CN102498812A - Nitrogen and phosphorus emission-reduction method of rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management - Google Patents
Nitrogen and phosphorus emission-reduction method of rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management Download PDFInfo
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- CN102498812A CN102498812A CN2011102994319A CN201110299431A CN102498812A CN 102498812 A CN102498812 A CN 102498812A CN 2011102994319 A CN2011102994319 A CN 2011102994319A CN 201110299431 A CN201110299431 A CN 201110299431A CN 102498812 A CN102498812 A CN 102498812A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a nitrogen and phosphorus emission-reduction method of rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management, which comprises a rice field water management and a rice field nutrient management. The water management of rice field adopts a time selective dry-wet alternate water-saving ecological irrigation mode, comprising the following steps: (1) after the rice is transplanted for 10-14 days, starting irrigation intermittently and irrigating the rice field to an original field surface water depth of 60-80mm; (2) irrigating until the water depth reaches the original field surface water depth when the field surface water declines and dries naturally to a water depth of 50-100 mm under the surface soil; (3) performing the step 2 repeatedly, stopping repeating the step 2 and maintaining the field surface water depth of 10-80 mm during the booting stage and flowering stage of rice in the repeating step 2 procedure; and (4) when the flowering stage is over, continuing to repeat the step 2 until the rice is yellow maturity; and harvesting rice when the field surface water declines and dries naturally to a water depth of 0-10 mm under the surface soil. The nutrient management of rice field adopts an ecological fertilizing mode at the right time and at the right place.
Description
Technical field
The optimum management that the present invention relates to a kind of paddy rice irrigation and fertilising reduces pollution of area source; Being that a kind of LIPIDS OF DRY RICE EMBRYO wet alternate is ecological specifically irrigates and the water and fertilizer management nitrogen phosphorus emission-reduction technology of in good time fitting the ecological fertilising coupling in ground, belongs to environmentally friendly widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area control environmental protection field.
Background technology
China's paddy rice cultivated area reaches 3,100 ten thousand hectares, accounts for 27% of China's cereal crops gross area, is that China's irrigation water capacity is maximum, chemical fertilizer makes the maximum crop of amount of application.On the one hand, the farmland irrigation water waste is quite serious, and the utilization ratio of irrigation water is merely about 0.45; On the other hand, although a large amount of inputs of fertilizer have improved the output of crops, because fertilising is uneven, it is unreasonable etc. excessively to execute nitrogen and execute the nitrogen mode, utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is merely 30%～35%.Irrational water and fertilizer management causes a large amount of losses of farmland nitrogen phosphorus, causes body eutrophication, is threatening the stable and water environment safety of Agro-ecology.
At present; Ubiquity the phenomenon of " the big fertilizer of big flood " in the conventional water and fertilizer management of peasant: irrigation of paddy fields adopts broad irrigation, and the rice field is in long-term waterflooding state, and it is excessive that irrigation moisture drops into; Field fertilization is often fertilising by rule of thumb then; Blindly increase the fertilizer input for pursuing high yield, utilization rate of fertilizer is low, the nitrogen and phosphorus loss amount is big, and the two has caused widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area.Be reply shortage of water resources and the excessive input of fertilizer; Rice water-saving irrigation technique and adaptive fertilising are studied deeply gradually; The application of these water-saving irrigation techniques such as moistening irrigation, intermittent irrigation, alternation of wetting and drying irrigation, overlay film dry farming has been played obvious facilitation for the reduction irrigation of paddy fields water yield, raising WUEL, and the popularization of fertilizer practices such as fertilization compositions based on earth measurement, the nutrient management of right ground also rice field fertilizer decrement, utilization rate of fertilizer is improved and increasing production of rice has been brought into play significant positive effect.But these water managements and nutrient are managed factors such as not taking all factors into consideration rice yield, fertilizer input and environmental pollution and are carried out rational cooperation; The supply of liquid manure and paddy rice each of liquid manure demand still lacks coupling preferably breeding time, and it is still severe that widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area reduces discharging pressure.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention will solve provides the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of a kind of paddy rice liquid manure; The present invention is directed to the un-reasonable phenomenon of " the big fertilizer of big flood " heavy irrigation and fertilising in the conventional water and fertilizer management of peasant, the new LIPIDS OF DRY RICE EMBRYO wet alternate that is proposed is ecological irrigate with the water and fertilizer management of fitting the ecological fertilising coupling in ground in good time technological.The alternation of wetting and drying irrigation management is adopted in the water management in rice field in this water and fertilizer management technology, and fertilizer management mainly is that the ecological fertilising in right in good time ground is adopted in the nitrogenous fertilizer management.The ecological irrigation of alternation of wetting and drying combined with ecological fertilizing management; Optimize the paddy rice water and fertilizer management; The synergy of performance liquid manure makes fertigation and paddy rice absorb liquid manure and is complementary, thereby reduces irrigation of paddy fields water and fertilizer input; Promote rice high yield, improve moisture and fertilizer utilization efficiency, reduction paddy field drainage and reduce nitrogen phosphorus, for widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area control provides technical support through the loss of approach such as rainwash and subrosion seepage.
