CN102076539B - 混合动力车辆 - Google Patents

混合动力车辆 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102076539B
CN102076539B CN2009801252897A CN200980125289A CN102076539B CN 102076539 B CN102076539 B CN 102076539B CN 2009801252897 A CN2009801252897 A CN 2009801252897A CN 200980125289 A CN200980125289 A CN 200980125289A CN 102076539 B CN102076539 B CN 102076539B
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motor
power
battery
voltage
higher limit
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CN102076539A (zh
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小岛靖
高木健介
木全雅俊
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Toyota Motor Corp
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Toyota Motor Corp
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    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B60L58/13Maintaining the SoC within a determined range
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B60K6/365Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings with the gears having orbital motion
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/445Differential gearing distribution type
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    • B60L50/00Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L53/00Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/06Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of combustion engines
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60W10/00Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/08Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60W20/00Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60W20/00Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/13Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W30/00Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
    • B60W30/18Propelling the vehicle
    • B60W30/182Selecting between different operative modes, e.g. comfort and performance modes
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    • Y02T90/14Plug-in electric vehicles

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (AREA)
  • Control Of Vehicle Engines Or Engines For Specific Uses (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种混合动力车辆,在所述混合动力车辆中,谋求提高燃料经济性的同时回避电池的剩余容量较大地低于适当范围的下限的情况。所述混合动力车辆(10)包括发动机(12)、发电机(MG1)、电池(50)、行驶用电机(MG2),还具备:转换器(48),其将电池50的电压升压而提供给电动机(MG2);经济开关(72),其用于对于转换器(48)的升压控制选择第一模式或者第二模式;混合动力ECU(66),其通过经济开关(72)选择了第二模式时,将通过转换器(48)升压后的电压上限值从第一模式下的第一上限值变更为比该第一上限值低的第二上限值,并且,在电池(50)的剩余容量变为了阈值以下时,将通过转换器(48)升压后的电压上限值从第二上限值向第一上限值切换。

Description

混合动力车辆
技术领域
本发明涉及具有发动机和电机来作为动力源的混合动力车辆。
背景技术
近年来,作为考虑环境的汽车,混合动力车普及起来。对于混合动力车,作为用于驱动车轮的动力源,在将汽油或者轻油等作为燃料的发动机之外,同时具有通过从电池或者发电机供给的电力进行驱动的电机。
在这样的混合动力车中,存在如下的车辆:将从电池供给的直流电压通过作为电压转换器的DC/DC转换器(以下,适当地只称为“转换器”)进行升压并向变换器供给,通过变换器变换成交流电压后施加给交流同步型电机。
另外,对利用发动机的动力和/或车辆的制动力而由发电机发电产生的电力、车辆的行驶用电机消耗的电力进行控制,使得电池的剩余容量维持在预定的适当范围内。
这样的混合动力车,同时具有行驶用电机来作为动力源,由此与仅将发动机作为动力源的汽车相比,能够进行低燃料消耗率行驶,但是希望通过提高电机和/或发动机的工作效率等来进一步实现低燃料消耗率化或者节能化。因此,提出了如下方案:设置有通过作为用户的驾驶者在相比于汽车的动力性能而想使燃料经济性优先的情况下进行导通(ON)操作来对汽车的控制部提供低燃料消耗率行驶指示的开关等。这样的开关,有时被称为“经济模式开关”(“ECO模式开关”)或者“经济开关”(“ECO开关”)。
例如,在日本专利申请公开公报第2007-159214号中记载有:在具备ECO开关的电动汽车中,当通过用户的操作而导通ECO开关时,使转换器的升压工作停止,由此能够消除转换器中的开关损失、实现低燃料消耗率化。
发明内容
在混合动力车中,为了使燃料经济性或者能量效率最优化,一边保持平衡一边进行工作控制,以使发动机、行驶用电机、以及发电用电机满足预定的条件。因此,如上述专利文献1的电动汽车,考虑:当通过导通ECO开关而使转换器的升压工作停止时,行驶用电机和发电用电机的工作量受到限制,特别是,限制发电用电机的工作量会导致发电量下降,根据电池的剩余容量和/或用户操作的车辆的运行状态,用于电池充电的发动机间歇运行的频率会变高,由此相反地燃料经济性会发生恶化、电池的剩余容量会较大地低于适当范围的下限。
本发明的目的在于提供一种谋求提高燃料经济性、同时回避电池的剩余容量较大地低于适当范围的下限的混合动力车辆。
