CN103348213A - 双硬度钢制品及其制造方法 - Google Patents
双硬度钢制品及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103348213A CN103348213A CN2011800670722A CN201180067072A CN103348213A CN 103348213 A CN103348213 A CN 103348213A CN 2011800670722 A CN2011800670722 A CN 2011800670722A CN 201180067072 A CN201180067072 A CN 201180067072A CN 103348213 A CN103348213 A CN 103348213A
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- alloy
- steel alloy
- hardenable
- hardness
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Images
Classifications
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- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K20/023—Thermo-compression bonding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- B23K20/08—Explosive welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K20/227—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded with ferrous layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
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Abstract
一种双硬度钢制品(10)包括具有第一硬度的第一空气可硬化的钢合金(12),所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金(12)以冶金方式接合具有第二硬度的第二空气可硬化的钢合金(14)。一种制造双硬钢制品(10)的方法包括提供第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分,其包括第一配合表面并具有第一部分硬度,以及提供第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分,其包括第二配合表面并具有第二部分硬度。所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分以冶金方式固定至所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分以形成以冶金方式固定的总成,并对所述以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧以在所述第一配合表面和所述第二配合表面之间提供以冶金方式的接合。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及双硬度钢以及双硬度钢的制造方法领域。
发明背景
轧接双硬度钢装甲是一种高效装甲材料。这种类型的钢装甲的一个实例是可从美国宾州华盛顿的ATI Defense获得的ATI -MIL双硬装甲板。ATI -MIL双硬装甲在美国专利号5,749,140(其全部内容以引用的方式并入本文)中作为一个实施方案被公开。ATI -MIL双硬装甲板是一种轧接材料,其具有高硬度的正面和较软的背面。在使用中,装甲的硬正面破裂并使射入的射弹变平,且较软的背面捕捉变形的射弹的能量并进一步吸收所述能量。
尽管传统的轧接双硬度钢装甲具有很高的弹道穿透阻力,但是生产这种材料很困难且昂贵。传统的轧接双硬度钢装甲要想获得所期望的机械和弹道性能需要复杂的后轧接热处理和其它处理。尤其有必要在轧接后使材料奥氏体化、对其进行油淬火和回火。此外,每次只能在轧接板的一小部分上进行这些工艺步骤,这是因为否则由于两种轧接合金的热膨胀系数和相变温度不同,板可发生过度翘曲。
此外,在热处理之后,传统双硬度钢装甲板必须经受复杂的压平处理。仅对有限数量的制造地点适当地进行装备以进行压平处理。此外,需要在板上进行压平处理有效地将传统轧接双硬度钢装甲板的尺寸限制为不大于大约20x20英寸(50.8x50.8厘米)。制造较大的板必须将多个较小的板连接在一起,这大大增加了部件成本和制造时间,且有可能对该部件的完整性造成不良影响。
因此,需要一种制造轧接双硬度钢装甲的方法,该方法不需要传统的后轧接步骤(诸如,奥氏体化和油淬火),和/或为许多应用减少对回火和复杂压平程序的需要。更一般来说,需要改进的制造双硬度钢装甲的方法。
发明概要
根据本公开的一个非限制性方面,双硬度钢制品包括具有第一合金硬度的第一空气可硬化的钢合金,和具有第二合金硬度的第二空气可硬化的及自动回火钢合金。在某些实施方案中,第一合金硬度大于第二合金硬度。第一空气可硬化的钢合金和第二空气可硬化的钢合金之间存在以冶金方式接合的区域。
根据本公开的另一非限制性方面,双硬度钢装甲包括具有至少574BHN的第一合金硬度的第一空气可硬化的钢合金,和具有在477BHN至534BHN范围(包括477BHN和534BHN)内的第二合金硬度的第二空气可硬化的钢合金。第一空气可硬化的钢合金包括(以重量百分比计)0.42至0.52的碳、3.75至4.25的镍、1.00至1.50的铬、0.22至0.37的钼、0.20至1.00的锰、0.20至0.50的硅、至多0.020的磷、至多0.005的硫、铁和杂质。第二空气可硬化的钢合金包括(以重量百分比计)0.22至0.32的碳、3.50至4.00的镍、1.60至2.00的铬、0.22至0.37的钼、0.80至1.20的锰、0.25至0.45的硅、至多0.020的磷、至多0.005的硫、铁和杂质。第一空气可硬化的钢合金和第二空气可硬化的及自动回火的钢合金之间存在以冶金方式接合的区域。
