CN102948002B - 具有热缓冲的电池维护设备 - Google Patents

具有热缓冲的电池维护设备 Download PDF

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CN102948002B
CN102948002B CN201180030045.8A CN201180030045A CN102948002B CN 102948002 B CN102948002 B CN 102948002B CN 201180030045 A CN201180030045 A CN 201180030045A CN 102948002 B CN102948002 B CN 102948002B
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battery
authorizing
maintenance
phase
change material
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CN102948002A (zh
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凯文·I·贝特内斯
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Midtronics Inc
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Midtronics Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4285—Testing apparatus
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/3644—Constructional arrangements
    • G01R31/3648—Constructional arrangements comprising digital calculation means, e.g. for performing an algorithm
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

一种配置为维护蓄电池的电池维护设备(100)。电连接(168)将电池维护电路(100)耦合至蓄电池(102)。维护电路通过电连接(108)耦合至电池(102)，并且对电池(102)执行维护。维护电路包括配置为从蓄电池(102)汲取电流的电负载(110)。电流使电负载(110)发热。相变材料(122)热耦合至负载(110)。相变材料(110)具有特定热指数，特定热指数与温度具有非线性关系，从而降低电负载的温度变化率。

Description

具有热缓冲的电池维护设备
背景技术
本发明涉及涉及蓄电池维护类型的电池维护设备。更加具体地，本发明涉及包括电负载的电池维护设备，电负载在使用期间由于流经电阻的电流而发热。
各种类型的电池维护设备是已知的并用于维护蓄电池。维护设备的示例包括电池测试器和电池充电器。
一些电池维护设备包括诸如在使用期间产生热的电负载等电元件。热的产生是由于电流流经负载并且负载电阻使得从该电流产生热。如果这种热过度，则会损坏电池维护设备的组件。因此，必须使用技术来降低流经负载的电流和/或消散所产生的热。
在以下参考文献中示出和描述了各种类型的电池维护设备：
1975年3月25授予Champlin的美国专利No.3,873,911；1975年9月30日授予Champlin的美国专利No.3,909,708；1989年3月28日授予Champlin的美国专利No.4,816,768；1989年4月25日授予Champlin的美国专利No.4,825,170；1989年11月14日授予Champlin的美国专利No.4,881,038；1990年3月27日授予Champlin的美国专利No.4,912,416；1992年8月18日授予Champlin的美国专利No.5,140,269，；1994年8月30日授予的美国专利No.5,343,380；1996年11月5日授予的美国专利No.5,572,136；1996年11月12日授予的美国专利No.5,574,355；1996年12月10日授予的美国专利No.5,583,416；1996年12月17日授予的美国专利No.5,585,728；1996年12月31日授予的美国专利No.5,589,757；1997年1月7日授予的美国专利No.5,592,093；1997年1月28日授予的美国专利No.5,598,098；1997年8月12日授予的美国专利No.5,656,920；1998年5月26日授予的美国专利No.5,757,192；1998年10月13日授予的美国专利No.5,821,756；