CN102046178A - 用于皮肤护理的组合物和方法 - Google Patents
用于皮肤护理的组合物和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102046178A CN102046178A CN200980120366XA CN200980120366A CN102046178A CN 102046178 A CN102046178 A CN 102046178A CN 200980120366X A CN200980120366X A CN 200980120366XA CN 200980120366 A CN200980120366 A CN 200980120366A CN 102046178 A CN102046178 A CN 102046178A
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Abstract
本发明公开了用于治疗由个体皮肤中活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态的组合物和方法,所述组合物和方法包括施用局部制剂,所述局部制剂包含亲脂阳离子-靶向线粒体的抗氧化剂化合物并将治疗有效量的抗氧化剂化合物递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请主张2008年4月1日提交的美国临时申请第61/041,551号的优先权,其全部内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
背景
技术领域
本发明一般涉及用于治疗影响皮肤的疾病、病症和疾病状态的生物医学组合物和方法。特别地,本发明提供通过将抗氧化剂高效递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞,包括递送至这些细胞类型中的线粒体来用于治疗皮肤疾病状态的组合物和方法,所述皮肤疾病状态是由人皮肤中活性氧的产生引起的,例如光老化和其它与年龄相关的皮肤损伤。
相关领域的描述
在包括哺乳动物特别是人的高等脊椎动物中,皮肤是最大的身体器官并且充当了重要的环境界面,其提供了对体内平衡至关重要的保护外表。皮肤的外层,即表皮被角质层覆盖,该角质层为死亡的皮肤表皮细胞(例如角化细胞)和细胞外的结缔组织蛋白的保护层,角质层由于其被从底层的表皮颗粒细胞、棘细胞和基底细胞层推上来的新材料取代持续脱落。这里连续地细胞分裂和蛋白合成产生了新的皮肤细胞和皮肤蛋白(例如角蛋白、胶原蛋白)。真皮位于表皮之下,在真皮中真皮成纤维细胞合成结缔组织蛋白(例如胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白等),该结缔组织蛋白组成对皮肤提供柔韧性、强度和弹性的细胞外基质和纤维状结构。神经、血管、平滑肌细胞、毛囊和皮脂腺都存在于真皮中。
皮肤通过其屏障功能、机械强度和不透水性提供了防止环境损害的物理化学保护。表皮树突状(朗格汉斯)细胞和皮肤中迁移和驻存的白细胞(例如淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、肥大细胞)有助于免疫保护同时基底层中的色素性黑素细胞吸收潜在有害的紫外(UV)辐射。
然而,皮肤也是通过物理(例如UV辐射)和化学(例如异生素)剂的广泛范围的毒性损害的主要目标,所述物理和化学剂能够改变皮肤的结构和功能。氧化应激已经被视为自然皮肤老化和光老化(由暴露于UV引起的加速皮肤老化)的主要介质,所述自然皮肤老化和光老化通常伴随一种或多种不良影响,例如起皱纹,干燥,发痒,下垂,质感、色素沉着或厚度的改变,出现表皮血管、出现包括良性和癌前病变的生长以及其它后遗症。在包括皮肤老化的自然老化中,氧化应激源于有氧的氧化代谢,其发生在所有的人细胞中并且是维持生命所必需的。在皮肤光老化中,氧化应激源于在暴露于太阳的UV照射的皮肤细胞中电磁能向化学活性氧(ROS)的光化学转化。参见例如Mayachi,Skin Diseases Associated with Oxidative Injury(与氧化损伤有关的皮肤病)in Oxidative Stress in Dermatology(皮肤病中的氧化应激),J.Fuchs (Ed.),Marcel Dekker,Inc.,NY,1993,pp.323ff。
氧化应激引起了复杂排列的细胞应答(例如Xu等人,2006Am.J.Pathol.169:823;Xu等人,2006 J.Biol.Chem.281:27389)。在这些应答中,信号转导通路的激活增加了基质金属蛋白酶的产生。基质金属蛋白酶将包含皮肤结缔组织(真皮)的成胶的细胞外基质分解。主要由I型胶原蛋白构成的真皮细胞外基质的分解损害了皮肤的结构完整性,并且所述分解是造成老化和光老化皮肤出现薄、皱纹的主要原因(Fisher等人,2002 Arch.Dermatol.138:1462)。
另外,许多环境污染物或者是氧化剂本身,或者直接或间接催化活性氧(ROS)的产生。ROS被认为激活了细胞增殖和/或细胞生存信号机制,所述机制包括能够改变(例如以统计上显著的方式上调或下调)细胞凋亡的途径和其它调控途径,所述调控途径可涉及包括光敏性疾病和某些类型的皮肤恶性肿瘤的许多皮肤病症的发病机理。
皮肤具有一系列与有毒物相互作用以避免其有害作用的防御机制。这些保护机制包括作为强抗氧化剂或氧化剂降解体系的非酶和酶分子。不幸地是,这些自我平衡的防御,虽然高效,但是具有有限的能力并且能够被抑制,从而导致了皮肤中的ROS增加,所述ROS能够促进皮肤病的发展。
许多预防或治疗这些ROS介导的皮肤病症的方法是基于各种抗氧化剂的直接局部给药以努力阻挡组织和细胞中蛋白质、DNA和磷脂的氧化损伤,来恢复生理性自体调节(例如Farris,2007 Dermatol.Ther.20:322;Kang等人,2003 J.Invest.Dermatol.120:835;Kohen,1999Biomed.Pharmacother.53:181)。这样的抗氧化剂包括局部N-乙酰半胱氨酸(例如Kang等人,2003 J.Invest.Dermatol.120:835),以及其它通常基于主要形式的人泛醌、辅酶Q10(CoQ10)的抗氧化剂。然而CoQ10是通常显显示不良生物利用度的生理学非靶向性化合物,这至少部分由于它的高度疏水性使其难于在氧化性损伤的位点达到CoQ10抗氧化剂活性的保护水平。
其它的非靶向性抗氧化剂是人造泛醌、艾地苯醌,辅酶Q10类似物。艾地苯醌已经基于其在多种生物化学、细胞生物学和体内方法(例如U.S.Pat.No.6,756,045)中保护细胞免受氧化应激损伤的能力显显示具有抗氧化效果,所述能力包括其作为局部药剂来抑制活体皮肤中的晒伤细胞形成的能力(McDaniel等人,2005 J.Cosmet.Dermatol.4:10;也参见综述Farris,2007Dermatol.Ther.20:322)。尽管已经质疑艾地苯醌作为抗氧化剂皮肤防光剂的有效性(Tournas等人,2006 J.Invest.Dermatol.126:1185),但是已经报道了艾地苯醌在对照临床试验中作为局部乳膏剂来保护皮肤免受损伤。艾地苯醌通常主要是作为化妆品(Prevage)应用的,并由Allergan和Elizabeth Arden销售。然而作为非靶向性抗氧化剂,艾地苯醌缺乏将高局部浓度的抗氧剂活性传递送至可发生氧化性损伤的组织、细胞和亚细胞位点的能力。例如,当在皮肤成纤维细胞上测试时,比CoQ10更高浓度高的艾地苯醌是得到重要的细胞保护效应所必需的,并且两个化合物都不能积聚在线粒体中,所述线粒体为ROS产生的主要位点(Jauslin等人,2003 FASEB J.17:1972)。很多局部皮肤病产品声称使用抗氧化剂保护皮肤免受光老化,但是通常只提供低浓度的抗氧化剂化合物并且表现出不良的皮肤吸收(Kang等人,2003 J.Invest.Dermatol.120:835;Tournas等人,2006J.Invest.Dermatol.126:1185)。另外,有待证明通过诸如CoQ10或艾地苯醌的非靶向性抗氧化剂有益地将抗氧化剂活性递送至其它皮肤细胞类型。
多种复杂的细胞呼吸、氧化和代谢过程是在线粒体中进行调节的并且由它调节,所述线粒体为高等有机体中主要的细胞能量来源。这些过程包括电子传输链(ETC)活性,其促使氧化磷酸化作用产生三磷酸腺苷(ATP)形式的代谢能量,并且其还在细胞内钙稳态中构成线粒体核心作用的基础。
具有损害细胞和组织的潜在可能性的高活性自由基可产生于改变的或有缺陷的线粒体活性,包括但不限于在ETC的任何步骤的衰退。这些自由基可以包括活性氧(ROS),例如超氧化物、过氧化亚硝酸盐和羟基自由基,以及其它可对细胞有毒的潜在地活性组分。例如,已经显显示UV诱导的信号转导和ROS产生已经显显示诱导基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)在人皮肤中表达以作为部分潜在光老化分子机制(Kang等人,2003 J.Invest.Dermatol.120:835)。
显然,本领域亟需用于治疗由ROS产生和氧化损伤引起的皮肤疾病状态的改进的组合物和方法,其包括将抗氧化剂有效递送至ROS产生的皮肤位,所述皮肤点例如角化细胞和成纤维细胞线粒体。本公开的发明技术方案满足了这种需求并提供了其它相关优势。
简述
根据本发明的某些技术方案,提供治疗由个体皮肤中活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态的方法,所述方法包括将局部制剂应用于皮肤,所述局部制剂包含(a)抗氧化剂化合物,所述抗氧化剂化合物包含(i)通过连接部分连接到抗氧化剂部分的亲脂阳离子部分,和(ii)用于所述阳离子部分的阴离子补偿物(anionic complement),以及(b)用于局部使用的药物赋形剂或载体,其中所述制剂将治疗有效量的抗氧化剂化合物递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞,并且所述阳离子部分能够将抗氧化剂部分靶向线粒体,并且其中所述阴离子补偿物为药物可接受的阴离子,其不为溴离子或硝酸根阴离子并且不表现出对所述抗氧化剂部分、阳离子部分或连接部分的反应活性,并由此治疗由皮肤中的活性氧产生引起的皮肤疾病状态。在某些实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂部分包含至少一种选自以下的抗氧化剂部分:(i)醌或对苯二酚,(ii)维生素E或维生素E衍生物,(iii)抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸衍生物,(iv)α-硫辛酸或其衍生物,(v)断链抗氧化剂,(vi)衍生的富勒烯,(vii)自旋补截剂(spin trap),(viii)选自丁基化的羟基苯甲醚、丁基化的羟基甲苯、5,5-二甲基吡咯啉-N-氧化物、叔丁基亚硝基苯、叔亚硝基苯和α-苯基-叔丁基硝酮的抗氧化剂部分,以及(ix)N-乙酰基半胱氨酸。在某些实施方案中,所述局部制剂还包含视黄酸。在某些实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂化合物能够改变(i)人皮肤成纤维细胞中的活性氧可检测指示和(ii)人皮肤角化细胞中的活性氧可检测指示。在某些实施方案中,所述亲脂阳离子部分为三苯基鏻阳离子。在某些实施方案中,所述药物可接受的阴离子不是卤离子。在某些实施方案中,所述药物可接受的阴离子不是亲核的。在某些实施方案中,所述药物可接受的阴离子为烷基磺酸盐。在某些实施方案中,所述药物可接受的阴离子选自甲磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐和2-萘磺酸盐。在某些实施方案中,所述药物可接受的阴离子为甲磺酸盐。在某些实施方案中,所述抗氧剂化合物具有通式I或其对苯二酚形式:
其中R1、R2和R3相同或不同并且选自C1至C5烷基和氢,并且其中n为2至20的整数,以及其中Z为阴离子补偿物。在某些另外的实施方案中,Z选自烷基磺酸盐、芳基磺酸盐和硝酸盐。在某些实施方案中,(C)n的C是饱和的。
在上述方法的某些实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂化合物具有通式II或其对苯二酚形式:
其中Z为阴离子补偿物。
在某些实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂化合物具有通式(III)或其对苯二酚形式:
在某些实施方案中,所述药物赋形剂或载体包括环糊精。在某些另外的实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂化合物和环糊精以化合物对环糊精的摩尔比为约10∶1至约1∶10存在。在某些其它进一步的实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂化合物和环糊精以选自以下的化合物对环糊精摩尔比存在:(i)约5∶1至约1∶5,(ii)约4∶1至约1∶4,(iii)约2∶1至约1∶2,(iv)约1∶1和(v)约1∶2。在某些实施方案中,所述环糊精为β-环糊精。在某些实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂化合物和环糊精以化合物对环糊精摩尔比为约1∶2存在。
在上述方法的某些实施方案中,由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态的特征在于改变(i)人皮肤成纤维细胞中的活性氧可检测指示和(ii)人皮肤角化细胞中的活性氧可检测指示中的至少一种。在某些其它其它实施方案中,所述由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态的特征在于改变(i)人皮肤成纤维细胞中的活性氧的可检测指示和(ii)人皮肤角化细胞中的活性氧的可检测指示。在某些实施方案中,所述由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态为与年龄相关的皮肤损伤。在某些另外的实施方案中,所述与年龄相关的皮肤损伤包括皮肤光老化。在某些另外的实施方案中,皮肤光老化包括起皱纹、疤痕组织沉积、改变的皮肤弹性、改变的皮肤颜色、改变的皮肤肌理、改变的皮肤厚度、血管瘤、毛细管扩张、晒伤、干燥、发痒、瘤形成以及癌症前期生长中的一种或多种。在某些其它相关的实施方案中,由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态包括皮肤感染。在某些另外的实施方案中,所述皮肤感染包括细菌感染、病毒感染、寄生虫感染以及真菌感染中的至少一种。
在某些其它的实施方案中,由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态包括痤疮、淀粉样变、良性皮肤瘤、水疱或溃疡、大疱性疾病、皮肤癌、皮炎、湿疹、炎症、鱼鳞癣、昆虫咬伤或昆虫蛰伤、毛发角化病、瘙痒症、银屑病、鳞屑病(scaling disease)、皮疹、白癜风和汗腺病症中的一种或多种。在某些实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂化合物能够改变(i)人皮肤成纤维细胞中活性氧的至少一种可检测指示,其选自活性氧产生、基质金属蛋白酶表达和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)磷酸化状态和(ii)人皮肤角化细胞中活性氧的至少一种可检测指示,其选自活性氧产生、基质金属蛋白酶表达和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)磷酸化状态。在某些其它的实施方案中,由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态包括选自由激光手术、放射治疗、晒伤、蔷薇科植物(rosaceae)、烧伤或脓毒症引起的红斑、皮肤发红和炎症中的一种或多种疾病状态。
根据某些其它实施方案,提供促进个体皮肤的局部伤口愈合的方法,所述方法包括将局部制剂施用于皮肤,所述局部制剂包含(a)抗氧化剂化合物,所述抗氧化剂化合物包含(i)通过连接部分连接到抗氧化剂部分的亲脂阳离子部分,和(ii)用于所述阳离子部分的阴离子补偿物,以及(b)用于局部使用的药物赋形剂或载体,其中所述制剂将治疗有效量的抗氧化剂化合物递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞,并且所述阳离子部分能够将抗氧化剂部分靶向线粒体,并且其中所述阴离子补偿物为药物可接受的阴离子,其不为溴离子或硝酸根阴离子并且不表现出对所述抗氧化剂部分、阳离子部分或连接部分的反应活性,并由此治疗由皮肤中的活性氧产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态。在某些另外的实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂部分包含至少一种选自以下的抗氧化剂部分:(i)醌或对苯二酚,(ii)维生素E或维生素E衍生物,(iii)抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸衍生物,(iv)α-硫辛酸或其衍生物,(v)断链抗氧化剂,(vi)衍生的富勒烯,(vii)自旋补截剂,(viii)选自丁基化的羟基苯甲醚、丁基化的羟基甲苯、5,5-二甲基吡咯啉-N-氧化物、叔丁基亚硝基苯、叔亚硝基苯和α-苯基-叔丁基硝酮的抗氧化剂部分,以及(ix)N-乙酰基半胱氨酸。在某些实施方案中,所述局部制剂还包含视黄酸。在某些实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂化合物能够改变(i)人皮肤成纤维细胞中活性氧的可检测指示和(ii)人皮肤角化细胞中活性氧的可检测指示。在某些实施方案中,所述亲脂阳离子部分为三苯基鏻阳离子。在某些实施方案中,所述药物可接受的阴离子不是卤离子。在某些实施方案中,所述药物可接受的阴离子不是亲核的。在某些实施方案中,所述药物可接受的阴离子为烷基磺酸盐。在某些实施方案中,所述药物可接受的阴离子选自甲磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐和2-萘磺酸盐。在某些实施方案中,所述药物可接受的阴离子为甲磺酸盐。
当参考下面的详细描述和附图时,本发明的这些和其它方面是显而易见的。在本说明书中所引用的和/或在申请数据表所列出的所有美国专利、美国专利申请公开说明书、美国专利申请、国外专利、国外专利申请以及非专利出版物均以引用的方式整体并入本文中,如同每个文献独立地并入一样。如果需要,能够改进本发明的方面以使用各种专利、申请和出版物的概念来提供本发明的更进一步的实施方案。
附图简述
图1显示用胶原酶(MMP1)处理后,在三维胶原蛋白网格中培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞中诱导ROS产生。
图2显示用胶原酶(MMP1)处理后,MitoQ10甲磺酸盐对在三维胶原蛋白网格中培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞中的ROS产生的影响。
图3显示用胶原酶(MMP1)处理后,MitoQ10甲磺酸盐对在三维胶原蛋白网格中培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞中的MMP1表达的影响。
图4显示MitoQ10甲磺酸盐对在培养的人角化细胞中的ERK磷酸化的影响。
详述
本文公开的本发明的某些实施方案是基于惊人发现,即能够将如本文所述的抗氧化剂化合物配制成将治疗有效量的抗氧化剂化合物递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞的局部制剂,所述抗氧化剂化合物包含能够将抗氧化剂部分靶向线粒体的阳离子部分。
特别地,已经发现本文所述的局部制剂的抗氧化剂化合物和治疗方法对人皮肤局部给药后意外地生物分布至表皮角化细胞和真皮成纤维细胞并在其中起作用,并以此方式对这样的细胞和周围组织以足以给予治疗效果的水平来提供抗氧化剂活性。由此申请人的发现提供了前所未有且意料之外的超过以前努力的优势以局部递送任何抗氧化剂化合物用于治疗由皮肤中活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态,并且可以特别显著的认为在以前已知的局部给药的抗氧化剂没有被有效递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞并且在这两种细胞类型中没有显示出有益地抗氧化剂活性。另外,包含本文所述的抗氧化剂化合物的局部制剂使用比以前所述的局部抗氧化剂更低的浓度却提供了有效的药物和药妆(cosmeceutical)益处。
因此,某些优选的实施方案关注包含本文所述的靶向线粒体的抗氧化剂化合物的局部制剂,其以比任何以前所述的缺少本文公开的能够靶向线粒体的阳离子部分的局部抗氧化剂所需浓度更低的浓度(例如以统计学上显著的方式)用于有益的(例如治疗上或美容上有益的)用途。这样的较低浓度可低于以前所述的局部抗氧化剂所需浓度的至少1%、2%、5%、10%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、95%或更高,以达到有效的治疗和/或美容效果,以前所述的局部抗氧化剂例如以前所述的缺少本文公开的能够靶向线粒体的阳离子部分的局部抗氧化剂;鉴于该靶向线粒体靶向的抗氧化剂化合物在细胞线粒体中进行本文所述的积聚,某些相关的实施方案关注以该靶向线粒体的抗氧化剂化合物的浓度达到这样的益处,所述浓度可低于任何以前所述的缺少本文公开的能够靶向线粒体的阳离子部分的局部抗氧化剂所需浓度的五十分之一、一百分之一、五百分之一、一千分之一、五千分之一、一万分之一或两万分之一,或更低。
因此,本文所公开的实施方案包括用于治疗由在个体皮肤特别是皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞中活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态的组合物和方法。
在涉及治疗由个体皮肤中ROS的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态的某些优选的实施方案中,所述治疗包括以影响个体和/或个体皮肤组织和/或一种或多种细胞的方式接触个体的皮肤,例如通过直接将如本文所述的局部制剂应用于皮肤,以达到期望的药理学效果和/或生理学效果和/或美容效果。就完整地或部分地预防疾病或病症或者其征兆或症状而言,所述效果可以是预防性的,所述疾病或病症例如由皮肤中ROS的产生所引起的疾病状态,和/或就缓解症状或征兆或者对这样的病症或疾病提供部分或完整治疗和/或基本上削弱所述病症或疾病引起的有害影响而言,所述效果可以是治疗性的。
因此,根据某些实施方案,其治疗方法可以包括对个体病症或疾病的任何治疗、或预防、或抑制,并且在特别优选的实施方案中,皮肤疾病状态是由皮肤中ROS的产生所引起的。所述个体可以为无脊椎动物,脊椎动物,例如包括人和非人的灵长类动物的哺乳动物,并且在特别优选的实施方案中,所述个体是人。