In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention provides the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of a kind of paddy rice liquid manure, comprises the water management in rice field and this two large divisions of nutrient management in rice field,
Alternation of wetting and drying water-saving ecological irrigation pattern when selecting is adopted in the water management in rice field, may further comprise the steps:
1., rice transplantation began intermittent irrigation in 10～14 days, was 60～80mm with irrigation of paddy fields to the initial field face depth of water earlier,
2., when treating that field face nature water falls to doing to 50～100mm below the table soil, irrigate the face depth of water to initial field;
3., carry out step 2. repeatedly; In carrying out step process 2. repeatedly, when running into paddy rice booting stage and flowering stage, stop to carry out step 2., keeping the field face depth of water is 10～80mm;
4., after finish flowering stage, continue to carry out step 2. repeatedly, until the paddy rice yellow maturity; When treating that field face nature water falls to doing to 0～10mm below the table soil, the harvesting paddy rice;
Explain, in the water management in above-mentioned rice field:
The field face depth of water is meant the degree of depth of water surface distance rice field, field table soil, and because of reasons such as water evaporates, soil percolation and plant transpirations, field face water level can descend by nature; When treating that field face nature water falls to doing to 50～100mm below the table soil, be meant when moisture drops to 50～100mm below the table soil of rice field.During the water management in whole rice field, no matter natural situation is to rain or fine day, all need satisfy corresponding conditions and just carry out next step;
Ecological rightly fertilizer application mode is in good time adopted in the nutrient management in rice field, comprises the steps:
1., confirm paddy rice target output Y (kg hm
-2):
The paddy rice target output is 113～118% of 70～80% or the local paddy average yield in former years of local (referring to this planting area) paddy maximum production in former years; Paddy is meant the paddy of moisture content 13.5～14.5%;
Former years, one was meant in preceding 3～preceding 10 years,, for the relative correctness that guarantees data and the convenience of obtaining initial data, minimumly selected 3 groups of data for use that is, the highlyest selected 10 groups of data for use.
2., obtain the potential nitrogen nutrient deliverability of soil INS (kg hm
-2):
Be provided with in advance and lack fertile fertilization area of N and conventional fertilizer application district;
The paddy rice acrial part nitrogen accumulation amount=INS that lacks the fertile fertilising of N;
3., the N attainment under the measuring and calculating paddy rice target output is divided demand RNR (kg hm
-2):
RNR＝Y×CGN+(TB-Y)×MCNS
In the formula: RNR is the 1. paddy rice target output of gained of step for the N attainment branch demand (that is to say the nitrogen demand of paddy rice target output) under the paddy rice target output, Y; CGN is the content (kgkg of N nutritive element in the conventional fertilizer application district paddy
-1); TB is total biomass (stalk amount of dry matter+rice yield, the kg hm under the conventional fertilizer application district paddy rice target output
-2); MCNS is content (the kg kg of N nutritive element in the conventional fertilizer application district rice straw (dry matter)
-1), CGN, TB, MCNS all can survey acquisition after rice harves;
Explain: the paddy in the formula is meant the paddy of moisture content 13.5～14.5%;
4., estimation amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer (FR, kg hm
-2):
FR=(RNR-INS)/(REN * NC); REN be paddy rice to the nitrogen absorption and utilization rate, be set at 0.4～0.55 (rule of thumb getting); NC is fertilizer nitrogen content (can learn perhaps to detect according to conventional method according to the specification of fertilizer and get);
5., dynamically adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer:
For artificial transplanting paddy rice or machine-transplanted rice; Base manure need be used in preceding 1～2 day field of rice transplanting; The base manure amount of application is 20%～30% of prediction amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer FR, then tillering stage of paddy rice, shooting stage, booting stage these 3 key developmental stages adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer through the blade colorimetric card at the LCC of rice leaf reading;
For direct seading rice, need not basal dressing, directly tillering stage of paddy rice, shooting stage, booting stage these 3 key developmental stages adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer through the blade colorimetric card at the LCC of rice leaf reading;
Regulation rule is:
When LCC≤3, target output Y≤5t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 75kg hm
-25t hm
-2＜target output Y≤6t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 100kg hm
-26t hm
-2＜target output Y≤7t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 125kg hm
-27t hm
-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 150kg hm
-2
When LCC=3.5, target output Y≤5t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 50kg hm
-25t hm
-2＜target output Y≤6t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 75kg hm
-26t hm
-2＜target output Y≤7t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 100kg hm
-27t hm
-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 125kg hm
-2
When LCC>=4, target output Y≤5t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 0kg hm
-25t hm
-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 45kg hm
-2
Explain: 2. and 3. the step in the management of the nutrient in rice field is in this paddy field cultivation zone, to carry out corresponding setting during a preceding paddy rice implantation time; Thereby obtain step estimation amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer 4., thereby for getting ready like 5. described this paddy rice plantation of step " dynamically adjusting amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer ".