1998年11月3日授予的美国专利No.5,831,435；1999年2月16日授予的美国专利No.5,871,858；1999年6月22日授予的美国专利No.5,914,605；1999年8月31日授予的美国专利No.5,945,829；1999年12月14日授予的美国专利No.6,002,238；2000年3月14日授予的美国专利No.6,037,751；2000年3月14日授予的美国专利No.6,037,777；2000年4月18日授予的美国专利No.6,051,976；2000年6月27日授予的美国专利No.6,081,098；2000年7月18日授予的美国专利No.6,091,245；2000年8月15日授予的美国专利No.6,104,167；2000年10月24日授予的美国专利No.6,137,269；2000年12月19日授予的美国专利No.6,163,156；2001年1月9日授予的美国专利No.6,172,483；2001年1月9日授予的美国专利No.6,172,505；2001年4月24日授予的美国专利No.6,222,369；2001年5月1日授予的美国专利No.6,225,808；2001年6月19日授予的美国专利No.6,249,124；2001年7月10日授予的美国专利No.6,259,254；2001年7月17日授予的美国专利No.6,262,563；2001年9月25日授予的美国专利No.6,294,896；2001年9月25日授予的美国专利No.6,294,897；2001年10月16日授予的美国专利No.6,304,087；2001年10月30日授予的美国专利No.6,310,481；2001年11月6日授予的美国专利No.6,313,607；2001年11月6日授予的美国专利No.6,313,608；2001年11月13日授予的美国专利No.6,316,914；2001年11月27日授予的美国专利No.6,323,650；2001年12月11日授予的美国专利No.6,329,793；2001年12月18日授予的美国专利No.6,331,762；2001年12月18日授予的美国专利No.6,332,113；2002年2月26日授予的美国专利No.6,351,102；2002年3月19日授予的美国专利No.6,359,441；2002年3月26日授予的美国专利No.6,363,303；2002年4月23日授予的美国专利No.6,377,031；2002年5月21日授予的美国专利No.6,392,414；2002年7月9日授予的美国专利No.6,417,669；2002年7月23日授予的美国专利No.6,424,158；2002年8月17日授予的美国专利No.6,441,585；2002年8月20日授予的美国专利No.6,437,957；2002年9月3日授予的美国专利No.6,445,158；美国专利No.6,456,045；2002年10月15日授予的美国专利No.6,466,025；2002年10月15日授予的美国专利No.6,465,908；2002年10月15日授予的美国专利No.6,466,026；2002年11月22日授予的美国专利No.6,469,511；2002年12月17日授予的美国专利No.6,495,990；2002年12月24日授予的美国专利No.6,497,209；2003年1月14日授予的美国专利No.6,507,196；2003年3月18日授予的美国专利No.6,534,993；2003年4月8日授予的美国专利No.6,544,078；2003年4月29日授予的美国专利No.6,556,019；2003年5月20日授予的美国专利No.6,566,883；2003年7月1日授予的美国专利No.6,586,941；2003年7月22日授予的美国专利No.6,597,150；2003年9月16日授予的美国专利No.6,621,272；2003年9月23日授予的美国专利No.6,623,314；2003年10月14日授予的美国专利No.6,633,165；2003年10月21日授予的美国专利No.6,635,974；2004年3月16日授予的美国专利No.6,707,303；2004年5月18日授予的美国专利No.6,737,831；2004年6月1日授予的美国专利No.6,744,149；2004年7月6日授予的美国专利No.6,759,849；2004年8月24日授予的美国专利No.6,781,382；2004年9月7日递交的美国专利No.6,788,025；2004年9月21日授予的美国专利No.6,795,782；2004年10月19日递交的美国专利No.6,805,090；2004年10月19日递交的美国专利No.6,806,716；2005年2月1日递交的美国专利No.6,850,037；2005年2月1日递交的美国专利No.6,850,037；2005年3月22日递交的美国专利No.6,871,151；2005年4月26日授予