CN1023209C - 在锡槽中的浮法玻璃上化学气相沉积氧化锡 - Google Patents

在锡槽中的浮法玻璃上化学气相沉积氧化锡 Download PDF

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CN1023209C
CN1023209C CN88106876A CN88106876A CN1023209C CN 1023209 C CN1023209 C CN 1023209C CN 88106876 A CN88106876 A CN 88106876A CN 88106876 A CN88106876 A CN 88106876A CN 1023209 C CN1023209 C CN 1023209C
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维恩·阿兰·汉纳里
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种用来在浮法槽中非氧化气氛下的玻璃表面上产生一层低辐射率金属氧化物膜的方法及装置。

Description

本发明总的来说涉及到制造红外反射涂层玻璃制品的领域,尤其是涉及到无彩虹的、高透明度、低辐射率的红外反射涂层的玻璃制品。
通过多种方法(包括向一受热表面施加能热分解的化合物)均可以将透明的红外反射膜(例如氧化锡)沉积在基板(如玻璃)上。有关形成透明红外反射氧化锡膜的方法已在桑德斯(Sanders)等人的美国专利3107177、吉勒利(Gillery)的美国专利3677814和瓦格纳(Wagner)等人的美国专利4263335中进行了描述。
氧化锡膜在厚度为约1000~8000埃时是特别有效的红外反射层。但是,如果膜厚不十分均匀,该膜就会出现许多干涉效应(即通常所说的彩虹)。这种干涉效应使涂膜玻璃对大多数建筑上的应用来说,在美学上是不能接受的。在较薄的膜中虽看不到彩虹现象,但从实用角度上说,这些膜的红外反射率则显不足。同样,在较厚的膜中也看不到彩虹现象,但这些膜肯定很模糊、透明度较低且难以做得均匀。因此,人们发明了多种用来掩饰干涉效应的方法。
爱德华兹(Edwards)等人的美国专利3681042中揭示了一种在浮法玻璃表面上涂膜的方法,它是将涂层物质汽化,并将该汽化物夹带在一种热载气的气流中,然后将该带有涂层物质的气体直接导向要涂层的玻璃表面,该表面的温度是涂层可以接受的。
斯图尔特(Stewart)的美国专利3710074中揭示了一种电加热多层玻璃观察窗部件,该部件在封闭的表面上具有一层导电涂层,并具有一层绝对红外反射率至少为0.17的选择性反射薄膜,从而改善了该部件的热绝缘性能,减轻了该导电膜上可见的彩虹现象。
索普考(Sopko)等人的美国专利3850679中揭示了一种在热玻璃表面上沉积金属氧化物涂层的方法,它是通过一个雷诺数在2500以上,与玻璃间距至少是其特征直径1.25倍的喷嘴将载气、汽化的溶剂和汽化的含金属涂层试剂的混合物施加到热玻璃表面上。
布鲁斯(Bloss)等人的美国专利3852098中揭示了一种用含金属薄膜涂覆玻璃基板的方法,它 是将玻璃加热,然后将该玻璃与一种气体混合物接触,所说的气体混合物在接触玻璃之前刚刚用活性的金属化合物的蒸汽在其温度下50%~100%饱和,以后该气体混合物被玻璃加热到足够高的温度以使该金属化合物发生反应,由此沉积成膜。
戈登(Gordon)的美国专利4206252中描述了一种透明玻璃窗,该窗具有第一层红外反射材料的涂层,其显示的彩虹被一折射率在玻璃与该涂层之间连续变化的夹层显著减轻,该发明还包括制造这种窗的工艺。
戈登(Gordon)的美国专利4294193中描述了一种用来制造上述涂层玻璃的气相涂层设备,其中夹在玻璃和红外反射涂层之间的夹层的折射率从玻璃到涂层连续增加。该设备能用来制造成分由气体试剂渐变的涂层。
瓦格纳(Wagner)的美国专利4325988中揭示了一种由粉尘大小的涂层试剂颗粒在基板表面上成膜的方法和设备,其中设备最好采用一种喷磨机。
亨尼利(Henery)的美国专利4344986中揭示了一种由粉末状涂层试剂沉积涂层的方法,其中在载气流中有紊流产生。
