CN102415504A - 含有海藻蛋白粉富集dha的蛋鸡饲料预混料 - Google Patents
含有海藻蛋白粉富集dha的蛋鸡饲料预混料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102415504A CN102415504A CN2011103145954A CN201110314595A CN102415504A CN 102415504 A CN102415504 A CN 102415504A CN 2011103145954 A CN2011103145954 A CN 2011103145954A CN 201110314595 A CN201110314595 A CN 201110314595A CN 102415504 A CN102415504 A CN 102415504A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种含有海藻蛋白粉富集DHA的蛋鸡饲料预混料,属于饲料技术领域。本发明蛋鸡饲料预混料是经过反复多次科学试验得出最佳配比,各成分功能互补,协同配合,全面考虑了蛋鸡产蛋期的基本营养需求,特别强化了富含DHA等Omega-3脂肪酸的海藻蛋白粉和奇亚籽;使用本预混料进行蛋鸡喂养,能促使蛋鸡达到良好体态,能够提高蛋鸡的机体免疫力,提高饲料利用率,促进对营养物质的消化吸收,有效提高蛋鸡的产蛋性能;特别的是,能够提高鸡蛋中DHA含量,降低胆固醇含量,提升鸡蛋品质。使用本发明预混料喂养的蛋鸡所产的鸡蛋中,平均每100g蛋黄中DHA含量可达380~560mg,是普通鸡蛋含量的8~12倍。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种蛋鸡饲料预混料及其生产方法,尤其涉及一种以富含DHA的海藻蛋白粉和其它多种组分混合而成的蛋鸡饲料预混料、含有该预混料的蛋鸡饲料及其生产方法,属于饲料技术领域。
背景技术
自古以来,鸡蛋就是人类主要的蛋白质来源,也是蛋白质质量更高的食物之一。此外,鸡蛋中B族维生素和脂肪、维生素A、D的含量也较高,因此,鸡蛋在膳食中起着不可替代的作用。
鸡蛋重量的31%是蛋黄,蛋黄是由无数富含脂肪的球形微胞所组成,外被蛋黄膜。鸡蛋中98%的脂肪均存在于蛋黄中。据《中国食物成分表》(2002)报道,普通蛋黄中主要以棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸为主,占总脂肪的90%,而长链Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量极低,也几乎不含DHA。
DHA,二十二碳六烯酸,俗称脑黄金,是一种对人体非常重要的多不饱和脂肪酸,属于Omega-3不饱和脂肪酸家族中的重要成员。DHA是大脑、神经和视觉细胞中重要的脂肪酸成分,对人体生理功能的正常发挥及多种疾病的防治有着重要作用,特别是在婴幼儿大脑和视觉系统发育过程中占有十分重要的地位。DHA的生理功能突出表现在其能够促进胎儿和婴幼儿的神经系统发育。DHA是ω-3系中惟一可以通过胎盘的不饱和脂肪酸,经胎盘进入胎儿脑部的DHA可提供胎儿脑细胞分裂所需,健全胎儿脑细胞组织。此外世界卫生组织和联合国粮农组织也认为,包括DHA在内的Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸是确信的具有预防心血管类疾病的重要食物成分。
DHA主要存在海洋鱼体内,而鱼体内含量最多的则是眼窝脂肪、其次是鱼油。然而,据我国2002年全国营养调查显示,人群中DHA的摄入量很低,即便是沿海地区平均摄入量也低于80mg/天,与每天200mg的推荐摄入量还有很大差距。而有研究表明,DHA可以通过鸡饲料富集到鸡蛋中,因此,通过食用富含DHA的鸡蛋是补充膳食DHA是一种有效途径。
食品工业上利用裂壶藻(Schizochytrium sp.)等海藻菌种经生物发酵生产DHA油脂,海藻蛋白粉是提取DHA油脂后剩下的物料干燥而成,其中含有35%以上的蛋白质和100mg/100g的DHA,此外,钾、镁、铁、锌、碘等营养成分含量极高,是良好的蛋鸡预混料的来源。
本发明克服现有技术不足,提供一种含有海藻蛋白粉富集DHA的蛋鸡饲料预混料。
发明内容
本发明目的是提供一种蛋鸡饲料预混料、含有该预混料的蛋鸡饲料及其生产方法;该饲料预混料能够提高蛋鸡的机体免疫力,提高饲料利用率,促进对营养物质的消化吸收,特别的是,能够提高鸡蛋中DHA含量,降低胆固醇含量,提升鸡蛋品质。
所述蛋鸡饲料预混料每1000g中含有:
海藻蛋白粉50~300g、奇亚籽5~100g、红曲20~50g、沸石粉30~100g、维生素A 500~1500IU、维生素D 60~200ICU、维生素E 2~10mg、维生素K 0.02~0.5mg、维生素B120.001~0.01mg、生物素0.01~0.05mg、胆碱0.2~0.5g、叶酸0.05~0.5mg、烟酸2~5mg、泛酸0.5~10mg、维生素B60.5~5mg、核黄素0.5~5mg、硫氨素0.1~0.5mg、钙6~15g、磷1~3g、镁30~500mg、铜1~10mg、锰5~30mg、锌6~30mg、铁10~50mg、硒0.01~0.08mg、碘0.01~0.06mg、蛋氨酸0.5~2g、赖氨酸0.5~3g、色氨酸0.5~3g,余量为白炭黑。