The improvement of the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method that ecological coupling is managed as paddy rice liquid manure of the present invention:
The step of the nutrient in rice field management 2. in, paddy rice acrial part nitrogen accumulation amount (kg hm
-2)=stalk amount of dry matter (kg hm
-2(the kg kg of nitrogen content in the) * stalk
-1)+rice yield (kg hm
-2(the kg kg of nitrogen content in the) * paddy
-1);
Paddy is the paddy of moisture content 13.5～14.5%.
The further improvement of the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method that ecological coupling is managed as paddy rice liquid manure of the present invention:
In the water management in rice field, the field water level monitoring adopts measuring tube, and this measuring tube is the PVC plastic pipe of diameter 200mm, long 400mm; Around tube wall, evenly bore a circle infiltration hole along the tubing bottom; Every then height at a distance from 20mm evenly bores a circle infiltration hole (that is, the pitch of holes in adjacent two rows infiltration hole is 25mm) around tube wall, the infiltration bore dia is 5mm; Amount to 11～12 rounds, and a circle is made a call to 30 holes on the same horizontal plane;
Imbed in the paddy soil the bottom of measuring tube is straight down, making most, the infiltration hole of the row of going up is positioned at 0～5mm below the table soil; Shoot off earth in the measuring tube, thus make the height≤50mm of earth in the measuring tube.
Further improvement as the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure of the present invention: the step of the nutrient management in rice field 5. in, blade colorimetric card method for using is: choose equally distributed 10～15 cave paddy rice in a field; The longest blade colorimetric is selected in every cave, and face of blade is attached on the leaf colour atla, observe leaf color whether with the leaf colour atla on progression identical, be all this progression mutually, average between color is middle-bracket.
The nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure of the present invention, be meant when the selecting water-saving ecological of alternation of wetting and drying irrigate with the ecology fertilising of in good time fitting ground match incompatible carry out the water and fertilizer coupling management and form a kind of having of rice field nitrogen and phosphorus loss strengthened the method that reduces discharging effect.
In the water management in rice field of the present invention; Alternation of wetting and drying is irrigated the water-saving irrigation mode as a kind of rice field; Compare with conventional permanent flooding irrigation; Its maximum characteristics are to allow that the rice field is periodic irrigates and fall driedly, in peasant household's practical operation, can monitor the field water level through simple measuring tube (being wet resistance tubing) and graduated scale.
Nutrient management in rice field of the present invention: ecological rightly fertilization mode is in good time adopted in the nutrient management in rice field.Fitting the ecological fertilising in ground in good time and be a kind of is the center with the nitrogenous fertilizer management, and the paddy rice good quality and high output that multielement cooperates is fertilizer practice efficiently, compares with peasant household conventional fertilizer application management; Maximum characteristics have been to take all factors into consideration the potential production of rice varieties; The target output of local Rice Production, paddy soil background nutrient supply ability, factor such as nutrient demand amount and rice nutrient absorption rate is predicted the fertilizing amount of nitrogenous fertilizer under the paddy rice target output; From the supply of paddy rice nitrogen balance; Regulate the nitrogenous fertilizer gradation and use period, and utilize the leaf colour atla to monitor the rice plant nitrogen nutritional status main breeding time in paddy rice, thus the adjustment amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer; In the hope of obtaining to execute harmonious to Nitrogen Absorption of nitrogen time and amount of nitrogen and paddy rice, thereby improve fertilizer utilization efficiency to greatest extent.
The nitrogen phosphorus emission-reduction technology of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure of the present invention; Bring into play the synergy of liquid manure through the liquid manure optimum management of paddy rice; Make fertigation and paddy rice absorb and be complementary, thereby promote rice high yield, improve moisture and fertilizer utilization efficiency, reduction paddy field drainage and reduce rice field nitrogen phosphorus through the loss of approach such as rainwash and subrosion seepage to liquid manure.Its Significance for Environment is through rational ecological the irrigation and ecological fertilising; Reducing irrigation of paddy fields water and fertilizer uses; Reduce rice field runoff draining and nitrogen and phosphorus loss, thereby control the rice field widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area, alleviate the risk of rivers and lakes body eutrophication and groundwater azotate pollution.
