CN103608140A - 接合材料及使用该接合材料制成的接合体 - Google Patents
接合材料及使用该接合材料制成的接合体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103608140A CN103608140A CN201180071540.3A CN201180071540A CN103608140A CN 103608140 A CN103608140 A CN 103608140A CN 201180071540 A CN201180071540 A CN 201180071540A CN 103608140 A CN103608140 A CN 103608140A
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- grafting material
- viscosity
- acid
- shear rate
- nano silver
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/365—Selection of non-metallic compositions of coating materials either alone or conjoint with selection of soldering or welding materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
- B22F1/102—Metallic powder coated with organic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J11/00—Features of adhesives not provided for in group C09J9/00, e.g. additives
- C09J11/02—Non-macromolecular additives
- C09J11/06—Non-macromolecular additives organic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
- C22C5/06—Alloys based on silver
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/26—Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/28—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L24/29—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual layer connector
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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Abstract
对于使用银纳米粒子的接合材料,作为涂料的性状会因组成的微小差异而大幅改变,对于大量涂布来说不稳定。于是,本发明提供在可满足大量印刷的要求的同时,尺寸稳定性良好且印刷面平滑的使用银纳米粒子的接合材料。该接合材料至少包含平均一次粒径为1nm以上200nm以下且被碳数8以下的有机物质被覆的银纳米粒子、分散介质、由有机物形成的粘度调整剂,以剪切速度15.7[1/s]的条件测定时的粘度在100Pa·s以下,且用以剪切速度3.1[1/s]的条件测定时的粘度/以剪切速度15.7[1/s]的条件测定时的粘度表示的触变比在4以下。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及可在低温下使用的接合材料,特别涉及在接合材料中包含金属纳米粒子的糊料。
背景技术
已知如果金属的粒径微小,则显示特有的物理特性。特别是纳米级的粒子的情况下,该倾向变得显著。特别是利用其熔点比块体低的性质,进行了例如使用金属纳米粒子作为异种物质间的接合材料的尝试。
本申请人至今为止开发了使用银纳米粒子的接合用糊料(接合材料),作为专利文献1或2进行了揭示。此外,还进行了将银纳米粒子作为接合用金属材料使用的尝试,可例举例如专利文献3和专利文献4等技术作为示例。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:WO2011/007402号文本
专利文献2:日本专利特开2011-080147号公报
专利文献3:日本专利特开2011-041955号公报
专利文献4:日本专利特开2011-046770号公报
发明的概要
发明所要解决的技术问题
