CN102696459A - Soilless bag type high-yield planting method of organic tomatoes - Google Patents
Soilless bag type high-yield planting method of organic tomatoes Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a soilless bag type high-yield planting method of organic tomatoes. The method comprises steps of preparation of organic liquid fertilizers, preparation of organic solid fertilizers and cultivation of tomato seedlings. Cultivated tomato seedlings are fixedly planted in cultivating bags and tomato seedlings after fixed plantation are performed cultivation management and extermination of disease and insect pests. Diseases and insect pests such as tomato gray mold, powdery mildew, early blight, late blight, bacterial wilt, blight, aphides and whitefly can be prevented and cured effectively, organic tomatoes are produced through a modern ferment technology under the condition that a chemical synthetic fertilizer is not used, heavy metals such as mercury and cadmium cannot be detected, the sugar degree can reach more than 12 DEG, and the yield per square meter can reach more than 30 kg.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the kind method for planting of a kind of tomato, relate in particular to the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of a kind of organic tomato.
Background technology
According to statistics, the cultivated area of tomato in China in 2006 surpasses 834700 hectares, still, and the integrated management measure that does not still have a cover to adapt so far.Because the soil under the greenhouse culture condition lacks rainwater drip washing, and temperature, humidity, aeration status and water and fertilizer management etc. all have very big difference with outdoor cropping.Greenhouse culture is in again under the production status of high intensification, high cropping index, high fertilizer usage amount for a long time, and average chemical fertilizer usage amount reaches 6000 ~ 9000kg/hm
2, cause the secondary salinization of soil of greenhouse soil, soil nutrient is unbalance, soil acidification, crop is germinateed and root system is affected to water, fertile absorption, plant development is slow, the output reduction, severe patient plant withered death.Excessive use chemical fertilizer also causes groundwater contamination, and nitrite exceeds standard and reaches more than the 400mg/L, far above national Drinking Water nitrate content sanitary standard 88.6mg/L.
Irrational use agricultural chemicals; Agricultural chemicals usage amount average out to 19.3kg/ hectare; Microbial populations such as soil fungi, bacterium, actinomycetes change, and tomato damping off, early blight, late blight, gray mold, bacterial wilt, leaf mold and root knot nematode disease take place serious.
Soilless culture is to replace the natural soil environment with made crop root environment, the cultivation method of after field planting, irrigating with nutrient solution.Can effectively prevent the physiological disorder that the accumulation of soil continuous cropping disease and soil salt causes; Satisfy the needs of crop preferably to environmental conditions such as mineral nutrition, moisture, gases; The stock of cultivation usefulness again can recycle, therefore has water-saving, economizes characteristics such as fertilizer, saving of labor, high yield and high quality.
Soilless culture mainly comprises water planting, mist (gas) training, substrate culture etc.Water planting, fog training do not utilize soil; Root system of plant is directly grown in the nutrient solution, and administrative skill requires high, the main at present chemical fertilizer such as ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitrate of lime, magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate that adopt; Can not realize organic farming, nitrite exceeds standard easily in the vegetables of production.
Solid matrix cultivation is that the root system with crop is fixed in the matrix of organic or inorganic, through the method for drip irrigation or trickle irrigation, supplies with crop alimentary liquid.Cultivation matrix can be packed in the plastic sack, or is laid in cultivation ditch or the groove.Use that the nutrient fluid cultivation of solid matrix has that stable performance, equipment are simple, small investment, the management advantage of infectivity root disease easily and not.Substrate culture becomes the maximum a kind of mode of popularizing area in the current soilless culture, and the substrate culture of Holland accounts for more than 90% of soilless culture area, and France accounts for 81%, and Canada accounts for 80%, and Belgium accounts for more than 50%.
Along with people's is to the pay attention to day by day of food security, and organic farming is flourish in countries in the world, and by the end of the year 2002, global organic arable area has surpassed 2,100 ten thousand hm
2China's organic farming is started late compared with developed countries, but development rapidly, and cultivated area leaps to the second place of the world.But organic farming production needs a whole set of to be different from conventional production technology, especially hothouse production, is faced with many difficult problems such as the extermination of disease and insect pest, improvement of soil fertility, breed breeding, product quality and productivity effect.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, the objective of the invention is to be directed against the deficiency that prior art is not intactly cultivated the organic crops cultivation method, the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of a kind of organic tomato is provided; This method can be planted organic tomato well; Product quality is high, and output is high, and prevention and elimination of disease and pests effectively; Residue of pesticide are few, and heavy metal ion contents such as mercury, cadmium are low.
To above-mentioned purpose, technical scheme provided by the invention is following:
On the one hand; The present invention provides the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of a kind of organic tomato; Comprise the preparation of organic liquid fertilizer, the preparation of organic solid fertilizer; The cultivation of tomato seedling is colonizated in the tomato seedling that cultivates in the cultivation bag, and the tomato seedling with field planting carries out the cultivation management and the extermination of disease and insect pest then.
Preferably, the preparation of said organic liquid fertilizer comprises the activation of ferment bacterium and the enlarged culture of ferment bacterium.
Preferably, the activation of said ferment bacterium may further comprise the steps: each raw material that takes by weighing following parts by weight: 15 ~ 30 parts in 800 ~ 1500 parts in water, 15 ~ 30 parts in brown sugar, 15 ~ 30 parts in rice bran, ferment bacterium and 1.5 ~ 3 parts of chitins, mix after fermentation with it and become zymotic fluid.
Preferably, take by weighing each raw material of following parts by weight: 2 parts of 1000 parts in water, 20 parts in brown sugar, 20 parts in rice bran, 20 parts of ferment bacterium and chitins.
Preferably, fermented 3 ~ 7 days, inflated every day 5 ~ 10 minutes.
