CN102105625A - 熔喷细旦纤维及其制造方法 - Google Patents
熔喷细旦纤维及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102105625A CN102105625A CN2009801295017A CN200980129501A CN102105625A CN 102105625 A CN102105625 A CN 102105625A CN 2009801295017 A CN2009801295017 A CN 2009801295017A CN 200980129501 A CN200980129501 A CN 200980129501A CN 102105625 A CN102105625 A CN 102105625A
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Abstract
本发明提供包含脂族聚酯和粘度调节剂的细旦纤维。所述细旦纤维优选地由吹塑微纤维工艺制备。
Description
相关专利申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2008年6月12日提交的美国临时专利申请No.61/061,091的优先权,该临时申请以引用的方式并入本文。
背景技术
熔喷(或者MB)是通过将熔融聚合物从高速热喷气环绕的小孔挤出形成纤维的工艺。该工艺也被称为吹塑微纤维(或BMF)。BMF工艺最常用的热塑性材料是聚丙烯,聚丙烯能够生产出具有良好热稳定性的非常细的纤维。
引起更多关注的是,使用可再生资源聚合物,即来源于植物基材料的聚合物来替代石油基聚合物,例如丙烯。理想的可再生资源聚合物为“二氧化碳零排放的”,意味着植物基材料生长中所消耗的二氧化碳量与产品制备并处理时的二氧化碳释放量相当。可生物降解的材料的性质足以使它们在暴露于导致堆肥的条件时分解。视为可生物降解的材料的实例包括脂族聚酯,例如聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、聚(己内酯)、丙交酯与乙交酯的共聚物、聚丁二酸乙二醇酯以及它们的组合。
将例如聚(乳酸)等脂族聚酯用于BMF时遇到了困难,原因在于脂族聚酯热塑性塑料具有相对高的熔体粘度,这使得产生的非织造幅材通常不能像聚丙烯那样被做成同样的纤维直径。由于很多最终产品的性能受纤维直径控制,所以聚酯幅材的粗纤维直径会限制它们的应用。例如,粗纤维在用于皮肤接触应用时会显得较硬,并且感觉较差。此外,由粗纤维生产的幅材具有较大的孔隙率,这会导致幅材具有较低的阻隔特性,例如较低的水性液体防水性。
如微纤维等脂族聚酯的处理已经在美国专利No.6,645,618中有所描述。美国专利No.6,111,160(Gruber等人)公开了使用熔融稳定聚交酯,经由熔喷和纺粘工艺形成非织造制品。
美国专利No.5,585,056和6,005,019描述了一种包含可吸收聚合物纤维的外科手术制品,以及一种包含硬脂酸及其盐的增塑剂。
附图说明
图1为示出泵出口背压随示例性粘度调节剂的加入而下降的曲线图。
发明内容
本发明涉及脂族聚酯的细旦纤维、用该细旦纤维制备的制品以及通过吹塑微纤维(BMF)工艺制备该脂族聚酯细旦纤维的方法。该纤维可以是可熔融加工的,并且在食品安全、医药、个人卫生、一次性和可重复使用衣服以及水质净化多种用途中具有实用性。
该细旦纤维的熔喷幅材可通过使用粘度调节剂来降低脂族聚酯,例如PLA的粘度来形成。在某些优选的实施例中,该粘度调节剂选自烷基羧酸盐、烯基羧酸盐、芳烷基羧酸盐、烷基乙氧基化羧酸盐、芳烷基乙氧基化羧酸盐、烷基乳酸盐、烯基乳酸盐以及它们的混合物。通过在BMF工艺中降低脂族聚酯的粘度,从而降低纤维的平均直径,在熔喷幅材中形成通常小于20微米的细旦纤维。
示例性的脂族聚酯为聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯、聚羟基丁酸酯、聚羟基戊酸酯及其共混物和共聚物。
由该细旦纤维制成的制品包括由本文所述的细旦纤维制备的包含热层合物或粘合剂层合物的模制的聚合物制品、聚合物片、聚合物纤维、织造幅材、非织造幅材、多孔膜、聚合物泡沫、分层细旦纤维、例如SMS(纺粘-熔喷-纺粘)、SMMS等复合幅材以及它们的组合。本发明的可用制品的实例为由包含细旦纤维的膜、泡沫和/或机织物或非织造材料制成的伤口接触材料,以及至少部分由细旦纤维制成的消毒包裹物和手术单或手术服。
例如医疗服、医用消毒盖单、消毒包裹物、擦拭物、吸收剂、隔离物和过滤器等产品可以由熔喷脂族聚酯,例如PLA的细旦纤维制成。膜、薄膜、非织造材料、稀松布等可直接挤出粘合或者热层压到幅材。由于细旦纤维的直径,幅材具有类似于聚烯烃幅材的柔软感觉,但是在多数情况下,由于使用的脂族聚酯具有更高的模量,因此其具有更优异的抗拉强度。
本发明的方法包括:提供本文所述的脂族聚酯和粘度调节剂,以及将这些材料进行充分熔喷以生产细旦幅材。
在一个方面,该聚合物是可熔融加工的,以使得聚合物混料能够被挤出。
虽然不被理论束缚,但是粘度调节剂可能不会使脂族聚酯的可熔融加工的细旦纤维增塑。该组合物优选对哺乳动物皮肤无刺激性和不敏感的,并且是可生物降解的。脂族聚酯通常具有较低的熔融加工温度,并且能够生产出更加柔韧的输出材料。
对于以下给出定义的术语,除非在权利要求书或说明书中的其他地方另外给出了不同的定义,否则应以这些定义为准。
术语“可生物降解的”表示可通过自然产生的微生物,例如细菌、真菌和藻类,和/或自然环境因素,例如水解、酯交换反应、暴露于紫外光或可见光(可光降解的)和酶机制)或其组合的作用而降解。
术语“生物相容性”表示通过不在活体组织中产生有毒的、有害的或免疫学的反应而在生物学上相容。生物相容性材料也可以通过生化和/或水解过程分解,并被活组织吸收。使用的测试方法包括ASTMF719,其用于细旦纤维接触组织,例如皮肤、伤口、包括在诸如食道或尿道的孔口内的粘膜组织的应用情况;以及ASTM F763,其用于细旦纤维被植入组织中的应用情况。
术语“细旦纤维”通常指平均直径小于20微米,优选小于15微米,更优选小于10微米,并且最优选小于5微米的纤维。
由端值描述的数值范围包括包含在该范围内的所有数字(例如,1-5包括1、1.5、2、2.75、3、3.80、4和5)。
如本说明书和所附权利要求书中所用,除非所述内容另外明确地指明,否则单数形式“一个”和“所述”包括多个指代物。因此,例如,提及的包含“某种化合物”的细旦纤维包括两种或多种化合物的混合物。如本说明书和所附权利要求书中所用,术语“或”的含义一般来讲包括“和/或”,除非该内容物明确地表示其他含义。
除非另外指明,所有用于本说明书和权利要求书中表示成分数量、特性量度等的数字,应当理解为在所有情况下均由术语“约”修饰。因此,除非有相反的说明,上述说明书和附加权利要求书中所述的数值参数是近似值,其可由利用本发明教导内容的本领域技术人员根据寻求达到的所需特性改变该数值参数。在最低程度上,丝毫没有将等同原则的应用限制于权利要求书保护的范围的意思,每一个数值参数至少应当根据所记录的有效数字位数并采用寻常的四舍五入法进行解释。
具体实施方式
本发明公开了熔融添加剂粘度调节剂的用途,其能够对脂族聚酯,例如聚羟基链烷酸酯热塑性塑料的熔体粘度进行改性。该细旦纤维特别可用于:制备吸收或防护脂族聚酯的非织造手术衣和层叠薄膜消毒盖布,其用于进行设备消毒的手术消毒包裹物中;以及制备个人护理吸收物,诸如女性卫生垫、尿布、失禁衬垫、擦拭物、流体过滤器、隔离物等等。