使用银纳米粒子进行接合时,需要将接合材料涂布于接合面。特别是作为使用银纳米粒子进行接合时的优点,可例举减少接合时使用的金属成分的方法,希望在通过印刷法形成涂膜的情况下,也能以尽可能薄的层厚且以良好的尺寸稳定性涂布成所需的形状。
但是,根据本发明人的研究确认,如果添加纳米粒子来形成接合材料,则例如专利文献2所示,存在即使稍稍改变组成也会使粘度大幅偏离的现象。还发现特别是用于印刷法中的丝网印刷的情况下,如果不使糊料具有适当的粘度和触变性,则印刷面产生丝网纱的眼(以下也称“纱眼”)或发生垂挂,所以可能会导致接合缺陷的发生。特别是如果在产生丝网纱的眼的状态下实施接合,则容易在接合界面产生空隙,所以容易对接合强度的稳定性产生不利影响。
为了解决该现象,必须改善糊料的粘度和触变性。为了调整糊料的粘度和触变性,通常通过添加粘合剂或均化剂来进行调整。但是,粘合剂大多为高分子,需要在高温下进行热处理,即使是低分子的粘合剂,也可能会介于金属间而妨碍金属的熔融或使耐候性降低,因此不理想。
此外,均化剂是通过在涂膜表面呈薄膜状扩散来实现表面张力均匀化的、为了在涂膜形成前修复缺陷而添加的成分,所以均化剂很可能残存于接合界面,导致接合强度或接合界面的耐候性的劣化,所以不理想。特别是在以使用纳米粒子的方式设计的领域中,这样的现象可能会产生显著的不利影响。
因此,作为使用银纳米粒子的接合材料,期待在可满足大量印刷的要求的同时,尺寸稳定性良好且印刷面平滑。于是,本发明要解决的课题在于提供可在低温下金属化且在印刷和干燥时确保涂布面的表面平滑性的接合材料及通过使用该接合材料而确保接合强度的稳定性的接合体。
解决技术问题所采用的技术方案
发明人对该课题进行了认真研究,发现通过以下所示的接合材料的构成可解决上述课题,从而完成了本发明。
为了解决上述课题,只要是下述接合材料即可:至少包含平均一次粒径为1nm以上200nm以下且被碳数8以下的有机物质被覆的银纳米粒子、分散介质、由有机物形成的粘度调整剂,以剪切速度15.7[1/s]的条件测定时的粘度在100Pa·s以下,且用以剪切速度3.1[1/s]的条件测定时的值/以剪切速度15.7[1/s]的条件测定时的值表示的触变比在4以下。
另外,较好是还包含作为银成分的平均粒径为0.5~10.0μm的银粒子。
特别是作为粘度调整剂,如果采用结构中具有醚键的成分,则更适合于解决上述课题。此外,该醚键只要是其结构中具有2~3个醚键即可。另外,较好是在该粘度调整剂的结构中具有羧基,特别是如果采用2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸或2-丁氧基乙氧基乙酸,则可确认显著的效果。
上述的接合材料更好是具有在氮气气氛下进行的TG测定中,以10℃/分钟自40℃升温时的从250℃至350℃的重量减少率在0.1%以下的性质。
对于使用上述接合材料通过丝网印刷法形成的涂布膜,可获得对刚涂布后的涂膜通过激光衍射型表面粗糙度计进行表面测量时的粗糙度值(Ra值)在10μm以下的膜,如果使用该接合材料将被接合体相互接合,则可获得通过以银为主体的接合层形成的接合体。
发明的效果
如果使用基于本发明的接合材料,则不仅可进行涂布时不会产生丝网纱眼的平滑涂膜的形成,而且若对该平滑涂膜设置被接合物并通过加热形成接合体,即使是例如200~300℃的低温下的加热处理,也可获得可靠性高的接合体。
附图的简单说明
图1是表示触变比与Si芯片接合时的芯片残存率(接合强度)的关系的图。实心标记表示印刷时未发现丝网纱的眼的例子,空心标记表示印刷时确认到丝网纱的眼的例子。
图2是实施例1的涂膜的照片。
图3是实施例1的通过触针式表面粗糙度计测定的加压烧成膜的轮廓图。
图4是比较例1的涂膜的照片。
图5是比较例1的通过触针式表面粗糙度计测定的加压烧成膜的轮廓图。
图6是耐弯性的测定例的说明图。
实施发明的方式
首先,对构成本发明的接合材料的银纳米粒子进行详细说明,再对构成接合材料的其它物质、接合材料的制造方法、接合材料的评价方法、接合体的评价方法进行说明。
<银纳米粒子>
构成本发明的接合材料的银纳米粒子为平均一次粒径在200nm以下,较好是1~150nm,更好是10~100nm的粒子。如果使用具有该粒径的银纳米粒子,则可形成具有强接合力的接合体。
构成本发明的接合材料的银纳米粒子的表面被作为保护剂的有机物质被覆。该有机物质较好是总碳数在8以下的脂肪酸。具体来说,可例举作为饱和脂肪酸的辛酸、庚酸、己酸、戊酸、丁酸、丙酸等。此外,作为二羧酸,可例举乙二酸、丙二酸、甲基丙二酸、乙基丙二酸、丁二酸、甲基丁二酸、乙基丁二酸、苯基丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸等。作为不饱和脂肪酸,可例举山梨酸、马来酸等。
其中,从生产性、作业性的观点来看,较好是己酸、庚酸、己二酸、山梨酸、丙二酸,通过用该脂肪酸被覆银纳米粒子表面,可获得适度凝集的粉末形态的银纳米粒子。
