CN102160495A - Method for eliminating and degrading non-point source pollutants in field in situ - Google Patents
Method for eliminating and degrading non-point source pollutants in field in situ Download PDFInfo
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- CN102160495A CN102160495A CN2010106015873A CN201010601587A CN102160495A CN 102160495 A CN102160495 A CN 102160495A CN 2010106015873 A CN2010106015873 A CN 2010106015873A CN 201010601587 A CN201010601587 A CN 201010601587A CN 102160495 A CN102160495 A CN 102160495A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a planting-system-based comprehensive prevention and control method for non-point source pollution in a field in an irrigation area. The crop rotation system is as follows: three years is taken as a crop rotation cycle and the crop rotation sequence is paddy field-dry field-paddy field or dry field-paddy field-dry field. The cultivating method comprises: after crops in a paddy field are harvested in autumn of the first year, field is levelled in a dry stage or no tillage is performed; in early spring of the next year, field is levelled in time in the dry state; in the aspect of crop type, the paddy field is mainly planted with local rice with strong applicability and the dry field is mainly planted with conventional cereal crops, such as wheat and corn, and various vegetable crops; the irrigation system takes proper irrigation as irrigation principle and takes irrigation amount meeting growth needs of the crops as irrigation standard; and in the aspect of fertilizer application, on the premise of meeting the growth needs of the crops, organic fertilizer is preferred. By the method, non-point source pollutants in the field are degraded and eliminated in situ and the returned water amount of the field is reduced, so that the returned water amount flowing into Yellow River is reduced and an in-situ eliminating and degrading aim is achieved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to farmland non-point pollution prevention and control field under the rice field-upland field rotation system, the farmland non-point pollution thing original position that relates in particular under the upper reaches of the Yellow River Ning Meng irrigated area paddy rice and the wheat intercropping system is cleared up.
Background technology
Agricultural nonpoint source pollution is the principal element of most basin water body pollutions.According to statistics, agricultural nonpoint source pollution has influenced the 30%-50% of whole world land surface, and 1,200,000,000 hm that degenerate in various degree in the whole world
2In the arable land, about 12% arable land is caused by agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Agricultural nonpoint source pollution mainly comprises the non-point pollution that causes in soil erosion, pollution by chemical fertilizer, pesticide pollution, livestock and poultry cultivation pollution and other production process, main occurring mode is the chemical fertilizer in the agricultural tillage, agricultural chemicals, urine excrement excreta in other harmful pollutants and the breeding production process and urban residents' domestic refuse etc., by farmland rainwash, agricultural drain and underground leakage, make a large amount of pollutants enter water body and the water environment pollution that forms.The average annual concentration of the new hondo major pollutants ammonia nitrogen of silver, COD, BOD is respectively 15.9mgL in irrigated area, the Yellow River, Ningxia
-1, 260mgL
-1And 956mgL
-1, exceed standard 7.0 times, 25.0 times and 22.9 times respectively, exceeding standard rate 100%; Four or two hondo major pollutants ammonia nitrogens, total phosphorus, the average annual concentration of fluoride are respectively 26.63mgL
-1, 1.75mgL
-1, 4.76mgL
-1, exceed standard 12.3 times, 3.4 times and 2.2 times respectively, exceeding standard rate 100%; The average annual concentration of the 3rd drain ditch major pollutants ammonia nitrogen, COD, BOD is respectively 21.1mgL
-1, 33.6mgL
-1And 111mgL
-1, exceed standard 9.5 times, 2.4 times and 1.8 times respectively, exceeding standard rate 66.7%.Statistics was drawn the nitrogen that runs off from the drain ditch in yellow irrigated area in 2004 and is accounted for 30.8% of whole district's amount of nitrogen according to investigations, and 9.5 ten thousand t nitrogen are equivalent to run off.Ningxia, the Yellow River in 2007 section water quality is the III--IV level, and major pollutants are nitrogen, phosphorus and COD, wherein causes the pollutant that exceeds standard to be mainly nitrogen.The agricultural production sector that plant husbandry is nitrogen, the phosphorus input is bigger also is the important department of farmland non-point pollution, and especially in Irrigation Area of Ningxia, nitrogen, phosphorus flow into the Yellow River with the farmland water-break, and the Yellow River water quality has been caused serious pollution.
Summary of the invention
How original position is cleared up nitrogen phosphorus, makes water-break water quality just reach discharge standard before flowing into the Yellow River, is the key of farmland non-point pollution prevention and control.