通过实例的方式,相关的实施方案关注:(i)预防疾病或病症(例如由ROS引起的皮肤疾病状态)在可易患所述疾病或症状,但还没有被确诊断患有所述疾病或症状的个体中发生;(ii)抑制疾病或病症,即阻止其发展;或者(iii)缓解或改善疾病或病症,即导致其衰退。因此,如本文所用的治疗,包括例如在年龄相关的皮肤损伤(例如光老化)的位置修护和恢复损伤的或受伤的组织或细胞,或者例如在个体暴露于可促使皮肤中ROS产生的氧化应激源之前或在化学治疗之前进行预防性治疗以预防这样的损伤,所述氧化应激源例如UV辐射、化学试剂(包括诸如医学的、药学的或美容的化合物的其它局部试剂)。
而且如上所述,该公开的实施方案在某种程度上源于意外的和惊人的观察,即包含本文所述的抗氧化剂化合物的局部制剂将治疗有效量的抗氧化剂递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞。因此,包含能够使连接的抗氧化剂部分靶向线粒体的阳离子部分的抗氧化剂化合物能够渗入皮肤并且被递送至两种细胞类型中,并且在两种细胞类型中出人意料地表现出抗氧化剂作用。
从对施加其它抗氧化剂化合物的局部制剂的之前努力中,和从本文所述的抗氧化剂化合物的之前特征中都不能预测出本制剂对皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞具有抗氧化剂作用,所述制剂用于在治疗由皮肤中ROS的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态中使用。在不希望受到理论约束的情况下,局部给药后,由这样的化合物保持有效的抗氧化剂活性,透过角质层并在表皮(包括表皮角化细胞)中吸收,随后进一步渗透到真皮层(包括由真皮成纤维细胞进行的更新),被认为是意料之外的。而且根据非限制性理论,相信本文所述的治疗效果至少部分源于抗氧化剂部分靶向线粒体至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞的线粒体,但是所述治疗效果还可以部分源于本文所述的抗氧化剂化合物的线粒体外作用(例如对细胞的信号转导通路组分的作用)和/或源于细胞外作用(例如对细胞外基质中的ROS效应的作用)。
根据优选的实施方案,提供了直接用于局部制剂的组合物和方法,所述局部制剂包含(a)抗氧化剂化合物,所述抗氧化剂化合物包含(i)通过连接部分连接到抗氧化剂部分的亲脂阳离子部分,和(ii)用于所述阳离子部分的阴离子补偿物;以及(b)用于局部使用的药物载体或赋形剂,其中所述局部制剂将治疗有效量的抗氧化剂化合物递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞,并且所述阳离子部分能够使抗氧化剂部分靶向线粒体,并且其中所述阴离子补偿物为药物可接受的阴离子,其不是溴离子或硝酸根阴离子并且不表现出对所述抗氧化剂部分、阳离子部分或连接部分的反应活性,从而治疗由皮肤中活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态。
根据本文所述的实施方案,优选的抗氧化剂化合物包括本文所述的那些抗氧化剂化合物和本领域已知的其它抗氧化剂化合物,以及例如在WO 2005/019232、WO 2005/019233、美国申请公开说明书第2006/0229278号(U.S.A.N.11/355518)、美国申请公开说明书第2007/0238709号(U.S.A.N.10/568654)、以及U.S.A.N.10/568,655中公开的抗氧化剂化合物,所有专利文献都以引用的形式并入本文中。关于亲脂阳离子部分、这样的阳离子部分的阴离子补偿物以及用于连接阳离子部分与抗氧化剂部分的连接部分的选择,在优选的实施方案中能够找到另外的细节,所述亲脂阳离子部分可以是三苯基鏻阳离子,并且所述阴离子补偿物不是亲核的并且不是卤离子,并且其可以是阴离子包括药物可接受的阴离子,所述药物可接受的阴离子例如烷基甲磺酸盐(例如甲磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐)或对苯甲磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐等,连接部分例如具有2至20个碳原子,优选具有3-15个碳原子,更优选具有4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13或14个碳原子的取代或未取代的碳链,包括本文和引用的出版物所述的取代的连接部分。
在优选的实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂部分可以是醌或对苯二酚,例如在线粒体醌(mitoquinone)或泛醌(或其对苯二酚形式)中发现的醌,在其它优选的实施方案中,所述抗氧化剂部分可以是维生素E或维生素E衍生物(例如α-生育酚、α-生育酚琥珀酸酯、α-生育酚醋酸酯、生育三烯酚、α-生育酚乙醇酸、α-生育酚醚乙酸酯类似物[2,5,7,8-四甲基-2R-(4R,8R,12-三甲基十三烷基)色满-6-基氧基乙酸(α-TEA)],或者在WO 2005/032544和美国专利第5,869,703号和第6,387,882号中公开的衍生物),抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸衍生物(例如抗坏血酸盐、脱氢抗坏血酸、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯等),α-硫辛酸或其衍生物(例如N-(6,’8-二巯基辛基)-2-氨基乙磺酸钠和N-(6,8-二巯基辛基)-L-天冬氨酸钠(Noda等人,2003Res.Comm.MoI.Path.Pharmacol.113:133;或者在美国专利第6,951,887号和EP 1,371,640上公开的化合物),其它断链抗氧化剂(例如Buettner 1993 Arch.Biochem.Biophys.300:535),衍生的富勒烯(例如Bakry等人,2007Int.J.Nanomed.2:639),自旋补截剂(例如在Halliwell和Gutteridge,生物和医学中的自由基(第三版)1999,Oxford Univ.Press中描述的,或本领域中已知的其它自旋补截剂),和/或其它抗氧化剂部分,例如丁基化的羟基苯甲醚、丁基化的羟基甲苯、5,5-二甲基吡咯啉-N-氧化物、叔丁基亚硝基苯、叔亚硝基苯和α-苯基-叔丁基硝酮,或者N-乙酰基半胱氨酸。
因此,在某些优选的实施方案中,通过将泛醌抗氧化剂部分共价连接到亲脂三苯基鏻阳离子上,使人造泛醌MitoQ([10-(4,5-二甲氧基-2-甲基-3,6-二氧代-1,4-环己二烯-1-基)癸基]三苯基鏻甲磺酸盐;WO05/019232)靶向线粒体。因为大的线粒体内膜电化学电位,其是由电子传输链(ETC)与线粒体的氧化磷酸化作用的化学渗透耦联产生的,所以MitoQ三苯基鏻阳离子以比由非靶向的抗氧化剂所达到的水平高1000倍的水平积聚在细胞的线粒体中,使所述抗氧化剂部分能够阻止脂质过氧化作用并且防止线粒体氧化损伤,所述非靶向的抗氧化剂例如辅酶Q或其非靶向性类似物(例如艾地苯醌)。
用于局部使用的药物赋形剂或载体是本文所述的和本领域已知的,并且还能够在WO 2005/019232、WO 2005/019233、美国申请公布说明书第2006/0229278号(U.S.A.N.11/355518)、美国申请公布说明书第2007/0238709号(U.S.A.N.10/568654)和U.S.A.N.10/568,655上找到,并且在某些优选的实施方案中,可包括环糊精(例如β-环糊精)。在某些相关的实施方案中,环糊精可以存在于包含本文所述的抗氧化剂化合物的局部制剂中,所述抗氧化剂化合物与环糊精的摩尔比为约10∶1至约1∶10,并且在某些其它相关的实施方案中,抗氧化剂化合物与环糊精的摩尔比可为约5∶1至约1∶5,约4∶1至约1∶4,约2∶1至约1∶2,约1∶1或约1∶2,其中在上下文中,定量参数“约”可以理解为表达,可大于或小于记载值的0.5对数单位(例如“对数”或数量级)的数量变化,更优选不高于0.4对数单位,更优选不高于0.3对数单位,甚至更优选不高于0.2对数单位,以及最优选不高于0.1-0.15对数单位。
皮肤疾病状态
包含抗氧化剂化合物的局部制剂的传递方法可以变化,但是通常涉及本发明的制剂在被由ROS产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态易于影响或已经影响的皮肤区域的应用,所述皮肤疾病状态例如年龄相关的皮肤损伤,如光老化或任何与内在老化和/或外在老化相关的,由其导致的或受其影响的其它皮肤疾病状态或病症。所述与年龄相关的皮肤疾病状态例如可以涉及皱纹、老年斑(age spots)、太阳光损伤(特别是UV辐射诱导的氧化应激)、伤疤、过度色素沉着的皮肤、老年斑、增加的皮肤厚度、皮肤弹性和胶原蛋白含量的减少和/或干性皮肤。
因此,本发明的实施方案涉及药物制剂或有益美容的(“药妆”)制剂,其可以用于预防、处理或治疗各种皮肤疾病状态特别是由个体皮肤中ROS产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态,所述疾病状态可涉及由疾病、感染、年老、暴露于环境或其它引起的问题。本领域技术人员意识到下面的实例仅是示例性的皮肤疾病状态,所述皮肤疾病状态包括由个体皮肤中ROS产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态,并且可以根据本发明的实施方案治疗除本文所列的那些皮肤疾病以外的皮肤疾病状态。例如,本发明的实施方案可以用于预防、处理或治疗下列任何皮肤疾病状态:
在优选的实施方案中,发现本文公开的组合物和方法将用于治疗或预防与年龄相关的对皮肤的影响,所述影响通常归因于由氧自由基引起的损伤。氧自由基能够损伤细胞并且被认为加速癌症和年龄相关疾病。年龄相关的皮肤损伤也能够由多年的太阳光损伤、营养不良、高应激水平、暴露于环境污染中和诸如吸烟、酒精或药物滥用等的某些生活方式的选择导致。年老对皮肤影响的示例性实例包括,但不限于,干燥、发痒、小细纹和皱纹的发展、皮肤变薄或变厚、失去弹性、下垂增加、失去紧致、失去颜色(色调)均匀性、颜色或肌理的改变(包括粗糙的或不平的皮肤表面肌理)、过度色素沉着的区域(通常称为老年斑或雀斑)、诸如光化性紫癜(由小的出血引起的皮肤上的紫斑)的斑状色素沉着、包括樱桃状血管瘤(皮肤上的红色圆顶状形成物)和毛细管扩张(面部破裂的毛细血管)等的可见血管、越来越多的良性生长物(例如脂溢性角质)和癌前生长物(例如光化性角质)、失去汗腺和脂腺、脱发、无用的头发以及光老化(例如当太阳紫外光损害皮肤中称为弹性蛋白的某些纤维时,导致皮肤松弛、伸展并且失去其伸展后迅速恢复的能力)。