根据本公开的又一方面,制造双硬度钢装甲的方法包括:提供第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分,其包括第一配合表面并具有第一部分硬度;以及提供第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分,其包括第二配合表面并具有第二部分硬度。第一部分硬度大于第二部分硬度。第一部分和第二部分经过布置使得第一配合表面的至少一部分与第二配合表面的至少一部分接触,且第一部分和第二部分以冶金方式被固定以形成以冶金方式固定的总成。对以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧以在第一配合表面和第二配合表面之间提供以冶金方式的接合。
附图简述
通过参考附图可更好地理解本文描述的方法的特征和优点,其中:
图1A是根据本公开的双硬度钢制品的非限制性实施方案的示意性透视图;
图1B是图1A中所示的双硬度钢制品实施方案的示意性横截面图;和
图2是根据本公开的制造双硬度钢制品方法的非限制性实施方案的流程图。
通过考虑以下对根据本公开的一些非限制性实施方案的详细描述,读者将明白上述细节以及其它内容。
具体实施方式
应了解,已简化了对本文公开的实施方案的某些描述以仅图示那些与明了所公开的实施方案有关的元件、特征和方面,同时为了清楚起见,省略了其它元件、特征和方面。通过考虑对所公开的实施方案的当前描述,本领域的普通技术人员将认识到其它元件和/或特征在所公开的实施方案的特定实施方式或应用中可能是所期望的。然而,由于本领域的普通技术人员通过考虑对所公开的实施方案的当前描述可能会很容易地确定并执行这种其它元件和/或特征,且由此这种其它元件和/或特性对于完全理解所公开的实施方案是不必要的,因此本文未提供对这种元件和/或特征的描述。如此,应了解,本文阐述的描述只是示例性的且说明所公开的实施方案,而非意在限制仅由权利要求书定义的本发明的范围。
在对非限制性实施方案的描述中,除了在操作实例中或另作说明之外,所有表达量或特性的数字在所有情况下均应理解为可被术语“大约”修饰。因此,除非有相反说明,否则以下描述中阐述的任何数值参数均为近似值,其可视根据本公开的主题所要获得的所需性能而改变。至少,每个数值参数并非试图将等效物的学说应用限制在权利要求书的范围内,但是至少应该根据所报告的有效数字的位数并通过应用通常的四舍五入法来解释每一个数值参数。
此外,本文所列举的任何数值范围旨在包括所有包含于其中的子范围。例如,范围“1至10”旨在包括列举的最小值1和列举的最大值10之间(包括1和10)的所有子范围,即最小值等于或大于1,且最大值等于或小于10。本文中列举的任何最大数值限度旨在包括所有包含在其内的较低的数值限度,且本文中列举的任何最小数值限度旨在包括包含在其内的所有较高的数值限度。因此,申请人保留修改本公开(包括权利要求书)的权利以明确列举包含在本文中明确列举的范围内的任何子范围。并非旨在在本文中固有地公开所有这种范围,使得为了明确列举任何这种子范围的修改将符合35U.S.C§112第一段和35U.S.C§132(a)规定的要求。
如本文所用的语法冠词“一个”、“一”和“所述”旨在包括“至少一个”或“一个或多个”,除非另有说明。因此,文中使用的冠词是指一个或者一个以上(即,至少一个)的冠词语法对象。举例来说,“组件”指一个或多个组件,且因此可能预期一个以上的组件,且该组件可在描述的实施方案的实施方式中使用。
据称通过引用全部或部分地并入本文中的任何专利、公开或其它公开材料仅以所并入材料不与本公开中阐述的现有定义、陈述或其它公开材料相冲突的程度被并入本文中。如此,且在必要的程度内,如本文阐述的本公开代替了通过引用并入的任何冲突材料。据称通过引用并入本文中但是与本文中阐述的现有定义、陈述或其它公开材料相冲突的任何材料或其一部分仅以不会使并入的材料和现有公开材料之间产生冲突的程度被并入。
本公开包括对各种实施方案的描述。应了解,本文描述的所有实施方案仅是示例性、说明性的而非限制性的。因此,本发明不受对各种示例性、说明性和非限制性实施方案的描述的限制。而是,本发明仅由权利要求书定义,可对权利要求书进行修改以列举任何在本公开中明确地或固有地描述的或由本公开明确地或固有地支持的任何特征。
本公开的方面包括双硬度或“双硬”钢和钢制品的非限制性实施方案。根据本公开的钢制品的可能的形式包括,例如,双硬度钢装甲板或其它包括空气可硬化的钢合金的形式。
如文中所用,“空气可硬化的”钢合金指的是不需要液体中淬火以最终获得其高硬度的钢合金。更确切地说,空气可硬化的的钢合金的高硬度可通过仅在空气中从高温冷却实现。由于空气可硬化的钢合金不需要进行液体淬火来实现高硬度,因此空气可硬化的钢制品(诸如,例如空气可硬化的钢板)不会发生快速液体淬火可导致的变形和过度翘曲。根据本公开的空气可硬化的钢合金可使用传统的轧接技术来处理,且然后经过空气冷却形成双硬度钢装甲板或其它制品,而不需要传统的后轧接热处理和液体淬火来实现高硬度。
通常可根据以下组中的硬度对装甲钢合金进行分类:(i)根据美国军用规格MIL-A-12560H,轧制均质装甲("RHA")合金表现出的硬度在212-388BHN(布氏硬度值)的范围内,且还被称为400BHN钢装甲合金;(ii)根据美国军用规格MIL-DTL-46100E,高硬装甲("HHA")合金表现出的硬度在477-534BHN的范围内,且还被称为500BHN钢装甲合金;以及(iii)根据美国军用规格MIL-DTL-32332,超高硬装甲("UHH")合金表现出的硬度最低,为570BHN,且还被称为600BHN钢装甲合金。此外,空气可硬化的700BHN钢装甲合金仍在研发中。根据某些非限制性实施方案,通过文中的方法制造的用于形成双硬度钢装甲的空气可硬化的钢装甲合金包括(但不限于)选自RHA合金、HHA合金、UHH合金以及(有可能是)700BHN钢装甲合金的合金。目前,本发明人尚未发现空气可硬化的400BHN和700BHN钢装甲的任何商用实例。