本发明是一种混合动力车辆,该混合动力车辆具备:发动机;能够接受来自发动机的动力进行发电的发电机;蓄积由发电机发电产生的电力的电池;以及能够接受从电池和发电机供给的电力输出行驶用的动力的电动机,该混合动力车辆的特征在于,还具备:电压转换器,其将电池的电压升压并向电动机供给;选择单元,其用于与电压转换器的升压工作相关地选择第一模式或第二模式;控制单元,其在通过选择单元选择了第二模式时,将通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值从第一模式下的第一上限值变更为比该第一上限值低的第二上限值,并且,在电池的剩余容量变为了阈值以下时,将通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值从第二上限值向第一上限值切换。
在本发明的混合动力车辆,控制单元可以在用户对于车辆的要求功率超过第二模式下能够输出的最大车辆功率的状态持续了预定时间时,将通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值从第二上限值向第一上限值切换。
另外,在本发明的混合动力车辆中,控制单元可以在通过选择单元选择了第二模式时,执行通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值的切换,并且,执行变更发动机工作点、降低载波的频率、以及使辅机装置进行节能工作中的至少一个控制,在电池的剩余容量变为了阈值以下时,在第二模式下执行中的控制中,仅执行使通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值从第二上限值向第一上限值恢复的控制,所述载波用于生成对电动机的输入电压,所述辅机装置包括空调。
进一步,在本发明的混合动力车辆,可以还包括具有直流/交流转换功能的发电机用变换器和电动机用变换器,各变换器与共用的电压转换器连接。
根据本发明的混合动力车辆,当选择了第二模式时,将通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值从第一上限值抑制为较低的第二上限值,由此能够使电压转换器中的电力损耗降低,提高燃料经济性,并且,当电池的剩余容量变为了阈值以下时,通过解除电压转换器的升压限制,能够确保发电机发电产生足够的发电量,回避较大地低于电池的适当容量范围的下限的状态。
附图说明
图1是本发明的一实施方式的混合动力车辆的概略结构图。
图2是电机ECU的功能框图。
图3是电机ECU所包括的PWM控制块的功能框图。
图4是电机ECU所包括的矩形波控制块的功能框图。
图5是表示示出了行驶用电机的转矩和转速的关系的映射的图。
图6是表示通常模式和经济模式的车速和车辆功率的关系的映射。
图7是表示选择经济模式时由混合动力ECU执行的处理程序的流程图。
标号说明
10混合动力车辆;11旋转位置传感器;12发动机;13输出轴;14动力分配合并机构;16发动机控制用ECU;18太阳轮;20齿圈;22齿轮架;24减振器;26齿轮架支承部件;28齿轮架轴;29、36转子;30旋转轴;31、37旋转角传感器;32齿圈轴;34减速器;38旋转轴;40车轴;42车轮;44、46变换器;48转换器;50电池;52平滑电容器;54平滑电容器;56电力线;58接地线;60电机用ECU;62电池状态检测传感器;64电池ECU;66混合动力用ECU;68车速传感器;70加速器开度传感器;72经济开关;74电流指令生成部;76电压指令生成部;78矩形波产生部;80、92开关信号生成部;82电流传感器;843相2相变换部;86转速运算部;88电压相位运算部;90矩形波产生部;943相2相变换部;96转矩推定部;100PWM控制块;102矩形波控制块;104转换器控制部;106控制方式选择部;MG1发电用电机;MG2行驶用电机
具体实施方式
以下,参照附图详细说明本发明的实施方式。在该说明中,具体的形状、材料、数值、方向等是为了容易理解本发明的示例,可以与用途、目的、方法等相匹配地进行适当变更。
图1是本发明的一实施方式的混合动力车辆10的概略结构图。在图1中,动力传递系统用实线表示,电力线用单点划线表示,信号线用虚线表示。混合动力车辆10具备:能够输出行驶用的动力的发动机12;2个三相交流同步型电动发电机(以下,简称为“电机”)MG1、MG2;以及动力分配合并机构14。