表面被该脂肪酸被覆的银纳米粒子呈作为银纳米粒子保持一次粒子的形态且可形成凝集块而容易地进行回收的形态。该凝集块的粒径至少在2.5μm以上。这可通过该凝集块能够通过5号滤纸(JIS P-3801)回收来进行确认。即,因为使用上述滤纸过滤分离该凝集块(二次凝集体)的情况下,滤液呈澄清的溶液,所以可认为凝集块具有该滤纸的孔径以上的粒径。另外,通过对该回收物实施低温(低于100℃)的干燥操作,可获得由银纳米粒子的凝集块形成的干燥粉末。
通过使银纳米粒子具有粉末形态,在制造本发明的接合材料时,掺合时的作业性大幅提高。另外,可使用通过多种有机物质被覆的银纳米粒子,或者并用具有不同的平均一次粒径的银纳米粒子。制成接合材料时,该纳米粒子的添加量相对于糊料总质量优选5~98质量%,较好是10~95质量%。
在此,具有该粒径的银纳米粒子可通过例如日本专利第4344001号中记载的方法制造。此外,更具体地示于后述的实施例。
<并用微米粒子时的形态>
另一方面,并用微米级的银粒子(以下称为“亚微米银粒子”)的情况下,较好是使用平均粒径为0.5μm以上10μm以下的银粒子。本说明书中的平均粒径的计算通过以下的步骤基于激光衍射法进行。首先,将0.3g银粒子的试样加入50mL异丙醇中,通过输出功率50W的超声波清洗机分散5分钟后,将通过Microtrac粒度分布测定装置(霍尼韦尔-日机装株式会社(ハネウエル-日機装)制的9320-X100)用激光衍射法测定时的D50(累计50质量%粒径)的值作为亚微米银粒子的平均一次粒径。
通过并用这时的亚微米银粒子的平均一次粒径的范围在0.5~10.0μm、较好是0.5~5.0μm、更好是0.5~3.0μm的范围内的粒子,可提供接合力高的接合体。另一方面,如果使用具有这样的粒度分布的亚微米银粒子,则上述说明的平均一次粒径为1~200nm的银纳米粒子容易混入亚微米银粒子的间隙部分。其结果是,银纳米粒子烧结,可提高接合强度。为了改善分散性,亚微米银粒子的表面可被覆有有机物,但即使未被覆,本发明的效果也不会降低,所以有机物的种类不受限制。但是,如果使用聚合形成的高分子粒子,则不易分解,所以不理想。
<银纳米粒子与亚微米银粒子的配比>
此外,被有机化合物被覆的银纳米粒子的金属成分与亚微米银粒子的以质量比计的混合比例(银纳米粒子/亚微米银粒子)优选0.1~10.0,较好是0.15~9.0,更好是0.2~5.0。通过使被有机化合物被覆的银纳米粒子的金属成分与亚微米银粒子的质量比为该比例,银纳米粒子更多地存在于空隙部,烧结得到促进,因此优选。作为银纳米粒子和亚微米银粒子的添加量,相对于糊料总质量以银的总量计优选5~98质量%,较好是10~95质量%。
<银纳米粒子的测定和评价>
银纳米粒子的粒径由透射型电子显微镜(TEM)或扫描型电子显微镜(SEM)照片算出。具体来说,确认TEM图像而确认一次粒径在50nm以下的情况下,由TEM图像算出,确认一次粒径在该值以上的情况下由SEM图像算出。
由TEM算出的情况下,将2质量份银纳米粒子添加至96质量份环己烷和2质量份油酸的混合溶液中,通过超声波分散而获得分散溶液。将所得的分散溶液滴加至带支承膜的Cu微网格,使其干燥而制成TEM试样。对于作为制成的TEM试样的微网格,使用透射型电子显微镜(日本电子株式会社(日本電子株式会社)制JEM-100CX Mark-Ⅱ型)以100kV的加速电压在明视野中观察粒子,将所得的图像用300000倍的倍数进行拍摄。
通过SEM算出的情况下,将干燥粉末固定于碳带,使用扫描型电子显微镜(日立高科技株式会社(日立ハイテク株式会社)制S-4700型)倍数设定为10000~60000倍来确认粒径。
由所得的银纳米粒子的TEM或SEM照片图像,也可直接通过游标卡尺等进行粒径测定,但还可通过图像软件算出。不论是哪种情况,银纳米粒子的平均一次粒径通过对TEM或SEM照片中分别独立的粒子测定至少200个以其数平均算出。
<构成接合材料的物质、制造方法>
向通过如上所述的方法得到的银纳米粒子添加溶剂、由具有2个以上的醚键的有机物形成的粘度调整剂,制成接合材料。
作为所使用的溶剂,较好是极性溶剂,可例举水、醇、多元醇、二醇醚、1-甲基吡咯烷酮、吡啶、萜品醇、丁基卡必醇、丁基卡必醇乙酸酯、Texanol、苯氧基丙醇、二乙二醇单丁醚、二乙二醇单丁醚乙酸酯、γ-丁内酯、乙二醇单甲醚乙酸酯、乙二醇单乙醚乙酸酯、甲氧基丁基乙酸酯、甲氧基丙基乙酸酯、二乙二醇单乙醚乙酸酯、乳酸乙酯、1-辛醇、辛二醇等。
<由有机物形成的粘度调整剂>
本发明的特征在于为了降低接合材料的粘度、触变性而添加作为由有机物形成的粘度调整剂的具有2个以上的醚键的物质。具体来说,可例举聚氧乙烯月桂基醚乙酸、2-丁氧基乙氧基乙酸、2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸等。
通过添加这样的物质,接合材料的粘度、触变性下降,成为适合于后述的印刷的接合材料。作为具有2个以上的醚键的物质的添加量,相对于接合材料总质量超过2.0%,较好是0.2~2.0%,更好是0.5~2.0%。