At this problem, on basis to Ning Meng irrigated area farmland water-break water quality, cropping system investigation and location test, plant method for planting from optimizing rotation sequence, tillage method, cropping pattern, kind selection, irrigation method and fertilising etc., by field ecosystem, soil, crop, water circulation, farmland non-point pollution thing original positions such as nitrogen, phosphorus are cleared up.
The present invention is directed to the deficiencies in the prior art a kind of farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure is provided.
Technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure, rotation system is: adopt 3 years rotation cycle, rotation sequence is paddy field-dry land-paddy field or dry land-paddy field-dry land; The methods of cultivation are carried out non-irrigated flat field after the underwater cultivation autumn harvest in the first year, perhaps no-tillage; Will in time carry out spring drought level land morning the coming year; Plantation crop varieties aspect, the paddy field is based on the strong rice varieties of local adaptation, and dry land is based on conventional wheat, corn grain crop and all kinds of vegetable crop; To turn to principle in right amount, the growth demand that satisfies crop is as the criterion in the irrigation program; The fertilising aspect under the early stage of satisfying the plant growth needs, application of organic fertilizers as far as possible.
Described farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure, the paddy field is the rice field, and dry land is a wheat, and corn is based on spring corn or production of hybrid seeds corn.
Once plough deeply cultivatedly behind the described farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure, rice field leveling, more than the tilling depth 20cm, plough shallowly 1-2 time afterwards, built ridge; Discharged water before the transplanting soaked field 2-3 days, back shallow water wave field makes field face difference of height be no more than 3 centimetres; Behind the mid-September paddy rice harvesting, the soil is carried out rotary tillage, winter wheat sowing is prepared in airing, and October, early and middle ten days was sowed; If prepare plantation spring wheat, spring corn the coming year, then winter no-tillage, irritate winter water, carry out soil freezing-thawing, before sowing in spring the coming year, carry out soil cultivation; At the dry land crops for rotation, adopted no-tillage leisure or planted shorter catch crop breeding time after late June, harvesting wheat cut, absorb the non-point pollution materials such as nitrogen, phosphorus and other heavy metals of soil affluence.
Described farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure, rice transplanting kind mainly contain 96D10, No. 24, peaceful round-grained rice, No. 27, peaceful round-grained rice, No. 28, peaceful round-grained rice and peaceful round-grained rice No. 35; Winter wheat is based on peaceful winter No. 6, peaceful winter No. 10, peaceful winter No. 11, and spring wheat is peaceful spring No. 4, No. 39, No. 11, Ning Chun, Ning Chun and good forever No. 15.
Described farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure, paddy field are behind the shoot transplanting equipment land for growing field crops, and the field face keeps the thin water layer seedling alive of turning green, but must not shine seedling, will note meeting simultaneously suitably increasing water irrigating depth by low temperature; Each growing stage after turning green is poured water to reach with the soil presentation and is poured water when pouring water index again, and the back of at every turn pouring water falls dried naturally; Dry land needs the water degree to determine irrigation period and irrigating water quota according to the crop growth phase.
Described farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure, the time of infertility, the mu total fertilization amount was on the basis of applications of farmyard manure, purity nitrogen 12-14kg, phosphorus pentoxide 6-8kg, potassium oxide 3-4kg, be limited to standard below more than soil fertility height or farmyard manure use, be limited to suitable more than fertility is low or the farmyard manure use is few.
The invention provides a kind of method for designing of in a rotation cycle, carrying out the comprehensive prevention and control of system's farmland non-point pollution for one based on rice field-upland field rotation, tillage method, kind selection, irrigation program, fertilising etc.On the aspect of field ecosystem, respectively dry land and paddy field are carried out the non-point pollution prevention and control, have and take into account the advantage that ecological management and economic benefit are laid equal stress on; Secondly, this method is in agricultural production process, by the technological transformation of crucial production links such as the methods of cultivation, breed structure, irrigation program, fertilizing method, realizes the original position of agricultural nonpoint source pollution thing is cleared up; The 3rd, this method is to need not soil, local irrigation program, water rights system, the mode of production are carried out large-scale redevelopment in implementation process, and also need not increases extra fund technology input, can not increase production cost, only needs to reform from system; The 4th, the pollutant original position of this method emphasis production process is cleared up, and mainly to improve the utilization ratio of nitrogen phosphorus in the soil, can't be influential to the quality of agricultural product, the product of being produced remains safely and cleans.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is described in detail.
