September, transplant seedlings and be completely cured, by the management of nursery stock size fractionation, throw off sunshade net simultaneously, full exposure hardening, improves the adaptive capacity of nursery stock to environment, strengthens resistance; Adopt broad spectrum insecticide medicament seedling stage, as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses and gets final product pest control routinely; More than 1 year raw height of seedling 30 cm, can go out garden afforestation.
In November, 2010, select conceding the land to forestry demonstration area, Pingguo County,GuangXi as test site; Planting density 2500 strains/hm
2, adopt cave-shaped whole ground, retain natural vegetation as far as possible, reduce on the one hand water and soil loss, for providing side, protects growth of seedling on the other hand; Plant hole specification 35 cm × 35, cm × 35 cm, the place that the degree of depth does not reach, can suitably widen whole ground scope, guarantees that seedling root has enough growing spaces.Table soil and cubsoil are placed in respectively the both sides in cave, choose stone, tree root and grass roots in clean cave, allow soil natural weathering, slaking a period of time, remove the worm pupa in soil, reduce soil germ, improve soil physical and chemical property, increase soil fertility.
After in March, 2011 rain when soil drench, planting site is discharged to water-loss reducer and base manure, described water-loss reducer is selected water board agricultural water-loss reducer, wherein main component polyacrylamide, specification is 40 orders, described base manure is selected composite fertilizer 150 kg and fused calcium magnesium phosphate 50 kg, and wherein in composite fertilizer, the weight content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is respectively 16%, 16%, 16%, total nutrient >=48%; Because fused calcium magnesium phosphate has antagonism to water-loss reducer, mixed executing can cause the water suction multiple of water-loss reducer sharply to decline, and even loses effect, therefore water-loss reducer and base manure take layering to discharge; It is when after rain when soil drench after mid-February that described layering is discharged, first water-loss reducer and water are made into gel in mass ratio at 1: 150, the bottom is executed gel 4500 g/ caves, return 1/3 table soil and stir, then cover the table soil that one deck 4 cm are thick and make separation layer, then basal dressing 250 g/ caves, returning table soil mixes thoroughly, finally smash go back to cubsoil to pieces cave, earthing 10cm above ground level, is steamed bun shape; Root system has geotropism, to fertilizer and hygrotropism, water-loss reducer is embedded in bottom, guiding root system is grown downwards, is grown, root system is more down pricked, plant drought resisting effect is just better.Field planting is urgent, nursery stock with rise, with fortune, with planting; Plant hole size is all slightly larger than seedling root with the degree of depth, and nursery stock is put into cave, and righting nursery stock returns soil steady and sure, and then covers one deck and loosen the soil, and surrounding is opened annular groove, finally uses weeds overlay tree dish, in order to rainfall interception, retains and conserve soil moisture.After field planting, in 1 month, look into seedling after-culture, to leaking kind, dead seedling, residual seedling, reseed in time, give righting to crooked plant.New planting site is fostered 3 years continuously, and annual May and August carry out respectively 2 weedings, loosen the soil, expand cave and fertilising; While fostering, centered by nursery stock, the weeds within the scope of radius 50 cm are all rooted out at every turn, avoid weeds to consume moisture excessively; Loosen the soil inner shallow outer dark, prevent from damaging seedling root; Open annular groove in tree crown periphery, discharge composite fertilizer's 100 g/ strains, wherein in composite fertilizer, the weight content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is respectively 16%, 16%, 16%, total nutrient >=48% simultaneously; Earthing, lid grass after fertilising.According to tree vigo(u)r, shape pruning in good time, cultivates trunk, enters and clips terminal bud after autumn, avoids flower bud differentiation, consumes nutrition excessively; If generation insect pest, adopts broad spectrum insecticide medicament, as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses and can prevent and treat routinely.
In January, 2014, pilot forest is carried out to researching determining, forest storage rate 95 %, the average diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground 3.7 cm of forest, mean stand height 4.9 m.