在一个方面,本发明提供细旦纤维,其包含:热塑性脂族聚酯聚合物,例如聚乳酸、聚羟基丁酯等等;以及一种或多种粘度调节剂,选自烷基、烯基、芳烷基或烷芳基羧酸盐或其组合。粘度调节剂以足以对脂族聚酯的熔体粘度进行改性的含量存在于熔融挤出纤维中。通常,基于脂族聚酯和粘度调节剂的混合重量,粘度调节剂存在的量小于10重量%,优选小于8重量%,更优选小于7重量%,更优选小于6重量%,更优选小于3重量%,并且最优选小于2重量%。
在另一方面,提供了由细旦纤维构造的膜、织物以及幅材。本发明还提供了由细旦纤维织物和幅材制成的可用制品,包括医疗消毒盖布、消毒包裹物、医疗手术衣、围裙、过滤介质、工业擦拭物以及个人和家庭护理产品,所述个人和家庭护理产品例如为尿布、化妆纸、面巾纸、湿擦拭物、干擦拭物、一次性吸收制品和衣服,所述衣服例如为一次性和可重复使用的衣服,包括婴儿尿布或者训练裤、成人失禁产品、诸如卫生棉、卫生护垫等女性卫生产品。本发明的细旦纤维还可以用于生产隔热材料以及隔音材料,所述隔热材料用于衣服,如外套、夹克、手套、保暖内裤、靴子等等。
在另一方面,本发明提供了多层的、可吸收含水液体的制品,其包括水性介质不可透过的背衬片。例如很重要地,一些手术单是液体不可透过的,以防止被吸附到上层中的液体芯吸到达皮肤表面,在皮肤表面,液体会被皮肤上的细菌所污染。在其它实施例中,所述构造还可包括水性介质可透过的上层,以及水性液体吸收(即亲水的)层,该水性液体吸收层由并置其间的可用于例如构造一次性尿布、擦拭物或毛巾、卫生巾和失禁衬垫的如上所述的幅材或织物构造。
在另一方面,单层的或多层的防水制品,例如消毒包裹物、手术或医疗服或围裙可以至少部分地由本文所述的细旦幅材形成,并且具有防水性。例如,SMS幅材可形成为至少在M(熔喷的吹塑微纤维)层中具有细旦纤维,但是细旦纤维也可包含在S层(纺粘层)中。该M层还可以在纤维的表面进一步掺入防水添加剂,例如含氟化合物、有机硅、碳氢化合物蜡或它们的组合。在幅材形成前,可以在幅材制备时将防水添加剂掺入到熔体中,或者在幅材形成之前将防水添加剂涂布在纤维上,或涂覆在成形的或半成形的幅材上。以这种方式,使消毒包裹物具有防水性或使手术服具有防流体性,以避免吸收可能含有致病微生物的血液或体液。
本发明的细旦纤维织物(非织造材料、机织材料或针织品)通过多种化合物处理后可以具有更高的防水性。例如,织物可以在形成幅材后进行表面处理,该处理包括固体石蜡、脂肪酸、蜂蜡、有机硅、含氟化合物以及它们的组合。例如,可以涂敷美国专利No.5,027,803、6,960,642和7,199,197中公开的防水饰面,这些专利的全文以引用的方式并入本文。防水饰面还可以是熔体添加剂,例如在美国专利No.6,262,180中的描述的那些熔体添加剂,其全文以引用的方式并入本文。
本发明还提供由热塑性成膜脂族聚酯聚合物以及至少一种粘度调节剂的混合物或共混物制备细旦纤维的方法。粘度调节剂可以便利地与树脂在漏斗中或沿着挤出机的其它位置混合,只要能够充分混合以形成大致均匀的混合物即可。另外,可以例如使用正位移泵或失重式给料机将粘度调节剂直接加入到挤出机中(无需预混合)。
聚酯
可用于本发明的脂族聚酯包括聚羟基链烷酸酯的均聚物和共聚物,以及衍生自一种或多种多元醇与一种或多种多元羧酸的反应产物,并且通常由一种或多种链烷二醇与一种或多种链烷二羧酸(或酰基衍生物)的反应产物形成的脂族聚酯的均聚物和共聚物形成。聚酯还可以衍生自多官能多元醇,例如甘油、山梨醇、季戊四醇以及它们的组合,以形成支链、星形和接枝的均聚物及共聚物。也可以使用脂族聚酯与一种或多种另外的半结晶或无定形聚合物的可溶混及不可溶混的共混物。
一种可用类的脂族聚酯是由羟基酸或其衍生物的缩合或开环聚合衍生的聚羟基链烷酸酯。合适的聚羟基链烷酸酯可以由以下化学式表示:
H(O-R-C(O)-)nOH,
其中R是亚烷基部分,其可以是直链或支链的,具有1至20个碳原子,优选1至12个碳原子,可任选地由链中(键合至碳链中的碳原子)氧原子取代;n为重复次数,使得酯为聚合物型,并且优选碳原子数为使得脂族聚酯的分子量为至少10,000道尔顿,优选为至少30,000道尔顿,并且最优选为至少50,000道尔顿。尽管较高分子量聚合物通常能够生产出具有较好机械性能的膜,但对于熔融处理以及溶剂浇铸聚合物而言,过度粘性通常是不期望的。脂族聚酯的分子量通常小于1,000,000道尔顿,优选小于500,000道尔顿,并且最优选小于300,000道尔顿。R还可以包含一个或多个链中(即处于链中的)醚氧原子。一般来讲,羟基酸的R基团为使得羟基侧基为伯或仲羟基。
可用的聚羟基链烷酸酯包括例如聚(3-羟基丁酸酯)、聚(4-羟基丁酸酯)、聚(3-羟基戊酸酯)、聚(乳酸)(也称为聚交酯)、聚(3-羟基丙酸酯)、聚(4-氢戊酸酯)、聚(3-羟基戊酸酯)、聚(3-羟基己酸酯)、聚(3-羟基庚酸酯)、聚(3-羟基辛酸酯)、聚对二氧环己酮、聚己内酯和聚乙醇酸(即聚乙交酯)的均聚物及共聚物。也可以使用两种或更多种上述羟基酸的共聚物,例如聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-共聚-3-羟基戊酸酯)、聚(乳酸酯-共聚-3-羟基丙酸酯)、聚(乙交酯-共聚-对二氧杂环己酮)、和聚(乳酸-共聚-乙醇酸)。也可以使用两种或更多种聚羟基链烷酸酯的共混物,以及具有一种或多种聚合物和/或共聚物的共混物。
脂族聚酯可以是聚(乳酸-共聚-乙醇酸)的嵌段共聚物。可用于本发明的细旦纤维的脂族聚酯可以包括均聚物、无规共聚物、嵌段共聚物、星形支化无规共聚物、星形支化嵌段共聚物、枝状共聚物、超支化共聚物、接枝共聚物以及它们的组合。
另一类可用的脂族聚酯包括衍生自一种或多种链烷二醇与一种或多种链烷二羧酸(或酰基衍生物)的反应产物的脂族聚酯。这些聚酯具有如下通式:
其中R′和R″各自代表亚烷基部分,可以是直链或支链的,具有1至20个碳原子,优选1至12个碳原子,m为重复次数,使得酯为聚合物型,并且优选为使得脂族聚酯的分子量为至少10,000道尔顿,优选为至少30,000道尔顿,并且最优选为至少50,000道尔顿,但小于1,000,000道尔顿,优选小于500,000道尔顿,并且最优选小于300,000道尔顿。每一个n独立地为0或1。R′和R″还可以包含一个或多个链中(即处于链中的)醚氧原子。处于链中的)醚氧原子。
脂族聚酯的实例包括衍生自以下物质的那些均聚物和共聚物:(a)一种或多种下述二元酸(或其衍生物):丁二酸、己二酸、1,12-二羧基十二烷、富马酸、戊二酸、二乙醇酸、和马来酸;和(b)一种或多种下述二醇:乙二醇、聚乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,2-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、2,3-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、具有5至12个碳原子的1,2链烷二醇、二乙二醇、分子量为300至10,000道尔顿优选为400至8,000道尔顿的聚乙二醇、分子量为300至4000道尔顿的丙二醇、衍生自环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷或环氧丁烷的嵌段共聚物或无规共聚物、二丙二醇和聚丙二醇,和(c)可任选的少量,即0.5-7.0摩尔%的官能度大于二的多元醇,例如甘油、新戊二醇和季戊四醇。