发动机12是将汽油、轻油等作为燃料来产生动力的内燃机。发动机12与发动机控制用ECU(Electronic Control Unit:电子控制单元)(以下,称为“发动机ECU”)16电连接,通过接受来自发动机ECU16的控制信号对燃料喷射、点火、节气门等进行调节,从而进行工作控制。发动机12的转速Ne是接受从接近发动机12的输出轴13而设置的旋转位置传感器11输出的检测值而在发动机ECU16中算出的。
动力分配合并机构14由行星齿轮机构构成,所述行星齿轮机构构成为包括:配置在中心部的太阳轮18;与太阳轮18同心地配置在外侧、且在圆环内周部具有内齿的齿圈20;与太阳轮18和齿圈20这两者啮合的多个齿轮架(carriers)22。
在动力分配合并机构14中,在以能够旋转的方式支承多个齿轮架22的齿轮架支承部件26连结经由减振器(damper)24而与发动机12的输出轴13连接的齿轮架轴28,在太阳轮18连结与电机MG1的转子29连接的旋转轴30,在齿圈20经由齿圈轴32而连结减速器34。由此,在动力分配合并机构14中,当电机MG1作为发电机发挥功能时,从齿轮架轴28输入的发动机12的动力根据齿轮比而被分配至太阳轮18侧和齿圈20侧,当电机MG1作为电动机发挥功能时,从齿轮架轴28输入的发动机12的动力、以及从太阳轮18输入的电机MG1的动力被合并,从齿圈20经由齿圈轴32而输入到包括预定减速比的齿轮列的减速器34。
与电机MG2的转子36连接的旋转轴38也还和减速器34连接,当电机MG2作为电动机发挥功能时,向减速器机34输入来自电机MG2的动力。
从齿圈轴32和MG2的旋转轴38中的至少一个轴输入的动力,经由减速器34而向车轴40传递,由此对车轮42进行旋转驱动。另一方面,在再生制动时,当动力从车轮42和车轴40经由减速器34而输入至旋转轴38时,MG2作为发电机发挥功能。在此,在再生制动时,不限于驾驶者进行制动操作而使车辆速度减速的情况,还包括驾驶者解除加速踏板的踩踏而中止了车辆加速的情况、车辆通过重力作用在下坡进行行驶的情况等。
电机MG1、MG2分别与对应的变换器(inverter)44、46电连接。各变换器44、46与作为共同的电压转换器的转换器48电并联连接,并且,经由转换器48与电池50电连接。电池50适合使用镍氢电池、锂离子电池等的能够充放电的二次电池,但不限定于此,例如也可以使用电容器。
当电机MG1、MG2作为电动机发挥功能时,将从电池50经由平滑电容器52供给来的直流电压Vb通过转换器48升压为输出电压Vc后,经由平滑电容器54而向变换器44、46输入(转换器输出电压Vc相当于作为变换器输入电压的系统电压VH。以下相同),通过变换器44、46进行交流变换并施加给电机MG1、MG2。
相反地,当电机MG1、MG2作为发电机发挥功能时,将从MG1、MG2输出的交流电压通过变换器44、46进行了直流变换之后,通过转换器48降压并对电池50进行充电。另外,对于变换器44、46,由于共用与转换器48连接的电力线56和接地线58,因此能够使通过电机MG1、MG2中的一个电机发电产生的电力不经过转换器而向另一个电机供给来进行旋转驱动。
变换器44、46分别与电机用ECU(以下,称为“电机ECU”)60电连接,基于从电机ECU60发送的控制信号进行工作控制。另外,在电机MG1、MG2设置有对转子29、36的旋转角进行检测的旋转角传感器31、37。通过各旋转角传感器31、37得到的检测值,被输入到电机ECU60,用于算出各电机转速Nm1、Nm2。进一步,对电机ECU60输入通过分别设置在各电机MG1、MG2的未图示的电流传感器检测出的电机电流。
在电池50设置有电流传感器、电压传感器、温度传感器等的电池状态检测传感器62,通过该传感器62得到的各检测值、即电池电流Ib、电池电压Vb、电池温度Tb等被输入到电池用ECU(以下,称为“电池ECU”)64。电池ECU64基于这些检测值推定电池50的剩余容量(SOC),并且进行监视以使电池剩余容量维持在适当范围、例如以额定容量的60%为中心的40%~80%的范围,在适当范围上限附近,将输入限制信号输出给后述的混合动力用ECU,在适当范围下限附近,将输出限制和充电要求的信号输出给后述的混合动力用ECU。
发动机ECU16、电机ECU60以及电池ECU64与混合动力ECU(控制单元)66电连接。混合动力ECU66由执行控制程序的CPU、存储控制程序和/或控制用映射等的ROM、能够暂时存储各种检测值且能够随时进行读出的RAM等构成,具有对发动机12以及电机MG1、MG2总括地进行工作控制、并且管理电池50的功能。