戈登(Gordon)的美国专利4377613中揭示了一种透明窗结构,它是由一块带有一层红外反射材料涂层的玻璃板组成,其中的彩虹现象由于在该红外反射涂层下面使用了一种极薄的涂层而减轻,后一种涂层反射和折射光线,使之干扰彩虹光线。
索普考(Sopko)的美国专利4401695中揭示了一种由粉末状涂层试剂的气流沉积涂层的方法和设备,其中所提供的载气处于高速、低压状态。
拉金(Larkin)的美国专利4144362中揭示了一种在受热的玻璃制品上利用精分的液体三氯丁基锡产生二氧化锡涂层的方法,其中未热解的试剂被回收,不断地重复使用。
戈登(Gordon)的美国专利4187366,4206252和4308316中揭示了一种透明的玻璃窗结构,它是由一块带有第一层红外反射材料涂层的玻璃板组成,其中第一层涂层产生的彩虹现象由于具有特殊折射率和厚度的第二涂层而减轻,后一种涂层至少提供了两种界面形成手段反射和折射光线,使之干扰彩虹光。
图1表示了根据本发明涂层器在浮法玻璃槽中的位置。
图2是图1中涂层器的放大图。
图3是载气、涂层试剂、汽化器和热交换器的流程图,它喂料给图2中的涂层器。
图4是一张色度图,其x、y色度坐标是在对应的x、y轴测量的,观察到的颜色的波长被标在周边线上;点C根据国际照明委员会(The    Commission    Internationale    de    L′Eclairage)(CIE)表示光源C的坐标,螺旋形曲线代表当膜厚增加时,氧化锡膜的色度坐标的位置;点A和B表示与本发明优选的涂层厚度范围相符的厚度。
本发明提供了一种方法,用来在玻璃尚浮于非氧化气氛下的锡槽中时,在浮法玻璃表面沉积一层较厚的,无彩虹的红外反射氧化锡膜。由于在锡槽上涂覆玻璃,利用玻璃表面的高温就能产生一层涂层厚度给定的,电阻率较低,辐射率较低的氧化锡涂层。
参照图1,当玻璃板尚浮在浮法槽中非氧化气氛下(最好是氮气)的熔融金属(最好是锡)上时,玻璃基板(最好是洁净的钠-钙-硅玻璃)即以连续的浮法玻璃带形式沿水平方向被输送经过涂层台。
图2中所示的涂层设备位于玻璃表面温度最好在1150~1250°F(约621~677℃),优先地在1200~1250°F(约649~677℃)范围的玻璃带之上。该涂层设备将由载气(空气优先)、涂层试剂(三氯丁基锡优先)组成的气流直接与热玻璃表面接触,从而使涂层试剂热分解,形成氧化锡膜。
本发明的涂层设备由一个狭窄的室组成,该室带有一个涂层剂进口端和一个出口端,出口端的长度基本上和要涂覆的玻璃面的宽度一样。该室接受载气和涂层试剂蒸汽的混合物。涂层试剂在进入该室之前最好先汽化,以在该室中省去用来放置汽化装置的空间。该室由圆柱状进口端到狭缝状、用来将汽化的涂层试剂气体混合物异向待涂层的玻璃表面的出口端或喷嘴之间最好呈渐缩状。索普考(Sopko)等人的美国专利3850679和西蒙汗(Simhan)的美国专利3888649和3942469中已详细描述了这类合适的喷嘴,这些发明已被归入参考文献中。在最优选的实施例中,在该室和喷嘴之间放置了一个分配器,以促进涂层试剂气体沿喷嘴长度均匀分配。优选的分配器是一个结构部件,它位 于该室出口端的上方,具有许多间距均匀的孔,气体通过这些孔进入喷嘴中。最好涂层试剂气体和载气的各股射流在该混合物由喷嘴出去之前能扩散开来。扩散过程可以借助于在喷嘴进口端中的扩散部件来实现,该部件在形状上与示于粉末涂层器(亨尼利的美国专利4344986)中的分流板类似,该发明已被归入参考文献中。
根据本发明,优选的用来在浮法槽中化学气相沉积一层低辐射率涂层的涂层试剂是有机金属化合物,最好是有机锡化合物。许多在大气温度下以固体形式存在的有机金属化合物能被用在溶剂中,以进行汽化和化学气相沉积。
在实施本发明的过程中,许多脂肪族和烯族碳氢化合物和卤化碳都适宜于作溶剂。单组分溶剂系统,尤其是使用二氯甲烷的单组分溶剂系统在本发明中使用效果更好,使用两种或更多种溶剂的溶剂系统也是特别有用的。可以被用来实施本发明的一些有代表性的溶剂是:二溴甲烷,四氯化碳,四溴化碳,氯仿,溴仿,1,1,1-三氯乙烷,全氯乙烯,1,1,1-三氯乙烷,二氯碘甲烷,1,1,2-三溴乙烷,三氯乙烯,三溴乙烯,三氯-氟乙烷,六氯乙烷,1,1,1,2-四氯-2-氟乙烷,1,1,2-三氯-1,2-二氟乙烷,四氟溴乙烷,六氯丁二烯,四氯乙烷等及其混合物。也可以使用其他溶剂,特别是一种或多种有机极性溶剂的混合物,例如含1到4个碳原子、一个羟基的醇类以及一种或多种芳香族非极性化合物,如苯、甲苯或二甲苯。由于这些物质都具有挥发性,因而它们在使用时没有上述优选的卤代碳氢化合物和卤化碳优先,但它们使用起来特别经济。