The nitrogen phosphorus emission-reduction technology of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure of the present invention have a following remarkable advantage:
1), water and fertilizer coupling management nitrogen phosphorus emission-reduction technology is easy to operate: only need can conveniently observe the field water level through burying wet resistance tubing (measuring tube) underground; And judge whether and need irrigate, and pass through to utilize after " survey soil join fertilizer " simple blade colorimetric card on paddy rice key developmental stages blade, compare reading can fit in good time applied nitrogen;
2), water and fertilizer coupling management nitrogen phosphorus emission-reduction technology application cost is low: the field water management realizes through wet resistance tubing in the water and fertilizer coupling management, and the nutrient management specifically is to topdress to manage through the blade colorimetric card to realize.Only 25 yuan of wet resistance tubing and blade colorimetric card costs, and all can use repeatedly, cost is low.
3), water and fertilizer coupling management nitrogen phosphorus emission-reduction technology nitrogen phosphorus reduction of discharging potentiality are big: irrigate through ecology; Rice field runoff drainage discharge and seepage leaching amount can reduce 20～30%; And ecological fertilising has reduced the fertilizer input; Concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus can reduce by 15～25% in field, rice field face water and the percolation water, thereby water and fertilizer coupling management field, rice field nitrogen and phosphorus loss load can cut down 30～45%, and rice field nitrogen phosphorus reduces discharging and has a high potential.
In sum; The present invention irrigates ecology with ecological fertilizer practice and organically combines, and according to the liquid manure demand rule of paddy rice different growing, confirms optimum spraying amount and the water of the liquid manure factor, fertile synergistic best period; Give full play to the effect of water and fertilizer coupling; Improve liquid manure and divide availability, increase rice yield, thereby set up economic and practical and eco-friendly water and fertilizer management pattern regional highly efficient and productive, water saving; Prevent the nitrogen and phosphorus loss that irrational irrigation and fertilising cause, conserve water resource and the reduction of discharging of widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area nitrogen phosphorus are had great importance.
Description of drawings
Do further explain below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing specific embodiments of the invention.
Fig. 1 is that use in ecological irrigation level monitoring pipe of alternation of wetting and drying and field thereof;
Fig. 2 is rainfall and the field face depth of water change procedure under the Different Irrigation pattern of rice field;
Fig. 3 is rice field storm runoff generation and frequency;
Fig. 4 is the different liquid manure management modes in the rice field runoff TN concentration that rain in torrents;
Fig. 5 is the different liquid manure management modes in the rice field runoff TP concentration that rain in torrents.
Embodiment
The nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of embodiment 1, the ecological coupling management of a kind of paddy rice liquid manure mainly cooperates enforcement through the irrigation of alternation of wetting and drying water-saving ecological with this 2 big content of the ecology fertilising of fitting ground (being that the water management in rice field and the nutrient in rice field are managed) in good time;
1), the water management in rice field
Alternation of wetting and drying water-saving ecological irrigation pattern when selecting is adopted in the water management in rice field, may further comprise the steps:
Preliminary preparation:
A, for artificial transplanting paddy rice or machine-transplanted rice: paddy is after planting; Through the seedling phase in 2～3 weeks; With rice shoot manual work or the machine transplanting of rice in smooth field piece; Keep the field face depth of water (water surface distance rice field, field table soil the degree of depth) 30～50mm 12 days in rice field this moment, thereby guarantee that paddy rice can survive and turn green smoothly;
For direct seading rice: need not to irrigate at the rice paddy seed early stage field face that sprouts, keeps moistening get final product, treat suitably shoaling layer irrigation (the maintenance field face depth of water 10～30mm, the time is 12 days) behind the paddy rice germination and emergence;
B, in the rice field embedding measuring tube (be wet resistance tubing, a kind of PVC plastic tube, diameter (internal diameter) 200mm; Long 400mm); Around tube wall, evenly bore a circle infiltration hole (promptly the bottom in row's infiltration hole and tubing bottom flush down) along the tubing bottom, every then height at a distance from 20mm evenly bores a circle infiltration hole around tube wall, and the infiltration bore dia is 5mm; That is, the pitch of holes in adjacent two rows infiltration hole is 25mm.On above-below direction, amount to 11 rounds, and a circle is made a call to 30 holes on the same horizontal plane.Measuring tube is used to monitor field water level (see figure 1).
