CN102083391A - 支架化的心瓣膜装置 - Google Patents

支架化的心瓣膜装置 Download PDF

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CN102083391A
CN102083391A CN2009801148906A CN200980114890A CN102083391A CN 102083391 A CN102083391 A CN 102083391A CN 2009801148906 A CN2009801148906 A CN 2009801148906A CN 200980114890 A CN200980114890 A CN 200980114890A CN 102083391 A CN102083391 A CN 102083391A
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support frame
annulus
valve
ventricle
atrium
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CN102083391B (zh
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M·J·卡普斯
A·J·希尔
J·C·莫罗
S·R·麦克唐纳德
J·L·莎伊
J·L·雷德蒙德
M·M·豪斯
C·E·艾伯哈德特
N·瑞非
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Medtronic Inc
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Abstract

一种支架框架,包括环状部分,环状部分具有第一端和第二端、中央纵轴线和具有至少两个延伸柱和在所述至少两个延伸柱各自之间的大致正弦波系列的峰和谷的导丝部分;从所述环状部分的第一端延伸的心房部分,所述心房部分包括相对于所述环状部分的纵轴线径向向外延伸的多个扩口;和从所述环状部分的第二端延伸的心室部分,所述心室部分包括相对于所述环状部分的纵轴线径向向外延伸的至少一个扩口。

Description

支架化的心瓣膜装置
技术领域
本发明一般涉及修复心瓣膜的装置和方法,更具体涉及在二尖瓣置换中使用的假体心瓣膜。
心脏中的两个房室瓣之一是二尖瓣,其位于心脏左侧,形成或限定瓣膜环和瓣叶。二尖瓣位于左心房和左心室之间,用于将来自肺的氧合血引导通过心脏左侧进入主动脉以实现全身分布。和其他心脏瓣膜一样,二尖瓣是一种被动结构,其自身不会消耗任何能量,也不会执行任何主动的收缩功能。
二尖瓣包括两个可移动的瓣叶,响应瓣膜两侧的压差而打开和关闭。理想地,当瓣膜处于开放位置时瓣叶相互远离,当瓣膜处于关闭位置时瓣叶相遇或“接合(coapt)”。然而,瓣膜可能发生问题,这些问题通常称为狭窄,即瓣膜不能适当打开,或者闭锁不全(也称为反流),即瓣膜不能适当关闭。在同一瓣膜中可能并发狭窄和闭锁不全(insufficiency)。瓣膜功能障碍的影响广泛,二尖瓣反流或回流通常对患者产生较严重的生理学后果。反流以及二尖瓣的其他异常可能增加心脏的工作负荷。心脏和患者应激增加的严重程度以及心脏适应的能力决定了对于特定患者的治疗手段。在一些情况下,药物足以治疗患者,如果能成功这是一种优选的方式;然而,在许多情况下,必须修复或者完全置换有缺陷的瓣膜以实现患者的正常生活。
修复二尖瓣常常能成功的一种情况是当瓣膜中存在的缺陷与瓣膜环扩张有关时,这种扩张不仅阻止了瓣膜关闭,而且导致瓣口正常形状发生畸变。瓣膜环的重塑对于这类二尖瓣的重建术至关重要。修复二尖瓣时,结果通常是二尖瓣环的假体区段的尺寸减小。作为二尖瓣修复的一部分,有关环区段变小(即缢缩),使得瓣叶在关闭时正确接合,和/或使环稳定以防止术后扩张的发生。这两种结果常常通过在上述环位置植入假体环或带来实现。环或带的目的是限制、重塑和/或支承环以校正和/或防止瓣膜关闭不全。这种瓣膜修复如果技术上可行,则能够产生相对好的长期结果。
然而,瓣膜修复有时是不可能或者不需要的,或者已发生失败,例如当瓣膜环的扩张不是问题所在的情况下,瓣膜置换成为改善二尖瓣功能的优选方式。对于二尖瓣置换的病例,能够进行植入的两大类瓣膜是机械瓣膜和生物假体或组织瓣膜。机械瓣膜已使用了许多年,包括各种适合需要进行植入的特定位置的血流需求的设计。虽然这些瓣膜的材料和设计特征处于持续改进中,它们却增加了血流凝固的风险,可能导致心脏病或中风。因此,机械瓣膜受者必须终身服用抗凝药以防止血栓形成。另一方面,组织瓣膜的使用具有不需要使用抗凝药的优点,虽然它们通常不像机械瓣膜那样持久。传统上,这两种瓣膜均采用外科手术来植入,包括打开患者胸腔,经左心房到达二尖瓣,以及在适当位置缝合新的瓣膜。该手术的侵入性极高,存在感染和其他并发症的风险,患者需要长时间的恢复过程。