混合动力ECU66在其与发动机ECU16之间,根据需要发送发动机控制信号,根据需要接收与发动机工作状态相关的数据(例如发动机转速Ne等)。另外,混合动力ECU66在其与电机ECU60之间,根据需要发送电机控制信号,根据需要接收与电机工作状态相关的数据(例如电机转速Nm1、Nm2、电机电流等)。进一步,混合动力ECU66从电池ECU64接收电池剩余容量、电池电压、电池温度、输入输出控制信号等的电池管理所需要的数据。
在混合动力ECU66上,还电连接有车速传感器68和加速器开度传感器70,分别输入作为混合动力车辆10的行驶速度的车速Sv、和与未作图示的加速踏板的踩踏量对应的加速器开度Ac。
进一步,在混合动力ECU66上电连接有经济开关(选择单元)72。经济开关72设置在作为用户的驾驶者容易操作的位置,通过进行押压操作、旋转操作或者轻触操作等,向混合动力ECU66输入经济开关导通信号Eon。当对经济开关72进行导通操作时,则选择从经济开关断开时的通常模式(第一模式)向能够相比于通常模式而进行低燃料消耗率行驶的经济模式(第二模式)的转变。
接着,参照图2说明使电机MG1、MG2作为电动机发挥功能时的电机ECU60中的电压控制。图2是电机ECU60的功能框图,将电机MG1、MG2都用作电动机的情况下的电压控制是同样地进行的控制,因此在此主要对输出行驶用动力的电机MG2的控制进行说明。
电机ECU60包括:控制方式选择部106,其对电机MG2的控制方式进行选择;转换器控制部104,其接受来自控制方式选择部106的转换器输出电压指令Vc*,生成用于对转换器48内的2个电力用开关元件(例如IGBT等)进行导通、断开控制的开关信号S1、S2,并输出给转换器48;以及PWM控制块100和矩形波控制块102,其从控制方式选择部106接受转矩指令T*,生成用于对在变换器46内的U相、V相以及W相的各相臂分别设置2个(合计6个)的电力用开关元件(例如IGBT等)进行导通、断开控制的开关信号S3~S8,并输出给变换器46。
一般地,作为交流电机的控制方式,已知正旋波PWM控制、过调制PWM控制、以及矩形波控制这3种控制方式。
正弦波PWM控制方式是作为一般的PWM控制而使用的方式,根据正弦波状的电压指令值和载波(一般为三角波)的电压比较,对为了三相交流电机的电机MG2的U相、V相以及W相的各相线圈而分别设置在变换器46内的各相臂上的开关元件的导通、断开进行控制。其结果,在变换器46内的各相臂上,对于与上臂元件的导通期间对应的高电平期间、与下臂元件的导通期间对应的低电平期间的集合,控制占空比以使在一定期间内电机输入电压为正弦波。众所周知,在正弦波PWM控制方式下,即使是比较低的旋转区域也能得到流畅的旋转,但是作为电机输入电压的基波成分相对于与转换器输出电压Vc相当的系统电压VH的比的调制率(或者电压利用率)最大只能提高到0.61。
另一方面,在矩形波控制方式下,在变换器46内的各相臂中,与上臂元件的导通期间对应的高电平期间、和与下臂元件的导通期间对应的低电平期间的比在上述一定期间内为1比1的矩形波1个脉冲量被施加给电机MG2。由此,能够将调制率提高到0.78,能够使比较高的旋转区域内的输出提高。另外,由于能够使弱磁场电流减少,因此能够抑制电机MG2中的铜损的发生、能够提高能量效率。进一步,由于能够减少变换器46中的开关次数,因此还有能够抑制开关损失这样的优点。但是,与正弦波PWM控制相比,具有容易受到干扰的影响、控制响应性不是很好这样的特性。
过调制PWM控制方式是正弦波PWM控制和矩形波控制之间的中间的PWM控制方式,通过在使载波的振幅以缩小方式发生变形的基础上进行与上述正弦波PWM控制方式同样的PWM控制,能够生成向电压增加方向变动的变形为大致正弦波状的电机输入电压,由此能够将调制率提高到0.61~0.78的范围。
在电机MG2中,当转速和/或输出转矩增加时,感应电压变高,与此相伴地需要电压也变高。由转换器48生成的升压电压Vc、即系统电压VH,需要设定得比该电机需要电压高。其另一方面,能够通过转换器48升压的电压值存在上限(即系统电压最大值)。
因此,在电机需要电压比系统电压VH的最大值、例如比650V低的区域中,应用基于正弦波PWM控制方式或者过调制PWM控制方式的最大转矩控制,通过按照矢量控制的电机电流控制来进行控制,使得输出转矩与转矩指令T*一致。