这种聚合物可以包括聚丁二酸丁二酯均聚物、聚己二酸丁二醇酯均聚物、聚己二酸-丁二酸丁二酯共聚物、聚丁二酸-己二酸乙二酯共聚物、聚乙二醇丁二酸酯和聚己二酸乙二醇酯均聚物。
市售的脂族聚酯包括聚(丙交酯)、聚(乙交酯)、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(L-丙交酯-共-三亚甲基碳酸酯)、聚(对二氧环己酮)、聚(丁二酸丁二醇酯)、和聚(己二酸丁二醇酯)。
可用的脂族聚酯包括衍生自半结晶聚乳酸的那些。聚(乳酸)或聚交酯的主要降解产物是乳酸,其在自然界中很常见,无毒并且被广泛地用于食品、药物以及医学行业中。可以通过乳酸二聚体、丙交酯的开环聚合反应来制备该聚合物。乳酸为旋光性的,二聚体看起来以四种不同形式存在:L,L-丙交酯、D,D-丙交酯、D,L-丙交酯(内消旋丙交酯)以及L,L-和D,D-的外消旋混合物。通过使这些丙交酯聚合为纯化合物或混合物,可以得到具有不同的立体构型和不同的物理特性,包括结晶度的聚(丙交酯)共聚物。所述L,L-或D,D-丙交酯产生半结晶性聚(丙交酯),而衍生自D,L-丙交酯的聚(丙交酯)是无定形的。
聚交酯优选具有高对映体比率,以使聚合物的内在结晶度最大化。聚乳酸的结晶度基于聚合物主链的规整度以及与其他聚合物链结晶的能力。如果相对少量的一种对映体(例如D-)与相反的对映体(例如L-)共聚合,那么聚合物链会变得形状不规则,且结晶变少。由于这些原因,当结晶度越大越好时,希望聚(乳酸)为至少85%的一种异构体,更优选至少90%的一种异构体,或者甚至更优选95%的一种异构体,以使结晶度最大化。
D-聚交酯与L-聚交酯的大约等摩尔的共混物也是可用的。这种共混物形成独特的晶体结构,其熔点(~210℃)比单独的D-聚(丙交酯)及L-(聚交酯)的熔点(~160℃)都要高,并且热稳定性提高。参见H.Tsuji等人,Polymer(聚合物),40(1999)6699-6708。
也可以使用聚(乳酸)与其它脂族聚酯的共聚物,包括嵌段共聚物和无规共聚物。可用的共聚单体包括乙交酯、β-丙内酯、四甲基乙交酯、β-丁内酯、γ-丁内酯、新戊内酯、2-羟基丁酸、α-羟基异丁酸、α-羟基戊酸、α-羟基异戊酸、α-羟基己酸、α-羟乙基丁酸、α-羟基异己酸、α-羟基-β-甲基戊酸、α-羟基辛酸、α-羟基癸酸、α-羟基十四烷酸、和α-羟基硬脂酸。
也可以使用聚(乳酸)与一种或多种其它脂族聚酯或一种或多种其它聚合物的共混物。可用的共混物的实例包括聚(乳酸)和聚(乙烯醇)、聚乙二醇/聚丁二酸酯、聚环氧乙烷、聚己内酯和聚乙交酯。
聚(丙交酯)可以按照美国专利No.6,111,060(Gruber等人)、5,997,568(Liu)、4,744,365(Kaplan等人)、5,475,063(Kaplan等人)、6,143,863(Gruber等人)、6,093,792(Gross等人)、6,075,118(Wang等人)、以及5,952,433(Wang等人)、WO 98/24951(Tsai等人)、WO 00/12606(Tsai等人)、WO 84/04311(Lin)、U.S.6,117,928(Hiltunen等人)、U.S.5,883,199(McCarthy等人)、WO 99/50345(Kolstad等人)、WO 99/06456(Wang等人)、WO 94/07949(Gruber等人)、WO 96/22330(Randall等人)和WO 98/50611(Ryan等人)中所描述的进行制备,以上公开中的每一个的内容以引用方式并入本文。还可参照J.W.Leenslag等人,J.《应用聚合物科学杂志》(Appl.Polymer Science),第29(1984)卷,2829-2842页以及H.R.Kricheldorf,《臭 氧层》(Chemosphere),第43卷,(2001)49-54。
应选择聚合物的分子量,以使得聚合物可以作为熔体进行加工。例如,对于聚交酯而言,分子量可以为约10,000至1,000,000道尔顿、并且优选为约30,000至300,000道尔顿。“可熔融加工的”指脂族聚酯是流体,或者可以在用来加工制品(例如BMF制备细旦纤维)的温度下被抽吸或者挤出,并且在这些温度下不会降解或凝胶化到其物理性能不能够达到预期应用的程度。因此,许多材料可以使用例如纺粘、吹塑微纤维等熔融工艺制成非织造材料。某些实施例也可以为注射模制的。脂族聚酯可以与其他聚合物共混,但通常包含至少50重量%、优选至少60重量%并且最优选至少65重量%的细旦纤维。
粘度调节剂
本文所公开的细旦纤维包括一种或多种粘度调节剂,以在熔融工艺(例如吹塑微纤维(BMF)、纺粘或注射模制)过程中降低纤维的平均直径。我们发现向脂族聚酯热塑性塑料中加入最常见的增塑剂会导致非常平缓的粘度下降。由于增塑剂降低聚合物强度,所以这对于制备具有足够机械强度的细旦纤维来说通常不可用。可以通过记录挤出/BMF设备中的压力来在该设备中检测粘度的降低。
本发明的粘度调节剂导致粘度显著降低,因此在挤出或热处理的过程中降低了背压。在许多情况下,粘度降低非常大,以至于必须将熔融工艺的温度降低来保持足够的熔体强度。通常熔体温度被降低30℃或者更多。
在生物可降解性很重要的应用中,掺入可生物降解的粘度调节剂可能是有利的,其通常包括可以水解方式或由酶催化分裂的酯和/或酰胺基。在本文所述的细旦纤维中可用的粘度调节剂包括具有如下结构的粘度调节剂:
R-CO2 -M+
其中R是作为支链的或直链的C8-C30烷基或烯基,或者C12-C30芳烷基,并且可以任选地由如下基团取代:0-100个例如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷基团的环氧烷基团,低聚乳酸和/或乙醇酸或它们的组合。
M是H、碱金属或碱土金属盐,优选为Na+、K+或Ca++,或者是包含叔胺和季胺的胺盐,例如质子化的三乙醇胺、四甲铵等等。
在上述化学式中,环氧乙烷基和环氧丙烷基可以颠倒顺序以及随机、连续或嵌段结构出现。
在某些优选的实施例中,可用于形成细旦纤维的粘度调节剂选自烷基羧酸盐、烯基羧酸盐、芳烷基羧酸盐、烷基乙氧基化羧酸盐、芳烷基乙氧基化羧酸盐、烷基乳酸盐、烯基乳酸盐以及它们的混合物。所述羧酸盐的羧酸等同物也可用作粘度调节剂。还可以使用多种粘度调节剂的组合。如本文所用,乳酸盐是具有疏水物和亲水物的表面活性剂,其中亲水物至少部分为具有1至5个乳酸单元,并且通常具有1至3个乳酸单元的乳酸低聚物。优选的乳酸盐是来自Rita公司的硬脂酰乳酸钙,其据报道具有如下结构:[CH3(CH2)16C(O)O-CH(CH3)-C(O)O-CH(CH3)-C(O)O-]2Ca++。由于烷基乳酸盐由可再生材料制备,所以这是一类优选的粘度调节剂。
粘度调节剂通常在热塑性脂族聚酯组合物的挤出温度或低于该挤出温度下熔融。这十分有利于将粘度调节剂分散或溶解在聚合物混料中。可以使用粘度调节剂的混合物来改变熔点。例如,可以预先形成烷基羧酸盐的混合物,或者可以将烷基羧酸盐与非离子表面活性剂,例如多乙氧基化的表面活性剂混合。也可以通过向热塑性脂族聚酯中添加非表面活性剂组分,例如增塑剂来改变必要的加工温度。例如,当添加聚乳酸组合物时,粘度调节剂的熔点优选低于200℃,优选低于180℃,更优选低于170℃,并且甚至更优选低于160℃。
在一些实施例中,当被用于细旦纤维时,基于细旦纤维的总重量,粘度调节剂的总量至少为0.25重量%,至少为0.5重量%,至少为1.0重量%,或至少为2.0重量%。在需要非常低粘度的熔体和/或优选低熔融温度的实施例中,基于细旦纤维中脂族聚酯聚合物的重量,细旦纤维包含大于2重量%,大于3重量%,或者甚至大于5重量%的粘度调节剂。