Embodiment 2:
In February, 2010 is in bush original producton location, Tianyang County, Guangxi, select that life in 6 years is above, form is perfectly straight, the select tree of robust growth is as seed collecting elite stand, the pod of adopting is back put under daylight and is tanned by the sun, after dry, tap seed, reject impurity and shrivelled, damaged seed, seed is placed in to room ventilation place and dries in the shade, pack seed with cloth bag, normal temperature laboratory is dry to be hidden.Bush seed should, with adopting with broadcasting, before sowing, adopt 60 DEG C of hot water presoaking and germinatings, and the volumetric ratio of seed and hot water is 1: 2, and seed is poured in hot water, and limit bevelling stirs, and makes it to be heated evenly, and after immersion 60 min, pulls seed out, drains away the water and can sow.Seedling medium comprises yellow soil 50 kg, burns native 30 kg, decomposed dung 20 kg, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 3 kg, after fully smashing to pieces and mixing thoroughly, packs in the nonwoven Seedling bag of 8 cm × 10 cm, neatly puts on seedling bed by 16 bag of 1 row, and fine earth training is real for surrounding; Front 1 d of program request, sprays sterilization to seedling medium with 0.5 % liquor potassic permanganate; 2 seeds of each Seedling bag program request, earthing 2 cm, water after broadcasting, and keep seedling medium moistening; After sowing 3 d, come up, carry out thinning, final singling in the time growing 2 true leaves, each Seedling bag is cultivated 1 strain seedling.Bush seedling happiness is cloudy, and need take sunshade summer, pilespacing 6 m of sunshade, and the high 2.5 m bracing wires apart from ground, cover the sunshade net of shading rate 70 % above; Water in right amount, keep seedling medium moistening, topdress in good time, taking nitrogenous fertilizer as main, enter after autumn and stop using early stage, changes and execute phosphorus, potash fertilizer, impels nursery stock lignification; While topdressing, fertilizer is made into the aqueous solution of 0.4 % mass percent concentration, sprays 1 time every 15 d, execute rear use clear water hydro-peening leaf, in case burn nursery stock; Late September, transplant seedlings and be completely cured, by the management of nursery stock size fractionation, throw off sunshade net simultaneously, full exposure hardening, improves the adaptive capacity of nursery stock to environment, strengthens resistance; Adopt broad spectrum insecticide medicament seedling stage, as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses and gets final product pest control routinely; More than 1 year raw height of seedling 30 cm, can go out garden afforestation.
In November, 2010, select conceding the land to forestry demonstration area, Pingguo County,GuangXi as test site; Planting density 3000 strains/hm
2, adopt cave-shaped whole ground, retain natural vegetation as far as possible, reduce on the one hand water and soil loss, for providing side, protects growth of seedling on the other hand; Plant hole specification 40 cm × 40, cm × 40 cm, the place that the degree of depth does not reach, can suitably widen whole ground scope, guarantees that seedling root has enough growing spaces.Table soil and cubsoil are placed in respectively the both sides in cave, choose stone, tree root and grass roots in clean cave, allow soil natural weathering, slaking a period of time, remove the worm pupa in soil, reduce soil germ, improve soil physical and chemical property, increase soil fertility.