可以将活性有机金属盐与有机溶剂组成的溶液直接导入汽化室中。汽化室在构造上应能提供一加热部件,此加热部件将围绕该部件的空间加热到足以在该空间中汽化涂层溶液的温度,而不是仅使与该加热部件接触的液体汽化。载气被引导穿过并离开该加热器去与涂层组合物相交并与之混合,提高涂层组合物的汽化速度,从而将该气体携带通过该加热器到达要涂覆的基板上。溶剂和有机金属涂层试剂的蒸汽被从汽化器导向如图所示的涂层器。
根据本发明的一些优选的有机金属化合物在环境温度下是液体的,使用时无需任何溶剂。特别优选的有机金属化合物是三氯丁基锡,它是一种无色的液体,其特征在于:一个大气压下的沸点为420°F(221℃),0.1个大气压分压下则为310°F(154.4℃),每个克分子的汽化热为14.5千卡,汽化熵则为29.4克劳。三氯丁基锡最好通过接触热载气(典型地如空气)来汽化,并最好使温度保持在约400°F(204℃)以下[典型地如385°F(196℃)]以避免分解。索普考(Sopko)的美国专利3970037和亨尼利(Henery)的美国专利4297971中已详细描述了合适的汽化器,这些发明已被列入参考文献中。
在本发明的一个优选的实施例中,热载气总量的一部分在汽化器中与三氯丁基锡混合,该汽化器由一圈浸没在热油中的管子组成。涂层反应蒸汽在载气中的深度饱和混合物随后在室中向喷嘴流动的途中被另外的热载气稀释,喷嘴将涂层试剂送到玻璃表面上。最好将一种含氟化合物掺入三氯丁基锡中以提高随后形成的氧化锡膜的异电性。一种优选的掺杂物是三氟乙酸,范围为7%~10%,5%(以重量计)最佳。
为了使未反应的或未沉积的涂层试剂或反应副产物污染沉积膜的可能性减到最小,本发明的涂层设备须包括必要的排气装置。靠近喷嘴处,沿其整个长度有一个保持负压状态的孔,以此作为排气装置,以除去涂层处未反应的涂层试剂,未沉积的反应产物和反应副产物,这样就不会污染新涂层的表面及要涂覆的邻近表面。由于本发明的化学气相沉积法不是依赖涂层试剂气体穿过一般界面层的扩散,因此涂层试剂不受某些条件的限制,如布鲁斯(Bloss)等人在美国专利3852098中所述的那样该试剂一定要具有较高的汽化,该发明已被归入参考文献中。
根据本发明,优选的氧化锡红外反射膜具有低于每平方厘米40欧姆的电阻率(最好可达每平方厘米25欧姆或更小)以及较低的辐射率(最好可低于0.2)。所选择的膜厚应使之与光反射曲线中的最小值相对应,该曲线将光反射作为膜厚的一个函数。根据本发明,沉积在槽中浮法玻璃上的氧化锡膜的优选厚度范围为2500~3500埃,尤以3000埃左右最佳。根据本发明制得的、此厚度下的氧化锡膜表现出第三级蓝色相干色(如图4所示),其辐射率低到0.15。
在浮法槽中沉积氧化锡涂层的优点不仅在于膜 层的电阻及辐射率较低,而且由于玻璃与槽中熔融锡接触而使基板温度均匀的缘故,使涂层的均匀性较好,并且由于玻璃无需另外加热就能得到较高的基板涂层温度的缘故,使涂层的反射畸变降低。
参照图3,循环泵系统10中的涂层试剂被预热到350°F(约177℃)。载气在空气加热器20中也被预热到350°F(约177℃)。在每个缝长30英寸(76.2厘米)、缝宽3/16英寸(4.8毫米)的狭缝中以20标准立方英尺/分钟的速度提供载气,载气的速度最好为每分钟950~1150英尺(约290~351米)左右。载气带上来自供应器30的涂层试剂,直到该气体基本饱和。载气/涂层试剂气体混合物向涂剂汽化器40运动,该汽化器的温度保持在约350°F(约177℃),在那儿涂层试剂被完全汽化。汽化的涂层试剂和载气的混合物通过热的输送线50向图2中所示的涂层气体分配器腔室5输送。汽化的涂层试剂通过孔6被分配进入蒸汽腔7中,涂层试剂由此腔通过喷嘴8被导向玻璃基板(如图1所示)。在涂层试剂与热玻璃表面进行热反应从而在其上形成氧化锡膜以后,载气、未反应的涂层试剂蒸汽以及任何分解副产物立即被可控地通过真空台板10上的排气孔9排出。利用一种循环油加热输送系统11,使输送线、分配器腔室、蒸汽腔、排气孔和真空台板均保持恒温[约350°F(约177℃)]。