2010 of 2008 in irrigated area, Lingwu, the Yellow River, Ningxia, carried out with water-drought-water at the feature of the upper reaches of the Yellow River plant husbandry non-point pollution, water-water-drought, water-drought-drought and drought-water-drought, drought-drought-drought, water-water-water is the model test of main wheel work order, the result is from local water-water-drought, water-water-aqueous mode and local water rights management system contradiction, be difficult to promote, the economic effect of water-drought-drought and drought-drought-drought is because the price of rice and the comparative advantages problem of wheat price, although water-saving very, can effectively build irrigated area water-break pollution problem, but be difficult to promote in the locality.Comprehensively get off, water-drought-water, drought-water-non-irrigated intercropping mode can be promoted in this zone.Concrete measure is as follows:
1, rotation sequence: 1 year if water-drought-water wheels work order is then adopted in the paddy field; Then adopted the rotation sequence of drought-water-drought if dry land in 1 year.The paddy field is the rice field, and dry land is a wheat, and corn is based on spring corn or production of hybrid seeds corn, 3 years rotation cycle.Be divided into the master with big interval on the layout.
Table 1 rotation cycle table
2, the methods of cultivation: carry out non-irrigated flat field after the underwater cultivation autumn harvest in the first year, perhaps no-tillage; Will in time carry out spring drought level land morning the coming year; Secondly, once plough deeply cultivatedly after the leveling of rice field, more than the tilling depth 20cm, plough shallowly 1-2 time afterwards, built ridge; Discharged water before the transplanting soaked field 2-3 days, back shallow water wave field makes field face difference of height be no more than 3 centimetres.Behind the mid-September paddy rice harvesting, the soil is carried out rotary tillage, winter wheat sowing is prepared in airing, and October, early and middle ten days was sowed; If prepare plantation spring wheat, spring corn the coming year, then winter no-tillage, irritate winter water, carry out soil freezing-thawing, before sowing in spring the coming year, carry out soil cultivation; At the dry land crops for rotation, adopted no-tillage leisure or plantation short catch crops such as leaf vegetables, tuberous vegetable or herbage breeding time after late June, harvesting wheat cut, absorb the non-point pollution materials such as nitrogen, phosphorus and other heavy metals of soil affluence, reach the purpose that original position is cleared up pollutant by crop absorption.
3, kind is selected: be applicable to that at present the rice transplanting kind that promotes in the irrigated area, Lingwu mainly contains 96D10, No. 24, peaceful round-grained rice, No. 27, peaceful round-grained rice, No. 28, peaceful round-grained rice and peaceful round-grained rice No. 35; Winter wheat is based on peaceful winter No. 6, peaceful winter No. 10, peaceful winter No. 11, and spring wheat is peaceful spring No. 4, No. 39, No. 11, Ning Chun, Ning Chun and good forever No. 15; Catch crop Chinese cabbage, carrot etc.
4, irrigation method: to turn to principle in right amount, the growth demand that satisfies crop is as the criterion in the irrigation program; The paddy field is behind the shoot transplanting equipment land for growing field crops, and the field face keeps the thin water layer seedling alive of turning green, but must not shine seedling, will note meeting simultaneously suitably increasing water irrigating depth by low temperature.Each growing stage after turning green, pour water (except that dispenser is topdressed) reach with the soil presentation pours water when pouring water index again, and the back of at every turn pouring water falls dried naturally.Dry land needs the water degree to determine irrigation period and irrigating water quota according to the crop growth phase.
Each growing stage of table 2 preceding soil presentation index of pouring water
5, fertilizer application method: be divided into before the rice transplanting the two big links of topdressing fertilising, breeding time.
Fertilization principle: the fertilising aspect under the early stage of satisfying the plant growth needs, application of organic fertilizers as far as possible; Adhere to controlling the steady phosphorus benefit of nitrogen potassium and enrich farmyard manure, Fertilization Level is as the criterion with the normal psychological need of crop, adopts formulated fertilization method, carries out quantitatively accurately fertilising, reaches an amount ofization target.The time of infertility, the mu total fertilization amount was on the basis of applications of farmyard manure, and purity nitrogen 12-14kg, phosphorus pentoxide 6-8kg, potassium oxide 3-4kg, soil fertility height or farmyard manure use and be limited to standard below many, the low or farmyard manure of fertility use be limited to more than few suitable.
