CN102918176A - 硬碳涂层及其形成方法 - Google Patents

硬碳涂层及其形成方法 Download PDF

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CN102918176A
CN102918176A CN2011800190424A CN201180019042A CN102918176A CN 102918176 A CN102918176 A CN 102918176A CN 2011800190424 A CN2011800190424 A CN 2011800190424A CN 201180019042 A CN201180019042 A CN 201180019042A CN 102918176 A CN102918176 A CN 102918176A
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A·A·莱尤斯
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Abstract

用于切削工具或磨损部件的涂层具有至少一个通过PVD方法形成的结晶SixC1-x-y-zNyMz层和至少一个为金刚石或DLC的硬碳层。Si和C是SixC1-x-y-zNyMz层的基本组分并且M是选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Y、B、Al和Ru的一种或多种元素(其中0.4≤x≤0.6,0≤y≤0.1和0≤z≤0.2)。当通过使用CuKα射线实施X-射线衍射(XRD)时,SixC1-x-y-zNyMz层具有3°或更小的在34°至36°衍射角观察到的SiC峰的半值宽度。在合适的温度和基体偏置条件下实施使用PVD形成涂层的方法。

Description

硬碳涂层及其形成方法
发明领域
本发明涉及一种在需要极好耐磨性,例如切削工具和滑动件的应用中使用的硬碳涂层,及其形成方法。
发明背景
具有高硬度、高导热性、高抗压强度、耐磨性、高耐蚀性和低摩擦系数的特殊性能的金刚石为用于切削工具,特别是非铁金属,例如Al合金、石墨或陶瓷制品的合适的涂层。具有采用金刚石层或采用类金刚石凃层(DLC)涂覆的切削刃的切削工具在强度、耐磨性和耐热性、最小附着力方面是优异的并且增强产生良好的工件表面光洁度的切削刃。在整个说明书和权利要求书中,金刚石层是sp3相的碳层,DLC层是具有至少50%的sp3/sp2比率的sp2和sp3两相的碳层,和硬碳凃层为具有至少一个金刚石层或至少一个DLC层的涂层。
由于硬碳凃层和基体之间的界面的强度不够,用硬碳凃层涂覆的硬质金属切削工具通常不合格。一个影响因素是热膨胀系数(CTE)不同。切削工具基体,例如硬质合金,HSS等的CET大于硬碳涂层的CTE,因此当从沉积温度冷却时基体收缩大于硬碳涂层,导致硬碳涂层的高水平的压缩残余应力,通常致使涂层脱层。
界面强度不够的另一个原因是Fe和Co两者均是使硬碳转化为石墨的催化剂,这样当硬碳沉积在例如具有钴粘结剂的硬质合金上时,首先形成石墨层,随后是硬碳层。
金刚石涂层并非化学键合至基体表面,而是涂层与和工具表面上的WC颗粒联锁的金刚石膜依靠机械结合。金刚石涂覆工具的生产者通常刻蚀基体的表面,以在涂覆之前暴露WC颗粒,并且硬质合金工具上的金刚石膜通常是粗糙纹理的以提供需要的与基体的附着力。然而,粗糙纹理(刻面)的金刚石具有包括不能产生非常光滑的工件表面光洁度的缺点。这个问题的一个解决方案是通过多种技术,包括酸刻蚀,从硬质合金的表面层刻蚀除去Co粘结剂。然而,刻蚀Co粘结剂降低硬质合金物品和金刚石凃层的界面的表面强度,并且显著降低硬质金属基体自身的强度。从锋利的切削刃刻蚀Co将大幅度减小锋利刃的强度,并因此大大增加在加工过程中切削工具失败的可能性。
硬质涂层粘附于基体的问题的另一个已知解决方案是在基体和硬碳层之间具有起扩散阻挡作用的陶瓷和/或金属中间粘附层。例如JP 7026367公开了通过PVD方法形成的由4a、5a和6a族金属的碳化物、氮化物和碳氮化物和Al2O3构成的一层或多层。JP 59170262公开了选自周期表中Ⅳa、Ⅴa和Ⅵa族金属、Si和B的碳化物、氮化物、碳氮化物和含氧的氰化物(oxycarbonitrides)的一种化合物的单层,或选自所述化合物的两种或更多种化合物的双层。然而,这些陶瓷中间层不与硬碳形成化学键,并且因此在硬碳凃层和基体之间未提供良好的附着。因此,硬碳凃层与基体的粘附仍然是个问题。粘附层的另一个例子可在CA2150739中发现,其公开了采用由CVD应用的多晶金刚石凃层涂覆基体的方法,其首先采用由CVD应用的薄中间层涂覆,其中金刚石粘附层是SiC或Si3N4