<熔剂(flux)>
本发明的接合材料可添加由有机物形成的熔剂成分(烧结促进成分)。在此,具体来说,熔剂成分是指具有2个以上的羧基的有机物质。更好是还具有醚键的二羧酸。作为该熔剂成分的具有2个以上的羧基的有机物质的优选例子,可例举作为具有二羧酸结构的有机物质的乙醇酸、作为还具有醚键的二羧酸的氧二乙酸(二甘醇酸)。这时,熔剂成分的添加量相对于接合材料总质量为0.01~1.0%,较好是0.02~0.7%,更好是0.05~0.5%。
此外,本发明的银纳米粒子微小,因此粒子容易相互凝集。因此,可添加分散剂来使粒子分散。作为其性质,只要是在与银纳米粒子表面有亲合性的同时对分散介质也具有亲合性的分散剂即可,市售通用的分散剂就足够。此外,不仅可以是单独的种类,还可以并用多种分散剂。但是,分散剂的分解温度高,较好是具有250℃以下的分解温度。具体来说,可例举月桂酸、油酸和亚油酸等。
制备接合材料时,还可使用适当的机械分散处理。机械分散处理在不会伴有粒子的显著改性的条件下可采用公知的任意方法。具体来说,可例示超声波分散、分散机、三辊磨机、球磨机、珠磨机、双轴捏合机、自公转式搅拌机等,这些可单独使用或多种并用。
<接合材料的评价方法>
接着,对本发明的接合材料的评价和接合体的评价方法进行记载。作为接合材料的评价,实施粘度、触变比和热分解性的评价。作为接合体的评价,将本发明的接合材料通过丝网印刷印刷于金属基板后,实施加压烧成后的金属基板与硅芯片的接合强度和表面粗糙度的评价。
(粘度、触变比)
制成的糊料的粘度和触变比使用流变仪(哈克公司(HAAKE)制的RheoStress600)和φ35mm、角度2°的圆锥实施评价。以测定时的间距为0.105mm、温度为25℃的条件,使剪切速度在1.6、3.1、6.3、15.7、31.3、62.7、156.7[1/s]中改变的同时以各剪切速度测定20秒后的值的粘度。其中,将剪切速度为15.7[1/s]时的值作为粘度。此外,触变比取将剪切速度为3.1时的粘度除以剪切速度为15.7时的粘度而得的值。
在此,重要的是以将剪切速度为3.1[1/s]时的粘度除以剪切速度为15.7[1/s]时的粘度而得的值求得的触变比在4.0以下。本发明的接合材料基本上采用使银的微粒(以下将银纳米粒子和亚微米银粒子总称为“银微粒”)分散于溶剂中的形态。在溶剂中,银微粒有时会有作为凝集块存在的部分,或细小至接近一次粒径独立存在的情况。
但是,试着制成涂布于被接合物时的涂料的情况下,为了作为溶剂和银微粒融合成一体的一种涂料使用,必须使溶剂与银微粒不分离。这被称为所谓的“糊料状态”,但并不是说存在特定的评价方法。
本发明中,通过剪切速度为3.1[1/s]时的粘度与剪切速度为15.7[1/s]时的粘度的比(触变比)来评价该糊料状态。即,如果是溶剂与银微粒形成一体的涂料,虽然粘度本身的值因剪切速度的不同而改变,但只要在该程度的剪切速度的范围内,作为粘性物不会有较大的性质变化。
另一方面,溶剂与银微粒分离的情况下,如果剪切速度快,则仅主要呈现溶剂的粘度。即,与剪切速度低时的粘度相比,粘度更低,触变比增大。考虑作为本发明的接合材料的涂布性时,根据发明人的研究,其分界线是触变比4.0。
优选采用该触变比进行评价是因为可对单纯通过某一剪切速度下的粘度无法判断的接合材料的涂布性进行评价。即,即使表观粘度低,如果银微粒与溶剂未形成一体,则触变比高,接合材料的涂布性差,这在后述的比较例中也出现。特别是涂料的形状保持性高,通过丝网后,丝网纱眼的形状照原样残留。其结果是,接合强度低。
另一方面,即使表观粘度高,如果触变比低,则作为接合材料的涂布性良好。其结果是,接合强度高。
如上所述,触变比是表示作为银微粒与溶剂的涂料的一体性的指标,也可以是对于银微粒对溶剂的分散性进行评价。
但是,即使触变比低(4.0以下),粘度值太高的情况下,涂布操作本身无法实现。因此,对于本发明的接合材料,较好是剪切速度为15.7[1/s]时的值在100Pa·s以下。此外,同样地,即使触变比低,如果粘度值过低,则不会停留在被接合体的规定位置而流走,所以不理想。对于本发明的接合材料,较好是剪切速度为15.7[1/s]时的值在0.5Pa·s以上。
综上所述,对于本发明的接合材料,较好是剪切速度为15.7[1/s]时的粘度在100Pa·s以下且触变比在4.0以下,更好是粘度在80Pa·s以下且触变比在3.5以下,进一步更好是粘度在50Pa·s以下且触变比在3.0以下。
粘度过高的情况下,即使触变比低,也因飞白等的影响而不适合于连续印刷。即使看上去是粘度适合于印刷的粘度区域,触变比高的情况下,糊料的形状保持性也高,丝网纱眼残留。因此,适合于丝网印刷的糊料首先触变比在4.0以下,较好是粘度包含在上述的范围内。粘度过低的情况下,无法保持印刷后的成形性,所以不理想。作为粘度,优选的范围为0.5Pa·s以上,较好是1.0Pa·s以上即可。
(热分解性)