所述蛋鸡饲料预混料优选每1000g中含有:
海藻蛋白粉100~200g、奇亚籽5~50g、红曲20~50g、沸石粉30~60g、维生素A 500~1000IU、维生素D 60~150ICU、维生素E 2~5mg、维生素K 0.02~0.2mg、维生素B120.001~0.01mg、生物素0.01~0.05mg、胆碱0.2~0.5g、叶酸0.05~0.1mg、烟酸2~10mg、泛酸0.5~5mg、维生素B60.5~2mg、核黄素0.5~2mg、硫氨素0.1~0.5mg、钙6~12g、磷1~2g、镁30~100mg、铜1~6mg、锰5~20mg、锌6~20mg、铁10~30mg、硒0.01~0.05mg、碘0.01~0.05mg、蛋氨酸0.5~1.5g、赖氨酸0.5~1g、色氨酸0.5~1g,余量为白炭黑。
所述配方中各维生素、矿物质和氨基酸用量不包括源自海藻蛋白粉、奇亚籽、红曲、沸石粉、白炭黑中的相应成分;本领域技术人员可根据现有技术选择各维生素、矿物质和氨基酸来源,本发明不做具体限定;例如所述锰、锌、铁、铜、碘、硒可分别由硫酸锰MnSO4·5H2O、硫酸锌ZnSO4·7H2O、硫酸亚铁FeSO4·7H2O、硫酸铜CuSO4·5H2O、碘化钾KI、亚硒酸钠Na2SeO3提供。
所述蛋鸡饲料预混料生产方法,包括以下步骤:
a.制备复合维生素:按配方称取各维生素(维生素A、维生素D、维生素E、维生素K、维生素B12、生物素、胆碱、叶酸、烟酸、泛酸、维生素B6、核黄素、硫氨素),与适量沸石粉或白炭黑(如10~20倍)混合均匀;
制备复合矿物质:按配方称取各矿物质(钙、磷、镁、铜、锰、锌、铁、硒、碘),与适量沸石粉或白炭黑(如10~20倍)混合均匀;
制备复合氨基酸:按配方称取各氨基酸(蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸),与适量沸石粉或白炭黑(如10~20倍)混合均匀;
b.按配方称取奇亚籽、红曲,粉碎;按配方称取海藻蛋白粉、沸石粉、白炭黑;将奇亚籽、红曲、海藻蛋白粉、沸石粉、白炭黑先混合均匀,再用等量递增法与复合维生素、复合矿物质、复合氨基酸混合均匀,制成蛋鸡饲料预混料。
本发明蛋鸡饲料预混料的功能优点:
1)该预混料有更好的流动性,改善组合物在饲料中的混合均匀度,操作简便易行,并且有效地避免了运输、贮存过程中引起的活性损失或降低;
2)该预混料还可以提高蛋鸡的采食量和饲料利用率,使蛋鸡对该预混料具有一定的喜好性和依赖性;
3)该预混料既可以单独使用,也可以方便轻易地与任何标准饲料/基础饲料混合,使该预混料可以大规模、简便有效地在养殖场推广应用。
所述蛋鸡饲料预混料既可以与蛋鸡日常饲料混合后使用,也可以单独使用;
当蛋鸡饲料预混料与蛋鸡日常饲料混合后使用时,所述蛋鸡饲料预混料用量一般为蛋鸡日常饲料重量的5%~30%,具体可根据蛋鸡日常饲料实际情况而调整;
当蛋鸡饲料预混料单独使用时,所述蛋鸡饲料预混料用量一般为蛋鸡日常饲料重量的5%~30%,具体可根据蛋鸡日常饲料实际情况而调整。
优选的蛋鸡日常饲料配方为:
鱼粉5%~15%、豆粕5%~10%、麸皮5%~12%、菜粕5%~10%、酵母粉5%~10%、胡萝卜1%~3%、贝壳粉0.5%~2%、骨粉1%~2%、大蒜粉0.1%~0.6%、食盐0.2%~0.5%、植酸酶0.01%~0.1%、溶菌酶0.01%~0.1%、葡聚糖酶0.005%~0.01%,其余为玉米,总量为100%。
所述蛋鸡日常饲料可按现有技术方法制备。
所述海藻蛋白粉为利用海藻生物发酵提取藻油(DHA和/或EPA)后的剩余产品;所述海藻培养、分离方法在现有技术中多有报道,本发明不做具体限制,相关文献例如:海洋微藻生产EPA和DHA的研究进展,江苏食品与发酵,2008年第4期;紫球藻的培养与多不饱和脂肪酸合成的研究进展,中国海洋药物杂志,2005年6月第24卷第3期等。
例如所述海藻蛋白粉可采用如下工艺制备:
摇瓶→一级发酵→二级发酵→主发酵→分离→洗涤→冷冻干燥→富含DHA的藻粉→CO2萃取→富含DHA微藻油和微藻蛋白粉。
首先,裂壶藻(Schizochytrium sp.)等海藻菌种在无菌条件下,接种到摇瓶中进行藻种的活化,待藻种活性提高后,再以无菌操作转接到一级发酵罐中,当藻种的浓度达到5克/升,一级罐中的发酵液在无菌情况下转接入二级发酵罐进行进一步培养,当浓度达到10克/升时,过罐到三级罐进行主发酵,让细胞在新鲜的培养基中快速增长和繁殖,以提高细胞浓度,并同时积累细胞内产物,如油脂;在三级罐中的细胞浓度达到预期目标后,发酵液进入离心机,进行细胞收集;同时,为了避免培养液中化学物质的污染,细胞用清水进行快速清洗,洗涤后的细胞在-50度的条件下先进行冷冻,然后在真空条件下进行细胞的冷冻干燥处理;经过24小时的处理后,得到富含DHA的藻粉,并进一步送入萃取设备中,进行二氧化碳超临界萃取油脂;萃取油脂后的剩余产品即为海藻蛋白粉。