The discharge outlet in C, rice field is arranged on and is higher than the position that native 80mm is shown in the rice field, thereby guarantees that the field face depth of water is 80mm at most.
During embedding measuring tube; Imbed paddy soil (this paddy soil is the soil at 500mm place, limit, span field measuring tube bottom is straight down; Thereby can guarantee to measure the convenience of field height of water level, also can guarantee the accuracy of data, promptly; Avoided the edge in rice field the data deviation that possibly exist) in, making most, the top in the infiltration hole of the row of going up is positioned at 0～5mm below the table soil of rice field; Shoot off earth in the measuring tube, thus make the height≤50mm (for example being 10mm) of earth in the measuring tube, this height earth to tillage pan in the pipe that can guarantee to shoot off, thereby water level unanimity inside and outside the measuring tube can guarantee waterflooding the time.
1., rice transplantation 12 days (be about to the rice shoot manual work or the machine transplanting of rice from the smooth field piece 12 days, perhaps treat from the paddy rice germination and emergence 12 days) begins intermittent irrigation, is 60～80mm with irrigation of paddy fields to the initial field face depth of water earlier.
2., when treating that field face nature water falls to doing to 80～90mm below the table soil, (that is, the face depth of water is 60～80mm) to the field in irrigation to irrigate to initial field the face depth of water.
3., carry out step 2. repeatedly; In carrying out step process 2. repeatedly, when running into paddy rice booting stage and flowering stage, stop to carry out step 2., keeping the field face depth of water is 10～20mm; The growing period of all the other paddy rice still carries out according to step disciplinarian request 2..
4., by the time after finishing the flowering stage of paddy rice, continue to carry out step 2. repeatedly, until the paddy rice yellow maturity; When treating that field face nature water falls to doing to 5～10mm below the table soil, the harvesting paddy rice;
2), the management of the nutrient in rice field adopts ecological rightly fertilizer application mode in good time, comprise the steps:
1., confirm paddy rice target output Y (kg hm
-2):
The paddy rice target output be in preceding 5 years of 75% or the local paddy of maximum production in preceding 5 years of local (this planting area) paddy average yield 115%; Paddy is the paddy of moisture content 14%.
2., obtain the potential nitrogen nutrient deliverability of soil INS (kg hm
-2):
The latent supply ability (Indigenous nutrient supply) that we define certain nutrient of soil is: do not using this kind fertilizer nutrient; And under the situation of other nutrient element ample supply, the total amount of this kind nutrient of its overground part accumulation during the plant growth.Therefore, the potential nitrogen nutrient deliverability of paddy soil (INS, kg hm
-2) promptly refer to all non-this season fertilizer nutrient quantity that paddy rice absorbed from the soil solution in the breeding season; Specifically comprise: from the nutrient of solid phase of soil release; And the nutrient of bringing into from irrigation, atmosphere dried wet deposition, biological solid N and accidental flood etc. except fertilizer, this is a composite target.The potential nitrogen nutrient deliverability of soil can estimate that promptly the paddy rice acrial part is the potential nitrogen nutrient supply of soil at the total N content that lacks the fertile fertilization area of N (P, K and other nutrient sufficient supplies) accumulation through set up the fertile fertilization area of scarce N at this regional representativeness field piece.
In measuring the potential N attainment branch of soil supply practical implementation, conventional fertilizer application district (FFP) district and the fertile fertilization area of scarce N (N0) respectively account for the half the of field piece, and area is respectively 500～1000m
2Join by nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and execute in the conventional fertilizer application district, and pure N180～300kg, P are amounted in one per hectare fertilising
2O
545～60kg, K
2O 90～150kg; Lack not nitrogen fertilizer application of the fertile fertilization area of N, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer are consistent with conventional amount of application.After the harvesting of paddy rice, the total N content that lacks fertile fertilization area (P, K and other nutrient sufficient supplies) the paddy rice acrial part accumulation of N is the potential nitrogen nutrient supply of soil INS.
That is, preceding year need be provided with according to above-mentioned requirements in advance in this paddy field and lack fertile fertilization area of N and conventional fertilizer application district;
The paddy rice acrial part nitrogen accumulation amount=INS that lacks the fertile fertilization area of N;
Paddy rice acrial part nitrogen accumulation amount (kg hm
-2)=stalk amount of dry matter (kg hm
-2Nitrogen content (kg kg in the) * stalk (dry matter)
-1)+rice yield (kg hm
-2(the kg kg of nitrogen content in the) * paddy
-1); Paddy is the paddy of moisture content 14%.According to this formula can fall vacant the paddy rice acrial part nitrogen accumulation amount of the fertile fertilization area of N, the i.e. potential nitrogen nutrient deliverability of soil INS.