另一方面,当电机需要电压超过系统电压最大值时,则在将系统电压VH维持在最大值的基础上根据弱磁场控制而应用矩形波控制方式。在该情况下,由于电机输入电压的振幅被固定,因此通过基于转矩推定值和转矩指令值的偏差的矩形波脉冲的电压相位控制来进行转矩控制。
图3表示用于执行正弦波PWM控制和过调制PWM控制的最大转矩控制的电机ECU60的PWM控制块100的功能块例子。PWM控制块100包括电流指令生成部74、电压指令生成部76、2相3相变换部78、开关信号生成部80、3相2相变换部84、以及转速运算部86。
电流指令生成部74接受从混合动力ECU66向电机ECU60输入的转矩指令T*和电机转速Nm2,从预先设定的映射或者表格算出与转矩指令T*和电机转速Nm2对应的d轴电流指令Id*和q轴电流指令Iq*,并输出给电压指令生成部76。
电压指令生成部76通过下述式1的PI运算来算出用于使d轴实际电流id和q轴实际电流iq分别与d轴电流指令Id*和q轴电流指令Iq*一致的d轴和q轴电压指令Vd*、Vq*,且输出给2相3相变换部78。对于此处的d轴实际电流id和q轴实际电流iq,使用在3相2相变换部84中基于电机旋转角θ对三相的各相电流iu、iv、iw进行变换而得到的电流,所述的各相电流iu、iv、iw是通过检测电机MG2的各相电流的电流传感器82检测得到的。由于各相电流iu、iv、iw的总和为0,因此也可以对三相电流中两相的电流进行检测,其余的一相的电流通过运算来算出。
(式1)
Vd*=Gpd(Id*-id)+Gid(Id*-id)dt
Vq*=Gpq(Iq*-iq)+Giq(Iq*-iq)dt
在此,Kpd,Kpq是d轴和q轴电流控制的比例增益,Kid、Kiq是d轴和q轴电流控制的积分增益。
2相3相变换部78基于电机MG2的转子36的旋转角θ,将d轴电压指令Vd*和q轴电压指令Vq*变换成三相的各相电压Vu、Vv、Vw,并输出给开关信号生成部80。在从d轴电压指令Vd*和q轴电压指令Vq*向三相的各相电压Vu、Vv、Vw的变换中,也反映系统电压VH。
开关信号生成部80基于三相的各相电压Vu、Vv、Vw和预定的载波的比较,生成开关信号S3~S8并输出给变换器46。由此,通过使变换器46的各开关元件进行开关控制,对电机MG2施加用于输出与转矩指令T*相应的转矩的交流电压。如上所述,在过调制PWM控制时,在开关信号生成部80中使用的载波,从正弦波PWM控制时的一般的载波切换成以缩小振幅的方式变形后的载波。
接着,参照图4对矩形波控制块102进行说明。矩形波控制块102包括3相2相变换部94、转矩推定部96、电压相位运算部88、矩形波产生部90、以及开关信号生成部92。
3相2相变换部94基于电机旋转角θ将通过电流传感器82检测到的三相的各相电流iu、iv、iw变换成d轴实际电流id和q轴实际电流iq,并输出给转矩推定部96。转矩推定部96基于d轴实际电流id和q轴实际电流iq,从预先设定的映射或者表格查表运算转矩推定值T,并输出给电压相位运算部88。
电压相位运算部88,对通过从转矩指令T*减去转矩推定值T而求得的转矩偏差ΔT,进行基于预定增益的PI运算求出控制偏差,根据该控制偏差设定矩形波电压的相位γ,并输出给矩形波产生部78。具体而言,在转矩指令T*为正(T*>0)的情况下,当转矩不足时使电压相位提前,而当转矩过剩时使电压相位延迟,并且,在转矩指令T*为负(T*<0)的情况下,当转矩不足时使电压相位延迟,而当转矩过剩时使电压相位提前。
矩形波产生部90,根据输入的电压相位γ,生成各相电压指令Vu、Vv、Vw(矩形波脉冲),并输出给开关信号生成部92。开关信号生成部92,根据各相电压指令Vu、Vv、Vw生成开关信号S3~S8,并输出给变换器46。由此,通过变换器46进行按照开关信号S3~S8的开关动作,作为电机MG2的各相电压而施加与电压相位γ相应的矩形波脉冲。这样,在矩形波控制方式时,能够通过转矩的反馈控制进行电机转矩控制。
可以由PWM控制块100的开关信号生成部80兼作矩形波控制块102中的开关信号生成部92。
图5表示预先在电机ECU60的控制方式选择部106中存储的映射。该映射是针对电机MG2基于转矩和转速而规定的映射,控制方式选择部106应用该映射来选择电机控制方式。