目前添加于食品和直接用做营养补充剂的DHA主要来源于鱼油和微藻油。鱼油是从含脂肪较高的海鱼中提取所得,价格便宜,在食品工业中已广泛的用做食品原料和营养添加剂,但鱼油DHA主要有两方面的局限性,一是往往EPA与DHA共存,同而研究发现EPA有可能对婴幼儿生长有不利影响,同时存在的大量胆固醇和鱼腥味也很难去除;另一方面是有机污染物(POPs)和重金属等危害性物质。在海洋环境中,鱼类作为食物链的高端,体内可积累不同种类的持续性有机污染物和重金属。此外,过量捕杀鱼类资源势必会破坏生态平衡。
以海洋微藻类生物发酵进行规模化培养,不含污染物,抽提和精炼微藻油后的剩余产品/下脚料海藻蛋白粉可作为动物(蛋鸡)饲料原料,得到综合利用,即提高了经济效益又减少了环境污染,一举多得。
海藻蛋白粉含有35%以上的蛋白质和100mg/100g的DHA,此外,每100g海藻蛋白粉还含有钾1471mg、镁615mg、铁18.24mg、锌61mg、碘0.63mg,这些矿物质含量是其他食物的几十倍甚至上百倍。
奇亚(Chia):学名芡欧鼠尾草Salvia Hispanica L.,薄荷类植物,起源于墨西哥南部和危地马拉。它是富含omega-3脂肪酸最丰富的食物,并且含有天然抗氧化剂。奇亚籽是美国FDA认证的安全食品,也是欧盟立法确认的面包添加成分。奇亚籽营养成分:Omega-3脂肪酸:奇亚籽17.6%、奇亚油63.8%;奇亚籽是含Omega-3最丰富,唯一不需加工直接安全食用的纯天然食品;与鱼油相比,奇亚籽的Omega-3脂肪酸含量更高,且无胆固醇,不会引起过敏,无营养富集的海洋污染物;与亚麻籽相比,奇亚籽不含任何对人体有害的成分,且自身含有自然抗氧化物,保护了Omega-3的品质,不像亚麻籽容易腐坏变质,产生有毒物质和异味;抗氧化物:抗氧化能力ORAC为9800,除了普通的抗氧化元素(维生素E,C和卵磷脂)以外,奇亚籽内含有更丰富的天然抗氧化剂,是抗老防病防癌的必需;奇亚籽是目前已发现的Omega-3来源中唯一安全可食的植物,并且完全不含胆固醇。
红曲:Fermentum Rubrum,是以籼米为原料,采用现代生物工程技术分离出优质的红曲霉菌(monascuspurpureus)经液体深层发酵精致而成,是一种纯天然、安全性高、有益于人体健康的食品添加剂。性甘、温,无毒。归肝;脾;胃;大肠经。红曲发酵后可分离到辅酶Q10,辅酶Q10又名癸烯醌,是细胞代谢及细胞呼吸的激活剂,能改善线粒体呼吸功能,促进氧化磷酸化反应,它本身又是细胞自身产生的天然氧化剂,能抑制线粒体的过氧化,有保护生物膜结构完整性的功能。对免疫有非特异的增强作用,能提高吞噬细胞的吞噬率,增加抗体的产生,改善T细胞功能。红曲所含红曲霉素K可阻止生成胆固醇。
沸石粉:沸石粉是天然的沸石岩磨细而成,颜色为白色。沸石是火山熔岩形成的一种架状结构的铝硅酸盐矿物。它含有养殖动物生长发育所需的全部常量元素和大部分微量元素。这些元素都以离子状态存在,能被养殖动物所利用。此外沸石还具有独特的吸附性、催化性、离子交换性,离子的选择性、耐酸性、热稳定性、多成份性及很高的生物活性和抗毒性等。沸石粉可改善预混料组合物的流动性和均一性。
白炭黑:白炭黑是白色粉末状X-射线无定形硅酸和硅酸盐产品的总称,主要是指沉淀二氧化硅、气相二氧化硅、超细二氧化硅凝胶和气凝胶,也包括粉末状合成硅酸铝和硅酸钙等。白炭黑是多孔性物质,能溶于苛性碱和氢氟酸,不溶于水、溶剂和酸(氢氟酸除外)。用作抗结块剂,白炭黑可用在一些产品中来提高自由流动性,如草地肥料、杀真菌剂、磨轮研磨剂、洗衣漂白剂、酚醛注塑乌洛托品、酚和尿素的塑料制品、制造橡胶硫磺及抗结块混合物。此外还可用在消防剂、饲料、化妆品、消光剂、颜料、油漆等许多行业。白炭黑可改善预混料组合物的流动性和均一性。
维生素A:在鸡体内可以维持呼吸道、消化道、生殖道上皮细胞或粘膜的结构完整与健全;促进雏鸡的生长发育;增强鸡对环境的适应力和抵抗力;提高鸡的产蛋量和种蛋孵化率。当鸡缺乏维生素A时,易引起上皮组织干燥和角质化,使分泌机能减弱,眼角膜上皮变性,发生干眼病,严重时造成失明;雏鸡生长缓慢,羽毛蓬乱无光泽,消化不良;成鸡产蛋量减少,种蛋受精率低,孵化率也下降。一般配合饲料每千克含胡萝卜素及玉米黄素,大约相当于维生素A1000国际单位,远远不能满足鸡的需要,所以对于不喂青绿饲料的笼养鸡来说,维生素A主要依靠多种维生素添加剂来提供。
维生素D:在家禽的骨骼、硬喙、趾爪和蛋壳形成过程中具有调节钙、磷的代谢作用,能促进鸡体对钙的吸收,对骨组织中的沉钙成骨也有直接的促进作用。当饲料中缺乏维生素D时,可使体内的钙、磷代谢发生障碍,使雏鸡发生佝偻病。产蛋母鸡饲料中缺乏维生素D时,2-3个月后才出现症状,初期产薄壳蛋或软皮蛋,随后产蛋量下降,孵化率降低,喙、趾爪、胸骨变软,关节肿大。肋骨与胸骨接合处内陷,所有肋骨沿胸廓向内呈弧形,病鸡极度衰弱。