After in March, 2011 rain when soil drench, planting site is discharged to water-loss reducer and base manure, described water-loss reducer is selected water board agricultural water-loss reducer, wherein main component polyacrylamide, specification is 40 orders, described base manure is selected composite fertilizer 150 kg and fused calcium magnesium phosphate 50 kg, and wherein in composite fertilizer, the weight content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is respectively 16%, 16%, 16%, total nutrient >=48%; Because fused calcium magnesium phosphate has antagonism to water-loss reducer, mixed executing can cause the water suction multiple of water-loss reducer sharply to decline, and even loses effect, therefore water-loss reducer and base manure take layering to discharge; It is when after rain when soil drench after mid-February that described layering is discharged, first water-loss reducer and water are made into gel in mass ratio at 1: 150, the bottom is executed gel 4500 g/ caves, return 1/3 table soil and stir, then cover the table soil that one deck 5 cm are thick and make separation layer, then basal dressing 250 g/ caves, returning table soil mixes thoroughly, finally smash go back to cubsoil to pieces cave, earthing 10cm above ground level, is steamed bun shape; Root system has geotropism, to fertilizer and hygrotropism, water-loss reducer is embedded in bottom, guiding root system is grown downwards, is grown, root system is more down pricked, plant drought resisting effect is just better.Field planting is urgent, nursery stock with rise, with fortune, with planting; Plant hole size is all slightly larger than seedling root with the degree of depth, and nursery stock is put into cave, and righting nursery stock returns soil steady and sure, and then covers one deck and loosen the soil, and surrounding is opened annular groove, finally uses weeds overlay tree dish, in order to rainfall interception, retains and conserve soil moisture.After field planting, in 1 month, look into seedling after-culture, to leaking kind, dead seedling, residual seedling, reseed in time, give righting to crooked plant.New planting site is fostered 3 years continuously, and annual May and August carry out respectively 2 weedings, loosen the soil, expand cave and fertilising; While fostering, centered by nursery stock, the weeds within the scope of radius 55 cm are all rooted out at every turn, avoid weeds to consume moisture excessively; Loosen the soil inner shallow outer dark, prevent from damaging seedling root; Open annular groove in tree crown periphery, discharge composite fertilizer's 150 g/ strains, wherein in composite fertilizer, the weight content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is respectively 16%, 16%, 16%, total nutrient >=48% simultaneously; Earthing, lid grass after fertilising.According to tree vigo(u)r, shape pruning in good time, cultivates trunk, enters and clips terminal bud after autumn, avoids flower bud differentiation, consumes nutrition excessively; If generation insect pest, adopts broad spectrum insecticide medicament, as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses and can prevent and treat routinely.
In January, 2014, pilot forest is carried out to researching determining, forest storage rate 96 %, the average diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground 3.8 cm of forest, mean stand height 4.8 m.
Embodiment 3:
In February, 2010 is in bush original producton location, Tianyang County, Guangxi, select that life in 6 years is above, form is perfectly straight, the select tree of robust growth is as seed collecting elite stand, the pod of adopting is back put under daylight and is tanned by the sun, after dry, tap seed, reject impurity and shrivelled, damaged seed, seed is placed in to room ventilation place and dries in the shade, pack seed with cloth bag, normal temperature laboratory is dry to be hidden.Bush seed should, with adopting with broadcasting, before sowing, adopt 65 DEG C of hot water presoaking and germinatings, and the volumetric ratio of seed and hot water is 1: 2, and seed is poured in hot water, and limit bevelling stirs, and makes it to be heated evenly, and after immersion 70 min, pulls seed out, drains away the water and can sow.Seedling medium comprises 50 jin of yellow soils, burns 30 jin, soil, 20 jin of decomposed dungs, 3 jin, fused calcium magnesium phosphate, after fully smashing to pieces and mixing thoroughly, packs in the nonwoven Seedling bag of 8 cm × 10 cm, neatly puts on seedling bed by 16 bag of 1 row, and fine earth training is real for surrounding; Front 1 d of program request, sprays sterilization to seedling medium with 0.5 % liquor potassic permanganate; 2 seeds of each Seedling bag program request, earthing 3 cm, water after broadcasting, and keep seedling medium moistening; After sowing 2 d, come up, carry out thinning, final singling in the time growing 2 true leaves, each Seedling bag is cultivated 1 strain seedling.Bush seedling happiness is cloudy, and need take sunshade summer, pilespacing 6 m of sunshade, and the high 2.5 m bracing wires apart from ground, cover the sunshade net of shading rate 70 % above; Water in right amount, keep seedling medium moistening, topdress in good time, taking nitrogenous fertilizer as main, enter after autumn and stop using early stage, changes and execute phosphorus, potash fertilizer, impels nursery stock lignification; While topdressing, fertilizer is made into the aqueous solution of 0.5 % mass percent concentration, sprays 1 time every 15 d, execute rear use clear water hydro-peening leaf, in case burn nursery stock; Late September, transplant seedlings and be completely cured, by the management of nursery stock size fractionation, throw off sunshade net simultaneously, full exposure hardening, improves the adaptive capacity of nursery stock to environment, strengthens resistance; Adopt broad spectrum insecticide medicament seedling stage, as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses and gets final product pest control routinely; More than 1 year raw height of seedling 30 cm, can go out garden afforestation.