对于熔融加工而言,优选的粘度调节剂具有较低的挥发性,并且在加工条件下不会明显分解。优选的粘度调节剂包含少于10重量%的水,优选少于5重量%的水,更优选少于2重量%的水,并且甚至更优选少于1重量%的水(由Karl Fischer分析测定)。保持低含水量来防止细旦纤维中的脂族聚酯或其它水解敏感性化合物水解。
粘度调节剂可以携带在非挥发性载体中。非常重要的是,所述载体通常是热稳定的,并且能够在加工温度下抵抗化学分解,所述加工温度可以高达150℃、200℃、250℃或者甚至300℃。亲水性制品的优选载体包括聚环氧烷,例如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的无规和嵌段共聚物;热稳定的多元醇,例如丙二醇、甘油、甘油聚合物等。聚环氧烷/聚亚烷二醇可以是直链的或支链的,取决于用于进行引发的多元醇。例如,由乙二醇引发的聚乙二醇将是直链的,但是由甘油、三羟甲基丙烷或季戊四醇引发的聚乙二醇则会是支链的。
任选组分
在细旦纤维或由其制备的制品中可能包含的其它可任选的组分如下所述。
抗微生物组分,其可以加入来赋予细旦纤维抗微生物活性。该抗微生物组分是能够提供至少部分抗微生物活性的组分,即其至少对一种微生物具有至少一定的抗微生物活性。优选抗微生物组分以足够大的量存在,以从细旦纤维中释放并且杀死细菌。抗微生物组分还可以是可生物降解的,和/或衍生自可再生资源,如植物或植物产物。可生物降解的抗微生物组分可包括至少一种官能键,例如可以水解方式或者由酶催化降解的脂或酰胺键。
适用于本发明的抗微生物组分的实例包括在申请人共同未决的申请,美国专利No.2008-0142023-A1中描述的那些,这些申请的全文以引用方式并入本文中。
某些抗微生物组分是不带电荷的,并且具有包含至少7个碳原子的烷基或烯基烃链。对于熔融加工而言,优选的抗微生物组分具有较低的挥发性,并且在加工条件下不会分解。优选的抗微生物组分的含水量小于2重量%,并且更优选小于0.10重量%(通过Karl Fischer分析法测定)。将水分含量保持在低水平,以防止脂族聚酯在挤出过程中水解。
当使用时,抗微生物组分含量(因为其为即用型)通常为至少1重量%、2重量%、5重量%、10重量%、并且有时大于15重量%。在低拉伸强度是所需的某些实施例中,抗微生物组分包含的细旦纤维为大于20重量%、大于25重量%或甚至大于30重量%。
某些抗微生物组分是两亲物,并可以是表面活性的。例如,某些抗微生物烷基单酸甘油酯是表面活性的。对于本发明包含抗微生物组分的某些实施例,应考虑该抗微生物组分与粘度调节剂组分不同。
细旦纤维还可以包含有机填料和无机填料。对于可植入应用而言,可生物降解、可吸收或生物可溶蚀的无机填料尤其有吸引力。这些材料可以辅助控制聚合物细旦纤维的降解速率。例如,多种钙盐和磷酸盐可以是适合的。示例性的生物相容性可吸收填料包括碳酸钙、硫酸钙、磷酸钙、磷酸钙钠、磷酸钙钾、磷酸四钙、α-磷酸三钙、β-磷酸三钙、磷酸钙磷灰石、磷酸八钙、磷酸二钙、碳酸钙、氧化钙、氢氧化钙、二水硫酸钙、半水硫酸钙、氟化钙、柠檬酸钙、氧化镁及氢氧化镁。尤其适合的填料是磷酸三钙(羟基磷灰石)。
细旦纤维还可以包含阴离子表面活性剂,其可提供持久的亲水性。适用于本发明的阴离子表面活性剂的实例包括在申请人共同未决的申请,提交于2008年6月12日的美国序列No.61/061,088,以及提交于2009年6月11日并要求前述优先权的PCT申请No.________中描述的那些,这些申请的全文以引用方式并入本文中。
增塑剂可以同脂族聚酯热塑性塑料同时使用,并且包括二醇,例如甘油;丙二醇、多乙氧基化酚、单取代或多取代的聚乙二醇、较高烷基取代的N-烷基吡咯烷酮、磺酰胺、甘油三酯、柠檬酸酯、酒石酸酯、苯甲酸酯、聚乙二醇以及环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷无规和嵌段共聚物,所述环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷无规和嵌段共聚物的分子量小于10,000道尔顿,优选小于约5000道尔顿,更优选小于约2500道尔顿;以及它们的组合。
其它附加组分包括抗氧化剂、例如染料和/或颜料等着色剂、抗静电剂、荧光增白剂、气味控制剂、香料和芳香剂、促进伤口愈合或其它皮肤活性的活性成以及它们的组合等等。
应用
可由细旦纤维制成的制品包括医疗消毒盖单或医疗服括:手术单、手术辅巾、塑料专用单、开刀巾、隔离单、隔离服、SMS服等等;消毒包裹物、伤口敷料、伤口吸收剂和伤口接触层;在手术过程中用于吸收血液和体液的外科手术海绵、外科手术植入物;以及其它的医疗设备。由细旦纤维制成的制品可以通过溶剂、热或超声波焊接在一起,并且焊接到其它相容制品。细旦纤维可以与其它材料联合使用,以形成诸如护套/芯材料、层合物、两种或多种材料的复合结构之类的构造,或者可用作各种医疗器械上的涂层。本文所述的细旦纤维可用于制造外科手术海绵。
在某些实施例中,细旦幅材是手术单的组成物质。本文使用的“手术单”是纺织物,其用于在侵入性过程,如手术中覆盖病人和/或器械以及其它物体。手术单通常是无菌的。发明的细旦幅材可用常规的方法消毒,例如包括蒸汽、环氧乙烷、过氧化氢等的消毒气体。细旦幅材的一个显著优点是可以用伽马辐射消毒而不明显损失物理性能。
手术单的目的是提供无菌表面,并且遏制来自于病人和/或设备的微生物污染。因此细旦幅材可以用不透水膜来包覆。可以使用任何合适的膜。当将细旦幅材层压到不透水膜时,细旦幅材提供亲水性,如在申请人共同未决的申请,提交于2008年6月12日的美国系列No.61/061,088,以及要求前述优先权的提交于2009年6月11日的PCT申请No.________中描述的,这些申请的全部内容以引用方式并入本文中;并按照在共同未决的申请,提交于2009年3月31日的美国序列号No.61/165,316,和于同日提交并要求了前述优先权的美国序列No.______________(代理人案卷号64410US005)中的描述构造,这些申请的全部内容以引用方式并入本文中。这样,手术单具有吸收性,并仍为隔离单。另外,手术单可以由包含细旦纤维的幅材构造,该幅材已经按上述方法使用防水添加剂进行了处理。
在某些实施例中,细旦纤维为一种手术服的组成物质。本文使用的“手术服”是一种纺织物,用于在侵入性过程,如手术中对临床医生进行覆盖。另外,手术服可用于很多其他过程,在这些过程中医生希望他们不被污染。手术服通常是无菌的,并且可按照用于上述手术单的方法进行消毒。通常,手术服由包含细旦纤维的幅材构造,该幅材已经按上述方法用防水添加剂进行了处理。手术服目的是提供无菌表面,并且遏制来自于临床医生的细菌污染,以使得不会对无菌区造成污染。重要地,手术服还能够用于保护临床医生不暴露于病原体,如细菌、孢子、病毒、分支杆菌等。因此,细旦幅材可使用不透水膜包覆。可以使用任何合适的膜。优选地,如果使用膜,则所述膜具有微孔,以允许水分的蒸发。或者,手术服由包含细旦纤维的幅材构造,该幅材已经按上述方法使用防水添加剂进行了处理。这样,任何接触手术服的血液或体液都被抵制,并且不会浸入而接触临床医生。
本发明优选的亲水性表面活性添加剂允许织物以及由其制造的膜的粘合、热和/或超声结合。细旦纤维尤其适用于手术单和手术服中。包含细旦纤维的非织造网和片可被热封来形成牢固的结合,从而允许进行专用手术单的制造。可以由可再生资源制成,这可能在一次性产品中很重要;并且可以具有高表面能,以在非织造材料情况下具有润湿性和流体吸收性。在其它的应用中,可能需要低表面能以提供防水性。