维生素E:生物学功能主要是抗氧化作用,保护不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)尤其是亚油酸免受自动氧化。维生素E不仅可以解除自由基,还可以去除形成脂过氧化物的潜在来源。维生素E和硒具有协同抗氧化作用维生素E缺乏时脂类过氧化反应水平提高,细胞膜结构遭受破坏,血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)等酶的活性增高。维生素E能降低血液中糖皮质素的含量,抑制前列腺素的生成。维生素E对很多激素的合成有重要的作用,如垂体前叶激素、肾上腺皮质激素。当垂体前叶促性腺激素合成降低时,生殖机能降低。维生素E缺乏症的发生很大程度上与饲料有关。
维生素K:是甲萘醌的衍生物,又名凝血维生素或抗出血维生素,是动物体内形成凝血酶原所必需的种维生素。维生素K的主要作用为催化肝脏中凝血酶原与凝血活素的合成,凝血活素促使凝血酶原转变为凝血酶,维持血液的正常凝血功能。雏鸡维生素K不足造成皮下出血呈现紫斑;种鸡饲料中维生素K不足孵化率降低。除凝血作用外,据报道,维生素K依赖蛋白质和肽参与钙代谢。肠道疾病或动物长期服用广谱抗生素和抗菌药物制剂时,肠道微生物活力下降,可引起维生素K缺乏。
维生素B12:又叫钴维生素,氰钴胺素,钴胺素。维生素B12为红色、粉红色结晶,在弱酸中较稳定,不耐碱、阳光、氧化剂或还原剂。维生素B12参与体内一碳基团的代谢,是传递甲基的辅酶,它与叶酸的作用相互联系,影响体内生物合成所需的活性甲基的形成和其他一碳基团的代谢。其中最重要的是参与核酸和蛋白质的生物合成,促进红细胞的发育和成熟。当维生素B12缺乏时,能引起动物恶性贫血,此外,其他组织代谢也发生障碍。维生素B12还促进胆碱的生成。家禽常发生肌胃粘膜炎症,雏鸡生长不良,种蛋孵化率下降,胚胎死亡率升高,羽毛生长不好等。维生素B12能激活叶酸的生物学活性,鸡缺乏叶酸时可应用维生素B12辅助治疗;与维生素C合用,促进鸡生长发育的效果显著。此外,泛酸增强维生素B12的效应。
生物素:又名维生素H,是动物体内许多羧化酶和羧基转移酶系的辅酶,参与脂肪、碳水化合物、蛋白质、氨基酸、核酸等代谢,是动物皮肤、被毛、肉趾、蹄、生殖系统和神经系统正常发育和健康的维持不可缺少的。禽类缺乏时,喙及趾部皮炎,脚爪变形,种蛋孵化率下降,发生脂肪肝肾综合症(FLKS),生长缓慢,成活率降低。初步资料证明,生物素还能提高铜对生长的促进作用,减少背膘厚、改进酮体质量。近十多年的研究明,由于饲料中含量变化大,利用率低,单靠天然饲料提供生物素是不能满足畜、禽需要的,必须添加工业生产的生物素;添加较高量的生物素能提高畜禽的抗病能力,防止鸡脂肪的肝肾综合症(FLKS),减少鸡猝死,降低鸡腿病;防止畜禽应激引起的生产力下降。
胆碱:β-羟基乙基胺的氢氧化合物,是一种强碱。它以游离胆碱、乙酰胆碱和复合磷脂的形式广泛分布于生物体中,其生理功能:1.胆碱作为卵磷脂、鞘磷脂的组成,在构成细胞结构和维持细胞功能上起着重要作用,参与脂肪谢,可防止脂肪肝,肝、肾出血以及鸡和火鸡的胫骨粗短症。2.以乙酰胆碱形式参与神经冲动的传导。3.胆碱是一种甲基供体。研究表明,在高胱氨酸存在或含有无机硫酸盐条件下,添加胆碱可节省蛋氨酸。动物胆碱不足,引起脂肪代谢紊乱,出现脂肪肝,肝脏、肾脏、眼球及其他器官出血,神经失调。家禽骨骼、关节畸形、肿大,胫胃粗短,生长速度下降。据报道,某些产褐壳蛋的鸡在饲喂菜籽饼时产有鱼腥味蛋与胆碱不足有关。
叶酸:最初由植物中分离出来,所以称之为叶酸,它是以四氢叶酸的形式在动物体内参与物质代谢的。通过对一碳基团的传递参与嘌吟、嘧啶的合成以及氨基酸的代谢,从而影响核酸的合成和蛋白质的代谢,对正常血细胞的形成有促进作用,并能促进免疫球蛋白的生成。动物缺乏叶酸常引起贫血、红细胞减少,生长停止,禽还表现为脊椎麻痹,羽毛脱色,繁殖能力降低和胚胎死亡率高,特别明显的是胚胎胫骨短粗和嘴呈交错形。对禽通常需补充叶酸以防止缺乏症,增进生产效果,提高免疫力。
烟酸:烟酸和烟酰胺总称为维生素PP或抗癞皮病维生素,是较稳定的维生素之一,不易被热、氧、光、碱、酸破坏。烟酸和烟酰胺有同样的生理功能。烟酸在动物体内可转化为烟酰胺,烟酰胺是辅酶I、辅酶II的组成部分。而辅酶I、辅酶II是许多脱氢酶的辅酶,在体内氧化还原反应中起着传递氢的作用,它与糖酵解,脂肪代谢,丙酮酸代谢,高能磷酸键的生成有密切关系,并在维持皮肤和消化器官正常功能中起着重要作用。缺乏维生素PP动物产生皮肤病变,出现癞皮病,消化道疾病,生长迟缓,粘膜发炎和溃疡,羽毛生长不良,产蛋量和孵化率下降,引起家禽胫骨短粗病。
泛酸:又名遍多酸,鸡抗皮炎维生素,是一种二肽衍生物,呈黄色粘稠油状,干热及在酸、碱溶液中易被破坏。泛酸是辅酶A的组成成分,辅酶A参与糖、脂肪和蛋白质的代谢。泛酸在脂肪的合成和分解中起着十分重要的作用,与皮肤和粘膜的正常功能、毛皮的色泽和对疾病的抵抗力有很大的关系。动物缺乏泛酸主要导致皮肤和粘膜的病变,表现为表皮粗糙或羽毛稀少,毛发或羽毛脱落,而且生长迟缓、生殖功能发生障碍。抗病及抗应激力下降。雏鸡则表现为生长不良,羽毛零乱,皮炎、眼分泌粘液增加,喙角与趾部形成痂皮。种蛋孵化率下降。泛酸还是许多微生物的必需营养素,缺乏会影响微生物的生长。