Preferably; The enlarged culture of said ferment bacterium may further comprise the steps: each raw material that takes by weighing following parts by weight: 15 ~ 20 parts in 15 ~ 20 parts in brown sugar, 15 ~ 20 parts of fish meal, 15 ~ 20 parts in rice bran, 15 ~ 20 parts of ferment bacterium, milk and 2 ~ 6 parts of algae essences; Add in the said zymotic fluid, ferment.
Preferably, take by weighing each raw material of following parts by weight: 4 parts of 20 parts in brown sugar, 20 parts of fish meal, 20 parts in rice bran, 20 parts of ferment bacterium, 20 parts in milk and algae essences.
Preferably, fermented 7 ~ 14 days, inflated every day 5 ~ 10 minutes, obtain organic liquid fertilizer, again the organic liquid fertilizer sealing that obtains is preserved, subsequent use.
Preferably; Making of said organic solid fertilizer may further comprise the steps: each raw material that takes by weighing following parts by weight: behind 30 ~ 70 parts on 150 ~ 300 parts in 200 ~ 300 parts of big dregs of beans, rice bran, the crab shell and 30 ~ 70 parts of mixing of dolomite dust of 2200 ~ 300 parts of fish meal, 180 ~ 220 parts of bone meal, drying, obtain mixed material, more said organic liquid fertilizer is added in the said mixed material; Obtain matrix; Again water is added in the said matrix and obtain mixed-matrix,, promptly get its fermentation.
Preferably, take by weighing each raw material of following parts by weight: 50 parts of 50 parts on 200 parts in 250 parts of big dregs of beans, rice bran, the crab shell of 250 parts of fish meal, 200 parts of bone meal, drying and dolomite dusts.
Preferably, the weight ratio of said organic liquid fertilizer and mixed material is 25: 1000.
Preferably, contain percentage by weight in the said mixed-matrix and be 40% ~ 60% water, more preferably, contain percentage by weight in the said mixed-matrix and be 50% water.
Preferably; The cultivation of said tomato seedling may further comprise the steps: with the seed disinfection vernalization of choosing; Seed after the vernalization is transplanted in the hole, cave of the cave dish that cultivation matrix is housed, is carried out seedling management by the seedling management technology of routine again, to the long 1 ~ 2mm of the bud of tomato seedling.
Preferably, said seed disinfection vernalization comprises that first water disinfects, and again with behind the emerge in worm water, places vernalization in the germinating box.
Preferably, with the seed disinfection of choosing, put into the sterilization in 15 ~ 20 minutes of soaking seed of 50 ~ 55 ℃ water, the seed after will sterilizing again is with 30 ℃ of emerge in worm water 8 ~ 12 hours, and the seed after will soaking then is placed on vernalization in 30 ℃ the germinating box.
More preferably, with the seed disinfection of choosing, put into 50 ℃ water and soak seed.
Preferably, in the said hole, cave of seed after the vernalization being transplanted to the cave dish that cultivation matrix is housed, specifically may further comprise the steps:
Seed after the vernalization is placed in the hole, cave of the cave dish that cultivation matrix is housed, covers with turfy soil, spray with Trichoderma harzianum solution then, water permeablely, coil in the cave that obtains after planting.
Preferably, Trichoderma harzianum solution is dilution 3000 volumes Trichoderma harzianum solution doubly.
More preferably, said cave is coiled in the greenhouse by solar heat and is coiled with 72 holes.
Preferably, said cultivation matrix is the cultivation matrix that every cubic metre of peat composed of rotten mosses is added with the described organic solid fertilizer of 1kg.
Preferably, the seedling management technology of said routine may further comprise the steps: maximum temperature remains on 28 ~ 30 ℃ daytime in the greenhouse, and night, the minimum air temperature remained on 12 ~ 13 ℃, watered primary water in per 2 ~ 3 days, until tomato seedling length to 3 ~ 4 leaf.
Preferably, two-layer peat composed of rotten mosses soil layer is housed in the said cultivation bag, in the said two-layer peat composed of rotten mosses soil layer fertilizer layer is housed, said fertilizer layer contains said organic solid fertilizer, organic mineralising phosphate fertilizer and organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium.
Preferably, said fertilizer layer contains each raw material of following parts by weight: 10 parts of 500 parts in said organic solid fertilizer, 10 parts in organic mineralising phosphate fertilizer and organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesiums.
Preferably, the turfy soil bed thickness 10 ~ 15cm of said lower floor, the turfy soil bed thickness 10cm of said lower floor; Preferably, each cultivation bag field planting 2 strain tomato seedling, preferably, the planting density of said tomato seedling be 4 ~ 6 strains/square metre, more preferably, said cultivation bag places on the cultivating stand of 20 ~ 30cm.
Preferably, the turfy soil bed thickness 15cm of said lower floor, preferably, the planting density of said tomato seedling be 4 strains/square metre, preferably, said cultivation bag places on the cultivating stand of 25cm.
Preferably, said cultivation management is logical may further comprise the steps: the tomato seedling of field planting is carried out root irrigation and foliage-spray.
Preferably, said root is irrigated and is comprised: use seedling stage dilution 300 volumes said organic liquid fertilizer doubly to carry out root in 1 time/15 days and irrigate, irrigate dilution 300 volumes said organic liquid fertilizer 800kg ~ 1500kg doubly for every mu; The phase of yielding positive results uses the first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor to carry out root in 1 time/7 days and irrigates, and irrigates the said first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor of 800kg ~ 1500kg for every mu; It is that 1/100 said organic liquid fertilizer, w/v are that 1/1000 humic acid potassium and w/v are 1/1000 chitin that the said first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor contains volume ratio.