在图5所示的映射中,实线表示正弦波PWM控制中的电机MG2的转速和最大输出转矩的关系,在由该实线包围的阴影区域A1内的运行点上,对于电机MG2执行正弦波PWM控制。对系统电压VH(即通过转换器48升压的升压比)进行控制,使得该情况下的正弦波PWM控制中的调制率K始终为最大值0.61。但是,由于通过转换器48进行的升压存在上限,因此系统电压VH为最大值、调制率K为0.61<K<0.78的实线和虚线之间的高旋转区域成为过调制区域A2,系统电压VH为最大值、调制率K=0.78的虚线和单点划线之间的更高的旋转区域成为矩形波控制区域A3。
接着,参照图6和图7,对上述混合动力车辆10中的经济模式控制进行说明。图6是对于经济开关72(参照图1)没有导通的状态时的通常模式、和通过导通操作经济开关72而选择的经济模式,分别表示车速Sv和车辆功率的关系的映射。图6所示的实线分别表示通常模式和经济模式下能够输出的最大的车辆功率。另外,图7是表示当导通操作了经济开关72时在混合动力ECU66中执行的处理程序的流程图。
当驾驶者希望相比于车辆的动力性而使燃料经济性优先的行驶时,驾驶者通过导通操作经济开关72来选择经济模式。由此,如图6所示,车辆能够输出的最大功率与通常模式相比而下降。
更详细而言,当导通操作经济开关72时,则向混合动力ECU66输入经济开关信号Eon。混合动力ECU66接受该经济开关信号Eon,执行图7的步骤S10的经济模式控制。在该经济模式控制中,执行如下等控制:通过降低发动机12的上限转速而变更发动机工作点;使转换器48的升压上限值从作为第一上限值的例如650伏特降低到作为第二上限值的例如500伏特来进行升压限制;为了在变换器46中生成电机输入电压而使用于与电压指令进行对比的载波的频率降低;使空调等的辅机装置进行经济模式工作(例如空调用压缩机的间歇运行)。
在这样的经济模式控制中,通过降低发动机上限转速来抑制燃料消耗,通过将转换器48的升压上限值抑制得较低,使转换器48中的开关损失降低,通过降低上述载波的频率,使变换器46中的开关损失降低,通过辅机装置的经济模式工作来抑制消耗电力。其结果,与通常模式相比,能实现低燃料消耗率行驶,能量效率提高。
但是,在上述经济模式下,行驶用电机MG2和发电用电机MG1的转速受到限制,特别是发电用电机MG1的转速限制会导致发电量降低,根据电池50的剩余容量和/或用户操作的车辆的运行状态,用于电池充电的发动机间歇运行的频率变高,因此相反地,燃料经济性会恶化,电池50的剩余容量会较大地低于作为适当范围的下限的40%。
具体而言,存在如下情况:当由于作为用户的驾驶者较大地踩踏加速踏板而持续地要求超过图6中经济模式下能够输出的最大车辆功率的车辆功率时,则为了驱动电机MG2,会从电池50取出由发电用电机MG1产生的发电量以上的电力,电池剩余容量会较大地下降,会较大地低于电池容量的适当范围下限。当电池50的剩余容量较大地低于适当范围下限时,则电池50受到损伤而短寿会缩短。
因此,为了防止这样的情况,在图7所示的经济模式处理程序中执行如下的处理。在步骤S12中,判定剩余容量SOC是否超过作为阈值的例如40%。并且,当判定剩余容量SOC为40%以下时(在步骤S12中为“否”),将转换器48中的升压上限值500伏特切换成与通常模式时相同的650伏特,解除升压限制(步骤S18)。由此,作为发电机的电机MG1的转速限制也被解除,因此能够确保足够的发电量,其结果,能够对电池50充电,从而使电池剩余容量恢复到适当范围。
另一方面,当判定为电池剩余容量SOC超过40%时(在步骤S12中为“是”),接着,判定车辆要求功率Pv*比车辆能够输出的功率Pv大的状态是否持续了预定时间(步骤S14)。此处的“预定时间”例如优选数秒左右,是为了排除驾驶者进行的加速踏板的瞬间踩踏。
对于上述车辆要求功率Pv*,参照预先存储在ROM中的映射,基于加速器开度Ac和车速Sv而设定。当判定为该车辆要求功率Pv*超过图6所示的经济模式下能够输出的最大车辆功率的状态持续了预定时间时(在步骤S14中为“是”),与上述同样地解除转换器48的升压限制(步骤S18)。另一方面,在没有判定为车辆要求功率Pv*超过经济模式下能够输出的最大车辆功率的状态持续预定时间的情况下(在步骤S14中为“否”),维持转换器48的升压限制(步骤S16)。