痤疮,其包括涉及在所有阶段中的皮肤及其脂腺和毛囊的所有类型的痤疮,所述痤疮可以为能够通过本文所述的方法有益治疗的其它类型的皮肤疾病状态,包括例如在活动性炎症期(脓疱、丘疹、粉刺形成)和非炎症期(黑头粉刺和胞形成)以及后炎症期(复原、瘢痕形成和瘢痕性的)期中的寻常痤疮、酒糟鼻(面部明显的红疹)、项部瘢痕瘤性痤疮(剃须性皮疹(shaving rash))、聚合性痤疮、化妆品痤疮(由化妆品引起的)、爆发性痤疮、药物性痤疮(由开始吃药或停药引起的)、婴儿痤疮、氯痤疮(由暴露在氯代烃中引起的)、口周皮炎或在内分泌学条件下观察到的特征在于雄激素分泌物过多的痤疮等等。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可用于治疗淀粉样变,其是各种不溶蛋白(含淀粉的)在各种器官中的积聚物。限于皮肤的淀粉样变被称为原发性限局性皮肤淀粉样变,并且其包括例如苔藓样淀粉样变和斑疹样淀粉样变以及结节型原发性限局性皮肤淀粉样变。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可用于治疗细菌性皮肤感染,包括例如疖、蜂窝组织炎、皮肤脓肿、丹毒、红癣、毛囊炎、疔疮、痈、化脓性汗腺炎、脓疱病和深脓疱病、淋巴腺炎、淋巴管炎、坏死性皮下感染、扩散性A链球菌群病、金黄色葡萄球菌性烫伤样皮肤综合征、梅毒以及甲沟炎。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗良性(非癌)皮肤瘤,包括例如皮肤纤维瘤、表皮囊肿、血管的生长和畸形、瘢痕瘤、角化棘皮瘤、脂肪瘤、痣、脂溢性角质、皮赘以及血管病变。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗水疱(也参见下文的大疱性疾病)、疮或溃疡,其可以由各种疾病状态、疾病或暴露于自然环境引起,所述疾病状态、疾病或自然环境包括例如烧伤、日晒、受伤、冻伤、失去活动性(例如褥疮性溃疡或褥疮)、鹅口疮、唇疱疹、脓疱病、昆虫叮咬或蛰伤、色素失禁症、白血病、皮肤癌、糖尿病、艾滋病、循环障碍、结缔组织病、慢性肉芽肿病、腹股沟肉芽肿、鼻疽病、高lgE综合征、高血压、蕈样真菌病、坏死性筋膜炎、风湿性关节炎、镰状细胞血症、孢子丝菌病、创伤弧菌、创伤、眶坏死性肉芽肿病、静脉淤滞以及具有相似病因的其它疾病状态、疾病或感染。这些疾病还可包括大疱性疾病,其为通常特征为皮肤起水疱的疾病,并且包括例如大疱性类天疱疮、疱疹样皮炎、大疱性表皮松解症、线状免疫球蛋白A病、落叶型天疱疮、寻常型天疱疮和良性黏膜类天疱疮。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗皮肤癌和由各种类型的癌症治疗(例如化疗、放疗、外科手术、包括骨髓或造血移植法、GVHD等的免疫疗法)所引起的对皮肤的损伤。皮肤癌的实例包括例如基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、恶性黑色素瘤、鲍文病(Bowen′s disease)、卡波济氏肉瘤、皮肤纤维肉瘤、梅克尔细胞癌以及佩吉特乳头病。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗皮炎,皮炎通常的特征为表皮炎症或以发红、水肿、流脓、结痂、鱼鳞状以及有时有泡为特征的皮疹。瘙痒症(痒)是皮炎中常见的。湿疹是经常与皮炎交换使用的术语。皮炎或湿疹的实例包括,例如特应性皮炎(也称为婴儿湿疹或屈侧湿疹)、接触性皮炎(包括过敏性和刺激性)、干燥性湿疹(也称为干性湿疹、裂纹或开裂湿疹(craquelatum)、冬令瘙痒或冬季瘙痒症)、剥脱性皮炎、手足皮炎、神经性皮肤炎(例如慢性单纯性苔藓)、脂溢性皮炎(婴儿的头痂、头皮屑)、盘状湿疹(也成为钱币状湿疹、渗出型湿疹、微生物性湿疹)、出汗障碍、静脉湿疹(重力性湿疹、淤积性皮炎、静脉曲张性湿疹淤积性皮炎)、疱疹样皮炎(杜林病)、自体湿疹(也称为id反应、自身致敏)、尾蚴性皮炎(例如血吸虫皮炎或肉鸭皮炎)、漆酚诱导的接触性皮炎,其也称为毒葛皮炎和漆树皮炎(例如毒栎、毒葛、漆树)、日光皮炎以及主妇湿疹。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗真菌性皮肤感染,其损伤皮肤部分是因为它们以角蛋白为食,角蛋白是皮肤、头发和指甲的主要蛋白组分。皮肤真菌感染的实例包括,但不限于,念珠菌病(鹅口疮)、皮肤癣菌病、擦烂、花斑癣、足癣(脚癣)、股癣(股癣(jock itch))、体癣(身体上的癣)、头癣(头皮上的癣)、面癣(面部真菌)、灰指甲和甲沟炎(指甲感染)。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗毛发病症,毛发病症包括例如秃头症(疤痕和无疤痕性)、多毛症、须部假性毛囊炎(向内生长的体毛)以及毛干异常症。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗过敏性的、炎症性的、自身免疫性的病症等,所述病症可包括例如过敏反应、急性发热性嗜中性皮肤病、药疹和药物不良反应、皮肌炎、红斑(例如多形红斑和结节性红斑)、环状肉芽肿、荨麻疹、脂膜炎、天疱疮、坏疽性脓皮病、史-约综合征、中毒性表皮坏死松解症、红皮病、盘状红斑狼疮、系统性红斑狼疮、硬皮病(sclerodoma)、血小板减少性紫癜、对接种疫苗的反应以及其它本文所述的或其它本领域技术人员已知的疾病或疾病状态,因此,本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗红斑、皮肤发红、由激光手术、放射治疗、日晒引起的炎症、或发生在诸如蔷薇科植物、燃烧和/或脓毒疟等的皮肤疾病状态中的炎症。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗鱼鳞癣,其是一类皮肤疾病状态,其通常以鳞状皮肤为特征,所述鳞状皮肤大致类似于鱼的鳞片。这些疾病状态主要由遗传异常引起,并且包括例如Siemens大疱性鱼鳞病、寻常性鱼鳞病、片层状鱼鳞病(ichthyosis lamellaris)、X连接的鱼鳞病、表皮松解性角化过度、获得性鱼鳞病、丑角样鱼鳞病、内塞顿综合征、舍格伦-拉松综合征、可变性红斑皮肤角化鱼鳞病。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗昆虫叮咬或蛰伤或其它节肢动物的叮咬或蛰伤,其可以包括例如由火蚁、胡蜂、小黄蜂、马蜂、蜜蜂、跳蚤、蜱、螨、臭虫、蜘蛛、蚊子等等引起的叮咬或蛰伤。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗毛发角化病,其是非常常见的遗传性毛囊疾病状态,表现为皮肤上出现粗糙肿块,并且可以包括例如红色毛发角化病(红色的、发炎的肿块)、白色角化病(无痛感的粗糙的、不平的皮肤)、面部红色毛发角化病(颊上微红色的皮疹)以及相关病症。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗皮肤寄生虫感染及其对皮肤的潜在破坏性影响,其可以包括例如匐行疹、皮肤幼虫移行症、寄生虫妄想症、虱寄生、疥疮、肉状瘤病、锥虫病、利什曼病以及非洲昏睡病。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗来自致电离辐射的光损伤,除了如本文所述的或本领域技术人员已知的其它疾病状态(例如年龄相关的)以外,其还可以导致真皮的水肿、血管舒张、淋巴细胞和嗜中性白细胞浸润,表皮的角化细胞角化不全、海绵层水肿。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗瘙痒症,其通常指皮肤瘙痒,并且可以由许多如本文所述的或其它本领域技术人员已知的皮肤病症、疾病状态和感染引起,并且所述组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗痒疹,其指皮肤的发痒失调,包括例如结节性痒疹、光化性痒疹以及贝尼埃氏痒疹(也称为接触性皮炎)。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗脓疱病,其是通常以称为脓疱的大的充满液体的水疱样区域为特征的皮肤疾病状态,并且包括例如肠系膜交界恶性肿瘤、掌跖脓疱病、肢端脓疱病、皮疹性脓疱病、角层下脓疱病、嗜中性脓疱病(neutrophilic pustulosis)、滑膜炎、痤疮、脓疱病、骨肥厚、骨髓炎综合征(SAPHO)。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗鳞屑性疾病,其通常以突出有边的鱼鳞状丘疹或者不湿润、没有硬壳、不龟裂和不剥皮的斑块为特征,并且可以包括例如扁平苔藓、硬化性苔藓、副银屑病、苔藓样糠疹(包括慢性和急性痘疮样)、玫瑰糠疹、毛发红糠疹、银屑病。银屑病是常见的、非接触传染的、慢性的、炎性不明原因的疾病,并且包括例如斑块状银屑病、点滴状银屑病、反褶性银屑病、红皮病型银屑病、银屑病关节炎、头部银屑病以及甲银屑病。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗皮疹,其通常以影响皮肤外观和肌理的变化为特征,并且皮疹可以导致皮肤变色、发痒、发热、不平、干燥、裂缝或起疱、肿胀,并且会疼痛。皮疹的原因可以千差万别,其包括例如焦虑或紧张、暴露于阳光或高温下、刺激(例如通过身体磨损或与诸如某些金属、清洁液、洗涤剂、化妆品、香水、化工原料和乳胶橡胶的化学刺激物接触)、铅中毒、怀孕、尿布以及如本文所述的或本领域技术人员已知的其它皮肤疾病状态。瘙痒性皮疹和非感染性皮疹的典型实例可以包括,但不限于,皮炎、药疹、多形红斑、结节性红斑、环状肉芽肿、瘙痒、毛发角化病、扁平苔藓、玫瑰糠疹、银屑病、红斑痤疮以及中毒性表皮坏死松解症。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗白癜风或白斑病,其通常以导致色素减少的慢性皮肤疾病状态为特征,其导致皮肤的不规则白色斑块,并且可以包括例如寻常型白斑(即寻常型白癜风)、线状白斑(linear vitiligo)、节段型白癜风、三色白癜风以及炎症性白癜风。还可以根据现在公开的方法治疗汗热病(sweating)和腺体病症,其可以包括例如臭汗症、多汗症、栗疹以及痱子。
本公开的组合物(包括局部制剂)和方法还可以用于治疗病毒性皮肤病,其可以包括例如由痘病毒引起的传染性软疣、单纯疱疹、传染性红斑、红疹、由人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)引起的普通疣、生殖器/肛门疣(尖锐湿疣)、扁平疣、掌跖疣、镶嵌疣、甲周疣、动物传染病、水痘、天花、唇疱疹、麻疹、类鼻疽以及带状疱疹。
本领域技术人员将意识到本发明的这些和相关的实施方案还可以用于预防或治疗除了本文所列的那些以外的皮肤疾病状态、病症、并发症、疾病、感染或其它。
局部制剂
如上所述,本文所述的发明实施方案涉及所述抗氧化剂组合物的局部制剂,当局部给予动物,优选哺乳动物,并且最优选人时,如本文所公开的,所述制剂包含在药物可接受的载体、赋形剂或稀释剂中的抗氧化剂化合物,并且包含治疗量的抗氧化剂化合物。
能够通过用于相似应用的药剂的任何可接受的局部给药方式将本文所述的抗氧化剂化合物或其药物可接受的盐以纯一的形式或以合适的药物组合物的形式进行局部给药。在优选的实施方案中,组合物的局部应用或给药是指将所述组合物(例如局部制剂)直接与进行治疗的个体皮肤接触,其所述接触可以位于一个或多个局部或广泛分布的皮肤点,并且其通常可指将所述局部制剂与完整的角质层或表皮接触,但不必局限于此;例如某些实施方案关注当局部应用时,将本文所述的局部制剂给予受伤的、磨损的或损坏的皮肤,或者进行手术的个体皮肤,从而可发生这样的所述局部制剂与角质层或表皮接触,而且还与皮肤颗粒细胞、棘细胞和/或基底细胞层接触,和/或与诸如作为可伴随某些类型的伤口修复或伤口愈合或其它皮肤组织重塑的真皮或深部组织接触。
可通过将所述抗氧化剂化合物与用于局部制剂制备的合适药物可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂组合来制备本发明的局部制剂(例如药妆和药物组合物),并且可将所述局部制剂配制成固体、半固体、凝胶、乳膏、胶体、悬浮液或液体制剂或者其它局部应用形式,例如粉剂、颗粒剂、软膏剂、溶液剂、洗剂、凝胶剂、糊剂、硬膏剂、涂膜剂、生物胶粘剂、微球混悬剂以及喷雾气雾剂。配制本发明的药物组合物以使活性成分包含在其中,在特别优选的实施方案中,本文所述抗氧化剂化合物包含通过连接部分连接到抗氧化剂部分的亲脂阳离子部分和阴离子补偿物(例如米托对苯二酚(mitoQuinol)C10甲磺酸盐),以便当将所述组合物局部给予诸如哺乳动物,包括人的个体皮肤时其是生物可利用的,并且在某些优选的实施方案中,人患者患有由ROS产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态。