据信,此类非织造材料可以用伽马射线或电子束消毒,而物理强度没有显著的损失(在暴露于来自钴伽马辐射源的2.5毫拉德的伽马射线下,并在23℃-25℃下老化7天后,1密尔厚的膜的抗拉强度的降低量不超过20%,并优选地不超过10%)。
细旦纤维的亲水特性可以改善制品,例如伤口和外科手术敷料的吸收性。如果细旦纤维用于伤口敷料背衬膜中,则该膜可以用多种粘合剂部分地(例如以区段或图案)涂覆或完全涂覆,这些粘合剂包括但不限于例如丙烯酸和嵌段共聚物粘合剂等压敏粘合剂(PSAs)、水凝胶粘合剂、水胶体粘合剂及发泡粘合剂。PSAs可以具有相对较高的湿蒸汽透过率,以允许水分蒸发。合适的压敏粘合剂包括基于丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯、KRATON和其它嵌段共聚物的粘合剂、硅有机树脂、橡胶基粘合剂以及这些粘合剂的组合。优选的PSAs是应用到皮肤的医用粘合剂,例如美国专利No.RE 24,906中所描述的丙烯酸类共聚物,特别地,丙烯酸异辛酯∶丙烯酰胺共聚物为97∶3,该专利的公开内容由此以引用方式并入本文中。同样优选的是,丙烯酸异辛酯∶乙烯丙烯酸酯∶丙烯酸为70∶15∶15的三元共聚物,如美国专利No.4,737,410(实例31)中所述的,该专利的公开内容由此以引用方式并入本文中。美国专利No.3,389,827、No.4,112,213、No.4,310,509和No.4,323,557描述了其它可用的粘合剂,这些专利的公开内容由此以引用方式并入本文中。如美国专利No.4,310,509和No.4,323,557中所述,也设想了在粘合剂中含有药剂或抗微生物剂。
可以由细旦纤维全部或部分制成的其他医用设备包括:缝合线、缝合线紧固件、外科用网片、悬带、骨科针(包括骨填充增强材料)、粘附屏障、支架、引导组织修复/再生器械、关节软骨修复器械、神经导管、肌腱修复器械、房间隔缺损修补器械、心包修补片、膨化和填充剂、静脉瓣膜、骨髓支架、半月板再生器械、韧带和肌腱移植物、眼细胞植入物、脊柱融合器、皮肤替代品、硬脑膜替代品、骨移植替代品、骨钉、和止血钳。
本发明的细旦纤维还可以用于消费者卫生产品中,如成人失禁用品、婴儿尿布、女性卫生产品和其它产品,如在申请人共同未决的申请,美国专利No.2008-0200890-A1中描述的,该专利的公开内容全文以引用方式并入本文中。
在某些实施例中,消毒包裹物可被制成用于在手术或者其它需要无菌工具的过程之前包裹干净的器械。这些包裹物允许诸如蒸汽、环氧乙烷、过氧化氢等消毒气体透过,但是其不允许细菌透过。包裹物可被制成单层的或多层的防水制品,其可至少部分由本文所述的细旦幅材形成,并且具有防水性流体的性能。例如,SMS、SMMS或其它非织造构造幅材可以成形为至少在M(熔喷的吹塑微纤维)层具有细旦纤维,但是细旦纤维还可以包含在S(纺粘层)层中。M层可以进一步在其中或其上掺入防水添加剂,诸如含氟化合物。用作防水添加剂的合适的含氟化合物和有机硅如下描述。
由本文所述的一层或多层消毒制品构造的消毒包裹物具有消毒包裹物需要的所有性能,即在制品消毒过程中(以及干燥或曝气过程中)对其包封的制品的蒸气或环氧乙烷或其它气态消毒剂的渗透性,储存过程中的防水性,以避免由水性污染物对消毒包裹物的内容物造成污染,以及曲折路径隔离,以在无菌包存储过程中避免由空气或水性微生物造成污染。
防水添加剂
优选的含氟化合物包含具有至少4个碳原子的全氟烷基。这些含氟化合物可以是小分子、低聚物或聚合物。有机硅液防水剂也是适合的。在一些实例中,碳氢化合物型防水剂也是适合的。
可用于本发明的含氟化合物剂或组合物的类别包括包含一个或多个氟脂肪族基Rf的化合物和聚合物。一般来讲,可用作防水添加剂的含氟化合物剂或组合物包括包含氟脂肪族基或基团Rf的含氟化合物或聚合物。所述氟脂肪族基Rf是氟化的、稳定的、惰性的、非极性的部分,优选为饱和的、单价的部分,其既是疏水的又是疏油的。它可以为直链、支链、或者,如果足够大,环状的、或它们的组合,诸如烷基环脂肪族基。所述氟脂肪族基中的骨架链可以包括仅键合至碳原子的悬链二价氧原子和/或三价氮原子。一般来讲,Rf将包含3至20个碳原子,优选6至约12个碳原子,并且将包含约40至78重量%,优选50至78重量%的与碳键合的氟。Rf基团的末端具有至少一个三氟甲基基团,并且优选具有至少3个完全氟化的碳原子的端基,例如CF3CF2CF2--。优选的Rf基团是完全或者基本氟化的,如在Rf是全氟烷基CnF2n+1--的情况。
这样的化合物的实例包括:例如含氟聚氨酯、尿素、酯、胺(及其盐)、酰胺、酸(及其盐)、碳二亚胺、胍、脲基甲酸酯、缩二脲和包含这些组中的两种或多种的化合物及这些化合物的混合物。
包含Rf基的可用含氟化合物聚合物包括含氟丙烯酸酯和/或甲基丙烯酸酯单体与可共聚合单体的共聚物,所述可共聚合单体包括含氟和不含氟单体,诸如甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丁基丙烯酸酯、十八烷基甲基丙烯酸酯、例如聚(氧乙烯)乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯的聚(氧化烯)多元醇低聚物和聚合物的丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、乙烯、乙酸乙烯酯、氯乙烯、偏二氯乙烯、偏二氟乙烯、丙烯腈、氯乙酸乙烯酯、异戊二烯、氯丁二烯、苯乙烯、丁二烯、乙烯基吡啶、乙烯基烷基酯、乙烯基烷基酮、丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸、2-羟基乙基丙烯酸酯、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、2-(N,N,N-三甲基铵)乙基甲基丙烯酸酯等。
可以与含氟化合物单体一起使用的多种共聚单体的相对量通常以经验为主进行选择,并且将取决于待处理的基底、期望含氟化合物处理的特性,即所期望的斥油性和/或斥水性程度、以及应用到基底上的方式。
可用的含氟化合物剂或组合物包括上文所述的多种类别的含氟化合物和/或聚合物的共混物。也包括这些含氟化合物或聚合物与不含氟化合物,例如N-酰基氮丙啶,或不含氟的聚合物,例如聚丙烯酸酯,诸如聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)和聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯-共聚-丙烯酸癸酯)、聚硅氧烷等的共混物。
所述含氟化合物剂或组合物可以包括互不干扰的辅助剂,诸如润湿剂、乳化剂、溶剂(水基的和有机的)、染料、生物杀灭剂、填料、催化剂、固化剂等。最终的含氟化合物剂或组合物应当在固体基础上包含至少约5重量%,优选至少约10重量%的采取所述Rf基团形式的与碳键合的氟,以便赋予本发明所述的有益效果。此类含氟化合物通常是已知的,并且可以含全氟脂肪族基团的防水/防油剂商购获得,所述防水/防油剂在可获得的制剂中包含至少5重量%的氟,优选7至12重量%的氟。
通过全氟脂肪族2-硫代乙二醇与二异氰酸酯的反应,产生含全氟脂肪族基团的聚亚安酯。这些产物通常应用在水基分散体中用于纤维处理。这些反应产物在美国专利No.4,054,592中有所描述,该专利的内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