图1A是根据本公开的双硬度钢制品10的非限制性实施方案的示意性透视图,且图1B是根据本公开的双硬度钢制品10的非限制性实施方案的示意性横截面图。双硬度钢制品10可用作双硬度装甲。双硬度钢制品10包括一层具有第一合金硬度的第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12,和一层具有第二合金硬度的第二空气可硬化的钢合金14。在非限制性实施方案中,第一合金硬度大于第二合金硬度。以冶金方式接合的区域16附接第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12的至少一个区域和第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金14的至少一个区域。如文中所用,“以冶金方式的接合”指的是通过界面区域内的合金之间的扩散、焊接、合金化,或分子间或粒间吸引力使合金接合。在以冶金方式接合的区域16,第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金与第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金相互扩散,从而使两种合金固定在一起。那些普通技术人员将了解可用于在两种钢合金之间形成以冶金方式接合的区域以将两种钢合金固定在一起的性质和技术。在非限制性实施方案中,以冶金方式接合的区域的厚度在大约750μm至大约1500μm的范围内。然而,应了解,可形成任何合适厚度的以冶金方式接合的区域以将第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12和第二空气可硬化的钢合金14固定在一起。
在根据本公开的某些非限制性实施方案中,第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金的硬度至少为574BHN。空气可硬化的UHH钢装甲合金或600BHN钢装甲合金的非限制性实例为ATI超高硬特殊钢装甲,当被空气硬化时,其硬度为至少574BHN,其可从美国宾州华盛顿的ATI Defense购得,且在待审美国专利申请序列号12/184,573(其全部内容以引用的方式并入本文)中公开。超高硬特殊钢装甲包括(以重量百分比计)0.42至0.52的碳、3.75至4.25的镍、1.00至1.50的铬、0.22至0.37的钼、0.20至1.00的锰、0.20至0.50的硅、至多0.020的磷、至多0.005的硫、其余的铁和附带杂质。在非限制性实施方案中,根据美国军用规格M1L-DTL-32332的要求,杂质由残余元素组成。
在根据本公开的某些非限制性实施方案中,第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金的硬度在477BHN至534BHN(包括477BHN和534BHN)的范围内。硬度在477BHN至534BHN(包括477BHN和534BHN)范围内的空气可硬化的钢合金装甲的非限制性实例为高硬特殊钢装甲,其也可从ATI Defense购得。高硬特殊钢装甲包括(以重量百分比计)0.22至0.32的碳、3.50至4.00的镍、1.60至2.00的铬、0.22至0.37的钼、0.80至1.20的锰、0.25至0.45的硅、至多0.020的磷、至多0.005的硫、其余的铁和附带杂质。在非限制性实施方案中,根据美国军用规格MIL-DTL-46100E的要求,杂质由残余元素组成。在根据本公开的某些非限制性实施方案中,第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金的硬度至少为574BHN,且第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金的硬度在477BHN至534BHN(包括477BHN和534BHN)的范围内。
再次参考图1A和1B,双硬度钢制品10可以是,例如由具有不同硬度值的空气可硬化的钢合金制造的双硬度钢装甲板的形式。双硬度钢装甲制品或装甲10的正面18包括第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12,所述第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金具有相对较高的硬度值。正面18包括“撞击面”,所述撞击面为第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12的暴露面。弹道射弹一接触正面18便破碎和/或变平。双硬度空气可硬化的钢装甲板10的背面19或背衬板包括第二钢装甲合金14,其表现出的硬度低于第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12的硬度。更软及更易延展的背面19用于捕获射弹穿过正面18的碎片,并吸收射弹冲击撞击面之后的冲击射弹的能量。虽然不希望局限于任何特定的操作理论,但是据信当相对较硬的正面18受弹道射弹冲击时,背面19以及第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12和第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金14之间的以冶金方式接合的存在抑制了相对较硬的正面18的破裂和/或裂缝的扩展。
在非限制性实施方案中,双硬度钢制品或装甲10的正面18的第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12的Rockwell C硬度为58至65Rc。在另一个非限制性实施方案中,第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金14(包括双硬度钢制品或装甲10的背面19或背衬板)的Rockwell C硬度为45至55Rc。在又一实施方案中,第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12与第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金14的Rockwell C硬度差值大约为10至15Rc。
在另一非限制性实施方案中,双硬度钢制品10的正面18的第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12可符合美国军用规格MIL-DTL-32332(MR)。在另一非限制性实施方案中,第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金14(其包括双硬度钢制品10的背面19或背衬板)符合美国军用规格MIL-DTL-46100E(MR)。
将本领域的普通技术人员现在或以后所知的任何合适的不同空气可硬化的钢装甲合金的组合以冶金方式接合在一起以提供双硬度钢制品是在本公开的范围内。例如,在某些非限制性实施方案中,可以冶金方式将空气可硬化的400BHN钢装甲合金与空气可硬化的500BHN钢装甲合金或空气可硬化的600BHN钢装甲合金接合。在任何这种情况下,较硬的合金将用作第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金和第一面,其通常会暴露于弹道威胁以首先接触射入的弹道射弹。