维生素B6:是吡哆醇、吡多醛、吡哆胺的总称,这三种物质在动物体内有相同的生物学作用。维生素B6是许多氨基酸脱羧酶、转氨酶等的重要组成部分。含有维生素民B6的酶参与几乎所有氨基酸的合成与分解代谢,此外对脂肪、糖、无机盐的代谢也很重要。缺乏维生素B6时,幼龄动物生长缓慢或停止。鸡缺乏维生素B6时,兴奋性强,有神戏症状,腿软弱,皮炎,脱毛,毛襄出血,死亡率升高,产蛋率、种蛋孵化率下降。雏鸡易产生缺乏症。提高日粮维生素B6添加量可增强动物免疫力和抗应激能力。成年反刍动物一般无需补充。
核黄素:既维生素B2,核黄素为异咯嗪衍生物,桔黄色,易被碱、光及金属元素破坏。核黄素是许多氧化还原酶的重要组成部分,参与能量和蛋白质代谢。动物缺乏核黄引起体代谢紊乱。其症状:轻则表现为生长受阻,生产力下降;雏鸡的典型症状为足跟关节肿胀,趾内向弯曲成拳状,急性缺乏症能使腿部完全麻痹、瘫痪;种鸡缺乏时,种蛋孵化率低,雏鸡成活率低。动物对核黄素的需要与日粮组成和环境温度有关,日粮营养浓度高,则核黄素需要量增加,环境温度低应给较多的核黄素,种禽动物的需要量较高。
硫胺素:即维生素B1,又名抗神经炎维生素,抗脚气病维生素,是α-酮酸脱氢酶系中的辅酶成分,参与碳水化合物的代谢,对维持神经组织和心肌的正常功能起重要作用,维持肠胃的正常蠕动和胃液分泌以及消比道脂肪的吸收和发酵的正常功能。维生素B1缺乏,则碳水化合物代谢紊乱,神经、心肌功能异常,食欲下振,消化不良,生长受阻等。维生素B1的需要量与饲料中可溶性碳水化合物含量有关,可溶性碳水化合物含量愈高,维生素B1需要量增加。
钙:钙在鸡类体内大部分和磷结合成磷酸钙,一般占体内矿物质含量的65-70%,是构成骨骼和卵壳的主要成分,在产卵期,雏鸟生长期尤其应添加足够的钙和磷。钙还参与细胞的活动和血液的凝固等。钙、磷缺乏或比例失调,都会导致患软脚病、佝偻病,还会使骨质疏松、产软壳卵,甚至停产。缺钙会引起血钙降低,雏鸡和青年鸡生长滞缓、发育不良、骨质疏松、龙骨弯曲,表现“佝偻症”,与维生素D缺乏症相似,产蛋鸡则出现产蛋量下降,产软壳蛋,薄壳蛋或无壳蛋,严重时,甚至会出现瘫痪症。当然钙的缺乏,必然会造成磷的吸收、利用降低,钙磷比例失调现象。骨粉、虾粉、鱼粉、血粉、钙片、贝壳粉、石灰石、磷酸氢钙和蛋壳是钙的主要来源,它是构成鸡的骨骼、蛋壳的主要成分,并与神经功能、肌肉活动、血液凝固有关。贝壳含钙多,鸡易吸收,但鸡体内保留钙的能力有限,因此对产蛋鸡最好喂一部分碎块贝壳,使鸡慢慢消化,以满足鸡产蛋的需要。雏鸡缺钙患软骨病,成鸡缺钙产蛋量减少,蛋壳变薄、甚至产无壳蛋或孵化率下降。供钙过多不利雏鸡生长,影响镁、锰、锌的吸收。蛋壳上有白垩状沉积,蛋两端粗糙可能是母鸡喂钙过多的结果。骨粉和磷酸钙和优良的磷、钙饲料。
磷:是形成骨骼的主要成分,与能量代谢以及维持体内正常的渗透压与酸碱平衡有关。缺磷时鸡生长缓慢,骨骼易碎,严重时关节硬化。谷物和糠麸中含磷较多,但鸡的利用率低,因此在日粮中必须补充一部分无机磷,特别在日粮中缺少鱼粉时要注意补给。
饲料中钙磷缺乏及钙磷比例失调(Dietary Deficiency of Calcium,Phosphrorus andImbalance of the Calcium:Phosphorus Ratio)家禽饲料中钙和磷缺乏,以及钙磷比例失调是骨营养不良的主要病因。不仅影响生长家禽骨骼的形成,成年母禽蛋壳的形成,并且影响家禽的血液凝固、酸碱平衡、神经和肌肉等正常功能,造成的经济损失是巨大的。
镁:镁是腺组织和肌肉组织中的要素,是各种酶的催化剂,参与体内物质代谢过程。缺镁时可以在饲料中加硫酸镁,但不宜过量。
食盐:氯化钠:氯化钠是食盐的组成成分,普遍存在于野生鸡类的血液、体液、软组织和卵中,食盐可以调节饲料的味道,促进胃液分泌,增强食欲,促进食物中氮的利用,维持它们体内的酸、碱平衡,保持细胞与血液间渗透压的平衡,使组织能保持一定的水分,还能促使蛋白质和脂肪的消化吸收。食盐不足,雏鸡生长缓慢,易出现啄肛等恶癖,会出现食欲不振,消化不良,发育迟缓,体重减轻等症状。
铜:参与血红蛋白及许多氧化还原酶的合成和激活,铜和铁的利用有关,造血时,红细胞的形成必须在铜蓝蛋白的参与下才能进行,所以缺铜也引起贫血。铜、铁、钴被称为造血元素。缺铜还引起骨质中的胶原纤维合成受阻,骨骼发育受影响,骨质疏松,长骨易碎。此外,铜还与动物血管的正常发育和正常功能、被毛生长和品质、中枢神经系统、繁殖机能有关,畜禽铜的缺乏症表现为:贫血(血清含铜量下降)、生长发育停滞、神经紊乱、共济运动失调、四肢软弱无力。铜还有剌激生长和类似抗生素的药理作用。铜的补充物多为硫酸铜、氧化铜、碳酸铜等。
锰:是精氨酸酶、脯氨酸肽酶、丙酮酸羧化酶、核糖核酸多聚酶、含锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)等的组成成分,并能激活许多酶,包括某些激酶、水解酶、脱羧酶和转移酶类等,通过这些酶,锰参与蛋白质、脱氧核糖核酸和核糖核酸、脂类、碳水化合物的代谢,对动物的生长、发育、繁殖、骨骼的正常生长和结构,造血、神经等都有重要的影响。缺锰主要表现为生长受阻、骨骼畸形、生殖机能紊乱、新生动物运动失调以及脂类、碳水化合物代谢缺陷。家禽易发生缺锰“溜腱症”,种蛋孵化率下降,鸡胚软骨营养障碍。