另一组群的合适化合物是含全氟脂肪族基团的N-羟甲基缩合产物。这些化合物在美国专利No.4,477,498中有所描述,该专利的内容以引用的方式并入本文中,其中对这些产品的乳化处理进行了详细的介绍。
所述含全氟脂肪族基团的聚碳二亚胺可通过例如在合适催化剂存在的条件下全氟脂肪族磺酰胺链烷醇与多异氰酸酯的反应来获得。这类化合物可以单独使用,但是通常与其他含Rf基团的化合物,特别是与(共)聚合物一起使用。因此,可用于分散体中的另一组群化合物在此也被提到。在这些化合物中,可以使用所有已知的含氟脂肪族残基的聚合物,诸如包含相应的全氟脂肪族基团的聚酯和聚酰胺等缩合聚合物也可考虑使用,但是特别考虑使用在例如Rf-丙烯酸酯和Rf-甲基丙烯酸酯基础上的(共)聚合物,其可以包含不同的不含氟的乙烯基化合物作为共聚单体。在DE-A 2 310 801中详细描述了这些化合物。还详细描述了含Rf基团的聚碳二亚胺以及这些化合物彼此的配混物的制造。
除了上述提到的具有全氟脂肪族基团的试剂,还可以使用其他含氟化合物组分,例如美国专利No.4,540,479的具有Rf基团的胍,美国专利No.4,606,737的具有Rf基团的脲基甲酸酯,以及美国专利No.4,668,406的具有Rf基团缩二脲,这些公开内容以引用的方式并入本文中。这些类别通常联合使用。其他的包括氟烷基取代的硅氧烷,例如CF3(CF2)6CH2O(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3-。
一般来讲,所述可用的化合物展示一个或多个各具有优选至少4个碳原子,特别是4个至14个原子的全氟脂肪族残基。示例性的含氟化合物为含有70%溶剂和30%乳化的固体含氟化合物聚合物的制剂。所述制剂包含11%甲基异丁基酮、6%乙二醇和53%水作为溶剂。所述含氟化合物聚合物为根据美国专利No.3,816,229(特别参见第3列,第66至68行和第4列,第1至11行)中所述的用于10/90共聚物的方法制备的丁基丙烯酸酯与C8F17SO2(CH3)C2H4O--CCH=CH2的5/95共聚物的50/50共混物。所述50/50共混物的第二组分是如美国专利No.4,401,780所述制备的由1摩尔的三官能苯基异氰酸酯(可以商品名PAPI得自Upjohn Company)、2摩尔的C8F17N(CH2CH3)CH2CH2OH和1摩尔的硬脂醇制备的共聚物特别参见表1,脚注A下的C2)。所用的乳化剂是传统的可商购获得的材料,诸如多乙氧基化季铵化合物(可以商品名5% Ethoquad 18/25得自Akzo Chemie America)和7.5%的C8F17SO2NHC3H6N(CH3)3Cl与多乙氧基化脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯(可以商品名TWEEN 80得自ICI Limited)的50/50混合物。此类含氟化合物是不黄变的,尤其对皮肤没有刺激性,并且提供具有良好的长期时效特性的稳定制品。示例性的含氟化合物可以商品名SCOTCHGARD、SCOTCH-RELEASE和3M BRAND TEXTILE CHEMICAL获得,并购自3M公司。其它的市售材料包括使用由DuPont(可从特拉华州威尔明顿的duPont deNemours and Company获得到)提供的氟调聚物化学材料的材料。
可用于获得本发明的低表面能层的合适有机硅包括本领域内的技术人员已知的向纤维和薄膜提供防水性并且优选防油性的任何有机硅。有机硅液通常由包含相当低分子量的直链聚合物,所述分子量大约是4000-25,000。最通常的聚合物是聚二甲基硅氧烷。
为了用作具有增强的热稳定性的流体,通常使用既包含甲基又包含苯基基团的有机硅。一般来讲,苯基基团构成存在的取代基基团总数的10-45%。此类有机硅通常通过水解甲基氯硅烷和苯基氯硅烷的混合物来获得。用于纺织物处理的流体可以结合活性基团,这样它们可以被交联,以提供持久的涂饰剂。通常,这些流体包含Si--H键(通过在聚合反应体系中包含甲基二氯硅烷而引入)并且交联在用碱加热时进行。
合适的有机硅的实例为可得自Dow-Corning Corporation的诸如C2-0563,以及可得自General Electric Corporation的诸如GE-SS4098的那些有机硅。特别优选的有机硅成品在美国专利No.5,045,387中有所描述。
制造方法
包含细旦纤维的制品可通过本领域已知的用于由聚合物树脂制备类似于聚合物片这样的产品的方法制备。对于许多应用而言,此类制品可以放置于23℃的水中,在浸渍2小时并干燥后物理完整性(如,抗拉强度)基本上没有损失。通常,这些制品含少量水,或者不含水。在挤压、注模或溶剂浇铸后,制品中的水含量通常小于10重量%,优选地小于5重量%,更优选地小于1重量%,并且最优选地小于0.2重量%。
作为制备细旦纤维的方法的一部分,将脂族聚酯以熔融形式相对于粘度调节剂以足够的量混合,从而生成具有如本文所述的平均直径性能的细旦纤维。
本领域已知多种设备和技术用于熔融加工聚合物细旦纤维。这样的设备和技术在例如美国专利No.3,565,985(Schrenk等人)、美国专利No.5,427,842(Bland等人)、美国专利No.5,589,122和5,599,602(Leonard)以及美国专利No.5,660,922(Henidge等人)中公开。熔融加工设备的实例包括但不限于用于熔融加工本发明的细旦纤维的挤出机(单螺杆和双螺杆)、Banbury混和机和Brabender挤出机。
细旦纤维的成分在挤出机中混合,并通过挤出机传送,以生成聚合物,优选地在熔体中基本没有聚合物降解或无法控制的副反应。可能的降解反应包括酯交换反应、水解、限定纤维的链断裂降解和自由基链降解,并且加工条件应减少这些副反应。处理温度足以混合所述可生物降解的脂族聚酯和粘度调节剂,并允许挤出聚合物。
(BMF)熔吹工艺是形成非织造幅材的方法,在该方法中聚合物流体,其既可以是熔体也可以是溶液,通过一行或多行孔被挤出,然后被高速气流撞击。所述气流通常是热气,夹带并且拉动所述聚合物流体,并辅助将聚合物凝固成纤维。固体纤维随后在固态的或多孔表面上以非织造幅材收集。该工艺由Van Wente在“Superfine Thermoplastic Fibers(超细热塑性纤维)”,Industrial Engineering Chemistry(工业与工程化学研究),第48卷1342-1346页中描述。该熔吹工艺的一个改进版本由Buntin等人在美国专利No.3,849,241中描述,其全文以引用的方式并入本文中。
本文所述的粘度调节剂不需要以纯态加入到纤维挤出工艺中。在挤出前,粘度调节剂可以和脂族聚酯或者其他材料混合。通常,在挤出前,当诸如粘度调节剂等添加剂混合时,它们在比最终纤维所需的浓度更高的浓度下混合。这种高浓度混合物被称作母料。当使用母料时,通常在进入纤维挤出工艺前,用纯聚合物稀释该母料。母料中可以存在多种添加剂,并且在纤维挤出工艺中可以使用多种母料。
可得益于使用本文提供的粘度调节剂的替代形式的熔喷工艺在美国专利No.2008-0160861-A1中有所描述,其全文以引用的方式并入本文中。
细旦幅材可以另外通过如申请人共同未决的申请,于2009年3月31日提交的美国系列号No.61/165,316,以及同日提交的要求前述申请的优先权的美国序列号No.__________(代理人案卷号64410US005)中描述的工艺制造,其全文以引用方式并入本文中。