本文所述的局部制剂将治疗有效量的抗氧化剂化合物递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞。因此,优选制剂表现出良好的皮肤渗透性,其能够根据许多已建立的本领域已知的用于检测药物组合物的皮肤渗透性的方法的任意方法来确定(参见例如Wagner等人,2002 J.Invest.Dermatol.118:540,以及其中引用的文献;Bronaugh等人,1985 J.Pharm.Sci.74:64;Bosman等人,1998J.Pharm.Biomed.Anal.17:493-499;Bosman等人,1996J.Pharm Biomed Anal.1996 14:1015-23;Bonferoni等人,1999 Pharm Dev Technol.4:45-53;Frantz,Instrumentation and methodology for in vitro skin diffusion cells in methodology for skin absorption(在皮肤吸收方法学中用于体外皮肤扩散细胞的仪器和方法学),In:Methods for Skin Absorption(皮肤吸收方法)(Kemppainen & Reifenrath,Eds),CRC Press,Florida,1990,第35-59页;Tojo,Design and calibration of in vitro permeation apparatus(体外渗透仪器的设计和校准).In:Transdermal Controlled Systemic Medications(药物经皮控制系统)(Chien YW,Ed),Marcel Dekker,New York,1987,127-158;Barry,Methods for studying percutaneous absorption(研究透皮吸收的方法).In:Dermatological Formulations:Percutaneous absorption(皮肤科制剂:经皮吸收),Marcel Dekker,New York,1983,234-295)。
在某些实施方案中,对个体或患者皮肤进行给药的组合物可以采取一种或多种剂量单位的形式,其中例如充满液体的胶囊或安瓿可以包含单一剂量单位,以及喷雾剂形式的如本文所述的局部制剂的容器可以包含多个剂量单位。制备这样的剂型的实际方法对于本领域技术人员是已知的或者是显而易见的;例如参见The Science and Practice of Pharmacy(药学的科学和实践),第20版(Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science(费城大学药学与科学院),2000)。在任何情况下,根据本教导,待进行给药的组合物包含治疗有效量的本发明化合物,或其药物可接受的盐,用于治疗由个体皮肤ROS产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态。
如上所述,本局部制剂可以采取任意多种多样的形式,并且包括例如乳膏剂、洗剂、溶液剂、喷雾剂、凝胶剂、软膏剂、糊剂等和/或可制成含有脂质体、微胶粒和/或微球。参见例如美国专利第7,205,003号。例如,作为药物和药妆制剂领域公知的乳膏剂是水包油或者油包水的黏性液体或半固体乳状液。乳膏基质是可水洗的,并且包含油相、乳化剂和水相。所述油相也称为“内部”相,通常由矿脂和诸如十六烷醇或十八烷醇的脂肪醇组成。所述水相尽管不是必需的,但通常超过油相的体积,并且通常包含湿润剂。乳膏制剂中的乳化剂通常为非离子的、阴离子的、阳离子的或两性的表面活性剂。
优选用于递送化妆品剂的洗剂是不用摩擦而直接应用于皮肤表面的制剂,并且一般通常是液体或半液体的制剂,其中有含有活性剂的固体颗粒的液态或半固体的制剂,所述洗剂包含活性剂,存在于水或乙醇基质中。洗剂通常是固体的悬浮液,并且优选包含水包油型液体油状乳液胶。对于治疗大范围的身体区域,由于方便使用更多流体组合物,洗剂是本文优选制剂,因为使用流动性更强的组合物的便利性。通常优选将洗剂中的不溶解物质精细分割离。洗剂一般通常将包含悬浮剂以便产生制备更好的分散体系和用于使活性剂局部限在并保持与皮肤的接触的化合物,所述悬浮剂例如甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠等。
溶液剂是通过将一种或多种化学物质(溶质)溶解在液体中以使溶解物质的分子分散在那些溶剂分子中而制备的均相混合物。溶液剂可包含其它药物可接受的和/或药妆可接受的化学制剂以缓冲、稳定或保护溶质。用于制备溶液剂的溶剂的常见实例为乙醇、水、丙二醇或任何其它药物可接受的和/或药妆可接受的媒介物。
凝胶剂是半固体、悬浮型体系。单相凝胶剂包含基本上均匀遍及载液的有机高分子,其一般为水性的,而且还优选包含醇并任选包含油。优选的“有机高分子”,即胶凝剂,可以为诸如交联丙烯酸聚合物等的化学交联聚合物,例如“卡波姆”族聚合物,如羧基聚烯烃,其可以商标Carbopol商购获得。在某些实施方案中,优选的有机高分子也可以为亲水聚合物,例如聚环氧乙烷、聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯共聚物和聚乙烯醇;纤维素聚合物,例如羟丙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯和甲基纤维素;树胶,例如黄蓍胶(tragacanth gum)和黄原酸胶(xanthan gum);海藻酸钠;以及明胶。为了制备均匀的凝胶,能够加入诸如醇或甘油等的分散剂,或者能够通过研碎、机械混合或搅拌,或其组合分散所述胶凝剂。
本领域同样公知的软膏剂是通常基于矿脂或其它矿脂衍生物的半固体制剂。所使用的令本领域技术人员满意的具体软膏基质是为提供许多期望的特征如软化作用的一种软膏基质。当与其它载体或媒介物在一起使用时,软膏基质应该是惰性的、稳定的、无刺激性的且非敏化的。如在Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy(药物的科学与实践),第19版(Easton,Pa.:Mack Publishing Co.,1995),第1399-1404页所解释的,软膏基质可以分为四类:油性基质、可乳化基质、乳液基质以及水溶性基质。油性乳膏基质包括例如植物油、从动物中得到的脂肪以及从石油中得到的半固态碳氢化合物。可乳化软膏基质,也称为吸收软膏基质,其包含少量水或不含水,并且包括例如硫酸羟基甘油三硬脂酸酯(hydroxystearin sulfate)、无水羊毛脂以及亲水性矿脂。乳液软膏基质是油包水(W/O)乳液或水包油(O/W)乳液,并且包括例如十六烷基醇、甘油基单硬脂酸酯、羊毛脂以及硬脂酸。优选的水溶性软膏基质由分子量变化的聚乙二醇制备(参见例如Remington,Id.)。
糊剂是半固体剂型,其中活性剂悬浮在合适的基质中。依据基质的性质,将糊剂分为脂肪糊剂或由单相水性凝胶制备的糊剂。脂肪糊剂中的基质通常为矿脂或亲水性矿脂等。由单相水性凝胶制备的糊剂通常与羧甲基纤维素等混合作为基质。
还可以用脂质体、胶束和微球制备制剂。脂质体是具有一个(单层的)或多个(多层的)包含脂质双分子层的脂质壁的显微镜可见的囊,并且在本文中,其可以将本文所述局部制剂的一种或多种组分装入胶囊中和/或吸附至其脂质膜表面,所述局部制剂的组分例如抗氧化剂化合物或者某些载体或赋形剂。本文的脂质体制剂包括阳离子(带正电的)、阴离子(带负电的)以及不带电的制剂。阳离子脂质体是容易得到的。例如,N[1-2,3-二油氧基)丙基]-N,N,N-三乙基铵(DOTMA)脂质体可以商标Lipofectin(GIBCO BRL,格陵兰岛,N.Y.)得到。类似地,阴离子和不带电的脂质体也是容易得到的,例如从Avanti Polar Lipids(Birmingham,AL)得到,或者能够用易得到的材料轻松制备。这样的材料包括磷脂酰胆碱、胆固醇、磷脂酰乙醇胺、二油酰磷脂酰胆碱(DOPC)、二油酰磷脂酰甘油(DOPG)、二油酰磷脂乙醇胺(DOPE)等等。这些材料还能够以合适的比例与DOTMA混合。使用这些材料制备脂质体的方法是本领域公知的。
胶束是本领域已知的,其由排列的表面活性剂分子组成使其极性端基形成外部球壳,而疏水的烃链面向球体中心形成核。以使胶束自然产生的足够高的浓度在包含表面活性剂的水溶液中形成胶束。用于形成胶束的表面活性剂包括但不限于月桂酸钾、辛烷磺酸钠、癸烷磺酸钠、十二烷基磺酸钠、多库酯钠、十烷基三甲基溴化铵、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵、十四烷基三甲基氯化铵、十二烷基氯化铵、聚乙二醇-8十二烷基醚、聚乙二醇-12十二烷基醚、壬苯醇醚10以及壬苯醇醚30。
类似地,可以将微球加入到本文描述的局部制剂中。与脂质体和胶束类似,微球基本上封装了本制剂的一种或多种组分。它们通常,但不必须,由脂质形成,所述脂质优选诸如磷脂的带电脂质。脂质微球的制备是本领域公知的。
在所述局部制剂中还可包含如本领域技术人员已知的各种添加剂。例如,包括较少量醇的溶剂可以用于溶解某些制剂组分。虽然本文所述的抗氧化剂化合物的靶向线粒体的亲脂阳离子穿过细胞膜并细胞内积聚在皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞的线粒体中,但是对于某些局部制剂或在特别严重的由ROS引起的皮肤疾病状态的情况下,可期望在局部制剂中包含添加的皮肤渗透增强剂。合适增强剂的实例包括但不限于醚,例如二乙二醇单乙醚(以Transcutol商购)和二乙二醇单甲醚;表面活性剂,例如月桂酸钠、月桂基磺酸钠、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、苯扎氯铵(benzalkonium chloride)、泊洛沙姆(Poloxamer)(231、182、184)、吐温(Tween)(20、40、60、80)和卵磷脂(美国专利第4,783,45号);醇类,例如乙醇、丙醇、辛醇、苯甲醇等;聚乙二醇及其酯,例如聚乙二醇单月桂酸酯(PEGML;参见例如美国专利第4,568,343号);酰胺类及其它含氮化合物,例如脲、二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、2-吡咯烷酮、1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺和三乙醇胺;萜烯(terpenes);脂肪族酮类(alkanones);以及有机酸,特别是柠檬酸和琥珀酸。还可以使用氮酮(Azone)和亚砜,例如DMSO和C10MSO,但它们是次优选的。
最优选的皮肤渗透增强剂为通常被称为“塑化”增强剂的那些亲脂共增强剂,即分子量为约150至1000道尔顿,水溶解度小于约1wt%,优选小于约0.5wt%,并且最优选小于约0.2wt%的增强剂。塑化增强剂的Hildebrand溶解度参数为约2.5至约10,优选为约5至约10。优选的亲脂增强剂为脂肪酯、脂肪醇和脂肪醚。具体的和最优选的脂肪酸酯的实例包括月桂酸甲酯、油酸乙酯、丙二醇单月桂酸酯、丙二醇二月桂酸酯(propylene glycerol dilaurate)、单月桂酸单甘油脂、单油酸甘油酯、癸酸异丙酯和辛基十二醇肉豆蔻酸酯。脂肪醇包括,例如十八烷醇和油醇,而脂肪醚包括其中二元醇或三元醇,优选C2-C4烷基二元醇或烷基三元醇被一种或两种脂肪醚取代基取代的化合物。另外的皮肤渗透增强剂对于局部药物递送领域中的那些普通技术人员来说是已知的,和/或被描述在相关的文献中。参见例如Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers(经皮渗透增强剂),eds.Smith等人(CRC Press,1995)。