为了简化外科手术和减轻患者损伤,近来越来越感兴趣的是最小侵入性的心脏瓣膜经皮置换术。以这种方式置换心瓣膜通常不需要实际物理去除受患或损伤的心脏瓣膜。相反,置换瓣以压缩状态递送至瓣膜位置,在该位置扩张至其工作状态。这种瓣膜置换系统的一个例子包括将置换肺动脉瓣插入球囊导管并将其经血管系统经皮递送至失效肺动脉瓣的位置。在该位置,置换瓣通过球囊扩张,抵靠右心室流出道压缩天然瓣叶,从而锚定和密封置换瓣。在经皮肺动脉瓣置换的内容中,由Tower等提交的美国专利申请2003/0199971 A1和2003/0199963 A1描述了一种牛颈静脉瓣裂区段,安装在可扩张的支架内,用作置换肺动脉瓣。如“Percutaneous Insertion of the Pulmonary Valve(肺动脉瓣的经皮插入)”所述,Bonhoeffer等,Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2002;39:1664-1669和“Transcatheter Replacement of a Bovine Valve in Pulmonary Position(在肺位置进行牛肺动脉瓣的经导管置换)”,Bonhoeffer等,Circulation 2000;102:813-816等文章所述,可植入置换肺动脉瓣代替天然的肺动脉瓣或位于瓣裂管道内的假体肺动脉瓣。其他可植入物和植入递送装置也可参见美国专利申请公开2003/0036791 A1和欧洲专利申请1 057 460-A1。
由于与肺动脉瓣相比二尖瓣的物理特征不同,在二尖瓣位置经皮植入瓣膜具有其独特的瓣膜置换需求。一直希望能够改进二尖瓣置换装置和手术以适应心脏物理结构而不会导致手术期间心脏功能过度应激,例如提供用于经皮置换二尖瓣的装置和方法。
概述
本发明的一个实施方式包括一种可压缩和可扩张的支架,用于植入体腔,例如用于置换房室瓣膜中的一个。该支架包括一框架,该框架具有中央环形区域、从所述环状区域的一侧延伸的心房扩口和从所述环形区域的相对侧的一部分延伸的心室扩口。优选地,本发明支架框架的扩口和其他特征可用于产生能够适应大型孔口和具有不寻常形状的孔口的支架化的瓣膜。为了设置到较大的二尖瓣口内部,本发明支架化的瓣膜的植入方式使得不发生瓣膜迁移并且不阻断左心室流出道。本发明的支架框架是自扩张的,可与织物覆盖物联用来形成支架组件。瓣膜可以是心包构建物或者可采用动物瓣膜。用于这种支架组件的递送系统可包括导管,导管在其远端具有护套以使支架组件维持在压缩状态便于递送。
本发明还包括将瓣膜设置在体腔内的方法,例如心脏房室瓣扩口中的一个。该方法包括以下步骤:压缩支架化的瓣膜的支架框架,其中所述支架框架包括中央环状部分、心房扩口和心室扩口。然后将支架化的瓣膜递送至患者所需瓣膜区域的环处,递送例如可以经顶端(transapically)进行。在一个方法中,瓣膜通过瓣膜的底部进入。将瓣膜设置定位之后,支架的心房区域或心房部分释放,然后递送系统将支架瓣膜拉回抵靠所述环以使支架的心房部分与环配合。然后,支架心室部分从递送系统释放,递送系统从患者退出。
附图简要说明
参考附图将进一步描述本发明,在几个试图中,类似的结构用类似的附图标记表示。
图1是本发明支架框架的一个示例性实施方式的立体图。
图2是图1所示支架框架的俯视图。
图3和4是图1所示支架框架不同的侧视图。
图5是另一种支架框架的立体图,包括不同于图1-4所示实施方式的支架框架排列,还显示了附连于支架导丝的织物。
图6是图5所示支架框架的俯视图。
图7是图5所示支架框架的仰视图。
图8和9是图5所示支架框架不同的侧视图。
图10是本发明另一种支架框架的立体图。
图11是图10所示支架框架的俯视图。
图12和13是图10所示支架框架不同的侧视图。
图14是织物附连于支架框架的一部分的图10所示支架框架的立体图。
图15是图14所示支架框架的俯视图。
图16是图14所示支架框架的仰视图。
图17和18是图14所示支架框架不同的侧视图。
图19是本发明另一种支架框架的立体图。
图20是图19所示支架框架的俯视图。
图21和22是图19所示支架框架不同的侧视图。
图23是本发明支架框架样式的侧视图。
图24是附连有织物的本发明支架框架的立体图。
图25是一部分心脏以及位于二尖瓣环内的本发明支架框架的示意性截面视图。
图25是一部分心脏以及相对于天然瓣膜环定位的经导管瓣膜的示例性支架的示意性主视图。
图27是一部分心脏以及相对于天然瓣膜环定位的示例性支架框架的示意性主视图。
图28是图27所示支架框架的立体图。
图29是图27和28所示支架框架的侧视图。
图30是另一种示例性支架框架的立体图。
图31是图30所示支架框架的侧视图。
图32是另一种示例性支架框架的立体图。
图33是图32所示支架框架的侧视图。
图34是另一种示例性支架框架的立体图。
图35是图34所示支架框架的俯视图。
图36是图34所示支架框架的侧视图。
发明详述