锌:是许多金属酶类和激素(如胰岛素)的组成成分,已知有80多种酶的活性与锌有关。锌通过酶和激素参与蛋白质、碳水化全物和脂类代谢,参与脱氧核糖核酸和核糖核酸的合成,还与毛的生长,皮肤的健康,创伤的愈合,繁殖机能,骨骼发育,味觉和食欲等有关,有些研究发现锌参与肝脏及视网膜内维生素A还原酶的组成,对维持血浆维生素A的水平有一定作用,还参与维持机体的正常免疫机能。动物缺锌表现为食欲下降,生长减慢,产奶、产蛋下降,饲料利用率低,严重者生长发育停止,被毛粗乱、脱落,皮肤角化不全,皮肤燥裂,创伤不易愈合,腹泻、呕吐甚至死亡。
铁:铁是构成血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、细胞色素和多种氧化酶的重要成分,作为氧的载体,保证体组织内氧的正常输送;参与体内复杂的氧化还原过程。现代研究证明,三羧循环中有1/2以上的酶含铁或者铁存在时才能发挥其生化作用,完成生理功能;缺铁或铁的利用不良,将导致氧的运输、贮存、二氧化碳的运输及氧化还原等代谢过程紊乱,影响生长发育甚至发生贫血等各种疾病。作为铁的补充物可利用溶于水和稀酸的铁盐,如硫酸亚铁、氯化亚铁柠檬酸铁、酒石酸铁以及葡萄糖酸铁、氨基酸铁等,这些铁的利用率都很好。
硒:是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的组成成分,此酶可分解细胞内过氧化物,防止对细胞膜脂的氧化破坏反应,保护生物膜免遭损害。硒能加强维生素E的抗氧化作用,二者在这一生理功能上有协同作用。在饲料中补加维生素E可以减轻缺硒症状,或推迟死亡时间,但不能从根本上消除病因。缺硒时,动物体内细胞抗过氧化物毒性能力降低,细胞被过氧化物破坏,出现水肿、出血,渗出性素质,肝细胞坏死,脾脏纤维性萎缩,肌肉不正常,心肌变性。表现为白肌病,生理机能紊乱,生长受阻,雏鸡为渗出性素质病。硒的添加物一般为亚硒酸钠。
碘:是甲状腺素的重要组成成分。动物体内大部分碘存在于甲状腺中,用以合成甲状腺素,调节代谢。其作用包括促进蛋白质合成,活化100多种酶,调节能量的转换,加速生长发育,维持中枢神经系统结构,保证正常的精神状态、身体形态及新陈代谢等。动物缺碘可导致一系列生化紊乱及生理功能异常,主要导致基础代谢率及活力下降。
蛋氨酸:目前作为蛋氨酸添加剂的产品主要有DL-蛋氨酸和DL-蛋氨酸羟基类似物(Methionine Hydroxy Analoque,MHA)及其钙盐(MHACa)。此外,蛋氨酸制剂还有蛋氨酸金属络合物和用于反刍动物的保护性蛋氨酸制剂。蛋氨酸金属元素络合物的研制主要是针对微量元素添加剂在饲料中添加量小,在饲料中准确添加并混合均匀比较困难,而无机元素毒性较大,某些无机化合物易吸湿结块,影响加工性能和其他活性成分的稳定性。而氨基酸金属元素络合物克服了这些不足,并可提高添加效果和安全性。目前商业产品已上市,蛋氨酸络合物有蛋氨酸锌、蛋氨酸硒、蛋氨酸铜等。
赖氨酸:饲料中添加的赖氨酸有两种,即L-赖氨酸和DL-赖氨酸。因动物只能利用L-赖氨酸,故主要为L-赖氨酸产品,DL-赖氨酸产品应标明L-赖氨酸含量保证值。作为商品的饲用级赖氨酸通常是纯度为98.5%以上的L-赖氨酸盐酸盐,相当于含赖氨酸(有效成分)78.8%以上,为白色一淡黄色颗粒状粉末,稍有异味,易溶于水。90%以上的L-赖氨酸是以糖蜜为原料发酵生产的产品。
色氨酸:色氨酸通常是第三或第四限制氨基酸。从营养角度看是很重要的一种必需的氨基酸,在普遍添加了蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的日粮中,色氨酸添加更显重要。另外,色氨酸的代谢产物5-羟色氨在动物体有抗高密度、断奶等应激,促进γ-球蛋白的产生,增强畜体抗病力的作用。
酶制剂:酶制剂能帮助补充自身不足的内源消化酶,提高内源酶的分泌和活性,促进对营养物质的消化吸收;同时能够摧毁植物细胞壁,消除饲料中抗营养因子,提高饲料营养价值,饲料报酬可得到大大提高;而且酶制剂可影响畜禽消化道微生物菌群,提高免疫能力,减少疾病的发生。常用酶制剂主要包括蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶,β-葡聚糖酶、植酸酶、溶菌酶和果胶酶等。
本发明蛋鸡饲料预混料是经过反复多次科学试验得出最佳配比,各成分功能互补,协同配合,经过生产实践多次验证,全面考虑了蛋鸡产蛋期的基本营养需求,重点强化了影响蛋鸡产蛋性能的诸多营养因子;特别地,本预混料强化了富含DHA等Omega-3脂肪酸的海藻蛋白粉和奇亚籽;使用本预混料进行蛋鸡喂养,能促使蛋鸡达到良好体态,能够提高蛋鸡的机体免疫力,提高饲料利用率,促进对营养物质的消化吸收,有效提高蛋鸡的产蛋性能;特别的是,能够提高鸡蛋中DHA含量,降低胆固醇含量,提升鸡蛋品质。