Fertilising before inserting: mu is executed well-rotted farmyard manure 2-3m
3, cultivated in conjunction with ploughing deeply for the first time, turn over and be pressed into soil, it is tight tilling depth to press.Base should be ploughed shallowly for the last time in conjunction with the rice field to fertilize, and 80% and phosphorus potash fertilizer of purity nitrogen are all executed people's soil in the time of infertility.Scheme (1): mu is executed carbon ammonium 31-37kg or urea 12-14kg, diammonium phosphate 7-11kg, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 20kg; Scheme (2): mu is executed carbon ammonium 39-48kg or urea 14-18kg, superphosphate 25-42kg, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 20kg.Soil fertility height or farmyard manure use many suitable Shaoshis, and what fertility was low or the farmyard manure use is few suitably executes more.Advocate the saline land and use the sulphur ammonium.
The principle of topdressing: fetilizer for tillering is wanted early will lack, and ear manuer will be executed according in time mending in weather, vegetative period.Tillering fertilizer: general slotting back 7-10 days, mu imposes urea 2.5-3kg, except that the weary place of indivedual seedlings imposes the on a small quantity even seed manure late June, generally forbids topdressing in 5-July 5 June.Early-maturing variety or evening are inserted the field, reduce amount of application or do not execute; Ear manuer: generally in 5-July 15 July, execute urea 2.5-3kg for every mu, early-maturing variety or amount of growth are not enough, can shift to an earlier date 3-5 days and topdress.
By above method, a rotation cycle content under water-drought-water wheels operation mode, keeps under the prerequisite of excellent product, and with respect to the general planting method, 20-40% can economize on water; Applying quantity of chemical fertilizer has reduced 15-20%; The monitoring of withdrawal nozzle water quality and deep subsoil water, nitrate nitrogen content and conventional water-break original position are cleared up and are improved 1.35 times; Ammonium nitrogen content and conventional water-break original position are cleared up and are improved 1.20 times; Total nitrogen content and conventional water-break original position are cleared up and are improved 1.30 times; Total phosphorus content and conventional water-break original position are cleared up and are improved 1.12 times.Former potential drop has been cleared up the farmland non-point pollution thing, has reduced farmland water-break amount, thereby has reduced the water-break amount that flows into the Yellow River, has reached the purpose that original position is cleared up.
Different rotation sequences is in a rotation cycle, water-break amount difference is bigger, water-drought-water to drought-water-drought in the cycle in 3 years, the water-break amount is big 2 times under identical irrigating water quota, corresponding contaminant stream vector is also big with the loss of water-break amount, but in the long time, as 4 years, 6 years or longer time, this difference disappeared substantially.Two kinds of wheel operation modes are that the kind method for planting in same plot of starting year is inequality, other methods of cultivation, apply fertilizer, pour water, kind selection, field management etc. are all identical.
Should be understood that, for those of ordinary skills, can be improved according to the above description or conversion, and all these improvement and conversion all should belong to the protection domain of claims of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure, it is characterized in that rotation system is: adopt 3 years rotation cycle, rotation sequence is paddy field-dry land-paddy field or dry land-paddy field-dry land; The methods of cultivation are carried out non-irrigated flat field after the underwater cultivation autumn harvest in the first year, perhaps no-tillage; Will in time carry out spring drought level land morning the coming year; Plantation crop varieties aspect, the paddy field is based on the strong rice varieties of local adaptation, and dry land is based on conventional wheat, corn grain crop and all kinds of vegetable crop; To turn to principle in right amount, the growth demand that satisfies crop is as the criterion in the irrigation program; The fertilising aspect under the early stage of satisfying the plant growth needs, application of organic fertilizers as far as possible.
2. farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure according to claim 1 is characterized in that the paddy field is the rice field, and dry land is a wheat, and corn is based on spring corn or production of hybrid seeds corn.
3. farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure according to claim 1 is characterized in that, once ploughs deeply cultivatedly after the rice field leveling, more than the tilling depth 20cm, ploughs shallowly 1-2 time afterwards, has built ridge; Discharged water before the transplanting soaked field 2-3 days, back shallow water wave field makes field face difference of height be no more than 3 centimetres; Behind the mid-September paddy rice harvesting, the soil is carried out rotary tillage, winter wheat sowing is prepared in airing, and October, early and middle ten days was sowed; If prepare plantation spring wheat, spring corn the coming year, then winter no-tillage, irritate winter water, carry out soil freezing-thawing, before sowing in spring the coming year, carry out soil cultivation; At the dry land crops for rotation, adopted no-tillage leisure or planted shorter catch crop breeding time after late June, harvesting wheat cut, absorb the non-point pollution materials such as nitrogen, phosphorus and other heavy metals of soil affluence.
4. farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the rice transplanting kind mainly contains 96D10, No. 24, peaceful round-grained rice, No. 27, peaceful round-grained rice, No. 28, peaceful round-grained rice and peaceful round-grained rice No. 35; Winter wheat is based on peaceful winter No. 6, peaceful winter No. 10, peaceful winter No. 11, and spring wheat is peaceful spring No. 4, No. 39, No. 11, Ning Chun, Ning Chun and good forever No. 15.
5. farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the paddy field is behind the shoot transplanting equipment land for growing field crops, and the field face keeps the thin water layer seedling alive of turning green, but must not shine seedling, will note meeting simultaneously suitably increasing water irrigating depth by low temperature; Each growing stage after turning green is poured water to reach with the soil presentation and is poured water when pouring water index again, and the back of at every turn pouring water falls dried naturally; Dry land needs the water degree to determine irrigation period and irrigating water quota according to the crop growth phase.
6. farmland non-point pollution thing original position digestion procedure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the time of infertility, the mu total fertilization amount was on the basis of applications of farmyard manure, purity nitrogen 12-14kg, phosphorus pentoxide 6-8kg, potassium oxide 3-4kg, soil fertility height or farmyard manure use and are limited to standard below many, the low or farmyard manure of fertility use be limited to more than few suitable.
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| CN103270832A (en) * | 2013-06-12 | 2013-09-04 | 云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所 | Method for controlling nitrogen and phosphorous non-point source pollution of cropland by using biological ridge |
| CN105750323A (en) * | 2016-05-18 | 2016-07-13 | 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 | Farmland chromium pollution remediation method under planting production condition |
| CN108668807A (en) * | 2018-05-18 | 2018-10-19 | 农业部环境保护科研监测所 | Wheat and maize rotation system cultivates rich water method of administration and application |
| CN109548595A (en) * | 2018-12-27 | 2019-04-02 | 浙江大学 | A kind of semilate rice-wheat crop rotation method in cadmium slight pollution soil |
| CN110226470A (en) * | 2019-07-04 | 2019-09-13 | 金陵科技学院 | A kind of water-saving weight-reducing ecological engineering system of rice and kernel dish ecologic planting |
| CN112845575A (en) * | 2021-01-07 | 2021-05-28 | 山东农业大学 | Method for repairing cadmium-zinc polluted wheat farmland Sedum plumbizincicola stripe intercropping and fertilizer regulation |
| CN117037932A (en) * | 2023-07-25 | 2023-11-10 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Method for calculating farmland supporting ditch water withdrawal amount and identifying water age distribution based on isotopes |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103270832A (en) * | 2013-06-12 | 2013-09-04 | 云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所 | Method for controlling nitrogen and phosphorous non-point source pollution of cropland by using biological ridge |
| CN103270832B (en) * | 2013-06-12 | 2015-07-15 | 云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所 | Method for controlling nitrogen and phosphorous non-point source pollution of cropland by using biological ridge |
| CN105750323A (en) * | 2016-05-18 | 2016-07-13 | 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 | Farmland chromium pollution remediation method under planting production condition |
| CN108668807A (en) * | 2018-05-18 | 2018-10-19 | 农业部环境保护科研监测所 | Wheat and maize rotation system cultivates rich water method of administration and application |
| CN109548595A (en) * | 2018-12-27 | 2019-04-02 | 浙江大学 | A kind of semilate rice-wheat crop rotation method in cadmium slight pollution soil |
| CN110226470A (en) * | 2019-07-04 | 2019-09-13 | 金陵科技学院 | A kind of water-saving weight-reducing ecological engineering system of rice and kernel dish ecologic planting |
| CN112845575A (en) * | 2021-01-07 | 2021-05-28 | 山东农业大学 | Method for repairing cadmium-zinc polluted wheat farmland Sedum plumbizincicola stripe intercropping and fertilizer regulation |
| CN117037932A (en) * | 2023-07-25 | 2023-11-10 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Method for calculating farmland supporting ditch water withdrawal amount and identifying water age distribution based on isotopes |
| CN117037932B (en) * | 2023-07-25 | 2024-03-19 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Method for calculating farmland supporting ditch water withdrawal amount and identifying water age distribution based on isotopes |
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