的美国专利No.6,885,195；2005年5月3日授予的美国专利No.6,888,468；2005年5月10日授予的美国专利No.6,891,378；2005年6月14日授予的美国专利No.6,906,522；2005年6月14日授予的美国专利No.6,906,523；2005年6月21日授予的美国专利No.6,909,287；2005年7月5日授予的美国专利No.6,914,413；2005年7月5日授予的美国专利No.6,913,483；2005年8月16日授予的美国专利No.6,930,485；2005年8月23日授予的美国专利No.6,933,727；2005年9月6日递交的美国专利No.6,941,234；2005年11月22日递交的美国专利No.6,967,484；2006年2月14日授予的美国专利No.6,998,847；2006年2月21日授予的美国专利No.7,003,410；2006年2月21日授予的美国专利No.7,003,411；2006年3月14日授予的美国专利No.7,012,433；2006年3月21日授予的美国专利No.7,015,674；2006年4月25日授予的美国专利No.7,034,541；2006年5月2日授予的美国专利No.7,039,533；2006年6月6日授予的美国专利No.7,058,525；2006年7月25日授予的美国专利No.7,081,755；2006年9月12日授予的美国专利No.7,106,070；2006年10月3日授予的美国专利No.7,116,109；2006年10月10日授予的美国专利No.7,119,686；以及2006年10月24日授予的美国专利No.7,126,341；2006年12月26日授予的美国专利No.7,154,276；2007年4月3日授予的美国专利No.7,198,510；2008年4月22日授予的美国专利No.7,363,175；2007年4月24日授予的美国专利No.7,208,914；2007年7月17日授予的美国专利No.7,246,015；2007年11月13日授予的美国专利No.7,295,936；2008年1月15日授予的美国专利No.7,319,304；2008年4月22日授予的美国专利No.7,363,175；2008年7月8日授予的美国专利No.7,398,176；2008年8月5日授予的美国专利No.7,408,358；2008年9月16日授予的美国专利No.7,425,833；2008年11月4日授予的美国专利No.7,446,536；2009年1月20日授予的美国专利No.7,479,763；2009年3月3日授予的美国专利No.7,498,767；2009年3月10日授予的美国专利No.7,501,795；2009年3月17日授予的美国专利No.7,505,856；2009年6月9日授予的美国专利No.7,545,146；2009年7月7日授予的美国专利No.7,557,586；2009年9月29日授予的美国专利No.7,595,643；2009年10月6日授予的美国专利No.7,598,699；2009年10月6日授予的美国专利No.7,598,744；2009年10月6日授予的美国专利No.7,598,743；2009年11月17日授予的美国专利No.7,619,417；2010年1月5日授予的美国专利No.7,642,786；2010年1月5日授予的美国专利No.7,642,787；2010年2月2日授予的美国专利No.7,656,162；2001年2月9日递交的题为STORAGEBATTERYWITHINTEGRALBATTERYTESTER的美国专利序号No.09/780,146；2001年1月8日递交的题为METHODANDAPPARATUSFORDETERMININGBATTERYPROPERTIESFROMCOMPLEXIMPEDANCE/ADMITTANCE的美国专利序号No.09/756,638；2001年5月21日递交的题为METHODANDAPPARATUSFORTESTINGCELLSANDBATTERIESEMBEDDEDINSERIES/PARALLELSYSTEMS的美国专利序号No.09/862,783；2001年6月13日递交的题为BATTERYTESTMODULE美国专利序号No.09/880,473；2002年1月8日递交的题为BATTERYCHARGECONTROLDEVICE的美国专利序号No.10/042,451；2002年3月28日递交的题为APPARATUSANDMETHODFORCOUNTERACTINGSELFDISCHARGEINASTORAGEBATTERY的美国专利序号No.10/109,734；2002年3月29日递交的题为BATTERYTESTERWITHBATTERYREPLACEMENTOUTPUT的美国专利序号No.10/112,998；2002年10月2日递交的题为ELECTRONICBATTERYTESTERWITHRELATIVETESTOUTPUT的美国专利序号No.10/263,473；2002年12月5日递交的题为BATTERYTESTMODULE的美国专利序号No.10/310,385；2003年9月2日递交的题为ELECTRONICBATTERYTESTERCONFIGUREDTOPREDICTALOADTESTRESULT的美国专利序号No.10/653,342；2000年9月1日递交的题为SYSTEMANDMETHODFORCONTROLLINGPOWERGENERATIONANDSTORAGE的美国专利序号No.09/653,963；2002年6月18日递交的题为DAYTIMERUNNINGLIGHTCONTROLUSINGANINTELLIGENTPOWERMANAGEMENTSYSTEM的美国专利序号No.10/174,110；2003年4月9日递交的题为CURRENTMEASURINGCIRCUITSUITEDFORBATTERIES的美国专利序号No.10/258,441；2003年10月8日递交的题为ELECTRONICBATTERYTESTERWITHPROBELIGHT的美国专利序号No.10/681,666；2004年3月2日递交的题为METHODANDAPPARATUSFORAUDITINGABATTERYTEST美国专利序号No.10/791,141；2004年6月14日递交的题为ENERGYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMFORAUTOMOTIVEVEHICLE的美国专利序号No.10/867,385；2004年10月5日递交的题为SCANTOOLFORELECTRONICBATTERYTESTER的美国专利序号No.10/958,812；2004年12月14日递交的题为CELLTRONULTRA的美国专利序号No.60/587,232；2004年12月21日递交的题为WIRELESSBATTERYMONITOR的美国专利序号No.11/018,785；2005年2月16日递交的题为CUSTOMERMANAGEDWARRANTYCODE的美国专利序号No.60/653,537；2005年3月24日递交的题为OHMMETERPROTECTIONCIRCUIT的美国专利序号No.60/665,070；2005年6月27日递交的题为GELBATTERYCONDUCTANCECOMPENSATION的美国专利序号No.60,694,199；2005年7月11日递交的题为WIRELESSBATTERYTESTER/CHARGER的美国专利序号No.11/178,550；2005年8月4日递交的题为PORTABLETOOLTHEFTPREVENTIONSYSTEM的美国专利序号No.60/705,389；2005年8月19日递交的题为SYSTEMFORAUTOMATICALLYGATHERINGBATTERYINFORMATIONFORUSEDURINGBATTERYTESTER/CHARGING的美国专利序号no.11/207,419；2005年8月29日递交的题为AUTOMOTIVEVEHICLEELECTRICALSYSTEMDIAGNOSTICDEVICE的美国专利序号No.60/712,322；2005年8月31日递交的题为LOADTESTERSIMULATIONWITHDISCHARGECOMPENSATION的美国专利序号No.60/713,168；2005年10月31日递交的题为PLUG-INFEATURESFORBATTERYTESTERS的美国专利序号No.60/731,881；2005年10月31日递交的题为AUTOMOTIVEVEHICLEELECTRICALSYSTEMDIAGNOSTICDEVICE的美国专利序号No.60/731,887；2005年12月14日递交的题为BATTERYTESTERTHATCALCULATESITSOWNREFERENCEVALUES的美国专利序号No.11/304,004；2005年12月20日递交的题为BATTERYMONITORINGSYSTEM的美国专利序号No.60/751,853；2005年12月14日递交的题为BATTERYTESTERWITHCALCULATESITSOWNREFERENCEVALUES的美国专利序号No.11/304,004；2005年12月20日递交的题为BATTERYMONITORINGSYSTEM的美国专利序号No.60/751,853；2006年2月16日递交的题为ELECTRONICBATTERYTESTERWITHNETWORKCOMMUNICATION的美国专利序号No.11/356,443；2006年8月3日递交的题为THEFTPREVENTIONDEVICEFORAUTOMOTIVEVEHICLESERVICECENTERS的美国专利序号No.11/498,703；2006年8月29