3., the N attainment under the measuring and calculating paddy rice target output is divided demand RNR (kg hm
-2):
RNR＝Y×CGN+(TB-Y)×MCNS
In the formula: RNR divides demand for the N attainment under the paddy rice target output, and Y is the 1. paddy rice target output of gained of step; CGN is content (the kg kg of N nutritive element in the conventional fertilizer application district paddy
-1); TB is total biomass (stalk amount of dry matter+rice yield, the kg hm under the conventional fertilizer application district paddy rice target output
-2); MCNS is content (the kg kg of N nutritive element in the conventional fertilizer application district rice straw (dry matter)
-1), CGN, TB, MCNS all can survey acquisition after rice harves;
Paddy is the paddy of moisture content 14%.
4., estimation amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer (FR, kg hm
-2):
FR=(RNR-INS)/(REN * NC); REN be paddy rice to the nitrogen absorption and utilization rate, be set at 0.4～0.5; NC is the fertilizer nitrogen content;
5., dynamically adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer:
For artificial transplanting paddy rice or machine-transplanted rice; Base manure need be used in preceding 1～2 day field of rice transplanting; The base manure amount of application is 20%～30% of prediction amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer FR, then tillering stage of paddy rice, shooting stage, booting stage these 3 key developmental stages adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer through the blade colorimetric card at the LCC of rice leaf reading;
For direct seading rice, need not basal dressing, directly tillering stage of paddy rice, shooting stage, booting stage these 3 key developmental stages adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer through the blade colorimetric card at the LCC of rice leaf reading;
Regulation rule is:
When LCC≤3, target output Y≤5t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 75kg hm
-25t hm
-2＜target output Y≤6t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 100kg hm
-26t hm
-2＜target output Y≤7t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 125kg hm
-27t hm
-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 150kg hm
-2
When LCC=3.5, target output Y≤5t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 50kg hm
-25t hm
-2＜target output Y≤6t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 75kg hm
-26t hm
-2＜target output Y≤7t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 100kg hm
-27t hm
-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 125kg hm
-2
When LCC>=4, target output Y≤5t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 0kg hm
-25t hm
-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 45kg hm
-2
Specifically as shown in table 1.
Table 1, based on the ecology under blade colorimetric card reading (LCC) and the target output (Y) fertilising scheme
In the instruction card 1: target output Y≤6t hm
-2, be meant 5t hm
-2＜target output Y≤6t hm
-2, target output Y≤7t hm
-2, be meant 6t hm
-2＜target output Y≤7t hm
-2
Blade colorimetric card method for using is: choose equally distributed 10～15 cave paddy rice in a field; The longest blade colorimetric is selected in every cave, and face of blade is attached on the leaf colour atla, observe leaf color whether with the leaf colour atla on progression identical, be all this progression mutually, average between color is middle-bracket.In the practical operation can according to the leaf colour cast to the look level get adjoining progression, write down each time and measure the result, calculate the mean value of field all mensuration of piece then, can obtain higher output and improve the fertilising benefit according to the fertilising scheme fertilising that provides in the table 1.
Below in conjunction with concrete experiment the present invention is further described.
Experiment 1: the ecological coupling management of liquid manure is tested rice field runoff nitrogen phosphorus emission reduction effect
In 2010 in the Hangzhou Yuhang District footpath Qian Xi village, mountain town (30 ° of 21 ' N; Chosen representational rice field for 119 ° 53 ' E) and carried out ecological coupling management of liquid manure (ASM is shown in embodiment 1) and the comparative experimental research of peasant's routine water and fertilizer management (FCP) nitrogen and phosphorus loss emission reduction effect in the runoff draining of rice field.