现在参考附图,其中几幅附图中用类似附图标记标示各个组件,由图1-4开始,显示了本发明示例性支架框架10的一个实施方式。虽然本发明的支架,例如支架框架10,在这里主要描述用于二尖瓣置换,应理解这些支架的许多特征也可用于心脏其他区域的瓣膜。例如,本发明的支架可用于置换三尖瓣,这种支架的构型可以与用于置换二尖瓣所述的支架构型相同或者因为该心脏区域不同的解剖学结构而稍有不同。在任一情况下,本发明的支架理想地恢复心脏瓣膜的正常功能,用于经皮植入以利用该外科手术方式的优点。然而,本文所述支架也可以采用外科手术技术植入,这些技术包括最小侵入性方法或更传统的开放式心脏外科方法。
结合附图显示和描述了本发明支架框架示例性的实施方式,例如支架框架10。这些支架框架可以由铂、不锈钢、Nitinol或其他生物相容性金属或金属的组合构成。本发明支架框架可替代地采用导丝材料制成,或者支架框架可以通过从金属管机械加工或激光切割支架来制备,正如支架制造中通常采用的那样。导丝的数目、这些导丝的定位以及支架的各种其他特征可能在各附图间存在很大差异,但都落在本发明的范围内。
在任何情况下,本发明的支架框架优选可压缩至相对小的直径以便于插入患者,而且能够在到达患者体内所需位置后从这种压缩状态至少稍微扩张至较大的直径。还优选压缩支架的过程不会导致支架永久变形而使其扩张变得困难或不可能。即,每个支架应能够在压缩和扩张之后维持所需的结构完整性。在本发明一个优选的实施方式中,构成各个支架框架的导丝可以由形状记忆材料形成,例如镍钛合金(例如Nitinol)。采用该材料后,支架框架可以从收缩状态自扩张至扩张状态,例如通过施加热、能量等,或者通过去除外加的力(例如压缩力)。支架框架应能够重复压缩和扩张而不损害支架框架的结构。此外,支架框架可以从单一片材激光切割,如上所述,或者可以由多个组件或导丝组装形成。对于这些类型的支架结构,能够使用的递送系统的一个例子包括一种具有可回缩的护管的导管,所述护套覆盖支架及其结合的瓣膜结构直到其展开,此时套管回缩以使支架框架扩张。下面将进一步描述采用本发明支架框架的递送过程。
本发明的支架框架优选用作支架化的瓣膜组件的一部分,该组件包括附连在支架框架内部区域内的瓣膜材料以形成瓣叶。本发明这些支架化的瓣膜组件可采用保存的猪主动脉瓣或其他血管或供体物种。为了在心脏二尖瓣区域中存在的相对较高的压力条件下提供额外的瓣膜强度,和/或在设计具有特定尺寸和/或形状的瓣膜中提供较大的灵活性,心包瓣膜可选地组装成三尖瓣或二尖瓣小叶构型。
再次参考图1-4,支架框架10通常包括环状部分12、从环状部分12的一端延伸的心房部分14和从环状部分12的相对端延伸的心室部分16。环状部分12包括导丝结构,导丝结构的形状围绕其外周大致为正弦曲线构型。更具体说,环状部分12在其外周的大致相对侧包括两个延伸柱18,两个延伸柱18之间是具有大致恒定高度的正弦波图案。显示的这种环状部分12由一根导丝形成,但是也考虑由各种数量的导丝或支架框架元件组装形成这种环状部分12。进一步考虑,从单一片材切割整个支架框架10,使得环状部分12成为不包括独立组件的完整结构的一部分。所示延伸柱18的高度大于环状部分12在柱18之间的部分,而环状部分12该部分之间的相对尺寸差异可以与所示相同或者显著不同。在任何情况下,各延伸柱18的高度被设计成能够提供瓣膜小叶的附连区域,使瓣膜小叶能够附连在支架框架10内。因此,这种具有两个延伸柱18的支架框架10的实施方式被设计成能够适应双尖瓣;然而,也考虑环状部分12可包括三个延伸柱18以适应三叶瓣膜的附连。
还考虑支架框架可选地或者额外地包括一个或多个延伸柱,这些延伸柱相对于延伸柱18在与上述方向相反的方向上延伸。这些延伸柱可以朝支架心房部分延伸而不是支架心室部分延伸。
心房部分14包括导丝结构,导丝结构的形状能够在环状部分12的一端周围提供一系列呈一定角度径向向外延伸的凸缘20。所示心房部分14由一根导丝形成,但是也考虑由多根导丝或支架框架组件组装形成这种心房部分14,或者从单一片材切割形成整个支架框架10因而在其结构中没有使用单独的导丝。如图所示,所有凸缘20通常为相同尺寸和形状并且从环状部分12以大致相同的角度延伸,但是也考虑凸缘20相互间不同构型的情况。提供凸缘以配合环的一侧,支架框架10将植入所述环中,这样,凸缘20可具有各种不同的构型以满足植入支架框架的位置的具体要求。例如,心房部分14可具有比所示更多和更少的凸缘20,凸缘20可相对于环状部分12的大致圆柱形形状延伸更大或更小的角度,凸缘20可以比所示更长或更短等。
心室部分16包括导丝,导丝被设置成能够提供沿环状部分12外周的一部分大致在环状部分相同的纵线或轴线方向上延伸的第一部分22和相对于环状部分12以一定角度径向向外延伸的至少一个凸缘24。所示心室部分16由一根导丝形成,但是也考虑由多根导丝或支架框架组件组装形成该心室部分16,或者从单一片材切割整个支架框架10因而在其结构中不使用单独的导丝。如图所示,心室部分16的第一部分22是一系列正弦峰和谷,这些峰和谷相互间大致相同的尺寸和形状,虽然也考虑它们相互间构型不同。第一部分22通常在支架框架的轴线方向上遵循环状部分12的外周(即,该部分22相对于环状部分12几乎没有或没有扩口),第一部分22导丝的“峰”配合环状部分12的“谷”,例如在交叉点26。这种交叉点可围绕支架框架10的外周。进一步考虑第一部分22可以相对于环状部分12至少稍微扩口,以配合主动脉小叶(即心室扩口的主动脉部分)而不会明显阻断左心室流出道。