Preferably, said foliage-spray comprises and sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with the second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor seedling stage that every mu sprays the said second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor of 30 ~ 60kg; The phase of bearing fruit sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with organic calcium fertilizer solution, and every mu sprays the said organic calcium fertilizer solution of 30 ~ 60kg; Fruit expanding period sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with humic acid potassium solution, and every mu sprays the said humic acid potassium solution of 30 ~ 60kg; It is that 1/500 said organic liquid fertilizer, w/v are that 1/1500 organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium and w/v are 1/1500 organic calcium fertilizer that the said second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor contains volume ratio; Preferably, said organic calcium fertilizer solution is 1/1000 organic calcium fertilizer solution for w/v content; More preferably, said humic acid potassium solution is 1/1000 humic acid potassium solution for w/v content.
Preferably, said cultivation management is further comprising the steps of: the greenhouse that the tomato seedling of said field planting is placed, and daytime, the maximum air temperature was no more than 35 ℃; Preferably, day temperature is controlled at 28 ~ 30 ℃, and nocturnal temperature remains on 10 ~ 13 ℃; Preferably, nocturnal temperature remains on 12 ~ 13 ℃.
Preferably, the said extermination of disease and insect pest may further comprise the steps:
After the field planting 30 days, 15 ~ 60kg agricultural chemicals is executed for every mu in every interval 7 ~ 10 days; And the adjacent agricultural chemicals that sprays for twice is different; Control graw mold of tomato and/or powdery mildew, preferably, said agricultural chemicals be selected from doubly sulphur suspension of doubly sugar-vinegar liquid solution of dilution 100 volumes, dilution 800 volumes, dilution 200 volumes doubly 4% aqua pesticide corrosion 120 solution and dilute 300 volumes Trichoderma harzianum solution doubly; Preferably, execute the 30kg agricultural chemicals for every mu; Or
After the field planting 15 ~ 20 days; Every interval 7 ~ 10 days; Every mu execute 15 ~ 60kg dilute 1000 volumes doubly contain the solution that volume ratio is the nimbin emulsion of 1% matrine and 1%; Anti-eliminating aphis and/or trialeurodes vaporariorum, preferably, every mu execute 30kg dilute 1000 volumes doubly contain the solution that volume ratio is the nimbin emulsion of 1% matrine and 1%.
Method of the present invention can be planted organic tomato well; Product quality is high, and prevention and elimination of disease and pests effectively, as through 4 ~ 6 strains/square metre planting density; Help workman's work, circulation of air and fall wet; Fall wet creating conditions for forced ventilation, crop receives optical condition good, and favourable plant growth is sane; The various trace elements of long-term use can be cultivated healthy plant, strengthen the disease resistance of plant self; Effectively prevent and treat graw mold of tomato, powdery mildew, early blight, late blight, bacterial wilt, fusarium wilt and damage by disease and insect such as aphid, trialeurodes vaporariorum, and take all factors into consideration the plantation weather, carried out reasonably field management; Organic tomato of adopting modern ferment technology under the situation of not using chemosynthesis fertilizer, to produce; Heavy metal such as mercury, cadmium is less than standard index; Even can't detect; Pol reaches 12 ~ 14 degree, and every square metre of output reaches more than the 30kg, is higher than output and the pol of the tomato of general planting method far away.
Embodiment
Unless specifically stated otherwise, ferment bacterium used in following examples is available from sun field, Taiwan bio tech ltd, and Trichoderma harzianum is available from U.S. Bai Wo limited company; Organic mineralising phosphate fertilizer, organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium are all available from sun field, Taiwan bio tech ltd; 1% matrine, 1% nimbin emulsion are available from the Luxi City Guangming Yinlian Industry Development Co., Ltd, Yunnan Province.
Unless specifically stated otherwise; Humic acid potassium used in following examples is available from the biochemical group of Hebei ten thousand states; Sugar-vinegar liquid is available from sun field, Taiwan bio tech ltd; 50% sulphur suspension is available from Hebei Shuangji chemical limited company, and 4% aqua pesticide corrosion 120 is available from Jiangsu bigization (group) the chemical industry Co., Ltd that makes the country prosperous.
Unless specifically stated otherwise, tomato seeds used in following examples is cooperation 918 pink tomatoes, available from the long kind of tomato seeds Co., Ltd in Shanghai tomato research institute Shanghai.
Unless specifically stated otherwise, organic calcium fertilizer used in following examples makes through following method: pulverize after cleaning cool the solarization to 6 ~ 7 egg shells, fry with pot, put into the 1kg rice vinegar, soaked 2 ~ 3 days, produce bubble, just can use.
The planting environment of selected Beijing suburb is arranged three plastic tunnel greenhouse by solar heats, carries out the no earth bag formula cultivation of organic tomato respectively by described kind of method for planting of following examples and condition.
Embodiment 1
One, the preparation of organic liquid fertilizer
Ferment is produced the method for organic liquid fertilizer, comprises the steps:
(1) ferment bacterium activates: according to 1000kg water, and 20kg brown sugar, the 20kg rice bran, the 20kg ferment bacterium, the mixed of 2kg chitin was fermented 3 days, adopted air-pump inflating every day 5 minutes;
(2) ferment bacterium enlarged culture: ferment bacterium is added brown sugar 20kg, fish meal 20kg after activating again; Rice bran 20kg, 20kg ferment bacterium, milk 20kg; Algae essence 6kg fermented 7 days, inflated every day 5 minutes; Be filled to the organic nutrient solution for cultivating that ferments in the Plastic Drum about 30kg, sealing is preserved, in order to using.
Two, the preparation of organic solid fertilizer
The step that ferment is produced solid fertilizer is following: fish meal 250kg, bone meal 200kg, (doing) big dregs of beans 250kg, rice bran 200kg; Crab shell 50kg; The mixed of dolomite dust 50kg; 25 kilograms of the organic liquid fertilizers that per 1000 kilograms of interpolation embodiment 1 ferment, water supply in media about 50% fermentations 7 days just can be used.