Aspect irrigation of paddy fields, the water-saving ecological irrigation method of alternation of wetting and drying is adopted in the ecological coupling management test block of liquid manure (ASM), and the conventional water and fertilizer management of peasant (FCP) adopts the permanent flooding irrigation method; Before ecology fertilising is implemented seminar in mountain, footpath town agricultural production investigation obtain this regional paddy rice for many years (5 years) average yield be about 6600kg hm
-2, thereby the field piece target output of definite test block is Y=(1+15%) * 6600=7600kg hm
-2Set up fertile fertilization area of nitrogen stress and conventional fertilizer application district to compare the potential nitrogen nutrient deliverability of the soil of mensuration (INS) average out to 85kghm in advance in this ground preceding year
-2And N the concentrating of nutrients content is CGN=0.011kg kg in the conventional fertilizer application district paddy
-1, the total biomass TB=15000kg hm under the conventional fertilizer application district paddy rice target output
-2, the N the concentrating of nutrients is MCNS=0.005kg kg in the conventional fertilizer application district rice straw (dry matter)
-1, so the nutrient demand RNR=Y * CGN+ (TB-Y) under the paddy rice target output * MCNS=7600 * 0.011+ (15000-7600) * 0.005=120.6kg hm
-2Nitrogenous fertilizer uses urea, and the nitrogen content of urea is 0.46kg kg
-1, nitrogen absorption and utilization rate REN is 0.45, thereby the field piece amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer handled of estimation ASM is FR=(RNR-INS)/(NC * REN)=(120.6-85)/(0.46 * 0.45)=172kg hm
-2
Fit in the ecological fertilising in the ground specific operation process, by amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer (the 43kg hm of 25% estimation in good time in the rice field
-2) make base manure, carried out three times according to paddy rice key developmental stages (like tillering stage, shooting stage, booting stage) blade colorimetric card reading LCC value simultaneously and topdressed, 3 times LCC is 4, and therefore topdress 45*3=135kg hm altogether
-2Whole rice season ASM handles actual amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer accounting and is 178kg hm
-2
Discover: (1) shows that through field water level monitoring and irrigation metering dress table statistics it is 9170t hm that (ASM) rice field total moisture consumption is managed in the ecological coupling of whole rice season liquid manure
-2(wherein duty is appraised and decided the hm into 4200t
-2, all the other are natural water), the conventional water and fertilizer management (FCP) of peasant rice field total moisture consumption is 11850t hm
-2(wherein duty is appraised and decided the hm into 6880t
-2, all the other are natural water), the every public affairs of the ecological coupling management of liquid manure are inclined and are saved 2680 tons of duties, have significantly reduced the irrigation of paddy fields water yield.Simultaneously; Although heavy showers has caused the overflow of field face water continuously; But the field face water level in the ecological coupling management of liquid manure (ASM) rice field significantly is lower than conventional water and fertilizer management (FCP) rice field (see figure 2) in the paddy rice whole growing, and rice field runoff draining total amount 1980t hm takes place 11 times FCP processing storm runoff
-2, ASM handles storm runoff rice field runoff draining total amount 1310t hm takes place 8 times
-2, the every public affairs of the ecological coupling management of liquid manure are inclined and are reduced 670 tons of runoff drainings, show that the ecological coupling management of the liquid manure that adopts alternation of wetting and drying water-saving ecological irrigation method can significantly reduce storm runoff frequency and generating capacity (see figure 3); (2) ASM processing amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 178kg hm
-2, and local conventional water and fertilizer management peasant nitrogen fertilizing amount is 240kg hm
-2, its purity nitrogen input reduction ratio reaches 25.8%, shows that adopting the every public affairs of the ecological coupling management of the liquid manure of in good time fitting the ecological fertilising in ground to incline saves amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer 62kg (amounting to urea 135kg), has significantly reduced the rice field amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer.In addition, because the reasonable use of nitrogenous fertilizer has promoted paddy growth, the 55kg P ha that the phosphate fertilizer consumption was also handled from FCP during ASM handled
-1Cut down ha to 45kg P
-1, pure phosphorus reduction ratio reaches 18.2%; (3) the more conventional water and fertilizer management of the ecological coupling of liquid manure effectively reduces the number of dropouts (seeing Fig. 4, Fig. 5) of storm runoff nitrogen phosphorus.Statistical result showed; Handle with respect to FCP; ASM handles the rice field total nitrogen, total phosphorus loss reduction rate reaches 47.6%, 44.4% respectively, shows that the irrigation of alternation of wetting and drying water-saving ecological is remarkable to the reduction of discharging effect of rice field nitrogen, phosphorus loss with the nitrogen phosphorus emission-reduction technology of fitting ground ecology fertilising coupling in good time.The final product of surveying shows that it is 7478kg hm that ASM handles rice yield
-2, and FCP processing rice yield is 7125kg hm
-2
At last, it is also to be noted that what more than enumerate only is several specific embodiments of the present invention.Obviously, the invention is not restricted to above embodiment, many distortion can also be arranged.All distortion that those of ordinary skill in the art can directly derive or associate from content disclosed by the invention all should be thought protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure is characterized in that comprising the water management in rice field and the nutrient management in rice field;