制成的糊料的热分解性通过使用差示热-热重量同时测定装置(精工技术株式会社(SII株式会社)制TG/DTA6300)在氮气气氛中以10℃/分钟的升温速度从40℃升温至700℃进行确认。这时,分解的温度显示低温的情况下加热时容易烧结,较好是在低温下形成接合体。此外,如果分解性在过低的温度下呈现,则保存时也可能会金属化,所以不理想。
此外,加热时的重量减少比例作为控制因素也很重要,较好是以10℃/分钟自40℃升温时的从250℃至350℃的重量减少率在0.1%以下。如果是进入该范围的糊料,则显示达到250℃时几乎所有的挥发成分都被挥发除去,可形成纯度高的接合层,因此对接合强度的提高有利。因此,这时的重量减少率越小越好。
(构成成分的评价)
接合材料所含的有机成分可通过GC-MS来确认。本说明书中,使用安捷伦科技公司(Agilent technologies社)制的GC-MS装置7890A GC系统和5675C inert XL EI/CI MSD在氦气气氛下将粒子加热至350℃,对所捕集的气体成分进行评价。
<接合体的形成>
接着,为了进行接合体的评价,将制成的接合材料通过丝网印刷机(微科株式会社(マイクロ·テック株式会社)制的印刷机:MT-320T和微刮刀:B70)印刷于形成接合部的作为第一被接合构件的金属基板表面。印网掩模使用□13mm的图案(索诺空姆株式会社(株式会社ソノコム)制的325目、线径28μm、乳剂厚度20μm),以印刷速度为120mm/秒、印刷压力为100kPa、间距为1.0mm的条件实施印刷而涂布后,经过采用低温的热处理(以下称为预烧成)后,粘贴作为第二被接合构件的被接合物,通过采用高温的热处理工序(以下称为正式烧成)将接合材料金属化。无加压接合的情况下,并不一定需要预烧成。即,也可在不经过后述的预干燥工序、加压工序的情况下印刷后仅通过正式烧成工序制作接合体。
在此,如果涂布于基板表面的接合材料中含有溶剂,则正式烧成时产生溶剂的挥发成分的脱离通道,导致所形成的接合层中产生气孔。于是,为了除去该接合材料中的溶剂,较好是在比用于接合材料的银纳米粒子的分解温度和分散介质的沸点低的温度条件下,对涂布于基板表面的接合材料进行作为预烧成的热处理来除去溶剂。通过实施该预烧成,可抑制形成接合体时的接合层的气孔生成,进而提高接合层的接合强度,所以优选。
一般来说,作为预烧成温度,较好是设定为在50~150℃的范围内且比正式烧成中设定的温度低150~300℃的温度。此外,预烧成时间取决于其接合对象的面积,但约10分钟左右就足够,有时30秒左右的加热即可。
预烧成后,在接合材料的涂布层上部设置作为第二被接合物的Si芯片。接着,为了形成接合体而在对被接合物之间加压的同时升温。这时的加压压力可根据所接合的材料适当设定。虽说如此,如果考虑到所接合的被接合物之间的相互影响,较好是在20MPa以下,更好是在15MPa以下。
正式烧成中的接合层形成时的温度优选150℃~400℃、较好是180~350℃、更好是200~350℃的低温。该正式烧成温度也可根据所接合的接合物和基板的种类适当设定。另外,如果将该正式烧成温度保持0.5分钟~60分钟、较好是1分钟~30分钟、更好是1分钟~10分钟来促进接合层中的银纳米粒子的金属化,则可获得更牢固的接合层。
(膜厚、表面粗糙度)
对于涂布后和预烧成后的膜厚和表面粗糙度,在采用接触式的表面粗糙度计(东京精密株式会社(東京精密株式会社)制SURFCOM 1500DX-12)时因与膜接触而难以测量准确的值,因此使用激光显微镜(基恩士公司(株式会社キーエンス)制VK-9700)进行测定。此外,如果接合Si芯片等作为第二被接合构件的被接合物,则无法了解表面粗糙度,因此对于加压和烧成后的表面粗糙度,假想为接合体,使用玻璃作为第二被接合构件,进行接合步骤后,通过接触式表面粗糙度计进行测定,获得烧成膜的轮廓曲线。作为第二被接合构件的玻璃无法通过接合材料接合,所以可在其后观察通过采用加压、烧成的步骤形成怎样的烧成膜。
(接合强度)
进行所得的接合体的接合力的测定。具体来说,将铜基板的两端用双头扳钳夹住,将基板弯曲约90°。然后,将基板恢复至弯曲前的状态,测量其后的基板上未剥离的Si芯片面积。具体来说,使用图像分析软件,将Si芯片的面积二值化,从而计算Si芯片的残量面积比例。残量面积比例越高,则判断接合力越高。
图6中表示接合强度的测定例。图6(a)、(c)表示Si芯片的残量的照片。图6(a)中,几乎所有的部分残留;图6(c)中,以在中央部存在横条纹的指纹样图案残留有Si芯片。图6(b)、(d)是通过图像分析软件将(a)和(c)二值化而得的结果。黑色部分残存Si,白色部分是判断为未残留的部分。残存面积比例表示判断为黑色部分的面积相对于基板的总表面积的比例(称为残存率,单位为%)。本说明书中,将该残存率作为耐弯性(接合强度)的指标。
实施例
以下,参照实施例对本发明进行更具体的说明。
[实施例1]
<银纳米粒子的合成>
使用500mL烧杯,使硝酸银(东洋化学株式会社(東洋化学株式会社)制)13.4g溶解于纯水72.1g,制成原料液。