通过以下实例进一步阐述本发明,这些实例是示例性的,并非意图限制本发明的范围。
测试方法
有效纤维直径
纤维直径采用由Davies开发的有效纤维直径(EFD)方法测量,该方法使用基重、幅材厚度以及压降来估计幅材的平均纤维直径。Davies,C.N.,The Separation of Airborne Dust and Particles(空气中尘埃和颗粒的分离),Inst.of Mech.Engineers,London,Proceedings 1B,1952(机械工程师协会,伦敦,会报1B,1952)。
平均纤维直径可通过多种方法测量,包括显微镜法、激光衍射和流体流动阻力。Davies(Davies,C.N.,The Separation of Dust and Particles(空气中尘埃和颗粒的分离),Inst.of Mech.Engineers,London,Proceedings 1B,1952(机械工程师协会,伦敦,会报1B,1952))开发了利用气流阻力、幅材厚度和幅材基重测定幅材平均直径的相关性。气流阻力通过记录11.4厘米直径的幅材样品在32升/分空气流速下的压降进行测量。幅材厚度通过向13.3厘米直径的圆形幅材样品上施加150Pa压力进行测定。幅材基重通过对13.3英寸直径幅材样品称重进行测定。然后使用Davies描述的方程确定幅材的有效纤维直径(EFD),以微米为单位表示(1微米=10E-6米)。
收缩率
挤出后,还要测量细旦幅材的收缩率,方法是将10厘米×10厘米的方形幅材放置于在80℃下的烘箱中的铝托盘上约14小时,时效后测量该方形样品,并记录平均线性收缩率。
实例
在实例中使用的聚合物树脂为6251D PLA,其以粒料形态从Natureworks,LLC(明尼苏达州名尼唐卡(Minnetonka,Minnesota))购得。Natureworks描述6215D PLA具有2.50的相对粘度,以及1.4%的右旋体含量。使用GPC,发现该树脂的重均分子量为94,700道尔顿,数均分子量为42,800道尔顿。硬脂酰乳酸钙(CSL)以可奶油色粉末以商品名Pationic CSL从RITA公司(伊利诺伊州克里斯特尔莱克(Crystal Lake,Illinois))商购获得。
实例1-2
通过将CSL粉末与来自聚合物烘干机中的热PLA粒料进行干混,以表1所示浓度将CSL加入到体系中。所述树脂通过加热至71℃过夜进行预干燥。CSL与热的PLA粒料接触时熔融,并且用手混合以形成略微发粘的粒料,然后将粒料进料至挤出机。
对于实例1-2和对照物,模温保持在225℃,所有其它条件保持恒定。泵出口压力测量聚合物气流通过模具和颈口的整个压降。
具有2.0%的CSL的实例2伴随纤维产生了少量的聚合物颗粒。这种现象被称为“夹砂”,是BMF处理过程中的常见缺陷。
据发现,在挤出前或挤出中向纯净的PLA树脂中加入CSL大大降低了在整个模具上的压降,如表1中所示。还注意到纤维直径也显著减小。时效之后,测量方形样品,并计算平均线性收缩率,结果记录在表1中。
表1:
与对照样品相比较,更细直径的幅材明显更加柔软,并且更加舒适。包含CSL的幅材的收缩率较大。
实例3-5
在纤维形成前,以高浓度预混CSL。该高浓度混合物通常称为母料。当进料到纤维挤出机时,母料通常与纯净的聚合物粒料干混。然后挤出工艺提供了额外的混合。
在双螺杆挤出机上制备在6251D PLA中加入10%CSL的母料,在水浴中以股线形式冷却,然后用干燥造粒机制粒。将固体粒料在80℃的烘箱中干燥过夜,以去除来自水浴的任何微量的水。
使用与实例1相同的设备将熔喷纤维挤出。挤出温度仍保持在225℃。生成了具有四种最终CSL浓度的CSL样品,并将结果示于表2中。
表2:
在完成的幅材中,0.75%和1.0%的样品显示出一些夹砂缺陷。
通过加入微量量硬脂酰乳酸钙(Pationic CSL),使泵出口背压急速下降,如图1中所示。数据的回归分析示出,数据拟合为下列二次多项式:熔体粘度=351(Pationic浓度)2-706(Pationic浓度)+428,其中r2=0.985。其中Pationic的浓度以重量百分率计,并且熔体粘度表示为泵出口压力,以PSI(lbs/in2)计。
多项式示出粘度调节剂显著地影响熔体粘度。
实例6-11
随着CSL的变化,其它的脂肪盐也示出有效地降低纤维直径。对于这些实验,在挤出前,将在表3中示出的浓度不同的粉状盐与纯净的PLA粒料干混。测试的添加剂包括:
硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)(PATIONIC SSL,得自RITA公司),灰白色粉末
硬脂酸钙(Ca-S)(Aldrich(密苏里州圣路易斯(St.Louis,MO))
山嵛酰乳酸钠(SBL)(PATIONIC SBL,得自RITA公司),白灰色粉末
实例6-11在稍大一些的设备上进行,这样压力测量值在两件设备间不能直接比较。操作温度在210℃下保持恒定。实验结果示于表3中。在挤出过程中,泵出口压力传感器失效,对照样品没有读到结果。
所有的三种盐(SSL、SBL、Ca-S)生成的幅材都含有比CSL多的夹砂缺陷,使幅材手感很粗糙。然而,尽管不考虑夹砂缺陷,两类添加剂仍显著降低了熔喷幅材的纤维直径。
表3
为了举例说明本发明,虽然上文已经详述了某些代表性的实施例和详细内容,但在不偏离本发明由以下权利要求书所确定的真实范围的情况下可以做出各种修改。
Claims (31)
1.一种细旦纤维,其包含
一种或多种热塑性脂族聚酯;以及
粘度调节剂,其选自烷基羧酸盐、烯基羧酸盐、芳烷基羧酸盐、烷基乙氧基化羧酸盐、芳烷基乙氧基化羧酸盐、烷基乳酸盐、烯基乳酸盐以及它们的混合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的细旦纤维,其中所述脂族聚酯选自一种或多种聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯、聚羟基丁酸酯、聚羟基戊酸酯以及它们的共混物和共聚物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的细旦纤维,其中所述粘度调节剂具有如下结构:
R-CO2 -M+
其中R是作为支链或直链碳链的C8-C30烷基或烯基,或者C12-C30芳烷基,并且可以任选地由如下基团取代:0-100个例如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷基团的环氧烷基团,低聚乳酸和/或乙醇酸或它们的组合;以及
M是H、碱金属、碱土金属或者铵基团。
4.根据权利要求3所述的细旦纤维,其中所述铵基团是质子化的叔胺或季胺。
5.根据权利要求3所述的细旦纤维,其中所述铵基团是质子化的三乙醇胺或四甲铵。
6.根据权利要求3所述的细旦纤维,其中M是碱金属或碱土金属。
7.根据权利要求3所述的细旦纤维,其中M选自钙、钠、钾或镁。
8.根据权利要求1所述的细旦纤维,其中所述粘度调节剂选自硬脂酰乳酸盐和硬脂酸盐。
9.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的细旦纤维,其中基于所述纤维的总重,所述粘度调节剂以小于约10重量%的量存在。
10.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的细旦纤维,其还包含不同于所述热塑性脂族聚酯的热塑性聚合物。