心室部分16进一步包括至少一个凸缘24,凸缘24在支架框架10的一侧上从环状部分12向外延伸或扩口。提供各个凸缘24以特定地配合其中植入支架框架的环,例如二尖瓣环的后侧。在此实施方式中,心室部分16的部分22在前侧不会向外扩口,因而在植入二尖瓣位置后不会阻塞左心室流出道。因为提供凸缘24以配合将要植入支架框架10的环的一侧,凸缘24可以具有许多不同构型以满足需要植入支架框架的位置的具体需求。具体说,心室部分16可具有比所示更多更少的凸缘24,凸缘24可以相对于环状部分12的外周以比所示更大或更小的角度延伸,凸缘24可以比所示更长或更短等。
如上所述,支架框架10可以是一片式结构例如从单一片材切割得到的结构,或者可以包括一系列围绕支架框架10的外周相互附连的导丝或导丝区段。在任一情况下,环状部分12、心房部分14和心室部分16的导丝部分可具有相同的粗度或者相互间粗度不同。在一个示例性的实施方式中,环状部分12包括相对较粗的导丝部分,而心房部分14和心室部分16包括相对较细的导丝部分。在这样的实施方式中,构成心房部分14和心室部分16的导丝粗度可以相同或者相互不同。
图5-9显示了根据本发明另一个实施方式的支架组件30。支架组件30包括支架框架32和覆盖材料34。支架框架32通常包括中央环状部分36、从环状部分36的一端延伸的心房部分38和从环状部分36的相对端延伸的心室部分40。环状部分36类似于上文结合图1-4所述的环状部分,只是环状部分36的导丝排列在环状部分36的大致相对侧包括两个构件42,这两个构件42稍宽于支架框架10的延伸柱18。该构件42的高度比环状部分36的其余部分要大。围绕环状部分36外周的各个构件42之间的导丝以大致正弦波样式排列。心房部分38包括被设置成提供一系列从环状部分36的一端呈一定角度径向向外延伸的凸缘44的导丝。所有凸缘44大致相同尺寸和形状并且大致以相同角度从环状部分36延伸,虽然也考虑凸缘44相互间不同构型的情况。心室部分40包括导丝,导丝被设置成能够提供沿环状部分36外周的一部分大致在环状部分36相同的纵线或轴线方向上延伸的第一部分46和相对于环状部分36以一定角度径向向外延伸的至少一个凸缘48。第一部分46可选地相对于环状部分36至少稍微扩口以配合主动脉小叶而不会明显阻断左心室流出道。第一部分46被设置成具有一系列的正弦峰和谷,这些峰和谷相互间大致相同的尺寸和形状,虽然也考虑它们相互间构型不同的情况。
支架框架32可包括大致如所述构型所示的相互附连的许多导丝或导丝部分,一种排列是环状部分36、心房部分38和心室部分40各自具有独立的导丝。或者,整个支架框架32可以从单一片材切割得到,因而支架框架32是不包括单独组件的整体结构。支架框架32各部分的导丝的峰、谷以及凸缘的相对尺寸和数量是示例性的,这些组件的结构可包括不同的尺寸、数量和构型。此外,该实施方式的支架框架32相对于上文所述支架框架10可包括任意改变,包括具有三个延伸构件42以适合三叶瓣膜附连在框架内而不是所示二叶瓣膜附连排列的变体。
支架组件30还包括覆盖材料34,覆盖材料34附连于支架框架32的至少一部分导丝,需要的话,也可附连于支架框架32的所有导丝或导丝部分。覆盖材料可以在附连于支架框架32之前或之后进行切割以适应需要在环状部分36的中央区域内附连于支架框架32的瓣膜结构(未显示)。覆盖材料34可以是编织或机织聚酯,例如聚酯或PTFE编织物,需要提供组织向内生长的介质时以及希望织物延展以符合弯曲表面时可采用该材料。也可替代地使用聚酯丝绒织物,例如在需要提供在一侧组织向内生长而在另一侧具有光滑表面的介质时。这些和其他合适的心血管织物可以例如从亚利桑那州太普的博得外周血管有限公司(Bard Peripheral Vascular,Inc.,Tempe,Arizona)购得。覆盖材料可以通过缝线、粘合剂或其他附连方法附连于各个支架框架。
图10-13显示了根据本发明另一个实施方式的支架框架60,该支架框架60总体包括中央环状部分62、从环状部分62的一端延伸的心房部分64和从环状部分62的相对端延伸的心室部分66。环状部分62类似于结合附图1-4描述的环状部分,包括导丝部分,导丝部分被设置成在环状部分62的大致相对侧具有两个延伸柱68,延伸柱68各自之间为大致正弦波样式。在此实施方式中,环状部分62还包括V形支撑件70,支撑件70被设置成各个V形支撑件70基部的“V”形大致符合延伸柱68的基部。这些V形构件70具有类似于支架框架32延伸构件42的构型,因为支架框架60包括沿V形构件70和延伸柱68的组合。这些V形构件70可用于提供支架框架60额外的结构完整性。