Three, the cultivation of tomato seedling
1. coil in seedling medium and cave
In greenhouse by solar heat, adopt 72 hole standard point disk seedling growings, cultivation matrix is that every cubic metre of peat composed of rotten mosses adds the 1kg organic solid fertilizer that step 2 makes, and fills the cave dish to the matrix that mixes.
2. presoaking and germinating
Before the sowing, adopt 50 ~ 55 ℃ of water seed soakings 15 minutes sterilization, with 30 ℃ of emerge in worm water 8 hours, be placed on 30 ℃ the interior vernalization of germinating box then, every day with warm water washing once.
3. sowing
About the dish dark 5mm in cave of cave, be placed into the tomato seeds of the long 1 ~ 2mm of bud in the cave of cave dish, 1 in every cave covers with thinner turfy soil, adopts dilution 3000 volumes Trichoderma harzianum solution doubly to spray then, waters permeable.
4. seedling management
Maximum temperature remains on 28 ~ 30 ℃ daytime in the greenhouse, and night, the minimum air temperature remained on 12 ~ 13 ℃, waters primary water in per 2 ~ 3 days, and is long to 3 ~ 4 leaves until tomato.
Four, the field planting of tomato seedling
1. the use of the preparation of cultivation bag and mineral slow release fertilizer
Every bag of field planting of cultivation bag 2 strain tomatoes, the planting density of said tomato seedling be 6 strains/square metre, the long 40cm of cultivation bag, wide 30cm, dark 25cm, said cultivation bag places on the cultivating stand of 20cm.At first load the thick turfy soil of 15cm in the bag, add fermenting solid fertilizer 500g in the step 2 then, organic mineralising phosphate fertilizer 10g, organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium 10g adds a cover the thick turfy soil in the 10cm left and right sides after again, after watering 1 ~ 2 day, gets final product field planting.
2. the use of organic nutrition liquid fertilizer and trace element
Root is irrigated, and per 15 days of seedling stage was irrigated organic liquid fertilizer once, and using dilution volume multiple is 300 times, every mu of organic liquid fertilizer 1000kg that irrigates after the dilution; The phase of yielding positive results irrigated 1 time with the first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor in per 7 days; It is 1/100 organic liquid fertilizer that the said first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor contains volume percent content; And the interpolation w/v is 1/1000 humic acid potassium; W/v is 1/1000 chitin, irrigates the 1000kg first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor for every mu.
Foliage-spray; Spray with the second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor seedling stage; Per 7 days once; It is that 1/500 said organic liquid fertilizer, w/v are that 1/1500 organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium and volume ratio are 1/1500 organic calcium fertilizer solution that the said second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor contains volume ratio, and every mu sprays the 45kg second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor; The phase of bearing fruit sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with organic calcium fertilizer solution, and every mu sprays 45kg organic calcium fertilizer solution, and said organic calcium fertilizer solution is 1/1000 organic calcium fertilizer solution for w/v content; Fruit expanding period sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with humic acid potassium solution, and every mu sprays 45kg humic acid potassium solution, and said humic acid potassium solution is 1/1000 humic acid potassium solution for w/v content.
Take all factors into consideration the light, the thermal property that connect a plastic green house; In conjunction with the Beijing area weather conditions, rationally arrange crops for rotation, purify and isolate planting environment, select disease-resistant variety for use; Multiple measure control such as use biopesticide and microbial bacterial agent damage by disease and insect takes place and spreads, and major measure is following:
Five, the control of damage by disease and insect
Take all factors into consideration the light, the thermal property that connect a plastic green house, in conjunction with the Beijing area weather conditions, rationally arrange crops for rotation, purify and isolate planting environment, carry out the control of damage by disease and insect by following condition.
1. use fly net and isolate the worm source
Ventilations place such as skylight, greenhouse, blower ventilation mouth, cascade all add fly net, stop insect to get into.
2. purify the cultivating facility environment
All will keep environment clean and tidy during the whole process of cultivation, ground, greenhouse all uses black ground cloth to cover, and effective and soil is isolated, and reduces cause of disease cardinal sum disease and infects.Timely arrangement health behind the labor operation keeps in the ranks, clean and tidy on the aisle.
3. damage by disease and insect generative center control technology
Utilize the strict control of high-performance bio agricultural chemicals damage by disease and insect generative center, remove disease plant or blade, eliminate at the spot film stage of development.
4. the use of biopesticide such as sugar-vinegar liquid
After the field planting 30 days; Every interval 7 ~ 10 days; Execute the 15kg agricultural chemicals for every mu; And the adjacent agricultural chemicals that sprays for twice is different, and said agricultural chemicals is diseases such as doubly Trichoderma harzianum liquid control graw mold of tomato of doubly 4% aqua pesticide corrosion 120 of doubly sulphur suspension of doubly sugar-vinegar liquid of dilution 100 volumes, dilution 800 volumes, dilution 200 volumes, dilution 300 volumes, powdery mildew; When finding that there are a small amount of trialeurodes vaporariorum and aphid in the greenhouse, at yellow plate of the per two meters suspensions of cultivating stand, and every mu spray the solution that volume ratio is the nimbin emulsion of 1% matrine and 1% that contains that 15kg dilutes 1000 volumes times, in case eliminate aphis and trialeurodes vaporariorum.
According to statistics, a kind of tomato yield of planting of embodiment is 20 tons every mu.
Embodiment 2
One, the preparation of organic liquid fertilizer
Ferment is produced the method for organic liquid fertilizer, comprises the steps:
(1) ferment bacterium activates: according to 800kg water, and 15kg brown sugar, the 15kg rice bran, the 15kg ferment bacterium, the mixed of 1.5kg chitin was fermented 5 days, adopted air-pump inflating every day 8 minutes;
(2) ferment bacterium enlarged culture: ferment bacterium is added brown sugar 18kg, fish meal 18kg after activating again; Rice bran 18kg, 18kg ferment bacterium, milk 18kg; Algae essence 4kg fermented 14 days, inflated every day 8 minutes; Be filled to the organic nutrient solution for cultivating that ferments in the Plastic Drum about 30kg, sealing is preserved, in order to using.