In November, 2010, select conceding the land to forestry demonstration area, Pingguo County,GuangXi as test site; Planting density 3333 strains/hm
2, adopt cave-shaped whole ground, retain natural vegetation as far as possible, reduce on the one hand water and soil loss, for providing side, protects growth of seedling on the other hand; Plant hole specification 45 cm × 45, cm × 45 cm, the place that the degree of depth does not reach, can suitably widen whole ground scope, guarantees that seedling root has enough growing spaces.Table soil and cubsoil are placed in respectively the both sides in cave, choose stone, tree root and grass roots in clean cave, allow soil natural weathering, slaking a period of time, remove the worm pupa in soil, reduce soil germ, improve soil physical and chemical property, increase soil fertility.
After in March, 2011 rain when soil drench, planting site is discharged to water-loss reducer and base manure, described water-loss reducer is selected water board agricultural water-loss reducer, wherein main component polyacrylamide, specification is 40 orders, described base manure is selected composite fertilizer 150 kg and fused calcium magnesium phosphate 50 kg, and wherein in composite fertilizer, the weight content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is respectively 16%, 16%, 16%, total nutrient >=48%; Because fused calcium magnesium phosphate has antagonism to water-loss reducer, mixed executing can cause the water suction multiple of water-loss reducer sharply to decline, and even loses effect, therefore water-loss reducer and base manure take layering to discharge; It is when after rain when soil drench after mid-February that described layering is discharged, first water-loss reducer and water are made into gel in mass ratio at 1: 150, the bottom is executed gel 4500 g/ caves, return 1/3 table soil and stir, then cover the table soil that one deck 5 cm are thick and make separation layer, then basal dressing 250 g/ caves, returning table soil mixes thoroughly, finally smash go back to cubsoil to pieces cave, earthing 10cm above ground level, is steamed bun shape; Root system has geotropism, to fertilizer and hygrotropism, water-loss reducer is embedded in bottom, guiding root system is grown downwards, is grown, root system is more down pricked, plant drought resisting effect is just better.Field planting is urgent, nursery stock with rise, with fortune, with planting; Plant hole size is all slightly larger than seedling root with the degree of depth, and nursery stock is put into cave, and righting nursery stock returns soil steady and sure, and then covers one deck and loosen the soil, and surrounding is opened annular groove, finally uses weeds overlay tree dish, in order to rainfall interception, retains and conserve soil moisture.After field planting, in 1 month, look into seedling after-culture, to leaking kind, dead seedling, residual seedling, reseed in time, give righting to crooked plant.New planting site is fostered 3 years continuously, and annual May and August carry out respectively 2 weedings, loosen the soil, expand cave and fertilising; While fostering, centered by nursery stock, the weeds within the scope of radius 60 cm are all rooted out at every turn, avoid weeds to consume moisture excessively; Loosen the soil inner shallow outer dark, prevent from damaging seedling root; Open annular groove in tree crown periphery, discharge composite fertilizer's 200 g/ strains, wherein in composite fertilizer, the weight content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is respectively 16%, 16%, 16%, total nutrient >=48% simultaneously; Earthing, lid grass after fertilising.According to tree vigo(u)r, shape pruning in good time, cultivates trunk, enters and clips terminal bud after autumn, avoids flower bud differentiation, consumes nutrition excessively; If generation insect pest, adopts broad spectrum insecticide medicament, as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses and can prevent and treat routinely.
In January, 2014, pilot forest is carried out to researching determining, forest storage rate 95 %, the average diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground 3.8 cm of forest, mean stand height 5.0 m.