通过排气装置提供足以排出载气、未反应的涂层试剂和反应副产物的负压。上游的排气孔的宽度最好为7/8英寸而下游的孔则约为1英寸,两者长度均达到涂层器喷嘴的全长。在后面实施例中的涂层试剂和载气的流动速度下,上游的排气孔压降最好是4.3英寸水柱,下游的则为3.7英寸水柱。涂层器喷嘴和玻璃之间的距离范围最好在0.375~0.75英寸(约9.5到19.1毫米)之间,尤以0.5英寸左右(约1.3厘米)更好(在后面的实施例中所提到的)。槽内气氛最好是纯氮气、微正压,压力范围最好为0.05到0.07英寸(约1.27到1.78毫米)水柱,尤以0.06英寸(约1.5毫米)水柱最佳。如在后面的实施例中所述,载气/汽化的涂层试剂混合物的组成为,在每英尺喷嘴长度上,最好是25标准立方英尺/分钟的载气中含18立方厘米试剂,而且输送压力最好是4磅/平方英寸左右,流体以层流形式流动。玻璃线速度的变化范围可以较宽,例如对于2.5毫米厚的玻璃,线速度范围为每分钟30~310英寸(约0.76~7.9米)。
通过对下列特例的描述可以更进一步理解本发明。
例1
为了说明浮法槽气氛中氢气对按照本发明制得的氧化锡膜的电阻率的影响,在多种浮法槽气氛下制得厚度几乎一样(约2600埃)的膜层。当3.3毫米厚的钠-钙-硅玻璃带尚浮在浮法槽中熔融锡上时即被涂层,槽内为正常气氛氮气,其中含7%氢气。玻璃带的上表面在约1227°F(约664℃)时接触载气,该载气基本上已被汽化的、三氯丁基锡饱和,且该汽化物借助于循环油热交换系统而被保持在约350°F(约177℃),沉积厚度约2600埃的氧化膜具有每平方厘米900欧姆的电阻率。
例2
除了将浮法槽气氛中的氢气量降到2%以外,如前例所述地涂覆浮法玻璃带,氧化锡涂层厚度为2600埃,氧化锡膜的电阻率为每平方厘米125欧姆。
例3
除了浮法槽气氛改成纯氮气以外,其余的均按前面例子中所述的在浮法玻璃带上涂上一层氧化锡膜,沉积厚度为2600埃的氧化锡膜的电阻率为每平方厘米25欧姆,在此电阻率下,该氧化锡膜的辐射率为0.20。
例4
当3.3毫米厚的钠-钙-硅浮法玻璃带尚浮在浮法槽中纯氮气氛下的熔融锡上时即对其进行涂层。该玻璃带的上表面在1227°F(约664℃)时与基本上被汽化的三氯丁基锡饱和的空气接触,其中的汽化三氯丁基锡通过一种循环油热交换系统而被保持在350°F(约177℃)。靠近涂层器喷嘴处的排气装置除去涂层处的空气、未反应的三氯丁基锡和任何热分解副产物,不让它们污染周围的氮气气氛。氧化锡膜的沉积厚度为3000埃,膜的表面电阻率约每平方厘米20欧姆。该涂层呈现第三级蓝-绿颜色,光反射率为16%,该涂层玻璃的光透射率为72%,辐射率为0.17。
提供上述例子只是为了说明本发明以及表明保持涂层表面远离还原气氛的重要性,最好利用上述例子中所用的设备除去浮法槽气氛中的氢气。不 过,各种涂层试剂、涂层器设计、工艺参数等均在本发明的范围内。而无氢浮法槽气氛也可优选,涂层设备也可进行改进,使浮法槽气氛中的氢气仅与要进行涂层试剂反应的玻璃表面隔绝,例如通过在涂层器周围吹氮来实现。本发明的范围由后面的权利要求书确定。

Claims (12)

1、一种用于沉积金属氧化物涂层的方法,其特征在于,它由下列步骤组成:
a.将玻璃基板浮于熔融金属槽液上;
b.在熔融金属槽液和玻璃基板上方保持非氧化气氛;
c.用一种含有有机锡化合物的涂层试剂接触所说的玻璃基板上未支撑在所说的熔融金属槽液上的表面;
d.在玻璃表面温度为1150-1250°F(621℃-677℃)的条件下,使所说的涂层试剂进行热反应,从而在所说的玻璃表面上沉积一层金属氧化物膜。
2、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征是所说的熔融金属含有锡。
3、如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征是所说的熔融金属是锡。