Two, the preparation of organic solid fertilizer
The step that ferment is produced solid fertilizer is following: fish meal 250kg, bone meal 200kg, (doing) big dregs of beans 250kg, rice bran 200kg; Crab shell 50kg; The mixed of dolomite dust 50kg; 25 kilograms of per 1000 kilograms of organic liquid fertilizers that add to ferment in the step 1, water supply in media about 50% fermentations 10 days just can be used.
Three, the cultivation of tomato seedling
1. coil in seedling medium and cave
In greenhouse by solar heat, adopt 72 hole standard point disk seedling growings, cultivation matrix is that every cubic metre of peat composed of rotten mosses adds the organic solid fertilizer that makes in the 1kg step 2, fills the cave dish to the matrix that mixes.
2. presoaking and germinating
Before the sowing, adopt 50 ~ 55 ℃ of water seed soakings 18 minutes sterilization, with 30 ℃ of emerge in worm water 10 hours, be placed on 30 ℃ the interior vernalization of germinating box then, every day with warm water washing once.
3. sowing
About the dish dark 5mm in cave of cave, be placed into the tomato seeds of the long 1 ~ 2mm of bud in the cave of cave dish, 1 in every cave covers with thinner turfy soil, adopts dilution 3000 volumes Trichoderma harzianum solution doubly to spray then, waters permeable.
4. seedling management
Maximum temperature remains on 28 ~ 30 ℃ daytime in the greenhouse, and night, the minimum air temperature remained on 12 ~ 13 ℃, waters primary water in per 2 ~ 3 days, and is long to 3 ~ 4 leaves until tomato.
Four, the field planting of tomato seedling
1. the use of the preparation of cultivation bag and mineral slow release fertilizer
Every bag of field planting of cultivation bag 2 strain tomatoes, the planting density of said tomato seedling be 4 strains/square metre, the long 40cm of cultivation bag, wide 30cm, dark 25cm, said cultivation bag places on the cultivating stand of 25cm.At first load the thick turfy soil of 10cm in the bag, add fermenting solid fertilizer 500g in the step 2 then, organic mineralising phosphate fertilizer 10g, organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium 10g adds a cover the thick turfy soil in the 10cm left and right sides after again, after watering 1 ~ 2 day, gets final product field planting.
2. the use of organic nutrition liquid fertilizer and trace element
Root is irrigated, and per 15 days of seedling stage was irrigated organic liquid fertilizer once, and using dilution volume multiple is 300 times, every mu of organic liquid fertilizer 800kg that irrigates after the dilution; The phase of yielding positive results irrigated 1 time with the first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor in per 7 days; It is 1/100 organic liquid fertilizer that the said first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor contains volume percent content; And the interpolation weight percent content is 1/1000 potassium humate; Weight percent content is 1/1000 chitin, irrigates 1000kg for every mu.
Foliage-spray; Spray with the second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor seedling stage; Per 7 days once; It is that 1/500 said organic liquid fertilizer, w/v are that 1/1500 organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium and volume ratio are 1/1500 organic calcium fertilizer solution that the said second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor contains volume ratio, and every mu sprays the said second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor 45kg; The phase of bearing fruit sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with organic calcium fertilizer solution, and every mu sprays 45kg organic calcium fertilizer solution, and said organic calcium fertilizer solution is 1/1000 organic calcium fertilizer solution for w/v content; Fruit expanding period sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with humic acid potassium solution, and every mu sprays 45kg humic acid potassium solution, and said humic acid potassium solution is 1/1000 humic acid potassium solution for w/v content.
Five, the control of damage by disease and insect
Take all factors into consideration the light, the thermal property that connect a plastic green house, in conjunction with the Beijing area weather conditions, rationally arrange crops for rotation, purify and isolate planting environment, carry out the control of damage by disease and insect by following condition.
1. use fly net and isolate the worm source
Ventilations place such as skylight, greenhouse, blower ventilation mouth, cascade all add fly net, stop insect to get into.
2. purify the cultivating facility environment
All will keep environment clean and tidy during the whole process of cultivation, ground, greenhouse all uses black ground cloth to cover, and effective and soil is isolated, and reduces cause of disease cardinal sum disease and infects.Timely arrangement health behind the labor operation keeps in the ranks, clean and tidy on the aisle.
3. damage by disease and insect generative center control technology
Utilize the strict control of high-performance bio agricultural chemicals damage by disease and insect generative center, remove disease plant or blade, eliminate at the spot film stage of development.
4. the use of biopesticide such as sugar-vinegar liquid
After the field planting 30 days; Every interval 7 ~ 10 days; Execute the 30kg agricultural chemicals for every mu; And the adjacent agricultural chemicals that sprays for twice is different, and said agricultural chemicals is diseases such as doubly Trichoderma harzianum control graw mold of tomato of doubly 4% aqua pesticide corrosion 120 of doubly sulphur suspension of doubly sugar-vinegar liquid of dilution 100 volumes, dilution 800 volumes, dilution 200 volumes, dilution 300 volumes, powdery mildew; When finding that there are a small amount of trialeurodes vaporariorum and aphid in the greenhouse, at yellow plate of the per two meters suspensions of cultivating stand, and every mu spray the solution that volume ratio is the nimbin emulsion of 1% matrine and 1% that contains that 30kg dilutes 1000 volumes times, in case eliminate aphis and trialeurodes vaporariorum.
According to statistics, 2 kinds of tomato yields of planting of embodiment are 19 tons every mu.