Control Example:
In February, 2010 is in bush original producton location, Tianyang County, Guangxi, select that life in 6 years is above, form is perfectly straight, the select tree of robust growth is as seed collecting elite stand, the pod of adopting is back put under daylight and is tanned by the sun, after dry, tap seed, reject impurity and shrivelled, damaged seed, seed is placed in to room ventilation place and dries in the shade, pack seed with cloth bag, normal temperature laboratory is dry to be hidden.Bush seed should, with adopting with broadcasting, before sowing, adopt 60 DEG C of hot water presoaking and germinatings, and the volumetric ratio of seed and hot water is 1: 2, and seed is poured in hot water, and limit bevelling stirs, and makes it to be heated evenly, and after immersion 60 min, pulls seed out, drains away the water and can sow.Seedling medium comprises 50 jin of yellow soils, burns 30 jin, soil, 20 jin of decomposed dungs, 3 jin, fused calcium magnesium phosphate, after fully smashing to pieces and mixing thoroughly, packs in the nonwoven Seedling bag of 8 cm × 10 cm, neatly puts on seedling bed by 16 bag of 1 row, and fine earth training is real for surrounding; Front 1 d of program request, sprays sterilization to seedling medium with 0.5 % liquor potassic permanganate; 2 seeds of each Seedling bag program request, earthing 2 cm, water after broadcasting, and keep seedling medium moistening; After sowing 2 d, come up, carry out thinning, final singling in the time growing 2 true leaves, each Seedling bag is cultivated 1 strain seedling.The happiness of bush seedling is cloudy, and need take sunshade summer, and the pilespacing 5m of sunshade, at the high 2.5 m bracing wires apart from ground, covers the sunshade net of shading rate 70 % above; Water in right amount, keep seedling medium moistening, topdress in good time, taking nitrogenous fertilizer as main, enter after autumn and stop using early stage, changes and execute phosphorus, potash fertilizer, impels nursery stock lignification; While topdressing, fertilizer is made into the aqueous solution of 0.5 % mass percent concentration, sprays 1 time every 15 d, execute rear use clear water hydro-peening leaf, in case burn nursery stock; Late September, transplant seedlings and be completely cured, by the management of nursery stock size fractionation, throw off sunshade net simultaneously, full exposure hardening, improves the adaptive capacity of nursery stock to environment, strengthens resistance; Adopt broad spectrum insecticide medicament seedling stage, as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses and gets final product pest control routinely; More than 1 year raw height of seedling 30 cm, can go out garden afforestation.
In November, 2010, select conceding the land to forestry demonstration area, Pingguo County,GuangXi as test site; Planting density 3000 strains/hm
2, adopt cave-shaped whole ground, retain natural vegetation as far as possible, reduce on the one hand water and soil loss, for providing side, protects growth of seedling on the other hand; Plant hole specification 40 cm × 40, cm × 40 cm, the place that the degree of depth does not reach, can suitably widen whole ground scope, guarantees that seedling root has enough growing spaces.Table soil and cubsoil are placed in respectively the both sides in cave, choose stone, tree root and grass roots in clean cave, allow soil natural weathering, slaking a period of time, remove the worm pupa in soil, reduce soil germ, improve soil physical and chemical property, increase soil fertility.