心房部分64包括一系列从环状部分62的一端呈一定角度径向向外延伸的凸缘72。显示的所有凸缘72大致相同尺寸和形状并且大致以相同角度从环状部分62延伸,虽然也考虑至少一些凸缘72相互间具有不同构型。心室部分66包括导丝,导丝被设置成能够提供沿环状部分62外周的一部分大致在环状部分相同的纵线或轴线方向上延伸的第一部分74和相对于环状部分62以一定角度径向向外延伸的至少一个凸缘76。第一部分74相对于环状部分62至少稍微扩口以配合主动脉小叶而不会明显阻断左心室流出道。第一部分74被设置成具有一系列的正弦峰和谷,这些峰和谷相互间大致相同的尺寸和形状,虽然也考虑它们相互间具有不同尺寸和/或形状的情况。
支架框架60可包括大致如所述构型所示的相互附连的许多导丝或导丝部分,一种排列是环状部分62、心房部分64和心室部分66各自具有独立的导丝。在一个实施方式中,V形构件70压接到支架框架60的其他导丝。或者,可从单一片材切割完整的支架框架60,因此支架框架60是不包括单独组件的完整结构。所示支架框架60各部分的导丝的峰、谷以及凸缘的相对尺寸和数量是示例性的,这些组件的结构可包括不同的尺寸、数量和构型。此外,该实施方式的支架框架60相对于上文所述支架框架可包括任意改变,包括具有三个延伸柱68以适合三叶瓣膜附连在框架内而不是所示二叶瓣膜附连排列的变体。
图14-18显示了支架组件80,包括大致类似于上文结合附图10-13所述的支架框架60的支架框架82,还包括覆盖材料84。与上文所述覆盖材料34一样,覆盖材料84可类似地包括有利于至少一些组织向内生长的材料。覆盖材料84可以在支架框架82的延伸柱86之间切割,例如大致沿切割线88,以实现将要设置在支架框架82内部区域内的瓣膜(未显示)的附连。支架框架和组件以及本发明的许多其他支架可具有由自扩张材料制成的部分以及由球囊扩张型材料制成的其它部分。例如,具体参考图17,心房和心室部分可以由自扩张材料制成,而中央环状部分可以由球囊扩张型材料制成以在环处实现高径向力。
图19-22显示了根据本发明另一个实施方式的支架框架100,大致包括环状部分102、从环状部分102的一端延伸的心房部分104和从环状部分102的相对端延伸的心室部分106。环状部分102包括围绕支架框架100的外周相互交叉的一系列X形结构的导丝或导丝部分。支架框架100包括一根或多根导丝,这些导丝形状设置成具有一系列从环状部分102的一端呈一定角度径向向外延伸的凸缘108。所示所有凸缘108具有大致相同尺寸和形状并且以相同角度从环状部分102延伸,虽然也考虑凸缘108相互间不同构型的情况。至少一些凸缘108还包括一个或多个倒钩或延伸件110,在所示实施方式中在各个凸缘108的远侧尖端附近包括两个倒钩110。各个倒钩110优选从其各自的凸缘108延伸,延伸的方式使得支架框架100相对于将要植入的瓣膜的环定位时,倒钩110将可配合它们所邻近的组织。因此,如图21和22所示,倒钩110向下或者朝支架框架100的环状部分102延伸,因此它们能够在植入后与心脏结构配合。应理解,倒钩110可具有与所示不同的尺寸、形状、取向、定位等,并且各个凸缘108可包括大于或小于所示两个倒钩110的情况。而且,考虑只有一些凸缘108包括这种倒钩110。
心室部分106包括导丝,导丝形状能提供大致在支架框架100的相对侧的两个延伸柱112,至少一个凸缘部分114在两个延伸柱112之间的支架框架100的一侧从环状部分102径向向外延伸,延伸柱112之间的之间框架110的另一侧是正弦式导丝样式。至少一些凸缘114还包括至少一个倒钩116,在所示实施方式中包括在各个凸缘114远侧尖端附近的两个倒钩116。各个倒钩114优选从其各自的凸缘114延伸,延伸的方式使得当支架框架100相对于将要植入的瓣膜的环定位时,倒钩116将可配合它们所邻近的组织。因此,最佳地如图21和22所示,倒钩116向上延伸或者朝支架框架100的环状部分102延伸。与上文所述倒钩110一样,倒钩116可具有与所示不同的尺寸、形状、取向、定位等,并且各个凸缘114可包括大于或小于所示两个倒钩116的情况。而且,考虑只有一些凸缘114包括这种倒钩116。
图23显示了相对于上文图19-22所示类型的支架框架的示例性样式120。该支架框架样式120包括可以从单一片材切割的菱形样式。支架框架样式120可形成管状以制备支架框架。如图所示,该实施方式包括从样式远端延伸的许多倒钩122。
图24显示了本发明的支架组件130,包括支架框架132和覆盖材料134。如图所示,覆盖材料134沿可见的该组件的许多可见导丝缝合于支架框架132。该支架框架132包括相互间大致交叉定位的两个延伸柱136,延伸柱136具有连合柱,瓣膜组件的小叶将附连于这些连合柱以提供二尖瓣。
图25示意性地显示了一部分心脏140,本发明示例性支架组件141被设置其中。具体说,心脏140包括左心房142、左心室144、二尖瓣146和主动脉瓣148。二尖瓣146的虚线显示了天然小叶,因为它们通常在植入支架组件141之前进行构建。具体说,二尖瓣146包括瓣膜前侧的第一小叶150和瓣膜后侧的第二小叶152。当天然二尖瓣146作正常时,天然小叶150、152的运作通常能使血流在小叶150、152处于开放位置时朝左心室144流动,而当小叶150、152处于关闭位置时血液不会朝左心房142流动。然而,根据本发明,当二尖瓣146工作异常时支架组件141可定位在二尖瓣146区域内(代替二尖瓣),从而迫使小叶150、152离开二尖瓣空间,例如分别显示了移位的小叶156和158。