接着,判定经济开关72是否进行了断开操作(步骤S20),若未断开则回到上述步骤S12(在步骤S20中为“否”),另一方面,若断开(在步骤S20中未“是”)则结束经济模式控制,即,恢复到通常模式(步骤S22),结束处理。
这样,在本实施方式的混合动力车辆10中,通过选择经济模式来谋求提高燃料经济性,并且当电池剩余容量变为适当范围的下限40%以下时立刻解除转换器48的升压限制,由此能够回避电池剩余容量较大地低于适当范围的下限这样的情况。
在上述混合动力车辆10中,当电池剩余容量变成了40%以下时,在经济模式控制中只解除转换器48的升压限制,但是,也可以在解除转换器48的升压限制之外,还一并解除其他的经济模式控制事项中与电池充电关系较大的控制事项、例如发动机12的转速限制。
另外,在上述混合动力车辆10中,通过用户进行的经济开关72的导通操作来选择经济模式,但是,当对混合动力车辆10进行总括控制的混合动力ECU66按照运行状态,在例如大致一定的速度下的稳定行驶状态持续了预定时间以上时,可以执行从通常模式自动地切换成经济模式的控制。在该情况下,混合动力ECU66也作为选择单元发挥功能。
进一步,在上述混合动力车辆10中,设为经济开关72为选择单元、通常模式为第一模式、经济模式为第二模式进行了说明,但不限定于此。例如,也能够将本发明应用为:将在相比于燃料经济性而想使车辆驱动性能优先时进行导通操作的功率开关作为选择单元,功率开关断开状态时,选择作为第二模式的通常模式,功率开关导通时,选择作为第一模式的功率模式。
进一步,对于上述混合动力车辆10,以能够利用发动机12的动力来驱动车轮和发电机这两者的所谓串联/并联混合动力方式为例子进行了说明,但本发明也能够应用于将发动机的动力只用于驱动发电机的所谓串联混合动力方式的车辆。

Claims (4)

1.一种混合动力车辆,具备:发动机;能够接受来自发动机的动力进行发电的发电机;蓄积由发电机发电产生的电力的电池;以及能够接受从电池和发电机供给的电力输出行驶用的动力的电动机,该混合动力车辆的特征在于,还具备:
电压转换器,其将电池的电压升压并向电动机供给;
选择单元,其用于与电压转换器的升压工作相关地选择第一模式或第二模式;
控制单元,其在通过选择单元选择了第二模式时,将通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值从第一模式下的第一上限值变更为比该第一上限值低的第二上限值,并且,在电池的剩余容量变为了阈值以下时,将通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值从第二上限值向第一上限值切换。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力车辆,其特征在于,
控制单元,在用户对于车辆的要求功率超过第二模式下能够输出的最大车辆功率的状态持续了预定时间时,将通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值从第二上限值向第一上限值切换。
3.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力车辆,其特征在于,
控制单元,在通过选择单元选择了第二模式时,执行通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值的切换,并且,执行变更发动机工作点、降低载波的频率、以及使辅机装置进行节能工作中的至少一个控制,在电池的剩余容量变为了阈值以下时,在第二模式下执行中的控制中,仅执行使通过电压转换器升压后的电压上限值从第二上限值向第一上限值恢复的控制,所述载波用于生成对电动机的输入电压,所述辅机装置包括空调。
4.根据权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的混合动力车辆,其特征在于,
还包括具有直流/交流转换功能的发电机用变换器和电动机用变换器,各变换器与共用的电压转换器连接。
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