另一方面,向5L烧杯中加入1.4L纯水,向其中通入30分钟氮气而除去溶存氧的同时升温至40℃。接着,向该纯水中添加作为保护剂的山梨酸(和光纯药工业株式会社(和光純薬工業株式会社)制)17.9g,再添加作为稳定剂的28%氨水(和光纯药工业株式会社制)2.8g。
以后的实施例、比较例中均将该氨水添加的时间点作为纳米银的制备开始时间。
继续该氨添加溶液的搅拌,纳米银的制备开始5分钟后添加作为还原剂的水合肼(纯度80%:大冢化学株式会社(大塚化学株式会社)制)6.0g,制成还原液。纳米银的制备开始10分钟后,将液温调至40℃的原料液一次性添加至还原液中使其反应,结束搅拌。
搅拌结束后,熟化30分钟,形成以山梨酸被覆的银纳米粒子凝集体。然后,将形成有银纳米粒子凝集体溶液用5C号滤纸过滤,将回收物用纯水清洗,获得银纳米粒子凝集体。将该银纳米粒子凝集体在真空干燥机中以80℃12小时的条件干燥,获得银纳米粒子凝集体的干燥粉末。
<接合材料的制备>
将所得的山梨酸被覆的银纳米粒子凝集体干燥粉末(平均一次粒径:100nm)88.0g作为银纳米粒子粉末,混合用于降低粘度和触变比的2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸(MEA)(西格玛奥德里奇公司(シグマアルドリッチ社)制)1.000g、作为熔剂的氧二乙酸(DGA)(和光纯药工业株式会社制:二甘醇酸)0.098g、作为分散介质的辛二醇(ODO)(协和发酵化学株式会社(協和発酵ケミカル社)制:2-乙基-1,3-己二醇)10.902g,制成混合物。
将该混合物用混炼脱泡机(EME株式会社(EME社)制V-mini300型)混炼30秒(混炼条件/公转(Revolution):1400rpm,自转(Rotation):700rpm)后,用三辊磨机(艾卡特设备公司(EXAKT Apparatebaus社)制22851Norderstedt型)进行5次处理,获得实施例1的接合材料(糊料)。实施例1的接合材料的配方示于表1。表1中,各成分以质量%表示。以后的实施例和比较例中也将总加料量统一为100g,所以各例中的加料量可直接视作表1中的质量%。
通过使用流变仪的上述方法对该接合材料的粘度进行了测定。其结果是,触变比为3.7。此外,制成的糊料的热分解性通过使用差示热-热重量同时测定装置(精工技术株式会社制TG/DTA6300)在氮气气氛中以10℃/分钟的升温速度从40℃升温至700℃进行确认。求出根据其结果求得的350℃和250℃的重量差(热减量比例),结果为0.10%。该结果示于表2。
<接合构件的形成>
使用所得的糊料,对镀银的铜基板实施丝网印刷,通过激光显微镜测定了膜厚和表面粗糙度,结果膜厚为33.8μm,表面粗糙度(Ra)为9.0μm。该结果示于表3。此外,涂布膜的图像示于图2。
图2是通过倍数100倍的金属显微镜对涂布后的接合材料进行拍摄而得的图。虽然稍有凹凸和飞白(照片上呈白色的地方),但丝网纱眼完全消失,是基本上平坦的表面。
在大气气氛中对这样得到的涂布有接合材料的铜基板实施110℃30分钟的预烧成,获得预烧成膜。通过激光显微镜测定了预烧成膜的膜厚和表面粗糙度,结果膜厚为18.9μm,表面粗糙度(Ra)为5.7μm。该结果示于表3。
该预烧成后,将涂布有接合材料的铜基板冷却至25℃,对于上述涂布面安装芯片(□12.5mm、厚0.3mm的镀银的Si芯片)。
将该安装有芯片的铜基板设置于小型热压机(阿兹旺株式会社(アズワン株式会社)制),实施10MPa的加压,用约10秒升温至260℃,作为正式烧成在达到260℃后保持2.5分钟,获得实施例1的接合体。此外,为了测量加压和烧成后的膜的表面粗糙度,作为芯片安装了□15mm的玻璃的铜基板也同样地进行加压和烧成,获得烧成膜。所得的烧成膜通过表面粗糙度计测定,获得图3的烧成膜的轮廓曲线。轮廓曲线旁示出膜表面的照片。白虚线为测定线。肉眼观察中,膜呈均一的平面。实际的表面粗糙度计的测定中,也获得表示表面光滑的结果。弯曲试验时的Si芯片的残存率(以下称为“耐弯性”)为94.2%。其结果示于表3。
[实施例2]
除了将实施例1的山梨酸被覆的银纳米粒子凝集体干燥粉末(平均一次粒径:100nm)87.0g作为银纳米粒子粉末,混合用于降低粘度和触变比的2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸(MEA)1.000g、作为熔剂的氧二乙酸(DGA)0.097g、作为分散介质的辛二醇(ODO)11.903g以外,进行同样的操作,制成实施例2的接合材料,进行与实施例1同样的评价。评价结果示于表1~3。
制成接合材料时的触变比为2.8,热减量比例为0.06%。此外,涂布后的表面粗糙度(Ra)为5.0μm,预烧成膜的表面粗糙度(Ra)为3.9μm。耐弯性为95.6%。
[实施例3]