根据本发明的某些实施方案,局部制剂还可以包含除了上述确认的那些以外的其它添加剂。这些添加剂包括,但不限于另外的抗氧化剂、收敛剂、香味剂、防腐剂、润肤剂、色素、染料、湿润剂、推进剂和防晒剂以及在美容上、药物上等所期望的其它类型的材料。用于包含在本发明制剂中的任选添加剂的典型实例如下:防腐剂,例如山梨酸;溶剂,例如异丙醇和丙二醇;收敛剂,例如薄荷醇和乙醇;润肤剂,例如聚烯烃甲基葡萄糖苷(polyalkylene methyl glucosides);湿润剂,例如甘油;乳化剂,例如硬脂酸甘油酯、PEG-100硬脂酸酯、聚甘油-3羟基月桂醚和聚山梨酸酯60;山梨醇和其它多羟基醇,例如聚乙二醇;防晒剂,例如甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯(以Parsol MCX商购)和丁基甲氧基苯甲酰甲烷(以商品名Parsol 1789获得);抗氧化剂,例如抗坏血酸(维生素C)、α-生育酚(维生素E)、β-生育酚、γ-生育酚、δ-生育酚、ε-生育酚、ζ1-生育酚、ζ2-生育酚、η-生育酚和视黄醇(维生素A);香精油、神经酰胺、必需脂肪酸、矿物油、植物油(例如大豆油、棕榈油、牛油树脂的液态部分、向日葵油)、动物油(例如角鲨烷)、合成油、硅油或蜡(例如环甲基硅酮和二甲基硅油)、氟化油(通常为全氟聚醚)、脂肪醇(例如十六烷基醇)和蜡(例如蜂蜡、巴西棕榈蜡和固体石蜡);肤感调节剂(skin-feel modifier);以及增稠剂和结构剂(structurant),例如膨胀粘土(swelling clay)和交联的羧基聚烯烃,它们是可以商标Carbopol商购获得。
其它的添加剂包括有益的试剂,例如调理皮肤(特别是角质层中的上层皮肤)和通过延缓皮肤水含量减少来使其保持柔软和/或保护皮肤的那些材料。这样的调节剂和保湿剂包括例如吡咯烷羧酸和氨基酸;有机抗微生物剂,例如2,4,4′-三氯-2-羟基二苯醚(三氯沙)和苯甲酸;抗炎剂,例如乙酰水杨酸和甘草次酸;抗脂溢剂,例如视黄酸;血管扩张剂,例如烟酸;黑素生成抑制剂,例如曲酸;及其混合物。可存在其它有益包含的药妆活性剂(cosmeceutically active agent),例如α-羟基酸、α-酮酸、聚合的羟基酸、保湿剂、胶原蛋白、海洋精华(marine extract)提取物和抗氧化剂,所述抗氧化剂例如抗坏血酸(维生素C)、α-生育酚(维生素E)或诸如其它上文所述的其它生育酚,例如上述的那些,以及视黄醇(维生素A),和/或美容可接受的盐、酯、酰胺或其其它的衍生物。如WO 94/00098和WO 94/00109中所描述的,另外的美容剂包括能够改善皮肤组织供氧的那些物质。还可以包括遮光剂。
其它实施方案可以包括多种有利于用本发明制剂治疗的非致癌的、无刺激性的修复材料。这样的修复材料可以包括营养物、矿物质、维生素、电解质、酶、草本植物、植物提取物、腺体或动物提取物、或者安全的治疗剂,其可以被加入至制剂中以促进皮肤病症复原。这些各种添加剂的量是化妆品领域中常规使用的量,并且范围例如局部制剂总重量的约0.01%至约20%。
本发明的制剂还可以包含常规的添加剂,例如不透明剂、芳香剂(fragrance)、着色剂、胶凝剂、增稠剂、稳定剂、表面活性剂等。还可以加入诸如抗微生物剂的其它试剂以防止储存时腐败,即抑制诸如酵母菌和霉菌的微生物生长。合适的抗微生物剂通常选自对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯(例如尼泊金甲酯和丙酯)、苯甲酸钠、山梨酸、咪唑烷基脲及其组合。所述制剂还可以包含缓和刺激添加剂以减小或消除由待给药的化学个体或者组合物的其它组分引起皮肤刺激或皮肤损伤的可能性。合适的缓和刺激添加剂包括:例如α-生育酚;单胺氧化酶抑制剂,特别是苯基醇,例如2-苯基-1-乙醇;甘油;水杨酸盐;抗坏血酸盐;离子载体,例如莫能菌素;两亲性胺;氯化铵;N-乙酰半胱氨酸;辣椒素;以及氯喹(chioroquine)。所述缓和刺激添加剂如果存在可以以对缓解刺激或皮肤损伤有效的浓度加入到局部制剂中,所述浓度通常表现为不多于制剂的约20wt%,更通常不多于制剂的约5wt%。
如国际专利公开说明书WO 94/00098和WO 94/00109中所述,除了本文所述的靶向线粒体的抗氧化剂化合物(例如MitoQ-C10甲磺酸盐)以外,局部制剂还可以包含适于局部给药的治疗有效量的一种或多种另外的药物活性剂。这样的试剂可以包括由磷脂和载氧的碳氟化合物(oxygen-loaded fluorocarbon)或碳氟化合物混合物组成的不对称层状聚集物,其能够改善皮肤组织的供氧。
可加入到本局部制剂中,并由此与靶向线粒体的药物和/或药妆活性抗氧化剂化合物(例如MitoQ-C10甲磺酸盐)一起局部使用的合适的药物活性剂包括但不限于下列试剂:改善或根除色素性或非色素性老年斑、角质和皱纹的试剂;抗微生物剂;抗菌剂;止痒剂和抗干燥剂(antixerotic agent);抗炎剂;局部麻醉剂和止痛剂;皮质类固醇;类视黄醇(例如视黄酸);维生素;激素和抗代谢物。局部药物活性剂的某些实例包括无环鸟苷、两性霉素、洗必太、氯三苯甲咪唑、酮康唑、益康唑、咪康唑、甲硝哒唑、二甲胺四环素、制霉菌素、新霉素、卡那霉素、苯妥英、对氨基苯甲酸酯、甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯、水杨酸辛酯、氧苯酮、二氧苯酮、生育酚、生育酚乙酸酯、硫化硒、吡啶硫酮锌、苯海拉明、普莫卡因、利多卡因、普鲁卡因、红霉素、四环素、氯林可霉素、克罗他米通、对苯二酚及其单甲醚和二苄醚、甲氧萘丙酸、布洛芬、可玛林、视黄酸、视黄醇、棕榈酸视黄酯、视黄醇乙酸酯、煤焦油、灰黄霉素、雌二醇、氢化可的松、氢化可的松琥珀酸酯、氢化可的松-17-戊酸酯、丁酸氢化可的松、孕酮、倍他米松戊酸酯、倍他米松二丙酸酯、曲安奈德、氟轻松醋酸酯、丙酸氯倍他索、长压定、潘生丁、苯妥英、过氧化苯甲醚以及5-氟脲嘧啶。
还可以向某些本实施方案的局部制剂中加入药物可接受的载体,并且其可以为本领域中常用的任何载体。所述载体的实例包括水、低级醇、高级醇、多元醇、单糖、二糖、多糖、烃油、脂肪和油、蜡、脂肪酸、硅油、非离子型表面活性剂、离子型表面活性剂、有机硅表面活性剂和基于水的混合物以及这样的载体的基于乳状液的混合物。
可以在美容上、药物上或二者同时使用本发明的实施方案。美容和药物上的应用可包括例如喷雾器、婴儿产品、沐浴油、泡沫浴、清洁剂、彩妆产品、调节剂、遮瑕产品、乳霜、除臭剂、消毒剂、滴剂(drop)、眼部和脸部化妆品、指甲油、粉底霜、凝胶、护唇膏、润唇膏、唇膏、面膜、乳液、保湿霜、晚霜、软膏、润肤油、香水、贴剂(包括透皮贴剂)、粉、洗发剂、剃须啫喱或剃须水、润肤霜或润肤水、肥皂、海绵皂、喷雾、化妆水、生发水、湿纸巾等等的产品。本领域技术人员将意识到本发明的实施方案不限于本文所提供的实例。
可将本发明局部制剂的实施方案采用可达到期望效果所需的量和频率有规律地用于需要治疗的任何皮肤区域。在特别的实施方案中,治疗的频率取决于皮肤疾病状态(例如由皮肤中的ROS产生引起的皮肤疾病状态)的性质、皮肤的损害程度或恶化程度、使用者的皮肤的响应性、活性成分(例如本文所述的靶向线粒体的抗氧化剂化合物和任选一种或多种另外的药物或药妆活性成分)的强度、用于递送活性成分至皮肤合适层的媒介物的有效性,通过与衣服物理接触除去制剂或通过汗水或其它内在或外在的液体除去制剂的容易性,以及对使用者的生活方式的便利性。
诸如本文所述的新型治疗组合物的生物化学活性物质的典型浓度能够为,例如基于组合物的总重量的约0.001%重量比-30%重量比,约0.01%重量比-5.0%重量比,并且更优选至约0.1%重量比-2.0%重量比。作为一个示例性的实例,可以将本发明的组合物以等于约1.0mg/cm2皮肤至约20.0mg/cm2皮肤的速率用于皮肤。局部制剂的示例性的实例包括但不限于喷雾剂、醇、无水基质(例如唇膏和粉)、水溶液、乳膏剂、乳液(包括油包水或水包油乳液)、脂肪、泡沫剂、凝胶、水醇溶液、脂质体、洗剂、微乳液、软膏剂、油、有机溶剂、多羟基化合物、聚合物、粉剂、盐、硅酮衍生物和蜡。局部制剂可以包括例如螯合剂、调节剂、润肤剂、赋形剂、湿润剂、防护剂、增稠剂或UV吸收剂。本领域技术人员将意识到除了所列举的那些,其它制剂还可以用于本发明的实施方案。
螯合剂可以任选地包含在局部制剂中,并且可以选自适于在美容组合物中使用的任何试剂,并且可以包括能够结合诸如Ca2+、Mn2+、或Mg2+的二价阳离子金属的任何天然或合成的化学品。螯合剂的实例包括,但不限于,EDTA、EDTA磷酸氢二钠、EGTA、柠檬酸和二羧酸。
调节剂也可以任选地包含在局部制剂中。皮肤调节剂的实例包括,但不限于,乙酰基半胱氨酸、N-乙酰基二氢鞘氨醇、丙烯酸酯/山嵛醇丙烯酸酯/聚二甲基硅氧烷丙烯酸酯共聚物、腺苷、环磷酸腺苷、磷酸腺苷、三磷酸腺苷、丙氨酸、白蛋白、藻类提取物、尿囊素及衍生物、芦荟提取物、铝PCA、淀粉葡糖苷酶、熊果苷、精氨酸、甘菊环、菠萝蛋白酶、脱脂乳粉、丁二醇、咖啡因、葡萄糖酸钙、辣椒素、羧甲半胱氨酸、肌肽、β-胡萝卜素、酪蛋白、过氧化氢酶、脑磷脂、神经酰胺、母菊(chamomilla recutita)(洋甘菊(matricaria))花提取物、维生素D3、胆固醇酯、椰油基甜菜碱、辅酶A、改性玉米淀粉、晶状体球蛋白、环乙氧基聚甲基硅氧烷、半胱氨酸DNA、细胞色素C、豨莶苷、硫酸右旋糖苷、聚二甲基硅氧烷共聚多元醇、二甲基甲硅烷醇透明质酸酯、DNA、弹性蛋白、弹性蛋白氨基酸、表皮生长因子、钙化醇、麦角固醇、乙基己基PCA、纤维连接蛋白、叶酸、凝胶、麸朊、β-葡聚糖、葡萄糖、糖胶、肝糖、醣脂、糖蛋白、黏多糖、鞘糖脂、辣根过氧化物酶、氢化蛋白(hydrogenated protein)、水解蛋白、荷荷芭油、角蛋白、角蛋白氨基酸和激动素,乳铁传递蛋白、羊毛甾醇、月桂醇PCA酯、卵磷脂、亚油酸、亚麻酸、脂肪酶、赖氨酸、溶解酵素、麦芽提取物、麦芽糊精、黑色素、蛋氨酸、矿物盐、尼亚新、烟酰胺、燕麦氨基酸、谷维素、棕榈酰水解蛋白、胰液素、木瓜蛋白酶、PEG、胃蛋白酶、磷脂、植物甾醇、胎盘酶、胎盘脂质、5-磷酸吡哆醛、栎精、乙酸间苯二酚酯、核黄素、RNA、酵母、酵母菌胞溶产物提取物、丝素氨基酸、神经鞘脂、硬脂酰胺丙基甜菜碱、棕榈酸十八烷醇酯、生育酚、生育酚乙酸酯、生育酚亚油酸酯、泛醌、葡萄(vitis vinifera)(葡萄)籽油、小麦氨基酸、黄原胶以及葡萄糖酸锌。本领域技术人员能够容易地意识到除了以上所列举的那些,其它皮肤调节剂还可以与公开的组合物或由此提供的制剂组合。