表1列出了根据本公开的双硬度制品(其可通过包括以冶金方式将不同硬度的空气可硬化的钢装甲合金的组合接合在一起的方法制造)的若干非限制性实施方案。在表1列出的这种空气可硬化的钢装甲合金组合的每一个中,参考图1A和图1B图示的制品10的非限制性实施方案,例如,表现出更大硬度的特定组合的合金将用作包括在正面18内的第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金12,表现出较低硬度的合金将用作包括在背面19内的第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金。表1中的400、500、600和700分别指空气可硬化的400BHN钢装甲合金、空气可硬化的500BHN钢装甲合金、空气可硬化的600BHN钢装甲合金和空气可硬化的700BHN钢装甲合金。在表1的组合中,其中相似的合金类型被组合为第一和第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金(例如,"500/500"),第一空气可硬化的钢装甲合金(其包括在板10的正面18内)的硬度将大于第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金(其包括在背面19内)的硬度。
参考表1,根据本公开的双硬度钢装甲板或其它双硬度钢制品的某些非限制性实施方案将以下两种空气可硬化的合金类型组合分别作为第一空气可硬化的钢合金和第二空气可硬化的钢合金:400BHN钢合金(硬度较高)+400BHN钢合金(硬度较低);500BHN钢合金+400BHN钢合金;500BHN钢合金(硬度较高)+500BHN钢合金(硬度较低);600BHN钢合金+400BHN钢合金;600BHN钢合金+500BHN钢合金;600BHN钢合金(硬度较高)+600BHN钢合金(硬度较低);700BHN钢合金+400BHN钢合金;700BHN钢合金+500BHN钢合金;700BHN钢合金+600BHN钢合金;以及700BHN钢合金(硬度较高)+700BHN钢合金(硬度较低)。
在根据本公开的某些非限制性实施方案中,第二空气可硬化的钢合金包括空气可硬化的自动回火钢。如文中所用,“自动回火钢”指的是这样的钢,其中钢中的碳在空气冷却期间部分地从部分马氏体相中沉淀出来,在α-铁基质中形成增大钢合金韧性的碳化铁的精细分散体。在根据本公开的某些非限制性实施方案中,所包括的作为第二空气可硬化的钢合金的自动回火钢表现出包括至少260ksi(1,792MPa)的拉伸强度、至少150ksi(1,034MPa)的屈服强度,和至少为13%的伸长率的室温拉伸性质。在根据本公开的另一非限制性实施方案中,所包括的作为第二空气可硬化的钢合金的自动回火钢表现出包括至少240ksi(1,655MPa)的拉伸强度、至少140ksi(965MPa)的屈服强度,和至少为9%的伸长率的室温拉伸性质。在某些非限制性实施方案中,可用作根据本公开的双硬度钢制品中的第二空气可硬化的钢合金的空气可硬化的自动回火钢具有表2中列出的最低夏比V形缺口冲击性质,其是根据ASTM A370-10中列出的标准测试方法测量的。夏比V形缺口冲击测试是快速应变率冲击测试,其测量钢合金吸收能量的能力,从而提供对钢合金韧性的测量。
在根据本公开的另一非限制性实施方案中,可用作根据本公开的双硬度钢制品中的第二空气可硬化的钢合金的空气可硬化的自动回火钢为ATI高硬特殊钢装甲。在另一非限制性实施方案中,可包括在根据本公开的某些双硬度钢制品中作为第二空气可硬化的钢合金的空气回火钢为等级AISI4820钢合金(UNS G48200),其具有(以重量百分比计)0.18-0.23%的碳、0.50-0.70%的锰、至多0.035%的磷、至多0.04%的硫、0.15-0.30%的硅、3.25-3.75%的镍、0.20-0.30%的钼、铁和附带杂质的标称组成范围,且具有ASTM A29/A29M-05中列出的性质。
在根据本公开的双硬度钢制品的某些非限制性实施方案中,第一空气可硬化的钢合金和第二空气可硬化的钢合金中的至少一种包括空气可硬化的的镍-钼-铬钢合金。在根据本公开的双硬度钢制品的某些非限制性实施方案中,第一空气可硬化的钢合金为镍-钼-铬钢合金,其包括,基本由,或由(以重量百分比计)0.42至0.52的碳、3.75至4.25的镍、1.00至1.50的铬、0.22至0.37的钼、0.20至1.00的锰、0.20至0.50的硅、至多0.020的磷、至多0.005的硫、铁和杂质组成。在根据本公开的双硬度钢制品的某些其它非限制性实施方案中,第一空气可硬化的钢合金为镍-钼-铬钢合金,其包括,基本由,或由(以重量百分比计)0.22至0.32的碳、3.50至4.00的镍、1.60至2.00的铬、0.22至0.37的钼、0.80至1.20的锰、0.25至0.45的硅、至多0.020的磷、至多0.005的硫、铁和附带杂质组成。
根据本公开的方面涉及包括或由双硬度钢合金制品(其包括根据本公开的空气可硬化的钢合金)组成的制品。在某些非限制性实施方案中,制品是选自装甲、防爆车辆车身、V形防爆车辆车身、防爆车辆下部和防爆外壳。
根据本公开的额外方面涉及制造双硬度钢制品(诸如,例如板或其它制品形式的双硬度钢装甲)的方法。参考图2的流程图,根据本公开的用于制造双硬度钢装甲的方法20的一个非限制性实施方案包括提供包括第一配合表面并具有第一部分硬度的第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分(图2中的步骤21),以及提供包括第二配合表面并具有第二部分硬度的第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分(22)。在方法20的某些非限制性实施方案中,第一部分硬度大于第二部分硬度。在方法20的各种非限制性实施方案中,第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分的每一个独立选自空气可硬化的钢合金的板、厚板、薄板和空气可硬化的铸件。再次参考图2,定位第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分,以便第一配合表面的至少一部分与第二配合表面的至少一部分接触(23)。在非限制性实施方案中,整个第一配合表面与整个第二配合表面接触。以冶金方式将第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分固定至第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分以形成以冶金方式固定的总成(24)。对以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧以在整个第一配合表面和第二配合表面或二者的一部分之间提供以冶金方式接合的区域(25),从而以冶金方式使第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分接合在一起。冷却热轧的总成(26)。在某些非限制性实施方案中,在定位步骤(23)之前,可视需要对第一配合表面和第二配合表面中的至少一种的至少一部分进行研磨。