除了将实施例1的山梨酸被覆的银纳米粒子凝集体干燥粉末(平均一次粒径:100nm)85.0g作为银纳米粒子粉末,混合用于降低粘度和触变比的2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸(MEA)1.000g、作为熔剂的氧二乙酸(DGA)0.094g、作为分散介质的辛二醇13.906g以外,进行同样的操作,制成实施例3的接合材料,进行与实施例1同样的评价。评价结果示于表1~3。
制成接合材料时的触变比为2.1,热减量比例为0.09%。此外,涂布后的表面粗糙度(Ra)为3.0μm,预烧成膜的表面粗糙度(Ra)为3.0μm。耐弯性为94.3%。
[实施例4]
除了将山梨酸被覆的银纳米粒子凝集体干燥粉末(平均一次粒径:100nm)45.0g(全部银中的比例为50.00质量%)作为银纳米粒子粉末,混合球状银粒子的粉末(同和电子科技有限公司(DOWAエレクトロニクス株式会社)制2-1C球状银粉末:平均一次粒径(D50)1.0μm)45.0g(全部银中的比例为50.00质量%)、用于降低粘度和触变比的2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸(MEA)1.0g、作为熔剂的氧二乙酸(DGA)0.050g、作为分散介质的辛二醇(ODO)8.950g以外,进行同样的操作,制成实施例4的接合材料,进行与实施例1同样的评价。评价结果示于表1~3。
制成接合材料时的触变比为1.8,热减量比例为0.07%。此外,涂布后的表面粗糙度(Ra)为2.1μm,预烧成膜的表面粗糙度(Ra)为1.9μm。耐弯性为85.0%。
[实施例5]
除了除去(不添加)实施例4的作为熔剂的氧二乙酸(DGA)并使作为分散介质的辛二醇(ODO)为9.000g以外,进行同样的操作,制成实施例5的接合材料,进行与实施例1同样的评价。因此,包含用于降低粘度和触变比的2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸(MEA)1.0g。评价结果示于表1~3。
制成接合材料时的触变比为1.4,热减量比例为0.08%。此外,涂布后的表面粗糙度(Ra)为2.2μm,预烧成膜的表面粗糙度(Ra)为2.0μm。耐弯性为77.1%。
[实施例6]
除了将实施例4的作为剂的氧二乙酸改为0.025g,将用于降低粘度和触变比的2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸(MEA)改为2-丁氧基乙氧基乙酸(BEA)(西格玛奥德里奇公司制)(1.000g),使作为分散介质的辛二醇(ODO)为8.975g以外,进行同样的操作,制成实施例6的接合材料,进行与实施例1同样的评价。评价结果示于表1~3。
制成接合材料时的触变比为1.5,热减量比例为0.05%。此外,涂布后的表面粗糙度(Ra)为2.2μm,预烧成膜的表面粗糙度(Ra)为2.2μm。耐弯性为76.2%。
[实施例7]
除了除去(不添加)实施例6的作为熔剂的氧二乙酸(DGA)并使作为分散介质的辛二醇(ODO)为9.000g以外,进行与实施例6同样的操作,制成实施例7的接合材料,进行与实施例1同样的评价。包含用于降低粘度和触变比的2-丁氧基乙氧基乙酸(BEA)1.000g。评价结果示于表1~3。
制成接合材料时的触变比为1.5,热减量比例为0.10%。此外,涂布后的表面粗糙度(Ra)为2.5μm,预烧成膜的表面粗糙度(Ra)为2.4μm。耐弯性为71.8%。
[比较例1]
除了使实施例1的作为分散介质的辛二醇(ODO)为11.902g,除去用于降低粘度和触变比的2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸(MEA),使作为熔剂的氧二乙酸(DGA)为0.098g以外,进行同样的操作,制成比较例1的接合材料,进行与实施例1同样的评价。评价结果示于表1~3。
制成接合材料时的触变比为5.0,热减量比例为0.07%。上述接合材料的粘度和触变性均大,印刷时在涂布膜上可见印刷缺陷,因此未进行与实施例同样的评价。所得的涂布膜的图像示于图4。此外,为了与实施例1进行比较,对作为芯片安装了□15mm的玻璃的铜基板也同样地进行加压和烧成,制成烧成膜。所得的烧成膜通过表面粗糙度计测定,获得图5的烧成膜的轮廓曲线。图5中还同时示出表面照片。白虚线为测定线。测定线上还包括一部分未安装玻璃的部分。
图4是通过倍数100倍的金属显微镜对涂布后的接合材料进行拍摄而得的图。呈丝网纱眼直接反映出来的表面。即,表示通过丝网的接合材料附着于被接合物的表面后,在该状态下几乎没有移动。由图5的轮廓曲线可见,虽然通过玻璃施加了压力,但残存源自丝网纱眼的坑的粗糙度。
[比较例2]
除了将比较例1的粘度、山梨酸被覆的银纳米粒子凝集体干燥粉末(平均一次粒径:100nm)80.0g作为银纳米粒子粉末,使作为熔剂的氧二乙酸(DGA)为0.089g、作为分散介质的辛二醇为19.911g以外,进行与实施例1同样的操作,制成比较例2的接合材料,进行与实施例1同样的评价。评价结果示于表1~3。