After in March, 2011 rain, when soil drench, return 1/3 table soil and mix thoroughly, earthing 10 cm above ground level, are steamed bun shape; Field planting is urgent, nursery stock with rise, with fortune, with planting; Plant hole size is all slightly larger than seedling root with the degree of depth, and nursery stock is put into cave, and righting nursery stock returns soil steady and sure, and then covers one deck and loosen the soil, and surrounding is opened annular groove, finally uses weeds overlay tree dish, in order to rainfall interception, retains and conserve soil moisture.After field planting, in 1 month, look into seedling after-culture, to leaking kind, dead seedling, residual seedling, reseed in time, give righting to crooked plant.New planting site is fostered 3 years continuously, and annual May and August carry out respectively 2 weedings, loosen the soil, expand cave and fertilising; While fostering, centered by nursery stock, the weeds within the scope of radius 50 cm are all rooted out at every turn, avoid weeds to consume moisture excessively; Loosen the soil inner shallow outer dark, prevent from damaging seedling root; Open annular groove in tree crown periphery, discharge composite fertilizer's 150 g/ strains, in composite fertilizer, the weight content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is respectively 16%, 16%, 16%, total nutrient >=48% simultaneously; Earthing, lid grass after fertilising.According to tree vigo(u)r, shape pruning in good time, cultivates trunk, enters and clips terminal bud after autumn, avoids flower bud differentiation, consumes nutrition excessively; If generation insect pest, adopts broad spectrum insecticide medicament, as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses and can prevent and treat routinely.
In January, 2014, pilot forest is carried out to researching determining, forest storage rate 64 %, the average diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground 2.8 cm of forest, mean stand height 3.4 m.
Claims (8)
1. the method for a karst bush cultivation, comprise the operation that seed collecting and seed treatment, cultivating seedlings and afforestation are fostered, it is characterized in that: by selecting bush select tree as seed collecting elite stand, gather seed and carry out seed treatment, be placed in the container that seedling medium is housed and cultivate seedling, outplanting afforestation, carries out tending management to new planting site, and its concrete operation step is as follows:
(1) seed collecting and seed treatment:
1. collect seed: selects life in 6 years above, the bush select tree of perfectly straight, the robust growth of form is as seed collecting elite stand, 2～March, bush pod is yellowish-brown to crineous, sound can the gathering of shaking, and the pod of adopting is back put under daylight and is tanned by the sun, after dry, tap seed, reject impurity and shrivelled, damaged seed, seed is placed in to room ventilation place and dries in the shade, pack seed with cloth bag, normal temperature laboratory is dry to be hidden or puts into 4 DEG C of refrigerations of refrigerator, with adopting with broadcasting;
2. seed treatment: before sowing, adopt 50～65 DEG C of hot water presoaking and germinatings, the volumetric ratio of seed and hot water is 1: 2, pours seed in hot water into, and limit bevelling stirs, and makes it to be heated evenly, and after immersion 50～70 min, pulls seed out, drains away the water and can sow;
(2) cultivating seedlings:
1. container nursery: seedling medium is packed in the nonwoven Seedling bag of 8 cm × 10 cm, neatly put on seedling bed by 16 bag of 1 row, surrounding is real with fine earth training; Front 1 d of program request, sprays sterilization to seedling medium with 0.5 % liquor potassic permanganate; 2 seeds of each Seedling bag program request, earthing 2～3 cm, water after broadcasting, and keep seedling medium moistening; After sowing 2～3 d, come up, carry out thinning, final singling in the time growing 2～3 true leaves, each Seedling bag is cultivated 1 strain seedling;
2. seedling management: the happiness of bush seedling is cloudy, and need take sunshade sunshade summer, and pilespacing 5～6 m of described sunshade, at the high 2.5 m bracing wires apart from ground, cover the sunshade net of shading rate 70 % above; Water in right amount, keep seedling medium moistening, topdress in good time, promote seedling growth; Late September, transplant seedlings and be completely cured, by the management of nursery stock size fractionation, throw off sunshade net simultaneously, full exposure hardening, improves the adaptive capacity of nursery stock to environment, strengthens resistance; Adopt broad spectrum insecticide medicament seedling stage, as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses routinely; More than 1 year raw height of seedling 30 cm, can go out garden afforestation;
(3) afforestation is fostered:
1. wholely: complete autumn and winter last year afforestation; Planting density 2500～3333 strains/hm