如所述,在图2的方法20中,在热轧之前,第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分以冶金方式被固定至第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分以形成以冶金方式固定的总成。如文中所用,“以冶金方式固定”指的是通过扩散、合金化、合金之间或合金和焊接合金之间的分子间或粒间吸引力将合金接合。为了便于参考,通过以冶金方式将第一和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分固定在一起而产生的中间制品在文中被称为以冶金方式固定的总成或焊接的总成。在根据本公开的方法的某些非限制性实施方案中,以冶金方式将第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分固定至第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分包括通过将第一配合表面周边的至少一个区域与第二配合表面周边的至少一个区域焊接在一起,将第一和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分固定在一起。在某些非限制性实施方案中,以冶金方式将第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分固定至第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分包括将第一配合表面的整个周边与第二配合表面的整个周边焊接在一起。以冶金方式将第一和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分固定在一起(24)适当地定位了这两个部分,因此可通过后续热轧步骤以冶金方式将这两个部分接合在一起。鉴于这一事实,没必要将第一配合表面的整个周边和第二配合表面的整个周边焊接或否则以冶金方式固定在一起。
在另一非限制性实施方案中,以冶金方式将第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分固定至第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分以形成以冶金方式固定的总成包括将第一配合表面的至少一个区域和第二配合表面的至少一个区域爆炸接合。本领域的普通技术人员已知爆炸接合金属和金属合金的过程,因此文中不需要对其做进一步详细阐述。
在方法20的某些非限制性实施方案中,在以冶金方式固定第一和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分(24)之前,通过,例如研磨一个或两个表面的全部或一部分来制备第一和第二配合表面是必要或期望的。在方法20的某些非限制性实施方案中,在对以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧之前,期望的是排去以冶金方式固定的总成的第一和第二配合表面之间的空气。在对以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧时,这些额外步骤可更好地确保在第一和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分之间形成合适的以冶金方式接合。那些普通技术人员将能够确定(无需过多实验)这种预热轧步骤是否是必要的或期望的。
再次参考图2,方法20包括对以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧以在第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分的第一配合表面的至少一部分和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分的第二配合表面的至少一部分之间形成以冶金方式接合(25)。在方法20的某些非限制性实施方案中,热轧(25)包括在大约700°F(371.1℃)至大约2100°F(1149℃)范围内(包括这两个温度)的热轧温度下对以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧。在非限制性实施方案中,在最终的热轧期间脱离轧机的热轧总成的最低温度为大约700°F(371.1℃)。在另一个非限制性实施方案中,热轧(25)是在以冶金方式固定的总成的热轧温度大于0.5Tm且至多达到第一和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分不会发生初熔的最高温度下进行的,其中,Tm为以冶金方式固定的总成中具有最高熔化温度的空气可硬化的钢合金部分的熔化温度。对以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧以将第一和第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分沿其界面的全部或一部分以冶金方式接合在一起(25),从而提供具有合适完整性的双硬度钢合金部件。热轧产生了以冶金方式接合的区域,在以冶金方式接合的区域中第一和第二空气可硬化的钢合金可相互扩散。通过阅读本公开,那些普通技术人员可确定合适的热轧温度而无需进行过多实验。此外,假定那些普通技术人员已知对钢合金部分总成进行热轧以将所述部分沿界面接合在一起的技术,则普通技术人员可顺利地进行根据本公开的方法的热轧步骤,无需在文中进一步讨论。