局部制剂还可以任选地包含一种或多种润肤剂,所述润肤剂的实例包括,但不限于,乙酰化羊毛脂、乙酰化羊毛脂醇、丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸交联聚合物、丙烯酸共聚物、丙氨酸、藻类提取物、芦荟提取物或凝胶、药蜀葵提取物、淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸铝、硬脂酸铝、杏(蔷薇科植物杏(prunus armeniaca))核油、精氨酸、精氨酸天冬氨酸盐、山金车提取物、抗坏血酸、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、天冬氨酸、鳄梨(酪梨(persea gratissima))油、硫酸钡、栅栏鞘脂(barrier sphingolipid)、丁醇、蜂蜡、山嵛醇、β-谷甾醇、BHT、桦木(白桦(betula alba))树皮提取物、琉璃苣(borage)(玻璃苣(borago officinalis))提取物、2-溴2-硝基丙-1,3-二醇、假叶树(butcherbroom)(假叶树(ruscus aculeatus))提取物、丁二醇、金盏花提取物、金盏花油、蜡大戟(candelilla)(小烛树(euphorbia cerifera))蜡、芥花籽油、辛酸/癸酸甘油三酯、小豆蔻(cardamom)(小豆蔻(elettaria cardamomum))油、巴西棕榈(carnauba)(巴西棕榈(copernicia cerifera))蜡、卡拉胶(carrageenan)(角叉菜胶(chondrus crispus))、胡萝卜(胡萝卜(daucus carota sativa))油、蓖麻(castor)(蓖麻(ricinus communis))油、神经酰胺、地蜡、鲸蜡硬脂醇聚醚-5、鲸蜡硬脂醇聚醚-12、鲸蜡硬脂醇聚醚-20、鲸蜡硬脂醇辛酸酯、鲸蜡醇聚醚-20、鲸蜡醇聚醚-24、乙酸鲸蜡酯、辛酸鲸蜡酯、棕榈酸鲸蜡酯、黄春菊(chamomile)(洋甘菊(anthemis nobilis))油、胆固醇、胆固醇酯、羟基硬脂酸胆固醇酯、柠檬酸、鼠尾草(clary)(香紫苏(salvia sclarea))油、可可(cocoa)(可可(theobroma cacao))脂、椰油醇-辛酸酯/癸酸酯(coco-caprylate/caprate)、椰子(椰子(cocos nucifera))油、胶原蛋白、胶原蛋白氨基酸、玉米(玉米(zea mays))油、脂肪酸、癸基油酸酯、糊精、双咪唑烷基脲、聚二甲基硅氧烷共聚多元醇、聚二甲基硅氧烷醇、己二酸二辛脂、琥珀酸二辛酯、二聚季戊四醇六辛酸酯/六癸酸酯、DMDM乙内酰脲、DNA、赤藻糖醇、乙氧基二甘醇、亚油酸乙酯、蓝桉树油、月见草(evening primrose)(月见草(Oenothera biennis))油、脂肪酸、果糖、明胶、斑点老鹳草油(geranium maculatum oil)、葡萄糖胺、葡糖谷氨酸酯、谷氨酸、甘油聚醚-26(glycereth-26)、甘油(glycerin)、丙三醇(glycerol)、二硬脂酸甘油酯、羟基硬脂酸甘油酯、月桂酸甘油酯、亚油酸甘油酯、豆蔻酸甘油酯、油酸甘油酯、硬脂酸甘油酯、硬脂酸甘油酯SE、糖胶、乙二醇硬脂酸酯、乙二醇硬脂酸酯SE、糖胺多糖(glycosaminoglycans)、葡萄(葡萄(vitis vinifera))籽油、榛(hazel)(美洲榛(corylus americana))坚果油、榛(欧洲榛(corylus avellana))坚果油、己烯乙二醇、蜂蜜、透明质酸、红花(hybrid safflower)(红花(carthamus tinctohus))油、氢化篦麻油、氢化椰油甘油酯类(coco-glycerides)、氢化椰子油、氢化羊毛脂、氢化卵磷脂、氢化棕榈油甘油酯(hydrogenated palm glyceride,)、氢化棕榈仁油、氢化大豆油、氢化牛脂甘油酯(hydrogenated tallow glyceride)、氢化植物油、水解胶原蛋白、水解弹性蛋白、水解糖胺多糖、水解角蛋白、水解大豆蛋白、羟基化羊毛脂、羟基脯氨酸、咪唑烷基脲、碘丙炔醇丁基氨基甲酸酯、异鲸蜡醇硬脂酸酯、异鲸蜡醇硬脂酰氧基硬脂酸酯、油酸异癸酯、异硬脂酸异丙酯、羊毛酸异丙酯、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、棕榈酸异丙酯、硬脂酸异丙酯、异硬脂酰胺DEA、异硬脂酸、异硬脂醇乳酸酯、异硬脂醇新戊酸酯、茉莉(jasmine)(茉莉属药用(jasminum officinale)))油、荷荷芭(jojoba)(荷荷芭(buxus chinensis))油、大型藻类、石栗(kukui)(石栗(aleurites moluccana))坚果油、乳酰胺MEA、羊毛脂醇聚醚-16、羊毛脂醇聚醚-10乙酸酯、羊毛脂、羊毛脂酸、羊毛醇、羊毛脂油、羊毛脂蜡、薰衣草(lavender)(薰衣草(lavandula angustifolia))油、卵磷脂、柠檬(柠檬)油、亚油酸、亚麻酸、澳洲坚果油(macadamia ternifolia nut oil)、硬脂酸镁、硫酸镁、麦芽糖醇、母菊(matricaria)(洋甘菊(chamomilla recutita))油、甲基葡糖倍半硬脂酸酯、甲基硅烷醇PCA、微晶蜡、矿物油、貂油、被孢霉油(mortierella oil)、乳酸肉豆蔻酯、肉豆蔻酸肉豆蔻醇酯、丙酸肉豆蔻醇酯、新戊二醇二辛酸酯/二癸酸酯、辛基十二烷醇、辛基十二醇肉豆蔻酸酯、辛基十二醇硬脂酰氧基硬脂酸酯、羟基硬脂酸辛酯、棕榈酸辛酯、水杨酸辛酯、硬脂酸辛酯、油酸、橄榄(油橄榄(olea europaea))油、橙(甜橙(citrus aurantium dulcis))油、棕榈(palm)(棕榈(elaeis guineensis))油、棕榈酸、泛硫乙胺(pantethine)、泛酰醇、泛醇基乙基醚、石蜡、PCA、桃(桃(prunus persica))核油、花生(花生(arachis hypogaea))油、PEG-8 C12 18酯、PEG-15椰油胺、PEG-150二硬脂酸酯、PEG-60甘油异硬脂酸酯、PEG-5甘油硬脂酸酯、PEG-30甘油硬脂酸酯、PEG-7氢化蓖麻油、PEG-40氢化蓖麻油、PEG-60氢化蓖麻油、PEG-20甲基葡糖倍半硬脂酸酯、PEG-40失水山梨醇全油酸酯、PEG-5大豆甾醇、PEG-10大豆甾醇、PEG-2硬脂酸酯、PEG-8硬脂酸酯、PEG-20硬脂酸酯、PEG-32硬脂酸酯、PEG-40硬脂酸酯、PEG-50硬脂酸酯、PEG-100硬脂酸酯、PEG-150硬脂酸酯、十五酸内酯(pentadecalactone)、薄荷(薄荷(mentha piperita))油、矿脂、磷脂、多氨基酸多糖缩合物、聚甘油-3二异硬脂酸酯、聚季铵盐-24、聚山梨醇酯20、聚山梨醇酯40、聚山梨醇酯60、聚山梨醇酯80、聚山梨醇酯85、肉豆蔻酸钾、棕榈酸钾、山梨酸钾、硬脂酸钾、丙二醇、丙二醇二辛酸酯/二癸酸酯、丙二醇二辛酸酯、丙二醇二壬酸酯、丙二醇月桂酸酯、丙二醇硬脂酸酯、丙二醇硬脂酸酯SE、PVP、吡哆醇二棕榈酸酯、季铵盐-15、季铵盐-18水辉石(quaternium-18 hectorite)、季铵盐-22、视黄醇、棕榈酸视黄酯、稻米(水稻(oryza sativa))糠油、RNA、迷迭香(rosemary)(迷迭香(rosmarinus officinalis))油、玫瑰油、红花(红花(carthamus tinctorius))油、鼠尾草(sage)(药鼠尾草(salvia officinalis))油、水杨酸、檀香木(檀香木(santalum album))油、丝氨酸、血清蛋白、芝麻(芝麻(sesamum indicum))油、牛油树脂(shea butter)(牛油果树(butyrospermum parkii))、丝粉、硫酸软骨素钠、DNA钠、透明质酸钠、乳酸钠、棕榈酸钠、PCA钠、聚谷氨酸钠、硬脂酸钠、可溶性胶原蛋白、山梨酸、失水山梨醇月桂酸酯、失水山梨醇油酸酯、失水山梨醇棕榈酸酯、失水山梨醇倍半油酸酯、失水山梨醇硬脂酸酯、山梨糖醇、大豆(大豆(glycine soja))油、神经鞘脂、角鲨烷、角鲨烯、硬脂酰胺MEA-硬脂酸酯、硬脂酸、硬脂氧基二甲聚硅氧烷、硬脂氧基三甲基硅烷、硬脂醇、甘草次酸十八酯(stearyl glycyrrhetinate)、硬脂醇庚酸酯、硬脂酸十八醇脂、葵花(向日葵(helianthus annuus))籽油、甜杏仁(甜扁桃(prunus amygdalus dulcis))油、合成蜂蜡、生育酚、生育酚乙酸酯、生育酚亚油酸酯、俞酸甘油酯、十三烷醇新戊酸酯、十三烷醇硬脂酸酯、三乙醇胺、三硬脂酸甘油酯、脲、植物油、水、蜡、小麦(小麦(triticum vulgare))胚芽油以及依兰(香水树(cananga odorata))油。
在某些实施方案中,局部制剂可以包含合适的赋形剂,所述赋形剂通常应该具有对皮肤的高亲和力,良好的耐受性、稳定性并且产生允许容易使用的一致性。本领域技术人员能够常规挑选出用于特殊用途的合适的局部赋形剂和媒介物,并且特别是参考本领域许多标准献,选出用于特殊用途的合适的局部赋形剂和媒介物,所述标准文献例如Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences(雷氏药学大全)Vol.18,Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,Pa.(1990),特别是第87章(其以引用的方式整体并入本文中)。任选地一种或多种湿润剂也可以包含在局部制剂中。润肤剂的实例包括,但不限于,氨基酸、硫酸软骨素、双甘油、赤藻糖醇、果糖、葡萄糖、甘油、丙三醇、乙二醇、1,2,6-己硫醇、蜂蜜、透明质酸、氢化蜂蜜、氢化淀粉水解物、纤维醇、乳糖醇、麦芽糖醇、麦芽糖、甘露醇、天然保湿因子、PEG-15丁二醇、聚甘油山梨醇、吡咯烷酮羧酸的盐、PCA钾、丙二醇、葡糖醛酸钠、PCA钠、山梨糖醇、蔗糖、海藻糖、脲以及木糖醇。
某些实施方案关注包含一种或多种另外的皮肤防护剂的局部制剂。皮肤防护剂的实例可以包括,但不限于,藻类提取物、尿囊素、氢氧化铝、硫酸铝、甜菜碱、绿茶叶提取物、脑苷脂、二甲基硅油、葡糖醛酸内酯、甘油、高岭土、羊毛脂、麦芽膏、矿物油、矿脂、葡糖酸钾以及滑石。本领域技术人员容易意识到除了以上所列举的那些以外的皮肤防护剂也可以与本发明公开的组合物或由此提供的制剂组合。
也可期望在本文所关注的某些局部制剂中包含表面活性剂,所述表面活性剂能够选自适于在美容组合物中使用的任何天然或合成的表面活性剂,例如阳离子表面活性剂、阴离子表面活性剂、两性离子表面活性剂或非离子型表面活性剂或其混合物(参见Rosen,M.,“Surfactants and lnterfacial Phenomena(表面活性剂与界面现象)”,第二版,John Wiley & Sons,New York,1988,第一章,431页)。阳离子表面活性剂的实例可以包括,但不限于,DMDAO或其它胺氧化物、长链伯胺、二元胺和多胺及其盐、季铵盐、聚氧乙烯化的长链胺以及季铵化的聚氧乙烯化的长链胺。阴离子表面活性剂的实例可以包括,但不限于,SDS;羧酸盐(例如肥皂);磺酸盐、硫磺酸盐、磷酸酯和多磷酸酯;烷基磷酸酯;单烷基磷酸酯(MAP);以及全氟羧酸的盐。两性离子表面活性剂的实例可以包括,但不限于椰油酰胺丙基羟基磺基甜菜碱(CAPHS)以及其它对pH值敏感的并且在设计制剂的合适的pH值时需要特别注意的物质(即烷基氨基丙酸、羧酸型咪唑啉和甜菜碱)或者不对pH值敏感的那些物质(例如硫代甜菜碱、磺基甜菜碱)。非离子型表面活性剂的实例可以包括,但不限于,烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚、醇乙氧基化合物(alcohol ethoxylates)、聚氧乙烯化的聚氧化丙二醇、聚氧乙烯化的硫醇、长链羧酸酯、烷醇酰胺、叔乙炔二醇(tertiary acetylenic glycols)、聚氧乙烯化的硅酮、N-烷基吡咯烷酮以及烷基多糖苷酶。可接受表面活性剂的任意组合。某些实施方案可以包括至少一种阴离子表面活性剂和至少一种阳离子表面活性剂,或者至少一种阳离子表面活性剂和至少一种两性离子表面活性剂,所述表面活性剂是相容的,即当混合时不形成明显沉淀的复合物。
也可以存在于某些局部制剂中的增稠剂的实例包括,但不限于丙烯酰胺共聚物、琼脂糖、支链淀粉、班脱土、藻酸钙、羧甲基纤维素钙、卡波姆、羧甲基甲壳素、纤维素羧甲醚、糊精、明胶、氢化牛脂、羟乙基纤维素、羧丙基纤维素、羧丙基淀粉、藻酸镁、甲基纤维素、微晶纤维素、胶质、各种PEG、聚丙烯酸、聚甲基丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇、各种PPG、丙烯酸钠共聚物、角叉菜胶钠、黄原胶以及酵母β-葡聚糖。除了以上所列举的那些,其它增稠剂也可以用于本发明的实施方案中。