如图所示,支架组件141包括环状部分160、心房部分162和心室部分164,心房部分162包括从环状部分160的一侧朝左心房142延伸的扩口,心室部分164包括从环状部分160的后侧朝左心室144延伸的扩口。为了不阻断通过主动脉瓣148的血流,最接近主动脉瓣148的支架组件142的心室部分164不具有扩口或者扩口的高度最小。这样,支架组件142不会将小叶156推离干扰血流通过主动脉瓣148和/或干扰主动脉瓣148小叶的实际运动或功能的位置。然而,环状部分160优选具有足够的长度以提供与二尖瓣的环形接触的适当区域,以助于维持其理想的定位。
如上所述,本发明的支架组件也可植入用于置换三尖瓣。具体说,如果本发明的支架组件定位在三尖瓣的环内,则去除心房扩口或将其制备成不会接触Koch三角区的顶端,因而不会扰乱传导系统(即房室结和希斯束)。此外,心室扩口不会接触心室中隔部分,因而不会扰乱传导系统,这些扩口可类似于上文相对于二尖瓣区的支架组件所述。此外,该实施方式中的心室扩口通常与下方和前方的后侧扩口类似(例如大约2/3的扩口)。
根据本发明的方法上文所述类型的支架框架可组装形成支架化的瓣膜组件,虽然在附图中未显示这些瓣膜。组装支架化的瓣膜的一个示例性方法通常首先包括制备猪主动脉瓣,然后采用各种安装或连接技术将制备的猪主动脉瓣安装或连接于支架框架。瓣膜组件的二叶、三叶和其他变体可连接在本文所述的支架框架内。
上文相对于支架框架的心房部分和心室部分所述的各种凸缘部分通常显示为V形或U形。然而,凸缘部分也可以是半圆形、矩形、长方形等形状,可以比所示形状显著更小或更大。在又一种变体中,可采用围绕支架框架环状部分的外周更加连续的不同的凸缘结构(即凸缘结构不包括一系列相邻的凸缘而是在支架框架的一端或两端包括更多连续的扩口结构)。在任一情况下,凸缘部分优选被构造成当其定位以代替瓣膜时能够为支架组件提供锚定功能的形状和尺寸。例如,如果支架组件被定位在二尖瓣环内,在心房侧从支架组件延伸的任何凸缘部分可提供与左心房壁的干涉作用,从而抑制支架组件的移动。
心房凸缘或凸缘部分也可具有能够利用各种手段,例如夹子、缝线等将支架缝合在适当位置作为心房切口闭合的一部分的特征。此外,如果支架的心房凸缘或凸缘部分朝心房的顶端进一步向上,其结果可提高假体的稳定性。图26显示了能够提供这种稳定特征的支架框架180的构型的一个例子。包括稳定特征的这些和其他支架可与心房的天然解剖学结构配合以实现置换瓣膜稳定的定位和固定作用。该概念适用于闭锁不全或狭窄的二尖瓣或三尖瓣的经导管或最小侵入性置换。这些支架框架通常包括延伸超出天然瓣膜环的一个或多个支架流入视位构件(inflow aspect member)以匹配心房曲率。这些构件可具有各种形状和构型,但通常所构件都能防止瓣膜组件的前进和/或后退移动。突入心房的程度可以不同,但宜延伸通过曲率半径的拐点。需要的话,这些构件也可一直延伸到心房顶端。这些构件在心房顶端可以是离散的或连接的,以大致匹配解剖学形状。可使用各种覆盖材料来覆盖或部分覆盖支架框架的稳定部分,包括例如织物、聚合物、组织、或其他生物相容性材料等。需要时,材料还可选择成提高向内生长和/或减少磨损和创伤。
在图26示例性的实施方式中,所示支架框架180相对于天然瓣膜的环182定位,环箍或一系列的环箍184(在心房186中以虚线表示)从支架框架180的顶端延伸至心房186内,为支架提供额外的稳定作用并有助于使支架迁移最小化。仍然参考图26,显示了一部分心脏的示意图,包括左心室188、心房186、乳头肌190和天然瓣膜的环182。显示包括本发明支架框架180的瓣膜的定位使得环192至少稍高于天然瓣膜的环182。显示两个示例性的小叶194在其环192的位置从框架180延伸。支架框架180的这种定位可减少其突出进入左心室188,从而使支架框架180在左心室188壁和乳头肌190上的接触和摩擦最小。支架框架180的这种定位还能降低糜烂、心律失常和缺血的风险。
图27-29显示了具有上文所述用于使支架框架200相对于天然瓣膜环定位和固定的特征的另一个实施方式的支架框架200。图27显示了相对于心房202和心室204定位的支架框架200。支架框架200包括环状部分206、心房部分208、心室部分210和从心房部分208延伸的固定部分212。固定结构212通常包括一系列导丝,这些导丝以从心房部分208导丝的峰延伸的花瓣或其他构型排列。花瓣在其远端附连于使导丝维持在穹式形状的盘214或其他结构,如图所示。心室部分210在相对于支架框架的心室端包括任何如上所述的特征,其中,该具体实施方式显示了具有相对于支架框架200的中央纵轴线向外延伸的扩口的心室部分。环状部分206还包括两个延伸柱216,这两个延伸柱比延伸柱之间的环状部分的结构的高度至少有些更高或更长。