在方法20的某些非限制性实施方案中,对以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧(25)包括将总成热轧至合适厚度以便用作双硬度钢装甲板或其它制品。可能的制品厚度的非限制性实例的范围为从,例如0.040英寸(0.102厘米)厚的薄板至3英寸(7.62)厚的板。在方法20的其它非限制性实施方案中,对以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧包括将总成热轧至中间厚度,对总成的至少一个外表面进行喷砂处理,并进一步地将被喷砂的总成热轧至合适的厚度以便用作双硬度钢装甲板或其它制品。这种其它制品包括,例如选自防爆车辆车身、V形防爆车辆车身、防爆车辆下部和防爆外壳的制品。
在方法20的某些非限制性实施方案中,对以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧使得基本上沿第一空气可硬化的钢合金和第二空气可硬化的钢合金的各自相对的第一和第二配合表面的整个界面形成以冶金方式接合。在这种情况下,所得的双硬度钢制品可具有,例如图1A和1B中示意性地描绘的制品10的结构,其中以冶金方式接合的区域16是在热轧时产生的,并基本上沿第一空气可硬化的钢合金12和第二空气可硬化的钢合金14之间的整个界面延伸。
当热轧总成的空气可硬化的钢合金在空气中从热轧温度冷却时,合金变硬至所期望的硬度,无需后轧接步骤来实现高硬度。例如,被包括作为热轧总成中的第一或第二空气可硬化的钢合金的400BHN钢合金在环境空气中从热轧温度冷却时,将会形成212-388BHN的硬度。被包括作为热轧总成中的第一或第二空气可硬化的钢合金的500BHN钢合金在环境空气中从热轧温度冷却时,将会形成477-535BHN的硬度;被包括作为热轧总成中的第一或第二空气可硬化的钢合金的600BHN钢合金在环境空气中从热轧温度冷却时,将会形成最小570BHN的硬度。由于空气可硬化的钢装甲合金(诸如,例如400BHN、500BHN、600BHN和700BHN钢装甲合金)不要求后轧接步骤,诸如奥氏体化和油淬火,因此根据本公开的方法制造的双硬度钢合金制品可被制造成仅由可用热轧设备限制的尺寸,同时保持所期望的防弹性质。由于本公开的制品和方法中使用的空气可硬化的合金不需要传统的油淬火后热轧步骤来获得所期望的硬度,因此可不必使通过本文讨论的方法制造的双硬度钢合金制品变平。本公开的回火制品对于某些应用或许是不必要的,但是对于其它应用仍可能是必要的。回火可通过增大制品的韧性来提高制品的性能。当需要压平时,将需要较低程度的压平,这是因为本公开的方法的实施方案导致的热处理变形将小于油淬火材料。此外,由于本方法和制品中使用的合金的空气可硬化的性质,对双硬度钢合金制品进行机械锯割(如本文所公开)不会导致制品翘曲。
以下实例旨在进一步描述某些非限制性实施方案,而非限制本发明的范围。本领域的普通技术人员将明白在仅由权利要求书定义的本发明的范围内,以下实例的变动是可能的。
实例1
在根据本公开的双硬度空气可硬化的钢装甲的非限制性实例中,ATI600-超高硬特殊钢装甲合金用于装甲的正面或撞击面,且ATI高硬特殊钢装甲合金用作装甲的背面或背衬板。利用传统做法对锭表面进行研磨。将两种合金的锭或连续铸锭(“concast”)厚板加热至大约1300°F(704℃)的第一温度,使温度均衡,在第一温度下保持6至8小时,以大约150°F/小时(66℃/小时)将其加热至大约2050°F(1121℃)的第二温度,并在第二温度下使每英寸厚度保持大约30分钟或更长。作为一个实例,将ATI600-钢装甲合金锭热轧成2.80英寸(7.11厘米)厚的超大尺寸厚板。将ATI500-钢装甲合金锭热轧成3.30英寸(8.38厘米)厚的超大尺寸厚板。在1250°F(676.7℃)的温度下消除厚板的应力达至少12小时。每一个厚板的图案被锯割成相同的宽度和长度以与总成匹配。使每一个厚板变平并将其辗压至标准尺寸。作为一个实例,可将钢装甲厚板辗压至2.50英寸(6.35厘米)的厚度,且将钢装甲厚板辗压至3.00英寸(7.62厘米)的厚度。彻底清洗被碾压的锭的表面以除去任何杂质,诸如油和滑润剂。
在每一个厚板的外围边缘加工出斜面以便于焊接。使用传统程序对厚板进行喷丸处理。对于存储,用纸覆盖厚板并将其储存在室内以抑制氧化。应对七天内未被焊接的厚板再次进行喷丸处理以除去任何氧化物。将ATI钢装甲厚板放置在ATI钢装甲厚板上,并使用低氢焊条或焊线(7018指定用于焊接)将两个厚板在对齐的斜边处焊接在一起以提供由两个厚板组成的以冶金方式固定的总成。
在焊接的(以冶金方式固定的)总成上印标记以识别硬面,即ATI钢装甲面,并将总成加热至2200°F(1204℃)或更低,且在该温度下使每英寸总成保持30至45分钟或更长(每厘米总成11.8至17.7分钟或更长)。然后,将总成轧成厚度在3.5英寸(8.9厘米)至5.0英寸(12.7厘米)范围内的以ATI钢装甲面作为顶面的再成形厚板。
传统上对轧制的再成形厚板总成进行喷丸处理(硬面向上),然后将其加热至1750°F(954.4℃),在该温度下使每英寸总成保持30至45分钟(每厘米总成11.8至17.7分钟),并将其轧至最终厚度。在1600°F±200°F(871.1℃±93℃)下使轧制的总成标准化,对其进行空气冷却以及压平,如果必要的话。压平可包括传统的压平程序,或可包括对轧制的总成施加足够的拉伸应力或压缩应力以使其在标准化处理过程中保持平坦,如美国专利申请序列号12/565,809(其全文以引用的方式并入本文中)中所公开。在根据本公开的制造双硬度钢的方法的某些非限制性实施方案中,压平可以是必要或不必要的。然而,即便本文方法的某些实施方案要求压平,但是较传统方法而言,其所需的压平程度较低,这是因为本文方法的实施方案中的热处理变形减少。
在175°F(79.4℃)至250°F(121℃)之间的温度下对轧制的总成进行回火30分钟至120分钟。对如此制造的双硬度空气可硬化的钢装甲进行喷丸处理以及喷射水流或研磨切割使其达到所期望的尺寸。
已参考各种示例性、说明性和非限制性实施方案描述了本公开。然而,本领域的普通技术人员将认识到在不脱离本发明的范围(其仅由权利要求定义)的情况下,可对任何公开的实施方案(或其部分)进行各种替换、修改或组合。因此,可预期并了解的是,本公开涵盖本文未明确阐述的其它实施方案。例如,可通过组合和/或修改本文描述的实施方案的公开步骤、要素、组分、成分、元件、特征、方面等的任何一项来获得这种实施方案。因此,本公开并不受各种示例性、说明性和非限制性实施方案的描述限制,而仅由权利要求书限制。如此,将了解,在实行本专利申请期间可对权利要求书进行修改以添加特征到如本文已进行不同描述的本发明。
Claims (33)
1.一种双硬度钢制品,其包括:
具有第一合金硬度的第一空气可硬化的钢合金;
具有第二合金硬度的第二空气可硬化的钢合金,其中所述第一合金硬度大于所述第二合金硬度,和;