例如从US 5143488、US 5364209、US 5250367和US 5266388已知以热裂化和残余抗拉应力为特征的CVD层和处于压缩残余应力状态的最外PVD层结合的涂层。在CVD层上沉积PVD层部分地修复涂层横向断裂强度的损失。这些涂层通常在富碳化物的基体上沉积,并且这些涂层的各层典型地选自Ti、Zr和Hf的碳化物、氮化物、碳氮化物、硼化物、硼氮化物、碳氧化物和Al的氧化物和氮氧化物。
发明概述
根据本发明,提供一种包含涂层和基体的涂覆构件,所述涂层包含至少一个中间层和至少一个硬碳层,其中硬碳层包含金刚石或DLC并且形成涂层的最外层;
中间层包含具有SixC1-x-y-zNyMz(其中0.4≤x≤0.6,0≤y≤0.1,和0≤z≤0.2)的PVD-形成的层,其中Si和C是基本组分和M为一种或多种选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Y、B、Al和Ru的元素;并且当通过使用CuKα射线实施X-射线衍射(XRD)时,在34°至36°衍射角观察到的SiC峰的半值宽度为3°或者更小。
根据一些实施方案,涂层包含由中间层和硬碳层的交替层组成的叠层顺序,该叠层顺序包括多个中间层和多个硬碳层。
典型地,多个中间层的所有层为从10nm到10μm;并且多个硬碳层的所有层为从0.1μm到50μm。
任选地,多个中间层中的至少两层具有不同的组成;和/或多个硬碳层中的至少两层具有不同的组成。
根据一些实施方案,涂层进一步包含至少一个第一层,所述第一层包含一种或多种选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W的金属;并且任选地进一步包含一种或多种选自Si、Al、Y、B、N和C的元素。
根据一些实施方案,涂层包含由多个第一层和多个中间层组成的多层结构;其中多层结构的最外层为中间层。
任选地,多层结构包含不同组成的多个第一层中的至少两层和/或不同组成的多个中间层中的至少两层。
典型地,多层结构的多个第一层的所有层为从5nm到10μm。
任选地,多个第一层的所有层包含不同组成的两个或更多个次层。
任选地,涂层包含由中间层和硬碳层的交替层组成的叠层顺序。该叠层顺序包含多个中间层和多个硬碳层;叠层顺序在多层结构之上。叠层顺序的最外层为所述硬碳层中的一个并且也是涂层的最外层。
典型地,基体选自:高速钢、硬质金属、氧化物陶瓷、碳化物陶瓷、硼化物陶瓷、超级研磨材料、PcBN、PCD和金属陶瓷或其组合。
典型地,构件选自切削工具、切削刀片、夹具和摩擦构件。
在本发明的另一方面,提供一种制造包含基体和涂层的涂覆构件的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:
(a)通过PVD方法在基体上沉积中间层,所述中间层具有SixC1-x-y-zNyMz(其中0.4≤x≤0.6,0≤y≤0.1,和0≤z≤0.2)的组成,其中M为一种或多种选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Y、B、Al和Ru的元素;如此当通过使用CuKα射线实施X-射线衍射(XRD)时,在34°至36°衍射角观察到的SiC峰的半值宽度为3°或更小;
其中,在PVD沉积过程中,基体保持在400℃-800℃之间的预定温度下并且向基体施加-30V至-300V的预定偏压;和
(b)在所述中间层上沉积硬碳层,硬碳层包含金刚石或DLC。
任选地,PVD方法为磁控溅射方法。
任选地,该方法在实施步骤(a)之前,进一步包括(i)在基体上沉积第一层,其中所述第一层包含一种或多种选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W的金属,其中第一层的厚度为从5nm到10μm。
任选地,至少一个第一层进一步包含一种或多种选自Si、Al、Y、B、N和C的元素。
任选地,该方法在步骤(a)之后和在步骤(b)之前,进一步包括交替地沉积另外的第一层和中间层,和/或在步骤(b)之后,交替地沉积另外的中间层和硬碳层,其中所沉积的最终层为硬碳层。
附图简述
图1是用根据本发明的第一实施方案的涂层涂覆的构件的图解截面图。
图2a和图2b为用根据本发明的第二实施方案的涂层涂覆的构件的图解截面图。
图3为用根据本发明的第三实施方案的涂层涂覆的构件的图解截面图。
图4是用根据本发明的第四实施方案的涂层涂覆的构件的图解截面图。
发明详述