Alternation of wetting and drying water-saving ecological irrigation pattern when selecting is adopted in the water management in said rice field, may further comprise the steps:
1., rice transplantation began intermittent irrigation in 10～14 days, was 60～80mm with irrigation of paddy fields to the initial field face depth of water earlier;
2., when treating that field face nature water falls to doing to 50～100mm below the table soil, irrigate the face depth of water to initial field;
3., carry out step 2. repeatedly; Carry out repeatedly in the step process 2. said, when paddy rice booting stage and flowering stage, stop to carry out step 2., keeping the field face depth of water is 10～80mm;
4., after finish flowering stage, continue to carry out step 2. repeatedly, until the paddy rice yellow maturity; When treating that field face nature water falls to doing to 0～10mm below the table soil, the harvesting paddy rice;
Ecological rightly fertilizer application mode is in good time adopted in the nutrient management in said rice field, comprises the steps:
1., confirm paddy rice target output Y (kg hm
-2):
Said paddy rice target output be local paddy maximum production in former years 70～80% or local paddy average yield in former years 113～118%; Said paddy is the paddy of moisture content 13.5～14.5%;
2., obtain the potential nitrogen nutrient deliverability of soil INS (kg hm
-2):
Be provided with in advance and lack fertile fertilization area of N and conventional fertilizer application district;
The paddy rice acrial part nitrogen accumulation amount=INS that lacks the fertile fertilization area of N;
3., the N attainment under the measuring and calculating paddy rice target output is divided demand RNR (kg hm
-2):
RNR＝y×CGN+(TB-Y)×MCNS
In the formula: RNR divides demand for the N attainment under the paddy rice target output, and Y is the 1. paddy rice target output of gained of step; CGN is content (the kg kg of N nutritive element in the conventional fertilizer application district paddy
-1); TB is total biomass (stalk amount of dry matter+rice yield, the kg hm under the conventional fertilizer application district paddy rice target output
-2); MCNS is content (the kg kg of N nutritive element in the conventional fertilizer application district rice straw
-1), said CGN, TB, MCNS all can survey acquisition after rice harves;
Said paddy is the paddy of moisture content 13.5～14.5%;
4., estimation amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer (FR, kg hm
-2):
FR=(RNR-INS)/(REN * NC); Said REN be paddy rice to the nitrogen absorption and utilization rate, be set at 0.4～0.55; Said NC is the fertilizer nitrogen content;
5., dynamically adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer:
For artificial transplanting paddy rice or machine-transplanted rice; Base manure need be used in preceding 1～2 day field of rice transplanting; The base manure amount of application is 20%～30% of prediction amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer FR, then tillering stage of paddy rice, shooting stage, booting stage these 3 key developmental stages adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer through the blade colorimetric card at the LCC of rice leaf reading;
For direct seading rice, need not basal dressing, directly tillering stage of paddy rice, shooting stage, booting stage these 3 key developmental stages adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer through the blade colorimetric card at the LCC of rice leaf reading;
Regulation rule is:
When LCC≤3, target output Y≤5t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 75kg hm
-25t hm
-2＜target output Y≤6t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 100kg hm
-26t hm
-2＜target output Y≤7t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 125kg hm
-27t hm
-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 150kg hm
-2
When LCC=3.5, target output Y≤5t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 50kg hm
-25t hm
-2＜target output Y≤6t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 75kg hm
-26t hm
-2＜target output Y≤7t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 100kghm
-27t hm
-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 125kg hm
-2
When LCC>=4, target output Y≤5t hm
-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 0kg hm
-25t hm
-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 45kg hm
-2
2. the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
The step of the nutrient in said rice field management 2. in, paddy rice acrial part nitrogen accumulation amount (kg hm
-2)=stalk amount of dry matter (kg hm
-2Nitrogen content (kgkg in the) * stalk
-1)+rice yield (kg hm
-2(the kg kg of nitrogen content in the) * paddy
-1);
Said paddy is the paddy of moisture content 13.5～14.5%.
3. the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure according to claim 2 is characterized in that:
In the water management in said rice field; The field water level monitoring adopts measuring tube, and said measuring tube is the PVC plastic pipe of diameter 200mm, long 400mm, around tube wall, evenly bores a circle infiltration hole along the tubing bottom; Every then height at a distance from 20mm evenly bores a circle infiltration hole around tube wall; The infiltration bore dia is 5mm, amounts to 11～12 rounds, and a circle is made a call to 30 holes on the same horizontal plane;
With straight down the imbedding in the paddy soil in measuring tube bottom, making the most upward, row's infiltration hole is positioned at 0～5mm below the table soil; Shoot off earth in the measuring tube, thus make the height≤50mm of earth in the measuring tube.
4. the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure according to claim 3 is characterized in that:
The step of the nutrient in said rice field management 5. in, said blade colorimetric card method for using is: choose equally distributed 10～15 cave paddy rice in a field; The longest blade colorimetric is selected in every cave, and face of blade is attached on the leaf colour atla, observe leaf color whether with the leaf colour atla on progression identical, be all this progression mutually, average between color is middle-bracket.
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