所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金和所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金之间以冶金方式的接合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中:
所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金具有至少574BHN的硬度;和
所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金具有在477BHN至534BHN范围内的硬度,包括477BHN和534BHN的硬度。
3.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中:
所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金和所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金中的至少一种独立选自由400BHN的钢合金、500BHN的钢合金、600BHN的钢合金和700BHN的钢合金组成的组。
4.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金和所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金中的至少一种包括镍-钼-铬钢合金。
5.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金包括自动回火钢合金。
6.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金包括,以重量百分比计:
0.42至0.52的碳;
3.75至4.25的镍;
1.00至1.50的铬;
0.22至0.37的钼;
0.20至1.00的锰;
0.20至0.50的硅;
至多0.020的磷;
至多0.005的硫;
铁;和
杂质。
7.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金包括,以重量百分比计:
0.22至0.32的碳;
3.50至4.00的镍;
1.60至2.00的铬;
0.22至0.37的钼;
0.80至1.20的锰;
0.25至0.45的硅;
至多0.020的磷;
至多0.005的硫;
铁;和
杂质。
8.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金基本上由以下组成,以重量百分比计:
0.42至0.52的碳;
3.75至4.25的镍;
1.00至1.50的铬;
0.22至0.37的钼;
0.20至1.00的锰;
0.20至0.50的硅;
至多0.020的磷;
至多0.005的硫;
铁;
和杂质。
9.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金基本上由以下组成,以重量百分比计:
0.22至0.32的碳;
3.50至4.00的镍;
1.60至2.00的铬;
0.22至0.37的钼;
0.80至1.20的锰;
0.25至0.45的硅;
至多0.020的磷;
至多0.005的硫;
铁;和
杂质。
10.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述制品是选自双硬度钢装甲、双硬度防爆车身、双硬度防爆V形车身、双硬度防爆车辆下部和双硬度防爆外壳。
11.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金具有55至65Rc的第一合金硬度。
12.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金具有45至55Rc的第二合金硬度。
13.根据权利要求11所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金具有第一合金硬度,所述第一合金硬度比所述第二合金硬度大10至15Rc。
14.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金符合规范MIL-DTL-32332(MR)。
15.根据权利要求1所述的双硬度钢制品,其中所述第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金符合规范MIL-DTL-46100E(MR)。
16.一种双硬度钢装甲,其包括:
第一空气可硬化的钢合金,其具有至少574BHN的第一合金硬度,且包括,以重量百分比计:
0.42至0.52的碳,
3.75至4.25的镍,
1.00至1.50的铬,
0.22至0.37的钼,
0.20至1.00的锰,
0.20至0.50的硅,
至多0.020的磷,
至多0.005的硫,
铁,和
杂质;
第二空气可硬化的钢合金,其具有在477BHN至534BHN范围内的第二合金硬度,且包括,以重量百分比计:
0.22至0.32的碳,
3.50至4.00的镍,
1.60至2.00的铬,
0.22至0.37的钼,
0.80至1.20的锰,
0.25至0.45的硅,
至多0.020的磷,
至多0.005的硫,
铁,和
杂质,和
在所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金和所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金之间以冶金方式接合的区域。
17.一种制造双硬度钢制品的方法,其包括:
提供第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分,其包括第一配合表面并具有第一部分硬度;
提供第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分,其包括第二配合表面并具有第二部分硬度,其中所述第一部分硬度大于所述第二部分硬度;
布置所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分和所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分,以便所述第一配合表面的至少一部分与所述第二配合表面的至少一部分接触;
以冶金方式将所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分固定至所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金以形成以冶金方式固定的总成;