制成接合材料时的触变比为4.8,热减量比例为0.08%。此外,涂布后的表面粗糙度(Ra)为14.3μm,预烧成膜的表面粗糙度(Ra)为6.8μm。耐弯性为54.4%。
[比较例3]
除了除去(不添加)实施例4的作为熔剂的用于降低粘度和触变比的2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸(MEA)并使作为分散介质的辛二醇(DGA)为9.950g以外,进行同样的操作,制成比较例4的接合材料,进行与实施例1同样的评价。评价结果示于表1~3。
制成接合材料时的触变比为4.2,热减量比例为0.04%。此外,涂布后的表面粗糙度(Ra)为24.2μm,预烧成膜的表面粗糙度(Ra)为9.5μm。耐弯性为18.0%。
[表1]
上述表中 ODO 辛二醇 MEA 2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸
的缩写 DGA 氧二乙酸(二甘醇酸) BEA 2-丁氧基乙氧基乙酸
[表2]
[表3]
实施例1尽管剪切速度为15.7[1/s]时的粘度较高,为35.9Pa·s,但涂布性良好,涂布后的表面粗糙度(Ra)也在10μm以下。另一方面,相同剪切速度下的粘度为15.8Pa·s的比较例2中,涂布后的表面粗糙度不佳,为14.3μm。结果,对于接合强度,实施例1的耐弯性的残存率为94.2%,而比较例2仅为54.4%。
其原因被认为是考虑到比较例2的触变比高达4.8,接合材料中银微粒与溶剂未充分一体化。比较例2的涂布后的表面存在蚯蚓状的弯曲,其表面看上去被液体浸润。比较例2如果考虑到是增加了溶剂含量(19.9质量%)的样品,可认为显示仅通过用溶剂稀释来降低粘度时,作为接合材料的涂布性劣化。
即,即使实际的粘度低,如果触变比高,则涂料的形状保持性高,通过丝网后,丝网纱眼的形状也依然残留。其结果是,接合强度低(比较例2)。另一方面,即使表观粘度高,如果触变比低,则作为接合材料的涂布性良好,因而接合强度高(实施例1)。
图1中示出表示上述的实施例与比较例的触变比与弯曲残存率(%)(接合强度)的关系的图表。纵轴为弯曲残存率(%),横轴为触变比。以触变比4.0(参照虚线)为界,弯曲残存率(接合强度)存在较大差异。
如上所述,可判断即使粘度稍高,如果满足触变比在4.0以下的条件,如各实施例所示,也能够获得良好的接合强度。即,可判断本发明的接合材料如果满足触变比在4.0以下的条件,就呈现出对丝网印刷的涂布性。当然,如果粘度的绝对值在规定范围内,则更加理想。
工业上的可利用性
本发明的接合材料和接合体以及接合方法可应用于非绝缘型半导体装置、裸晶封装组装技术,适用于电源器件IGBT、整流二极管、电源晶体管、电源MOSFET、绝缘栅双极晶体管、晶闸管、可关断晶闸管、三端双向可控硅开关元件。此外,也可用于用在对表面进行了铬处理的玻璃上的接合材料,还可用于使用LED的照明装置的电极和框体的接合材料。
Claims (9)
1.接合材料,其特征在于,包含平均一次粒径为1nm以上200nm以下且被碳数8以下的有机物质被覆的银纳米粒子、分散介质、由有机物形成的粘度调整剂,以剪切速度15.7[1/s]的条件测定时的粘度在100Pa·s以下,且用以剪切速度3.1[1/s]的条件测定时的粘度/以剪切速度15.7[1/s]的条件测定时的粘度表示的触变比在4以下。
2.如权利要求1所述的接合材料,其特征在于,还包含平均粒径为0.5~10.0μm的银粒子。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述粘度调整剂在结构中具有醚键。
4.如权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述粘度调整剂在结构中具有2~3个醚键。
5.如权利要求3或4所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述粘度调整剂还具有羧基。
6.如权利要求1~5中的任一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述粘度调整剂为2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酸或2-丁氧基乙氧基乙酸。
7.如权利要求1~6中的任一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,在氮气气氛下进行的TG测定中,以10℃/分钟自40℃升温时的从250℃至350℃的重量减少率在0.1%以下。
8.银涂布膜,其特征在于,使用权利要求1~6中的任一项所述的接合材料,刚进行丝网印刷后通过激光显微镜测定时的表面粗糙度(Ra)在10μm以下。
9.接合体,其特征在于,使用权利要求1~7中的任一项所述的接合材料形成。
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