图30和31显示了另一个实施方式的支架框架220,也包括心房部分224,心房部分224包括一系列扩口,扩口朝支架框架的中央纵轴线至少稍微弯曲。框架220还包括至少两个支撑导丝222,形成该实施方式额外的固定结构。如图所示,该示例性实施方式显示了两根导丝222,每根导丝在支架相对侧的两个心房扩口之间延伸,从而帮助维持扩口构型并提供穹顶状支撑结构。然而,也考虑支架框架220包括比两根导丝更多或更少的情况。而且,考虑导丝只从心房部分224的一些扩口延伸,如图所示,或者支撑导丝22将心房部分224的所有扩口均连接于另一扩口。在又一实施方式中,如图32和33所示,支架框架240包括心房部分242,心房部分242具有朝支架框架240的中央纵轴线有些弯曲的多个扩口。然而,该示例性实施方式并不包括扩口之间额外的连接导丝。
图34-36显示了另一个实施方式的支架框架260,其包括具有扩口262和一系列从扩口262朝支架框架的中央纵轴线延伸的导丝266的心房部分。导丝266被设置成花瓣或者从心房部分导丝的峰延伸的其他构型。导丝266在其远端附连于使导丝维持在穹式形状的结构264,如图所示。支架框架260的心室部分在相对于支架框架的心室端可包括任何如上所述的特征,其中,该具体实施方式显示了具有相对于支架框架的中央纵轴线向外延伸的扩口的心室部分。环状部分还包括两个延伸柱268,这两个延伸柱比延伸柱之间的环状部分的结构的高度至少有些更高或更长。
相对于本发明的本文所述支架组件的任何实施方式可包括围绕其外部的垫片或其他构件以提供对抗瓣膜旁渗漏的密封和促进血管翳向内生长以稳定支架。这种垫片或其他构件可选地或者额外地在支架内部定位或者在设置在支架上封套的下侧定位。
此外,还考虑与本发明支架化的瓣膜结合的心室扩口可容纳靶向心肌梗死的生物制品(干细胞、基因、蛋白质等),常常位于局部缺血性二尖瓣反流患者的后-前方向上。本发明支架化的瓣膜中用于锚定的区域也可接种有细胞或促进向内生长的生物制品以快速掺入周围组织。这有助于消除瓣膜旁渗漏和消除假体的迁移或栓塞形成。在二尖瓣置换的一个例子中,心房和环状部分可包括促进向内生长的生物制品,心室部分可包括治疗性生物制品和/或促进向内生长的生物制品。
本发明的支架组件可以许多不同的方式经进口设置到所需的心脏区域内。在一个实施方式中,支架组件可以经心房插入,进口可以在跳动的心脏上经皮或以最小侵入性技术制备,此时通路经过心脏侧面,或者甚至采用心肺旁路和胸骨切开术通过标准心脏打开心脏瓣膜置换术制备,此时所需的装置可用作标准置换术的替代品。在另一个实施方式中,支架组件可以经顶端插入,此时进口同样可以在跳动的心脏上经皮或以最小侵入性技术制备,此时通路经过心脏侧面。在另一个实施方式中,支架组件可以经中隔插入,此时进口可以经皮制备。
本发明还包括将瓣膜设置在体腔内的方法,例如心脏房室瓣开口中的一个。该方法包括以下步骤:压缩支架化的瓣膜的支架框架,其中所述支架框架包括环状区域、从环状区域的一端延伸的心房部分和从环状区域的另一端延伸的心室部分。递送系统的护套或其他组件可以滑动或者以其他方式定位到压缩的支架化的瓣膜上以防止其扩张并使支架化的瓣膜和将要通过其穿行的脉管系统之间的干扰最小化。然后将支架化的瓣膜递送至患者所需瓣膜区域的环处,例如这种递送可以经顶端进行。在一个方法中,瓣膜通过瓣膜的底部进入。当瓣膜设置定位后,支架的心房区域或心房部分释放,例如通过使递送系统的护套回缩足够量以使支架化瓣膜的该部分暴露出来。由于支架框架的自扩张性质,心房部分将相对于曾经包裹心房部分的护套向外扩张。然后,用递送系统将支架瓣膜拉回抵靠环处以使支架的心房部分与环配合。然后,递送系统的护套可进一步回缩以从递送系统释放支架框架的心室部分。由于支架框架的自扩张性质,心室部分将相对于曾经包裹心室部分的护套向外扩张。然后,递送系统可从患者退出。
现已参照本发明的几个实施例描述了本发明。本文提到的任何专利、专利申请、公开物和期刊文章的全部内容以参见的方式纳入本文。已经给出前述详细说明和实例,仅是为了清楚理解。不应从中理解为不必要的限制。对本领域的技术人员很显然可对所述实施例进行多种改变而不偏离本发明的范围。因此,本发明的范围不应限于本文所述的结构,而是仅由权利要求书的语言描述的结构以及这些结构的等同物所限制。

Claims (20)

1.一种支架框架,其包括:
环状部分,所述环状部分包括第一端和第二端、中央纵轴线、以及包括至少两个延伸柱和在所述至少两个延伸柱中的每个之间大致正弦波结构的峰和谷的导丝部分;
心房部分,所述心房部分从所述环状部分的所述第一端延伸,其中所述心房部分包括相对于所述环状部分的所述纵轴线径向向外延伸的多个扩口;和
心室部分,所述心室部分从所述环状部分的所述第二端延伸,其中所述心室部分包括相对于所述环状部分的所述纵轴线径向向外延伸的至少一个扩口。
2.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述框架是可压缩和可扩张的,用于经皮递送和植入体腔内。
3.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述环状部分、所述心房部分和所述心室部分中至少一个包括形状记忆材料。