对所述以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧以在所述第一配合表面和所述第二配合表面之间形成以冶金方式的接合;
冷却所述热轧总成。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其还包括在所述布置步骤之前,研磨所述第一配合表面和所述第二配合表面中的至少一个的至少一部分。
19.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中以冶金方式将所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分固定至所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分以形成以冶金方式固定的总成包括将所述第一配合表面的周边和所述第二配合表面的周边的至少一部分焊接在一起。
20.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中以冶金方式将所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分固定至所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分以形成以冶金方式固定的总成包括至少使所述第一配合表面的至少一部分和所述第二配合表面的一部分爆炸接合。
21.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中对所述以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧包括将所述以冶金方式固定的总成热轧至适合双硬度钢装甲的厚度。
22.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中对所述以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧包括将所述以冶金方式固定的总成热轧至中间尺寸,对所述以冶金方式固定的总成的至少一个外表面进行喷砂处理,和将所述被喷砂的总成热轧至适合双硬度钢装甲的厚度。
23.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中对所述以冶金方式固定的总成进行热轧包括在2100°F(1149℃)至700°F(371.1℃)范围内的热轧温度下进行热轧。
24.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中热轧包括在热轧温度下进行热轧,所述热轧温度的温度范围为大于具有所述第一或第二钢合金部分较高的熔化温度的合金的熔化温度的0.5倍且高达所述第一或第二钢合金部分不发生初熔的温度。
25.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述双硬度钢合金制品包括:
第一空气可硬化的钢合金区域,其钢合金具有至少574BHN的硬度;
第二空气可硬化的钢合金区域,其具有在477BHN至534BHN范围内的硬度,包括477BHN和534BHN的硬度;和
所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金区域和所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金区域之间以冶金方式的接合。
26.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中:
所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分和所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分中的至少一种包括独立选自由400BHN的钢合金、500BHN的钢合金、600BHN的钢合金和700BHN的钢合金组成的组的合金。
27.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分和所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分中的至少一种包括镍-钼-铬钢合金。
28.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分包括自动回火钢合金。
29.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金部分包括,以重量百分比计:
0.42至0.52的碳;
3.75至4.25的镍;
1.00至1.50的铬;
0.22至0.37的钼;
0.20至1.00的锰,
0.20至0.50的硅;
至多0.020的磷;
至多0.005的硫;
铁;和
杂质。
30.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金部分包括,以重量百分比计:
0.22至0.32的碳;
3.50至4.00的镍;
1.60至2.00的铬;
0.22至0.37的钼;
0.80至1.20的锰;
0.25至0.45的硅;
至多0.020的磷;
至多0.005的硫;
铁;和
杂质。
31.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中:
所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金具有55至65Rc的第一合金硬度;
所述第二空气可硬化的钢合金具有45至55Rc的第二合金硬度;且
所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金的第一合金硬度比所述第二合金硬度大10至15Rc。
32.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述第一空气可硬化的钢合金符合规范MIL-DTL-32332(MR)。
33.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述第二空气可硬化的钢装甲合金符合规范MIL-DTL-46100E(MR)。
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