可使用本领域已知的硬碳涂覆方法中的任何一种方法沉积本发明的硬碳凃层,例如通过热丝CVD、燃烧火焰法、ECR(电子回旋共振)或等离子体辅助CVD(PCVD)。硬质碳凃层可为超纳米晶(ultrananocrystalline)金刚石、粗粒度金刚石,或DLC。
在整个说明书和权利要求书中,最接近基体的层定义为最内层和距基体最远的层定义为最外层。
图1是根据本发明第一实施方案的构件1A的图解截面图。构件1A具有采用包含中间层5和最外面硬碳层7的涂层6A涂覆的基体2。
金属材料,例如铁基合金和硬质金属,或金属陶瓷、陶瓷或超硬磨料适当地用作基体2。在其中构件1A用作切削工具的实施方案中,硬质金属适当地用作基体2。
中间层5具有SixC1-x-y-zNyMz(其中0.4≤x≤0.6,0≤y≤0.1,和0≤z≤0.2)的组成,其具有作为其基本组分的Si(硅)和C(碳)以及作为其任选组分的N(氮化物)和元素M。元素M为一种或多种选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Y、B、Al和Ru的元素。关于从涂层的最外表面至基体方向上的C、N和/或M的浓度,中间层可具有组成梯度。该梯度是这样的,在中间层最外部分的C、N和/或M的平均浓度与中间层最内部分的C、N和/或M的平均浓度之间存在差异。
注意到“结晶”为当通过使用CuKα射线实施X-射线衍射(XRD)时,其在34°-36°衍射角2θ观察到的SiC峰的半值宽度(FMHM:半高全宽)为3°或更小的那些结晶,并且不仅包括基本上认为是SiC晶体的那些结晶,还包括形成包含SiC晶体和无定形SiC的化合物结构的那些结晶。特别地,在34°-36°观察到的峰对应于立方SiC晶体的[111]面的峰。
中间层5通过使用WO2009/150887中描述的PVD方法形成。中间层5可为10nm的薄层,或可为高达10μm的厚层。
硬碳层7可按照本领域已知的CVD方法沉积。硬碳层7可为0.1μm的薄层,或可为高达50μm的厚层。
SiC(碳化硅)具有至少40GPa的硬度,并且在抗氧化性和耐磨性方面是优异的。通过控制PVD方法(在WO 2009/150887中公开的)的膜形成条件,形成基本上没有裂纹的结晶SiC膜。已发现该膜是基体或涂覆基体与硬碳层之间或两个硬碳层之间的良好的粘附中间层。如以上说明的,为硬质合金中的粘结剂的钴和/或镍是将硬质碳转化为石墨的催化剂。XRD分析显示,通过CVD方法在硬质合金基体上沉积的SiC层中,甚至在基体和SiC层之间存在TiN和/或TiCN层时,发现了CoSi相。CVD方法的温度在800℃和1200℃之间,而PVD方法的温度在400℃和800℃之间。目前已经发现,在WO 2009/150887中公开的SiC膜,在其用作基体上存在的包括钴的元素的扩散阻挡的能力方面大大地优于已知CVD SiC层。
图2a和图2b是根据本发明的第二实施方案的构件1B的图解截面图。构件1B的基体2采用涂层6B涂覆。涂层6B 具有三层:在基体2的表面上形成的最内第一层4,在第一层4上提供的中间层5和在中间层5上形成的硬碳层7。
构件1B的基体2与上述构件1A的基体2相似。涂层6B的中间层5和硬碳层7与上述涂层6A的中间层5和硬碳层7基本上相同。
第一层4包含一种或多种选自由Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo和W组成的基本成分的组的金属,并且任选地进一步包含一种或多种选自由Si、Al、Y和B组成的可选成分的组的元素。在本发明的一些实施方案中,第一层4可为金属的或者可以是基本的和可选成分的混合物。在其它实施方案中,第一层4为陶瓷的并且进一步包含非金属元素N和C中的一种或两种。对于基体2,上述第一层4具有优良的粘附性。中间层5相对于第一层4具有优良的粘附性。因此,通过提供第一层4作为涂层6B的最内层,涂层6B相对于基体2显示出优良的粘附性。也就是说,构件1B相对于上述构件1A在基体2和硬碳层7之间具有改善的粘附性。应用构件1B结构的切削工具、夹具和摩擦构件呈现极好的耐用性。
第一层4优选地具有作为基本组分的Ti和Cr中的一种或多种和作为可选组分的一种或多种选自Y、Al和Si的元素,并且在一些实施方案中为氮化物。第一层4优选地为Ti、Cr、TiN、CrN、TiC、CrAlN、TiCrAlN、TiCrAlSiN、TiAlSiN和TiCrAlSiYN中的任何一种。其中,Ti、CrN、TiAlN、CrAlN、TiCrAlN、TiCrAlSiN、TiAlSiN和TiCrAlSiYN在一些应用中尤其用于切削工具。含有Al的第一层4在高温下具有改善的抗氧化性,例如切削时,获得这些切削工具导致改善的切削性能。