Embodiment 3
One, the preparation of organic liquid fertilizer
Ferment is produced the method for organic liquid fertilizer, comprises the steps:
(1) ferment bacterium activates: according to 1500kg water, and 20kg brown sugar, the 20kg rice bran, the 20kg ferment bacterium, the mixed of 3kg chitin was fermented 7 days, adopted air-pump inflating every day 10 minutes;
(2) ferment bacterium enlarged culture: ferment bacterium is added brown sugar 15kg, fish meal 15kg after activating again; Rice bran 15kg, 15kg ferment bacterium, milk 15kg; Algae essence 2kg fermented 10 days, inflated every day 8 minutes; Be filled to the organic nutrient solution for cultivating that ferments in the Plastic Drum about 30kg, sealing is preserved, in order to using.
Two, the preparation of organic solid fertilizer
The step that ferment is produced solid fertilizer is following: fish meal 250kg, bone meal 200kg, (doing) big dregs of beans 250kg, rice bran 200kg; Crab shell 50kg; The mixed of dolomite dust 50kg; 25 kilograms of per 1000 kilograms of organic liquid fertilizers that add to ferment in the step 1, water supply in media about 50% fermentations 10 days just can be used.
Three, the cultivation of tomato seedling
1. coil in seedling medium and cave
In greenhouse by solar heat, adopt 72 hole standard point disk seedling growings, cultivation matrix is that every cubic metre of peat composed of rotten mosses adds the organic solid fertilizer that makes in the 1kg step 2, fills the cave dish to the matrix that mixes.
2. presoaking and germinating
Before the sowing, adopt 50 ~ 55 ℃ of water seed soakings 20 minutes sterilization, with 30 ℃ of emerge in worm water 12 hours, be placed on 30 ℃ the interior vernalization of germinating box then, every day with warm water washing once.
3. sowing
About the dish dark 5mm in cave of cave, be placed into the tomato seeds of the long 1 ~ 2mm of bud in the cave of cave dish, 1 in every cave covers with thinner turfy soil, adopts dilution 3000 volumes Trichoderma harzianum solution doubly to spray then, waters permeable.
4. maximum temperature remains on 28 ~ 30 ℃ daytime in the seedling management greenhouse, and night, the minimum air temperature remained on 12 ~ 13 ℃, waters primary water in per 2 ~ 3 days, and is long to 3 ~ 4 leaves until tomato.
Four, the field planting of tomato seedling
1. the use of the preparation of cultivation bag and mineral slow release fertilizer
Every bag of field planting of cultivation bag 2 strain tomatoes, the planting density of said tomato seedling be 5 strains/square metre, the long 40cm of cultivation bag, wide 30cm, dark 25cm, said cultivation bag places on the cultivating stand of 30cm.At first load the thick turfy soil of 15cm in the bag, add fermenting solid fertilizer 500g in the step 2 then, organic mineralising phosphate fertilizer 10g, organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium 10g adds a cover the thick turfy soil in the 10cm left and right sides after again, after watering 1 ~ 2 day, gets final product field planting.
2. the use of organic nutrition liquid fertilizer and trace element
Root is irrigated, and per 15 days of seedling stage was irrigated organic liquid fertilizer once, and using dilution volume multiple is 300 times, every mu of organic liquid fertilizer 800kg that irrigates after the dilution; The phase of yielding positive results irrigated 1 time with the first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor in per 7 days, irrigated the 1000kg first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor for every mu; It is 1/100 organic liquid fertilizer that the said first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor contains volume percent content, and to add weight percent content be 1/1000 potassium humate, and weight percent content is 1/1000 chitin.
Foliage-spray; Spray with the second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor seedling stage; Per 7 days once; It is that 1/500 said organic liquid fertilizer, w/v are that 1/1500 organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium and volume ratio are 1/1500 organic calcium fertilizer solution that the said second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor contains volume ratio, and every mu sprays the 45kg second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor; The phase of bearing fruit sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with organic calcium fertilizer solution, and every mu sprays 45kg organic calcium fertilizer solution, and said organic calcium fertilizer solution is 1/1000 organic calcium fertilizer solution for w/v content; Fruit expanding period sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with humic acid potassium solution, and every mu sprays 45kg humic acid potassium solution, and said humic acid potassium solution is 1/1000 humic acid potassium solution for w/v content.
Five, the control of damage by disease and insect
Take all factors into consideration the light, the thermal property that connect a plastic green house, in conjunction with the Beijing area weather conditions, rationally arrange crops for rotation, purify and isolate planting environment, carry out the control of damage by disease and insect by following condition.
1. use fly net and isolate the worm source
Ventilations place such as skylight, greenhouse, blower ventilation mouth, cascade all add fly net, stop insect to get into.
2. purify the cultivating facility environment
All will keep environment clean and tidy during the whole process of cultivation, ground, greenhouse all uses black ground cloth to cover, and effective and soil is isolated, and reduces cause of disease cardinal sum disease and infects.Timely arrangement health behind the labor operation keeps in the ranks, clean and tidy on the aisle.
3. damage by disease and insect generative center control technology
Utilize the strict control of high-performance bio agricultural chemicals damage by disease and insect generative center, remove disease plant or blade, eliminate at the spot film stage of development.
4. the use of biopesticide such as sugar-vinegar liquid
After the field planting 30 days; Every interval 7 ~ 10 days; Execute the 60kg agricultural chemicals for every mu; And the adjacent agricultural chemicals that sprays for twice is different, and said agricultural chemicals is diseases such as doubly Trichoderma harzianum control graw mold of tomato of doubly 4% aqua pesticide corrosion 120 of doubly sulphur suspension of doubly sugar-vinegar liquid of dilution 100 volumes, dilution 800 volumes, dilution 200 volumes, dilution 300 volumes, powdery mildew; When finding that there are a small amount of trialeurodes vaporariorum and aphid in the greenhouse, at yellow plate of the per two meters suspensions of cultivating stand, and every mu spray the solution that volume ratio is the nimbin emulsion of 1% matrine and 1% that contains that 60kg dilutes 1000 volumes times, in case eliminate aphis and trialeurodes vaporariorum.