2, adopt cave-shaped whole ground; Plant hole specification 35～45 cm × 35～45, cm × 35～45 cm, guarantee that seedling root has enough growing spaces;
2. execute water-loss reducer and base manure: planting site is discharged to water-loss reducer and base manure, and described water-loss reducer and base manure take layering to discharge; It is after mid-February rain when soil drench that described layering is discharged, first water-loss reducer and water are made into gel in mass ratio at 1: 150, the bottom is executed gel 4500 g/ caves, return 1/3 table soil and stir, then cover the table soil that one deck 4～5 cm are thick and make separation layer, then basal dressing 200 g/ caves, returning table soil mixes thoroughly, finally smash go back to cubsoil to pieces cave, earthing 10 cm above ground level, are steamed bun shape;
3. field planting: at annual rainwater to carrying out field planting between Clear and Bright; When field planting, nursery stock with rise, with fortune, with planting; Plant hole size is all slightly larger than seedling root with the degree of depth, and nursery stock is put into cave, and righting nursery stock returns soil steady and sure, and then covers one deck and loosen the soil, and surrounding is opened annular groove, finally uses weeds overlay tree dish, in order to rainfall interception, retains and conserve soil moisture;
4. tending management: new planting site is fostered 3～5 years continuously, annual 5～June and 8～September carries out respectively 2 weedings, loosens the soil, expands cave and fertilising; According to tree vigo(u)r, shape pruning in good time, cultivates trunk, enters and clips terminal bud after autumn, avoids flower bud differentiation, consumes nutrition excessively;
5. the extermination of disease and insect pest: bush insect pest mainly contains blows cotton scale insect, leaf beetle and geometrid moth, adopts broad spectrum insecticide medicament, and as chlorophos, Rogor, dose and method uses routinely.
2. the method for karst according to claim 1 bush cultivation, it is characterized in that: the raw material components of described seedling medium and parts by weight are: 50 parts of yellow soils, 30 parts, baked wheaten cake soil, 20 parts of decomposed dungs, 3 parts, fused calcium magnesium phosphate, fully smash to pieces and mix rear use thoroughly.
3. the method for karst according to claim 1 bush cultivation, is characterized in that: the fertilizer that topdresses used in described seedling management, in earlier stage taking nitrogenous fertilizer as main, enters and stops using nitrogenous fertilizer after autumn, changes and executes phosphorus, potash fertilizer, impels nursery stock lignification; Described topdressing method is the aqueous solution that fertilizer is made into 0.3～0.5 % mass percent concentration, sprays 1 time every 15 d, executes rear use clear water hydro-peening leaf, in case burn nursery stock.
4. the method for karst according to claim 1 bush cultivation, it is characterized in that: described afforestation is fostered in the time of whole ground, table soil and cubsoil are placed in respectively the both sides of plant hole, choose stone, tree root and grass roots in clean cave, allow soil natural weathering, slaking a period of time, remove the worm pupa in soil, reduce soil germ.
5. the method for karst according to claim 1 bush cultivation, is characterized in that: described water-loss reducer is selected water board agricultural water-loss reducer, and its main component is polyacrylamide, specification 40～60 orders; The raw material components of described base manure and parts by weight are: 150 parts of composite fertilizers, 50 parts, fused calcium magnesium phosphate.
6. the method for karst according to claim 1 bush cultivation, it is characterized in that: after described field planting, in 1 month, look into seedling after-culture, to leaking kind, dead seedling, residual seedling, reseed in time, give righting to crooked plant, guarantee then more than survival rate 99 %.
7. the method for karst according to claim 1 bush cultivation, it is characterized in that: described annual 5～June and 8～September carry out 2 weedings, loosen the soil, expand cave and fertilising, method be while fostering at every turn centered by nursery stock the weeds within the scope of radius 50～60 cm all root out, avoid weeds to consume moisture excessively; Shallow outer dark in while loosening the soil, prevent from damaging seedling root; When fertilising, be to open annular groove in tree crown periphery, discharge composite fertilizer's 100～200 g/ strains, earthing, lid grass after fertilising.
8. according to the method for the karst bush cultivation described in claim 5 or 7, it is characterized in that: in described composite fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium active ingredient are respectively 16 %, 16 %, 16 %, total nutrient >=48 %.
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