4.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,每个所述延伸柱沿大致平行于所述中央纵轴线的方向延伸。
5.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述心房部分的每个所述扩口具有从所述环状部分的峰延伸的第一端和从所述环状部分的相邻峰延伸的第二端。
6.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述至少两个延伸柱中的每个从所述环状部分的两个相邻峰并朝所述支架框架的所述心室部分延伸。
7.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,还包括在所述支架框架的内部区域内附连于两个相邻的延伸柱的第一小叶,和在所述支架框架的内部区域内附连于两个相邻的延伸柱的第二小叶。
8.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,还包括在所述支架框架的内部区域内附连于两个相邻的延伸柱的第三小叶。
9.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述环状部分、所述心房部分和所述心室部分包括一体式结构。
10.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述延伸柱中每个的高度比在所述至少两个延伸柱中每个之间的大致正弦波结构的峰和谷之间的距离大。
11.如权利要求10所述的支架框架,其特征在于,第一延伸柱包括所述在所述框架的最远点与所述支架框架的所述心房部分间隔开的基部,所述支架框架还包括第一支撑件,所述第一支撑件包括从所述支架框架的所述环状部分延伸的第一端、从所述支架框架的所述环状部分延伸的第二端以及在其第一端和第二端之间邻近所述第一延伸柱的基部的基部。
12.如权利要求11所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述第一支撑件沿大致平行于所述支架框架的所述中央纵轴线的方向延伸。
13.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,还包括附连于所述环状部分、所述心房部分和所述心室部分中至少一个的至少一部分的覆盖材料。
14.如权利要求13所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述覆盖材料延伸穿过每个所述延伸柱的宽度,所述覆盖材料包括在所述延伸柱的宽度内的切割线。
15.如权利要求1所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述环状部分、所述心房部分和所述心室部分中的每个包括独立的导丝。
16.一种瓣膜假体,包括:
支架框架,所述支架框架包括:
环状部分,所述环状部分包括第一端和第二端、中央纵轴线、以及包括至少两个延伸柱和在所述至少两个延伸柱中每个之间大致正弦波结构的峰和谷的导丝部分;
心房部分,所述心房部分从所述环状部分的所述第一端延伸,其中所述心房部分包括相对于所述环状部分的所述纵轴线径向向外延伸的多个扩口;以及
心室部分,所述心室部分从所述环状部分的所述第二端延伸,其中所述心室部分包括相对于所述环状部分的所述纵轴线径向向外延伸的至少一个扩口;以及
假体瓣膜,所述假体瓣膜包括在所述支架框架的内部区域内附连于两个相邻的延伸柱的第一小叶,和在所述支架框架的内部区域内附连于两个相邻的延伸柱的第二小叶。
17.如权利要求16所述的瓣膜假体,其特征在于,所述环状部分的所述延伸柱与所述假体瓣膜的连合处对齐。
18.一种支架框架,包括:
环状部分,所述环状部分包括第一端和第二端、中央纵轴线以及大致正弦波结构的峰和谷;
心房部分,所述心房部分从所述环状部分的所述第一端延伸并包括大致正弦波结构的峰和谷,所述心房部分的所述谷中的每个从所述心房部分的峰延伸;
心室部分,所述心室部分从所述环状部分的所述第二端延伸,其中所述心室部分包括相对于所述环状部分的所述纵轴线径向向外延伸的至少一个扩口;以及
固定结构,所述固定结构从所述心房部分延伸。
19.如权利要求18所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述固定结构包括从所述心房部分朝所述中央纵轴线延伸的穹顶状结构的导丝。
20.如权利要求18所述的支架框架,其特征在于,所述固定结构包括多个扩口,每个扩口具有朝所述中央纵轴线至少稍微弯曲的远端尖部。
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AU2009240565A1 (en) 2009-10-29
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