11.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的细旦纤维,其中所述粘度调节剂以小于2重量%的量存在。
12.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的细旦纤维,其中所述粘度调节剂包含少于5%的水。
13.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的细旦纤维,其还包含不同于所述粘度调节剂的表面活性剂。
14.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的细旦纤维,其中所述脂族聚酯是半结晶的。
15.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的细旦纤维,其还包含抗微生物组分。
16.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的细旦纤维,其中所述组合物是生物相容性的。
17.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的细旦纤维,其中所述组合物是可熔融加工的。
18.一种包含前述任一项权利要求所述组合物的制品,所述制品选自模制的聚合物制品、聚合物片、聚合物纤维、织造幅材、非织造幅材、多孔膜、聚合物泡沫、热或粘合层合物以及它们的组合。
19.根据权利要求18所述的制品,其中所述非织造物选自纺粘幅材、吹塑微纤维幅材或水刺幅材。
20.一种包含权利要求1至17中任一项所述的细旦纤维的手术单。
21.一种包含权利要求1至17中任一项所述的细旦纤维的手术服。
22.一种包含权利要求1至17中任一项所述的细旦纤维的伤口接触材料。
23.一种包含权利要求1至17中任一项所述的细旦纤维的个人卫生用品。
24.一种包含权利要求1至17中任一项所述的细旦纤维的消毒包裹物。
25.一种制备细旦纤维的方法,该方法包括:
提供脂族热塑性聚酯;
提供粘度调节剂,所述粘度调节剂选自烷基羧酸盐、烯基羧酸盐、芳烷基羧酸盐、烷基乙氧基化羧酸盐、芳烷基乙氧基化羧酸盐、烷基乳酸盐、烯基乳酸盐以及它们的混合物;以及
混合所述脂族聚酯和所述粘度调节剂;以及
由所述混合物形成纤维。
26.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述纤维采用熔喷、纺粘或者溶体纺丝工艺形成。
27.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述纤维形成非织造幅材。
28.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述脂族热塑性聚酯和所述粘度调节剂在所述纤维形成工艺前混合。
29.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,该方法还包括挤出与所述粘度调节剂共混的所述脂族聚酯的步骤。
30.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述脂族聚酯和所述粘度调节剂的混合包括挤出所述脂族聚酯和所述粘度调节剂。
31.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,该方法还包括后处理所述幅材。
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- 2009-06-11 JP JP2011513693A patent/JP5485988B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-06-11 MX MX2010013658A patent/MX345585B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2009-06-11 WO PCT/US2009/047064 patent/WO2009152349A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-06-11 CA CA2727427A patent/CA2727427A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-06-11 EP EP17177192.6A patent/EP3266909A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-06-11 BR BRPI0909956A patent/BRPI0909956A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-06-11 AU AU2009257365A patent/AU2009257365A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-06-11 EP EP09763637.7A patent/EP2291558B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-06-11 US US12/997,391 patent/US20110189463A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-06-11 CN CN200980129501.7A patent/CN102105625B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2016
- 2016-11-29 US US15/363,344 patent/US20170071690A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2727427A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
EP2291558A1 (en) | 2011-03-09 |
CN102105625B (zh) | 2015-07-08 |
MX345585B (es) | 2017-02-07 |
BRPI0909956A2 (pt) | 2016-04-19 |
EP3266909A1 (en) | 2018-01-10 |
JP5485988B2 (ja) | 2014-05-07 |
MX2010013658A (es) | 2011-01-14 |
US20170071690A1 (en) | 2017-03-16 |
JP2011524475A (ja) | 2011-09-01 |
WO2009152349A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
US20110189463A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
AU2009257365A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
EP2291558B1 (en) | 2017-07-26 |
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