According to statistics, 3 kinds of tomato yields of planting of embodiment are 21 tons every mu.
Embodiment 4 no earth bag formula high-yield planting methods of the present invention and the plantation of conventional cultivation method
The contrast of tomato
Adopt 2-6 chlorophenol buttocks phenol determination method to measure the vc content (People's Republic of China's standard in the tomato; The assay method GB/T12392-90 of total ascorbic acid in vegetable and fruit and the goods thereof) measures the Vc content of the a kind of tomato planted of the embodiment of the invention and commercially available tomato; Dry matter is measured in the oven dry back; Use the refractive power saccharous detector to measure the tomato pol, the result is shown in below table 1:
The tomato of table 1 planting type plantation of the present invention and the Tomato Quality contrast of conventional method plantation (each greenhouse by solar heat of above embodiment is got four tamato fruits, and mixed sampling is measured, triplicate)
The agricultural residual inspection of the tomato of embodiment 5 no earth bag formula high-yield planting method plantations of the present invention
Survey
According toGB2762-2005 " pollutant is limited the quantity of in the food " and GB2762-2005 " agricultural chemicals MRL in the food ", the tomato that the embodiment of the invention 2 is made detects, and the result is shown in below table 2:
Testing result of 2 kinds of tomatoes of planting of table 2 embodiment and corresponding index
Thereby the tomato yield of the cultivation method of organic tomato of the present invention is high, and pol is high, and it is few to contain residue of pesticide, and the content of heavy metal ion is extremely low, has to promote benefit well.
Claims (14)
1. the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of an organic tomato; Comprise the preparation of organic liquid fertilizer, the preparation of organic solid fertilizer; The cultivation of tomato seedling is colonizated in the tomato seedling that cultivates in the cultivation bag, and the tomato seedling with field planting carries out the cultivation management and the extermination of disease and insect pest then.
2. the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of organic tomato according to claim 1 is characterized in that the preparation of said organic liquid fertilizer comprises the activation of ferment bacterium and the enlarged culture of ferment bacterium.
3. the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of organic tomato according to claim 2; It is characterized in that; The activation of said ferment bacterium may further comprise the steps: each raw material that takes by weighing following parts by weight: 15 ~ 30 parts in 800 ~ 1500 parts in water, 15 ~ 30 parts in brown sugar, 15 ~ 30 parts in rice bran, ferment bacterium and 1.5 ~ 3 parts of chitins, mix after fermentation with it and become zymotic fluid;
Preferably, take by weighing each raw material of following parts by weight: 2 parts of 1000 parts in water, 20 parts in brown sugar, 20 parts in rice bran, 20 parts of ferment bacterium and chitins;
Preferably, fermented 3 ~ 7 days, inflated every day 5 ~ 10 minutes.
4. the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of organic tomato according to claim 2; It is characterized in that; The enlarged culture of said ferment bacterium may further comprise the steps: each raw material that takes by weighing following parts by weight: 15 ~ 20 parts in 15 ~ 20 parts in brown sugar, 15 ~ 20 parts of fish meal, 15 ~ 20 parts in rice bran, 15 ~ 20 parts of ferment bacterium, milk and 2 ~ 6 parts of algae essences; Add in the said zymotic fluid, ferment;
Preferably, take by weighing each raw material of following parts by weight: 4 parts of 20 parts in brown sugar, 20 parts of fish meal, 20 parts in rice bran, 20 parts of ferment bacterium, 20 parts in milk and algae essences;
More preferably, fermented 7 ~ 14 days, inflated every day 5 ~ 10 minutes, obtain organic liquid fertilizer, again the organic liquid fertilizer sealing that obtains is preserved, subsequent use.
5. according to the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of each described organic tomato in the claim 1 to 4; It is characterized in that; The preparation of said organic solid fertilizer may further comprise the steps: each raw material that takes by weighing following parts by weight: after 200 ~ 300 parts of fish meal, 180 ~ 220 parts of bone meal, 200 ~ 300 parts of big dregs of beans, 150 ~ 300 parts in rice bran, 30 ~ 70 parts on crab shell and 30 ~ 70 parts of mixing of dolomite dust; Obtain mixed material, more said organic liquid fertilizer is added in the said mixed material, obtain matrix; Again water is added in the said matrix and obtain mixed-matrix,, preferably, contain percentage by weight in the said mixed-matrix and be 40% ~ 60% water, preferably, contain percentage by weight in the said mixed-matrix and be 50% water, promptly get its fermentation;
Preferably, take by weighing each raw material of following parts by weight: 50 parts of 250 parts of fish meal, 200 parts of bone meal, 250 parts of big dregs of beans, 200 parts in rice bran, 50 parts on crab shell and dolomite dusts; Preferably, the weight ratio of said organic liquid fertilizer and mixed material is 25: 1000.
6. according to the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of each described organic tomato in the claim 1 to 5; It is characterized in that; The cultivation of said tomato seedling may further comprise the steps: with the seed disinfection vernalization of choosing; Seed after the vernalization is transplanted in the hole, cave of the cave dish that cultivation matrix is housed, is carried out seedling management by the seedling management technology of routine again, to the long 1 ~ 2mm of the bud of tomato seedling.
7. the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of organic tomato according to claim 6 is characterized in that said seed disinfection vernalization may further comprise the steps: first water is disinfected, and again with behind the emerge in worm water, places vernalization in the germinating box;
Preferably, with the seed disinfection of choosing, put into the sterilization in 15 ~ 20 minutes of soaking seed of 50 ~ 55 ℃ water, the seed after will sterilizing again is with 30 ℃ of emerge in worm water 8 ~ 12 hours, and the seed after will soaking then is placed on vernalization in 30 ℃ the germinating box;
More preferably, with the seed disinfection of choosing, put into 50 ℃ water and soak seed.