日递交的题为AUTOMOTIVEVEHICLEELECTRICALSYSTEMDIAGNOSTICDEVICE的美国专利序号No.11/511,872；2006年12月12日递交的题为BROAD-BANDLOW-CONDUCTANCECABLESFORMAKINGKELVINCONNECTIONSTOELECTROCHEMICALCELLSANDBATTERIES的美国专利序号No.11/519,481；2006年9月25日递交的题为STATIONARYBATTERYMONITORINGALGORITHMS的美国专利序号No.60/847,064；2006年12月19日递交的题为METHODANDAPPARATUSFORMEASURINGAPARAMETEROFAVEHICLEELECTRONICSYSTEM的美国专利序号No.11/641,594；2007年2月27日递交的题为BATTERYTESTERWITHPROMOTIONFEATURE的美国专利序号No.11/711,356；2007年6月11日递交题为ALTERNATORTESTER的美国专利序号No.11/811,528；2007年7月17日递交的题为BATTERYTESTERFORHYBRIDVEHICLE的美国专利序号No.60/950,182；2007年9月20日递交的题为ELECTRONICBATTERYTESTERFORTESTINGSTATIONARYBATTERIES的美国专利序号No.60/973,879；2007年10月31日递交的题为BATTERYMAINTENANCEWITHPROBELIGHT的美国专利序号No.11/931,907；2007年12月6日递交的题为STORAGEBATTERYANDBATTERYTESTER的美国专利序号No.60/992,798；2008年4月9日递交的题为BATTERYRUNDOWNINDICATOR的美国专利序号No.12/099,826；2008年6月16日递交的题为KELVINCLAMPFORELECTRONICALLYCOUPLINGTOABATTERYCONTACT的美国专利序号No.61/061,848；2008年7月7日递交的题为BATTERYTESTERSWITHSECONDARYFUNCTIONALITY的美国专利序号No.12/168,264；2008年7月17日递交的题为BATTERYTESTERFORELECTRICVEHICLE的美国专利序号No.12/174,894；2008年9月4日递交的题为ELECTRONICBATTERYTESTERORCHARGERWITHDATABUSCONNECTION的美国专利序号No.12/204,141；2008年12月4日递交的题为STORAGEBATTERYANDBATTERYTESTER的美国专利序号No.12/328,022；2009年4月1日递交的题为SYSTEMFORAUTOMATICALLYGATHERINGBATTERYINFORMATION的美国专利序号No.12/416,457；2009年4月1日递交的题为INTEGRATEDTAGREADERANDENVIRONMENTSENSOR的美国专利序号No.12/416,453；2009年4月1日递交的题为SIMPLIFICATIONOFINVENTORYMANAGEMENT的美国专利序号No.12/416,445；2009年6月16日递交的题为CLAMPFORELECTRONICALLYCOUPLINGTOABATTEYRCONTACT的美国专利序号No.12/485,459；2009年7月7日递交的题为ELECTRONICBATTERYTESTER的美国专利序号No.12/498,642；2010年2月1日递交的题为ELECTRONICBATTERYTESTER的美国专利序号No.12/697,485；2010年2月2日递交的题为ELECTRONICBATTERYTESTER的美国专利序号No.12/698,375；2010年2月25日递交的题为METHODANDAPPARATUFORDETECTINGCELLDETERIORATIONINANELECTROCHEMICALCELLORBATTEYR的美国专利序号No.12/712,456；2010年3月8日递交的题为BATTERYTESTERWITHDATABUSFORCOMMUNICATINGWITHVEHICLEELECTRICALSYSTEM的美国专利序号No.61/311,485；2010年3月15日递交的题为USEOFBATTERYMANUFACTURE/SELLDATEINDIAGNOSISANDRECOVERYOFDISCHARGEDBATTERIES的美国专利序号No.61/313,893；其全部内容通过引用合并于此。
发明内容
一种配置为维护蓄电池的电池维护设备。电连接将电池维护设备耦合至蓄电池。维护电路通过电连接耦合至电池，并且对电池执行维护。维护电路包括配置为从电池汲取电流的电负载。电流使电负载发热。相变材料热耦合至负载。相变材料具有特定热指数，特定热指数与温度具有非线性关系，从而降低电负载的温度变化率。