4、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征是所说的气氛含有氮气。
5、如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征是所说的气氛为氮气。
6、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征是所述的有机锡化合物是三氯丁基锡。
7、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征是玻璃表面温度约在1175-1225°F(约635-663℃)范围内。
8、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征是所说的涂层试剂是以蒸气形式被施加到所说的玻璃表面上的。
9、如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征是所说的涂层试剂是在载气中被施加到所说的玻璃表面上的。
10、如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征是所说的涂层试剂是在一种氧化载气中被施加到所说的玻璃表面上的。
11、如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征是所说的载气含有空气。
12、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征是所说的载气为空气。
CN88106876A 1987-09-30 1988-09-26 在锡槽中的浮法玻璃上化学气相沉积氧化锡 Expired - Lifetime CN1023209C (zh)

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ATE160136T1 (de) 1997-11-15
AU602250B2 (en) 1990-10-04
CA1337165C (en) 1995-10-03
GR3026062T3 (en) 1998-05-29
FI110684B (fi) 2003-03-14
NZ225000A (en) 1990-12-21
EP0309902B1 (en) 1997-11-12
EP0309902A2 (en) 1989-04-05
FI884341A0 (fi) 1988-09-21
JPH0196044A (ja) 1989-04-14
FI884341A (fi) 1989-03-31
PH30684A (en) 1997-09-16
US4853257A (en) 1989-08-01
PT88553A (pt) 1989-07-31
AU2298888A (en) 1989-04-06
EP0309902A3 (en) 1990-03-07
PT88553B (pt) 1994-03-31
DK543888A (da) 1989-03-31
CN1032434A (zh) 1989-04-19
MX164867B (es) 1992-09-29
JPH0647482B2 (ja) 1994-06-22
ZA884594B (en) 1990-02-28
DK543888D0 (da) 1988-09-29
KR950000690B1 (ko) 1995-01-27
RU2046111C1 (ru) 1995-10-20
MY100824A (en) 1991-02-28
DK175462B1 (da) 2004-11-01
ES2110943T3 (es) 1998-03-01
DE3856068D1 (de) 1997-12-18
DE3856068T2 (de) 1998-05-20
DD273623A5 (de) 1989-11-22
KR890004997A (ko) 1989-05-11
BR8805013A (pt) 1989-05-09

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