8. according to the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of claim 6 or 7 described organic tomatoes, it is characterized in that: in the said hole, cave of seed after the vernalization being transplanted to the cave dish that cultivation matrix is housed, specifically may further comprise the steps:
Seed after the vernalization is placed in the hole, cave of the cave dish that cultivation matrix is housed, covers with turfy soil, spray with Trichoderma harzianum solution then, water permeablely, coil in the cave that obtains after planting;
Preferably, Trichoderma harzianum solution is dilution 3000 volumes Trichoderma harzianum solution doubly;
More preferably, said cave is coiled in the greenhouse by solar heat and is coiled with 72 holes.
9. according to the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of claim 6 or 8 described organic tomatoes, it is characterized in that: said cultivation matrix is the cultivation matrix that every cubic metre of peat composed of rotten mosses is added with the said organic solid fertilizer of 1kg.
10. according to the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of each described organic tomato in the claim 6 to 9; It is characterized in that; The seedling management technology of said routine may further comprise the steps: maximum temperature remains on 28 ~ 30 ℃ daytime in the greenhouse; Night, the minimum air temperature remained on 12 ~ 13 ℃, watered primary water in per 2 ~ 3 days, until tomato seedling length to 3 ~ 4 leaf.
11. no earth bag formula high-yield planting method according to each described organic tomato in the claim 1 to 10; It is characterized in that: two-layer peat composed of rotten mosses soil layer is housed in the said cultivation bag; In the said two-layer peat composed of rotten mosses soil layer fertilizer layer is housed, said fertilizer layer contains said organic solid fertilizer, organic mineralising phosphate fertilizer and organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium;
Preferably, said fertilizer layer contains each raw material of following parts by weight: 10 parts of 500 parts in said organic solid fertilizer, 10 parts in organic mineralising phosphate fertilizer and organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesiums;
More preferably, the turfy soil bed thickness 10 ~ 15cm of said lower floor, the turfy soil bed thickness 10cm of said lower floor; Preferably, each cultivation bag field planting 2 strain tomato seedling, preferably, the planting density of said tomato seedling be 4 ~ 6 strains/square metre, more preferably, said cultivation bag places on the cultivating stand of 20 ~ 30cm;
Most preferably, the turfy soil bed thickness 15cm of said lower floor, preferably the planting density of said tomato seedling be 4 strains/square metre, preferably, said cultivation bag places on the cultivating stand of 25cm.
12. the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method according to each described organic tomato in the claim 1 to 11 is characterized in that, said cultivation management is logical to be may further comprise the steps: irrigate and foliage-spray carrying out root after the field planting; Preferably; Said root is irrigated and is comprised: use seedling stage dilution 300 volumes said organic liquid fertilizer doubly to carry out root in 1 time/15 days and irrigate; Irrigate 800-1500kg for every mu and dilute 300 volumes said organic liquid fertilizer doubly; The phase of yielding positive results uses the first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor to carry out root in 1 time/7 days and irrigates; Irrigate the said first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor of 800-1500kg for every mu, it is that 1/100 said organic liquid fertilizer, w/v are that 1/1000 humic acid potassium and w/v are 1/1000 chitin that the said first organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor contains volume ratio;
Preferably, said foliage-spray comprises and sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with the second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor seedling stage that every mu sprays the said second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor of 30-60kg; The phase of bearing fruit sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with organic calcium fertilizer solution, and every mu sprays the said organic calcium fertilizer solution of 30-60kg; Fruit expanding period sprayed the tomato leaf in 1 time/7 days with humic acid potassium solution, and every mu sprays the said humic acid potassium solution of 30-60kg; It is that 0.2% said organic liquid fertilizer, w/v are that 1/1500 organic mineralising fertiliser containing magnesium and w/v are 1/1500 organic calcium fertilizer that the said second organic liquid fertilizer mixed liquor contains volume ratio; Preferably, said organic calcium fertilizer solution is 1/1000 organic calcium fertilizer solution for w/v content; Preferably, said humic acid potassium solution is 1/1000 humic acid potassium solution for w/v content.
13. the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method of organic tomato according to claim 12 is characterized in that said cultivation management is further comprising the steps of: the greenhouse that the tomato seedling of said field planting is placed; Daytime, the maximum air temperature was no more than 35 ℃; Preferably, day temperature is controlled at 28 ~ 30 ℃, and nocturnal temperature remains on 10 ~ 13 ℃; Preferably, nocturnal temperature remains on 12 ~ 13 ℃.
14. the no earth bag formula high-yield planting method according to each described organic tomato in the claim 1 to 13 is characterized in that the said extermination of disease and insect pest may further comprise the steps:
After the field planting 30 days; 15 ~ 60kg agricultural chemicals is executed for every mu in every interval 7 ~ 10 days, and the adjacent agricultural chemicals that sprays for twice is different; Control graw mold of tomato and/or powdery mildew; Said agricultural chemicals be selected from doubly sulphur suspension of doubly sugar-vinegar liquid solution of dilution 100 volumes, dilution 800 volumes, dilution 200 volumes doubly 4% aqua pesticide corrosion 120 solution and dilute 300 volumes Trichoderma harzianum solution doubly, preferably, execute the 30kg agricultural chemicals for every mu; Or
After the field planting 15 ~ 20 days; Every interval 7 ~ 10 days; Every mu execute 15 ~ 60kg dilute 1000 volumes doubly contain the solution that volume ratio is the nimbin emulsion of 1% matrine and 1%; Anti-eliminating aphis and/or trialeurodes vaporariorum, preferably, every mu execute 30kg dilute 1000 volumes doubly contain the solution that volume ratio is the nimbin emulsion of 1% matrine and 1%.
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