附图说明
图1是包括相变材料的电池维护电路的简单框图。
图2是用于包含图1的相变材料的组件140的透视图。
图3是图2的组件的顶盖的透视图。
图4是图2的组件的下外壳152的透视图。
图5是图2的组件的外部温度与时间的图。
具体实施方式
被设计为测试电池的测试器和充电器典型地包含某一类型的负载，要么是测量负载电压和复苏(bounce-back)的DC，要么是电导测试中使用的AC技术。在过去，一些类型的电池测试器已经采用了相对小的负载，该负载在大约1安培的量级上汲取电流。存在以下情况：期望增大负载的尺寸以在10、20、50或甚至100安培的量级上汲取。这些较大负载可以用于克服例如在线UPS测试器中的显著系统噪声。
这些增大的负载的一个副作用是由于消散的能量而产生的大量热，尤其是在与12伏特电池一同使用的情况下。可以使用风扇来使负载元件降温。然而，这导致噪声大、体积大且笨重的设备，并非我们所欣赏的“高科技”。
本发明提供一种电池维护电路，具有配置为耦合至电池的电连接。维护电路配置为通过电连接对电池执行维护。电负载或其他热产生元件包括在电池维护电路中。相变材料热耦合至热产生元件，并且配置为在发热期间发生相变(即，固态到液态、液态到气态、固态到气态等)。这使相变材料具有特定热指数，热指数与温度具有非线性关系。
图1是电池维护电路100的简单框图。在图1中，电池维护电路100配置为作为电池测试器操作。然而，本发明不限于这种特定类型的电池维护电路100，并且例如可以包括电池充电器、或对电池执行维护并且包括热产生元件的其他电路。
在图1中，电池维护电路100耦合至蓄电池102，蓄电池102具有端子104和106。蓄电池可以是任何类型的蓄电池。在示例特定配置中，蓄电池使用在车辆或备用电力系统中。车辆可以基于内燃机操作，或者可以使用蓄电池102中存储的电来操作。车辆可以是纯电动车，或者可以是使用电池并通过内燃机供电的混合型车辆。
电池维护电路100包括耦合至端子104和106的电连接器108。电负载110通过连接器108耦合至电池，并且从电池102接收电流IL。模数转换器112耦合至负载110，并配置为数字化模拟电压，模拟电压由于电流IL出现在负载110上。将数字化的电压值提供给微处理器114。微处理器114根据存储器116中存储的指令来操作。微处理器114还配置为使用可选的开关118，选择性地将负载110耦合在电池102的端子104和106上。微处理器114配置为通过监视从电池汲取电流IL时出现在电池端子104和106上(因此，出现在负载110上)的电压值，来对蓄电池102执行电池测试。在该配置中，负载110用于对蓄电池102执行“负载测试”。基于对存储器116中存储的编程指令，微处理器114对电池102执行测试，并且通过输出电路120提供输出。该输出是与对电池执行的测试有关的测试结果输出。例如测试可以通过显示器提供给本地用户提供，或者可以提供给远程位置，或者传递给其他电路的电装置。
尽管图1的电池维护电路100示作电池负载测试器，但是本发明不限于这种特定测试。在另一示例中，负载110用作强制功能(forcingfunction)，以选择性地从电池102汲取电流IL。连接器108被配置为开尔文连接器，并且微处理器114配置为测量电池102的动态参数。
图1示出了热耦合至热产生元件110的相变材料122。相变材料能够吸收大量热而同时保持恒定温度。例如，一杯冰水。水的热浸渍(将32度的冰变为32度的水所需的热量)是水的比热(将一定量的水的温度改变1度所需的热量)的近似80倍。换言之，对于引入冰中的每单位热，冰在温度上升高1度直到达到相变温度为止。在相变温度下，需要近似80个单位的热来改变材料的温度。对于液态到气态过渡等中出现的相变存在类似特性。例如，与将水加热1度相比，沸水明显需要更多热来从212度华氏温度的水产生212度华氏温度的蒸汽。冷却循环利用了这种现象。
本发明利用相变材料来降低电池维护电路100中的热产生元件(例如，元件110)的发热。适当地，选择相变边界在最大环境工作温度以上但在维护电路100的任何部件的热额定值或者操作者的生理舒适水平以下的材料。例如，根据其配方，石蜡是在近似130度华氏温度从固态到液态过渡的相变材料。
由于热产生元件110产生热，并且热传递到相变材料122，因此，热能大量地保持在材料122中以仅在较低温度下存在。如果热产生元件110连续操作，最终所有相变材料122在相变边界上被转换，并且温度再开始上升。然而，电池维护电路100可以配置为具有仅间歇地产生热的热产生元件110。例如，可以周期性地去除施加到电池102的负载。这允许热消散到较低温度下的环境。
图2是包括相变材料122的相变材料组件140的透视图。组件140由例如压铸铝等金属形成，并且填充有诸如石蜡等相变材料122。