第一层4优选地为至少0.2μm,更优选地为至少0.5μm。如在图2b中所示,在一些实施方案中,第一层4具有两个或更多个次层4i、4ii等,而邻近的次层具有不同的组成。次层可都具有相同的厚度,或在一些实施方案中一个或多个次层可具有独特的厚度。第一层4的每一个次层的厚度优选地为至少5nm。
第一层4可通过已知的方法,例如电弧离子镀方法或CVD方法形成。通过磁控溅射在第一层4上形成中间层5。优选地使用可选择地在安装在其腔室中的基体上实施磁控溅射或电弧离子镀的膜形成装置。
图3是根据本发明第三实施方案的构件1C的图解截面图。构件1C的基体2采用涂层6C 涂覆。涂层6C具有包含交替沉积的多个第一层4和多个中间层5的多层结构8C,并在多层结构上沉积硬碳层7。多层结构8C具有4层或更多层。多层结构8C的最外层是中间层5,其邻近于硬碳层7。构成硬膜层8C的第一层4和中间层5,和硬碳层7基本上与对上述构件1A和1B中描述的第一层4、中间层5和硬碳层7相同。由于涂层6C具有包含多个界面结构的结构,增强了其硬度并且改善了耐磨性。因此,由构件1C制成的切削工具和滑动构件具有极好的耐用性。
多层结构8C的多个第一层4的每一层和多个中间层5的每一层的厚度优选地在5nm-10nm,并且更优选地在100nm-2μm的范围内。在一些实施方案中,多层结构8C的多个第一层4的任何一层的组成可与多个第一层4的任何其它层不同。或者,多个第一层4的任何一层可与多个第一层4的至少一个其它层具有相同的组成。在一些实施方案中,多层结构8C的多个中间层5的任何一层的组成可与多个中间层5的任何其它层不同。或者,多个中间层5的任何一层可与多个中间层5的至少一个其它层具有相同的组成。优选地,设置多层结构8C的层的组成、厚度和数目以减小层的多样性导致的内应力。
图4是根据本发明第四实施方案的构件1D的图解截面图。构件1D具有其中用涂层6D涂覆基体2的表面的结构。涂层6D具有采用叠层顺序10D涂覆的多层结构8D。多个第一层4和多个中间层5交替沉积的多层结构8D与涂层6C中描述的多层结构8C相似。
叠层顺序10D具有多个硬碳层7和多个中间层5的交替层。叠层顺序10D具有三层或更多层。在一些实施方案中,叠层顺序10D的多个中间层5的任何一层的组成和/或厚度可不同于多个中间层5的任何其它层。同样地,在一些实施方案中,叠层顺序10D的多个硬碳层7的任何一层的组成和/或厚度可与叠层顺序10D的多个硬碳层7的任何其它不同。

Claims (21)

1.一种包含涂层和基体的涂覆构件,所述涂层包含至少一个中间层和至少一个硬碳层;其中:
所述硬碳层包含金刚石或DLC并且形成所述涂层的最外层;
所述中间层包含具有SixC1-x-y-zNyMz(其中0.4≤x≤0.6,0≤y≤0.1和0≤z≤0.2)组成的PVD-形成的层,其中Si和C是基本组分并且M是一种或多种选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Y、B、Al和Ru的元素;并且
当通过使用CuKα射线实施X射线衍射(XRD)时,在34°至36°衍射角观察到的SiC峰的半值宽度为3°或更小。
2.根据权利要求1所述的涂覆构件,其中所述余层包括包含由中间层和硬碳层的交替层的叠层顺序,所述叠层顺序包含多个中间层和多个硬碳层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的涂覆构件,其中:
所述多个中间层的所有层为从10nm到10μm,并且
所述多个硬碳层的所有层为从0.1μm到50μm。
4.根据权利要求2所述的涂覆构件,其中:
所述多个中间层的至少两层具有不同的组成;和/或
所述多个硬碳层的至少两层具有不同的组成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的涂覆构件,其中所述涂层进一步包含至少一个第一层,所述第一层包含一种或多种选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W的金属;其中所述涂层的最内层是第一层并且其中第一层的厚度为从5nm到10μm。
6.根据权利要求5所述的涂覆构件,其中至少一个第一层进一步包含一种或多种选自Si、Al、Y、B、N和C的元素。
7.根据权利要求5所述的涂覆构件,其中:
所述涂层包括包含第一层和中间层的交替层的多层结构;所述多层结构包含多个第一层和多个中间层;并且
所述多层结构的最外层是所述中间层中的一个。
8.根据权利要求7所述的涂覆构件,其中:
所述多个第一层的至少两个层具有不同的组成;和/或
所述多个中间层的至少两个层具有不同的组成。
9.根据权利要求7所述的涂覆构件,其中所述多个第一层的所有层为从5nm到10μm。
10.根据权利要求7所述的涂覆构件,其中:
所述涂层包括包含中间层和硬碳层的交替层的叠层顺序,所述叠层顺序包含多个中间层和多个硬碳层;
所述叠层顺序在所述多层结构之上;并且
所述叠层顺序的最外层是所述硬碳层中的一个并且也是所述涂层的最外层。
11.根据权利要求7所述的涂覆构件,其中:
所述叠层顺序的最内层是所述硬碳层中的一个。
12.根据权利要求5所述的涂覆构件,其中至少一个第一层的一层或多层包含两个或更多个次层。
13.根据权利要求1所述的涂覆构件,其中所述构件选自夹具、磨损部件和摩擦构件。
14.根据权利要求1所述的涂覆构件,其中所述构件是切削工具。
15.一种包含涂层和基体的涂覆构件,所述涂层包含:
一种在基体上的多层结构,所述多层结构包含第一层和中间层的交替层并且包含多个第一层和多个中间层;和
一种在所述多层结构上的叠层结构,所述叠层结构包含中间层和硬碳层的交替层并且包含多个中间层和多个硬碳层;其中:
每一个第一层包含一种或多种选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W的金属;其中每一个第一层的厚度为从5nm到10μm;
每一个中间层包含具有SixC1-x-y-zNyMz(其中0.4≤x≤0.6,0≤y≤0.1,和0≤z≤0.2)的组成的PVD-形成的层,其中Si和C是基本组分并且M为一种或多种选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Y、B、Al和Ru的元素;并且其中当通过使用CuKα射线实施X射线衍射(XRD)时,在34°至36°衍射角观察到的SiC峰的半值宽度为3°或更小;
每一个硬碳层包含金刚石或DLC;
所述涂层的最内层是所述第一层中的一个;和
所述涂层的最外层是所述硬碳层中的一个。
16.一种制造包含基体和涂层的涂覆构件的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
(a)通过PVD方法在基体上沉积中间层,所述中间层具有SixC1-x-y-zNyMz(其中0.4≤x≤0.6,0≤y≤0.1,和0≤z≤0.2)的组成,其中M为选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Y、B、Al和Ru的一种或多种元素,使得当通过使用CuKα射线实施X射线衍射(XRD)时,在34°至36°衍射角观察到的SiC峰的半值宽度为3°或更小;
其中,在PVD沉积过程中,基体保持在400℃-800℃之间的预定温度下并且向基体施加-30V至-300V的预定偏压;和
(b)在所述中间层上沉积硬碳层,所述硬碳层包含金刚石或DLC。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其包括通过PVD磁控溅射方法沉积中间层。
18.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其进一步包括:
在实施步骤(a)之前,在基体上沉积第一层,其中所述第一层包含一种或多种选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W的金属,其中所述第一层的厚度为从5nm到10μm。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中至少一个第一层进一步包含一种或多种选自Si、Al、Y、B、N和C的元素。
20.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其进一步包括:
在步骤(a)之后和在步骤(b)之前,交替地沉积另外的第一层和中间层。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其进一步包括:
在步骤(b)之后,交替地沉积另外的中间层和硬碳层,其中所沉积的最终层为硬碳层。
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RU2620521C2 (ru) * 2015-10-06 2017-05-26 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет" (НИУ "БелГУ") Износостойкое покрытие для режущего инструмента
CN110588096A (zh) * 2019-09-25 2019-12-20 哈尔滨工程大学 一种连续金属Mo丝增强Ti/Al3Ti层状复合材料及制备方法

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