试验证明,使用本发明预混料喂养的蛋鸡所产的鸡蛋中,平均每100g蛋黄中DHA含量可达360~580mg,是普通鸡蛋含量的8~12倍。
具体实施方式
以下所述实施例对本发明做进一步的说明,但不应理解为对本发明的任何限制。
实施例
以生产本发明蛋鸡饲料预混料为例,每1000g配方如下:
实施例1~6蛋鸡饲料预混料生产方法,包括以下步骤:
a.制备复合维生素:按配方称取各维生素(维生素A、维生素D、维生素E、维生素K、维生素B12、生物素、胆碱、叶酸、烟酸、泛酸、维生素B6、核黄素、硫氨素),与适量沸石粉或白炭黑(如10~20倍)混合均匀;
制备复合矿物质:按配方称取各矿物质(钙、磷、镁、铜、锰、锌、铁、硒、碘),与适量沸石粉或白炭黑(如10~20倍)混合均匀;
制备复合氨基酸:按配方称取各氨基酸(蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸),与适量沸石粉或白炭黑(如10~20倍)混合均匀;
b.按配方称取奇亚籽、红曲,粉碎;按配方称取海藻蛋白粉、沸石粉、白炭黑;将奇亚籽、红曲、海藻蛋白粉、沸石粉、白炭黑先混合均匀,再用等量递增法与复合维生素、复合矿物质、复合氨基酸混合均匀,制成蛋鸡饲料预混料。
蛋鸡日常饲料优选配方如下,(每1000g):
原料 | 实施例7用量 | 实施例8用量 | 实施例9用量 | 实施例10用量 |
鱼粉 | 150g | 100g | 120g | 50g |
豆粕 | 50g | 80g | 100g | 60g |
麸皮 | 60g | 120g | 50g | 100g |
菜粕 | 80g | 60g | 50g | 100g |
酵母粉 | 50g | 100g | 50g | 100g |
胡萝卜 | 10g | 15g | 20g | 30g |
贝壳粉 | 20g | 15g | 5g | 10g |
骨粉 | 10g | 20g | 15g | 10g |
大蒜粉 | 6g | 4g | 1g | 3g |
食盐 | 5g | 1g | 1g | 3g |
植酸酶 | 0.1g | 0.2g | 0.5g | 1g |
溶菌酶 | 0.5g | 0.4g | 1g | 0.1g |
聚葡萄糖酶 | 0.08g | 0.05g | 0.1g | 0.05g |
玉米 | 余量,总量为1000g | 余量,总量为1000g | 余量,总量为1000g | 余量,总量为1000g |
试验一:
选择300日龄健康蛋鸡50只,随机分成试验组和对照组,试验组以喂养实施例8蛋鸡日常饲料为主要饲料,另喂养实施例3预混料作为辅助添加料,辅助添加料用量约为日常饲料5%左右,对照组喂养常规饲料,两组饲养管理条件完全相同,连续喂养35d,结果表明:试验组与对照组相比,平均日产蛋量提高11.36%,料蛋比降低9.12%,破(损、软)蛋率下降49.22%,蛋黄中DHA含量达371mg/100g,比对照组升高了7.3倍,胆固醇下降13.16%,蛋黄SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)含量提高6.62%,蛋黄MDA(肝脏丙二醛)降低19.59%,蛋黄颜色增加了2.1~2.5个单位级别(标准比色扇),鸡蛋贮存期更长。
试验二:
以实施例7蛋鸡日常饲料100份与实施例1预混料20份混合均匀,制成试验饲料。
选择310日龄健康蛋鸡100只,随机分成试验组和对照组,试验组喂养试验饲料,对照组喂养常规饲料,两组饲养管理条件完全相同,连续喂养50d,结果表明:试验组与对照组相比,平均日产蛋量提高15.62%,料蛋比降低13.27%,破(损、软)蛋率下降48.11%,蛋黄中DHA含量达506mg/100g,比对照组升高了10.8倍,胆固醇下降18.96%,蛋黄SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)含量提高8.53%,蛋黄MDA(肝脏丙二醛)降低27.89%,蛋黄颜色增加了2.2~2.5个单位级别(标准比色扇),鸡蛋贮存期更长。
试验三:
以实施例9蛋鸡日常饲料100份与实施例6预混料90份混合均匀,制成试验饲料。
选择360日龄健康蛋鸡100只,随机分成试验组和对照组,试验组喂养试验饲料,对照组喂养常规饲料,两组饲养管理条件完全相同,连续喂养60d,结果表明:试验组与对照组相比,平均日产蛋量提高17.31%,料蛋比降低14.50%,破(损、软)蛋率下降51.16%,蛋黄中DHA含量达572.07mg/100g,比对照组升高了11.3倍,胆固醇下降17.85%,蛋黄SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)含量提高9.11%,蛋黄MDA(肝脏丙二醛)降低30.46%,蛋黄颜色增加了2.2~2.5个单位级别(标准比色扇),鸡蛋贮存期更长。
Claims (8)
1.一种富集DHA的蛋鸡饲料预混料,其特征在于,每1000g中含有:
海藻蛋白粉50~300g、奇亚籽5~100g、红曲20~50g、沸石粉30~100g、维生素A 500~1500IU、维生素D 60~200ICU、维生素E 2~10mg、维生素K 0.02~0.5mg、维生素B12 0.001~0.01mg、生物素0.01~0.05mg、胆碱0.2~0.5g、叶酸0.05~0.5mg、烟酸2~5mg、泛酸0.5~10mg、维生素B6 0.5~5mg、核黄素0.5~5mg、硫氨素0.1~0.5mg、钙6~15g、磷1~3g、镁30~500mg、铜1~10mg、锰5~30mg、锌6~30mg、铁10~50mg、硒0.01~0.08mg、碘0.01~0.06mg、蛋氨酸0.5~2g、赖氨酸0.5~3g、色氨酸0.5~3g,余量为白炭黑。
2.根据权利要求1所述的富集DHA的蛋鸡饲料预混料,其特征在于,每1000g中含有:
海藻蛋白粉100~200g、奇亚籽5~50g、红曲20~50g、沸石粉30~60g、维生素A 500~1000IU、维生素D 60~150ICU、维生素E 2~5mg、维生素K 0.02~0.2mg、维生素B12 0.001~0.01mg、生物素0.01~0.05mg、胆碱0.2~0.5g、叶酸0.05~0.1mg、烟酸2~10mg、泛酸0.5~5mg、维生素B6 0.5~2mg、核黄素0.5~2mg、硫氨素0.1~0.5mg、钙6~12g、磷1~2g、镁30~100mg、铜1~6mg、锰5~20mg、锌6~20mg、铁10~30mg、硒0.01~0.05mg、碘0.01~0.05mg、蛋氨酸0.5~1.5g、赖氨酸0.5~1g、色氨酸0.5~1g,余量为白炭黑。
3.根据权利要求1所述的富集DHA的蛋鸡饲料预混料,其特征在于,所述蛋鸡饲料预混料与蛋鸡日常饲料混合后使用,或单独使用。
4.根据权利要求3所述的富集DHA的蛋鸡饲料预混料,其特征在于,当蛋鸡饲料预混料与蛋鸡日常饲料混合后使用时,所述蛋鸡饲料预混料用量一般为蛋鸡日常饲料重量的5%~30%。
5.根据权利要求3所述的富集DHA的蛋鸡饲料预混料,其特征在于,当蛋鸡饲料预混料单独使用时,所述蛋鸡饲料预混料用量一般为蛋鸡日常饲料重量的5%~30%。
6.根据权利要求3~5任一所述的富集DHA的蛋鸡饲料预混料,其特征在于,所述蛋鸡日常饲料配方为:
鱼粉5%~15%、豆粕5%~10%、麸皮5%~12%、菜粕5%~10%、酵母粉5%~10%、胡萝卜1%~3%、贝壳粉0.5%~2%、骨粉1%~2%、大蒜粉0.1%~0.6%、食盐0.2%~0.5%、植酸酶0.01%~0.1%、溶菌酶0.01%~0.1%、葡聚糖酶0.005%~0.01%,其余为玉米,总量为100%。
7.一种富集DHA的蛋鸡饲料预混料的生产方法,包括以下步骤:
a. 制备复合维生素:按配方称取各维生素,与适量沸石粉或白炭黑混合均匀;
制备复合矿物质:按配方称取各矿物质,与适量沸石粉或白炭黑混合均匀;
制备复合氨基酸:按配方称取各氨基酸,与适量沸石粉或白炭黑混合均匀;
b. 按配方称取奇亚籽、红曲,粉碎;按配方称取海藻蛋白粉、沸石粉、白炭黑;将奇亚籽、红曲、海藻蛋白粉、沸石粉、白炭黑先混合均匀,再用等量递增法与复合维生素、复合矿物质、复合氨基酸混合均匀,制成蛋鸡饲料预混料;
所述蛋鸡饲料预混料配方为每1000g中含有:
海藻蛋白粉50~300g、奇亚籽5~100g、红曲20~50g、沸石粉30~100g、维生素A 500~1500IU、维生素D 60~200ICU、维生素E 2~10mg、维生素K 0.02~0.5mg、维生素B12 0.001~0.01mg、生物素0.01~0.05mg、胆碱0.2~0.5g、叶酸0.05~0.5mg、烟酸2~5mg、泛酸0.5~10mg、维生素B6 0.5~5mg、核黄素0.5~5mg、硫氨素0.1~0.5mg、钙6~15g、磷1~3g、镁30~500mg、铜1~10mg、锰5~30mg、锌6~30mg、铁10~50mg、硒0.01~0.08mg、碘0.01~0.06mg、蛋氨酸0.5~2g、赖氨酸0.5~3g、色氨酸0.5~3g,余量为白炭黑。
8.根据权利要求7所述富集DHA的蛋鸡饲料预混料的生产方法,其特征在于,所述蛋鸡饲料预混料配方为每1000g中含有:
海藻蛋白粉100~200g、奇亚籽5~50g、红曲20~50g、沸石粉30~60g、维生素A 500~1000IU、维生素D 60~150ICU、维生素E 2~5mg、维生素K 0.02~0.2mg、维生素B12 0.001~0.01mg、生物素0.01~0.05mg、胆碱0.2~0.5g、叶酸0.05~0.1mg、烟酸2~10mg、泛酸0.5~5mg、维生素B6 0.5~2mg、核黄素0.5~2mg、硫氨素0.1~0.5mg、钙6~12g、磷1~2g、镁30~100mg、铜1~6mg、锰5~20mg、锌6~20mg、铁10~30mg、硒0.01~0.05mg、碘0.01~0.05mg、蛋氨酸0.5~1.5g、赖氨酸0.5~1g、色氨酸0.5~1g,余量为白炭黑。
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