图3和4是组件140的顶盖150和下外壳152的内部透视图。如图3所示，顶盖包括其上附着的负载电阻器154。如图4所示，下外壳152包括其中形成的空腔156。该空腔156填充有相变材料122。该相变材料122应该放置为与热产生元件110热接触。在这种情况下，热产生元件110包括图3中示出的负载电阻器154。注意，在图3中，负载电阻器154包括突出物或鳍状物160，突出物或鳍状物160增加了负载电阻器154的表面积，从而增强电阻器154与相变材料122之间的热耦合。
图4还示出了填充孔170。这些填充孔170可以用于向空腔156填充相变材料122，随后组装组件140的顶盖150和下外壳152。在通过填充孔170填充空腔156之后，可以密封填充孔。
图5是电流源耦合至组件140的电阻器154的情况下，温度与时间的图。图5针对上盖150和下外壳152示出了分开的制图线。如图5所示，组件140的外表面处的温度稳定在相对低温度下。
在操作期间，电池维护电路100使热产生元件110产生热。这种热被传递并由相变材料122接收。由于相变材料122的分摊，相变材料122的温度与热产生元件110的发热非线性地相关。热产生元件110有利地仅周期性产生热，从而允许相变材料122中的热消散到环境中。如果相变材料122的相已经改变，优选地在充分的时间上去除热，从而允许相变材料122返回到其较低温度下的相。
尽管参照优选实施例描述了本发明，但是本领域技术人员应认识到可以在不背离本发明精神和范围的前提下进行形式和细节的改变。尽管说明了电池测试器，但是本发明可以与任何类型的电池维护电路一同使用。

Claims (14)

1.一种配置为维护蓄电池的电池维护设备，包括：
电连接，配置为耦合至蓄电池；
维护电路，配置为通过电连接耦合至电池，并且对电池执行维护，维护电路包括配置为从蓄电池汲取电流的电负载，电流使电负载发热；以及
填充有相变材料的容器，相变材料具有特定热指数，特定热指数与温度具有非线性关系；
其中，电负载与容器的内壁接触，并包括与相变材料直接物理接触的鳍状物；以及
维护电路包括电池测试电路，所述电池测试电路被配置为基于所述负载从所述电池汲取的电流来执行电池测试。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电池维护设备，其中，电池测试包括负载测试。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电池维护设备，其中，电池测试基于使用电负载所提供的强制功能而产生的动态参数。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电池维护设备，其中，相变材料包括石蜡。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电池维护设备，其中，到电池的电连接包括开尔文连接。
6.根据权利要求1所述的电池维护设备，其中，维护电路包括电池充电器。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电池维护设备，其中，在来自电负载的热所引起的发热期间相变材料从固态过渡到液态。
8.一种用于维护蓄电池的方法，包括：
将电池维护电路电连接到蓄电池，其中，所述电池维护电路在所述电池的外部；
使用电池维护电路对蓄电池执行维护，并且将来自蓄电池的电流汲取到电负载，并从而由于流经电负载的电流而产生热，所述电负载与位于所述电池外部的容器的内壁接触；
通过将相变材料与电负载的鳍状物直接物理接触，将电负载所产生的热耦合至所述容器内的相变材料，随着相变材料从一种相过渡到另一种相，相变材料与所述电池分隔并且具有由于所施加的热而以非线性方式变化的温度曲线，并从而降低电负载的温度变化率；以及
其中，维护电路包括电池测试电路，所述电池测试电路被配置为基于所述负载从所述电池汲取的电流来执行电池测试。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，电池测试包括负载测试。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，电池测试包括对使用电负载所提供的强制功能而产生的动态参数进行测量。
11.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，相变材料包括石蜡。
12.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，到电池的电连接包括开尔文连接。
13.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，电池维护电路包括电池充电器。
14.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，在发热期间相变材料从固态过渡到液态。
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