根据本文所关注的某些实施方案,用于治疗由皮肤中的ROS产生引起的皮肤疾病状态的局部制剂可以包含一种或多种遮光剂或UV吸收剂。这样的试剂其中需要具有紫外光(UVA和UVB)吸收性质,所述试剂可以包括例如苯甲酮、苯甲酮-1、苯甲酮-2、苯甲酮-3、苯甲酮-4、苯甲酮-5、苯甲酮-6、苯甲酮-7、苯甲酮-8、苯甲酮-9、苯甲酮-10、苯甲酮-11、苯甲酮-12、水杨酸苄酯、PABA丁酯、肉桂酸酯、西诺沙酯、DEA-甲氧基肉桂酸酯、二异丙基肉桂酸甲酯、二羟丙基PABA乙酯、二异丙基肉桂酸乙酯、甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯、PABA乙酯、尿刊酸乙酯、甘油乙基己酸酯二甲氧基肉桂酸酯、甘油PABA酯、水杨酸乙二醇酯、胡莫柳酯、对甲氧基肉桂酸异戊酯、钛、锌、锆、硅、锰和铈的氧化物、PABA、PABA酯、Parsol 1789和水杨酸异丙基苄酯及其混合物。本领域技术人员将意识到,除了所列的那些以外的遮光剂和UV吸收剂或防护剂也可以用于本发明。
本文公开的局部制剂通常在pH值为约2.5至约10.0时是有效的。优选地,组合物的pH值在下列pH范围或其附近:约pH 5.5至约pH8.5,约pH 5至约pH 10,约pH 5至约pH 9,约pH 5至约pH 8,约pH 3至约pH 10,约pH 3至约pH 9,约pH 3至约pH 8,以及约pH 3至约pH 8.5。最优选地,所述pH值为约pH 7至约pH 8。本领域普通技术人员可以向本发明的组合物中加入合适的pH调节成分以调节pH值至可接受的范围。
应用
可以将乳膏剂、洗剂、凝胶剂、软膏剂、糊剂等涂在受影响的表面并温和擦入。可以以相同方式施用溶液,但更通常采用点滴器、棉签等施用溶液并将其小心地施用于受影响的区域。施用规则将取决于可以容易确定的许多因素,例如疾病状态的严重性及其对初始治疗的响应性,但是在连续进行的基础上,所述施用规则通常涉及每日一次或多次施用。本领域技术人员可容易确定要给予制剂的最适宜的量,给药方法和重复率。一般而言,关注将在每周一次或两次至每日两次或三次的范围内施用本发明制剂。
还如上面所讨论的,本文所使用的局部制剂(例如药物和/或药妆组合物)由此还包含含有任意合适的稀释剂或赋形剂的药物可接受的载体,所述载体包含自身对接受组合物的个体无害的任意药剂,并且所述药剂给予所述载体时没有过度的毒性。药物可接受的载体包括,但不限于,液体,例如水、盐溶液、甘油和乙醇等等,并且所述载体还可以包括增粘剂(例如香树脂冷杉树脂)或诸如胶质或硝化纤维素溶液的膜形成剂。REMINGTON′S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES(雷氏药学大全)(Mack Pub.Co.,N.J.现行版本)记载了药物可接受的载体、稀释剂以及其它赋形剂的深入讨论。
当局部制剂为诸如明胶胶囊的凝胶填充胶囊或充液胶囊的形式时,除了以上种类的材料外,其还可以包含液体载体,例如聚乙二醇或油。无论本发明的液态药物组合物和药妆组合物是溶液、悬浮液或其它形式都可以包含一种或多种下列物质:无菌稀释液,例如注射用水,盐溶液,优选生理盐水,林格氏溶液,等张氯化钠,不挥发性油,诸如可作为溶剂或悬浮媒介物的合成的甘油单酯或甘油二酯,聚乙二醇,甘油,丙二醇或其它溶剂;抗菌剂,例如苯甲醇或对羟基苯甲酸甲酯;其它抗氧化剂,例如抗坏血酸或亚硫酸氢钠;螯合剂,例如乙二胺四乙酸;缓冲剂,例如醋酸盐、柠檬酸盐或磷酸盐以及用于调节肌肉弹性的试剂,例如氯化钠或右旋糖。
对于局部制剂,所述载体可以适当包含溶液、乳液、软膏或凝胶基质。所述基质,例如可以包括下列的一种或多种物质:矿脂、羊毛脂、聚乙二醇、蜂蜡、矿物油、诸如水和醇的稀释液以及乳化剂和稳定剂。在用于局部给药的药物或药妆组合物中可以存在增稠剂。如果试图经皮给药,则所述组合物可以包括经皮贴剂或离子电渗疗装置。局部制剂可以包含的本发明的化合物的浓度为约0.1w/v至约10%w/v(重量每单位体积)。可以以乳膏剂、洗剂、溶液剂、喷雾剂、凝胶剂、软膏剂、糊剂等形式提供局部制剂,和/或所述局部制剂可以包含脂质体、胶束、微球和/或其它微粒或纳米粒递送成分。
所述局部制剂可以包含连接到抗氧化剂化合物的试剂并由此有助于将所述局部制剂递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞。可以执行这种能力的合适的试剂包括诸如环糊精的包合剂;其它试剂可以包括蛋白质或脂质体。
还可以能够作为气雾剂给药的剂量单位的形式提供本发明的局部制剂。术语气雾剂用来表示范围从胶体性质的体系至由加压包装组成的体系的各种体系。可以通过液化气体或压缩气体或者通过将活性成分分散的合适的泵体系进行递送。可以以单相、双相或三相体系递送本发明化合物的气雾剂以便传递活性成分。气雾剂的递送包括必需容器、活化剂、阀、亚容器(subcontainer)等,它们一起可形成试剂盒。本领域技术人员不用进行过度的实验就可以确定用于将局部制剂递送至皮肤的优选气雾剂。
可通过药物领域公知的方法制备局部制剂。例如能够通过将本文所述的抗氧化剂化合物与无菌蒸馏水混合形成溶液来制备旨在对皮肤给药的用作喷雾、洗剂或冲洗剂的药物组合物。可以加入表面活性剂以有助于均相溶液或悬浮液的形成。表面活性剂为与抗氧化剂活性化合物为非共价相互作用的化合物以有助于化合物在水性递送体系中的溶解或均相悬浮。
用在局部制剂中的抗氧化剂化合物或其药物可接受的盐以治疗有效量进行给药,其量根据多种因素的变化而变化,所述因素包括所使用的具体抗氧化剂化合物的活性;化合物的代谢稳定性和作用时长;个体的年龄、体重、总体健康情况、性别、皮肤类型和日常饮食;给药方式和次数;排泄速率;药物组合;由皮肤中的ROS产生所引起的特殊皮肤疾病状态的严重性;以及正在进行治疗的个体。通常,治疗有效日剂量(对于70kg的哺乳动物)为约0.001mg/kg(即0.07mg)至约100mg/kg(即7.0g);优选的治疗有效剂量(对于70kg的哺乳动物)为约0.01mg/kg(即7mg)至约50mg/kg(即3.5g);更优选的治疗有效量(对于70kg的哺乳动物)为约1mg/kg(即70mg)至约25mg/kg(即1.75g)。
本文所提供的有效剂量的范围不是为了限制优选的剂量范围而是为了表示优选的剂量范围。然而,最优选的剂量将根据单独个体进行调整,这是相关领域技术人员可理解和确定的(参见例如Berkow等人,eds.,The Merck Manual(默克诊疗手册),第16版,Merck and Co.,Rahway,N.J.,1992;Goodman等人,eds.,Goodman and Gilman′s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics(古德曼和吉尔曼的治疗学药理学基础),第10版,Pergamon Press,Inc.,Elmsford,N.Y.,(2001);Avery′s Drug Treatment:Principles and Practice of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics(艾弗里的药物治疗:临床药理学和治疗学的原理和实践),第3版,ADIS Press,Ltd.,Williams and Wilkins,Baltimore,MD.(1987);Ebadi,Pharmacology(药理学),Little,Brown and Co.,Boston,(1985);Osolci al.,eds.,Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences(雷氏药学大全),第18版,Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,PA(1990);Katzung,Basic and Clinical Pharmacology(基础及临床药理学),Appleton and Lange,Norwalk,CT(1992))。
如果需要,能够通过一天多剂量或单剂量给予每次治疗所需的总剂量。某些优选的实施方案关注每日局部制剂的单独施用。通常在特别的实施方案中,可以从小于化合物最优剂量的较少剂量开始治疗。此后,通过小幅增加来提高所述剂量直至达到该情况下的最优效果。
能够单独将所述局部制剂进行给药或者与其它治疗剂和/或药剂联合给药,所述其它治疗剂和/或药剂涉及由ROS引起的皮肤疾病状态或涉及其它相关症状或病因。例如,如上所述,所述局部制剂还可以包含视黄酸。再如,所述局部制剂可包含本文所述的具有具体抗氧化剂部分的靶向线粒体的抗氧化剂化合物,或者可包含两种或两种以上的具有不同抗氧化剂部分(例如醌或诸如米托对苯二酚的对苯二酚以及维生素E(生育酚))的抗氧化剂化合物,或者可包含与其它靶向的或非靶向的抗氧化剂组合的本文所述的一种或多种靶向线粒体的抗氧化剂化合物。例如,根据示例性实施方案,关注MitoQ(米托醌(mitoquinone)/米托对苯二酚)能够使减少的维生素E(生育酚)再生,使得从而可认为在制剂中包含MitoQ和维生素E(无论是作为靶向线粒体的抗氧化剂化合物的抗氧化剂部分,还是作为未结合的抗氧化剂)有利地提供了抗氧化剂可能的可再生源;相似地,凭借一种抗氧化剂可以使另一种再生的抗氧化剂部分的其它组合包含在局部制剂中处于所关注的相关实施方案范围内。
本文所述的局部制剂的接受者能够为任何脊椎动物,例如哺乳动物。在哺乳动物中,优选的接受者为灵长目哺乳动物(包括人、猿和猴),偶蹄目哺乳动物(包括马、山羊、母牛、绵羊、猪),啮齿目哺乳动物(包括小鼠、大鼠、兔和仓鼠)以及食肉类哺乳动物(包括猫科动物和犬科动物)。在禽类中,优选的接受者为火鸡、鸡和其它同目成员。最优选的接受者为人。
对于局部施用,优选将有效量的包含本发明的抗氧化剂化合物的药物或药妆组合物给予目标区域,例如感染的皮肤表面,处于危险中的皮肤区域等。根据要治疗的面积,症状的严重性以及所使用的局部媒介物的性质,该量通常为每次施用约0.0001mg至约1g的本发明的化合物。优选的局部制剂为软膏剂,其中每cc软膏基质使用约0.001mg至约50mg的优选成分。能够将药物组合物配制成经皮组合物或经皮传递装置(“贴剂”)。这样的组合物包括例如衬垫、活性化合物储存器、控制膜(control membrane)、衬里和接触粘合剂。这样的经皮贴剂可以用于提供连续搏动的或按需递送期望的本发明化合物。
能够通过使用本领域已知的方法配制本发明的组合物以便在给予患者后提供快速、持久或延时释放的活性成分。控释药物递送体系包括渗透泵体系和包含涂覆聚合物的贮存器或药物-聚合物基质制剂的溶解体系。在美国专利第3,845,770号和第4,326,525号以及P.J.Kuzma等人,Regional Anesthesia 22(6):543-551(1997)中给出了控释体系的实例,所有这些文献都以引用的方式并入本文中。
最合适的路线将取决于正在治疗的疾病状态的性质和严重性。本领域技术人员熟悉确定局部给药方法(喷雾、抹乳膏、开放施用(open application)、包扎、浸泡、润湿等),剂型,合适的药物赋形剂以及与将化合物给予所需个体有关的其它问题。
如上所述,根据本文所公开的优选实施方案,上述抗氧化剂化合物能够改变(即以统计上显著的方式增加或减少)活性氧(ROS)在个体的细胞或组织中的可检测指示,根据更优选的实施方案,所述个体的细胞或组织为人个体中的皮肤成纤维细胞和/或角化细胞。例如,当皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞存在于由人个体得到的生物样本中时,其识别(例如使用细胞种类特异的组织学或免疫组织学标记物)和在这样的细胞中ROS产生的检测是相关领域技术人员公知的。
作为改变线粒体功能指示的改变的(即统计上显著的增加的或减少的)ROS水平是可检测的。虽然线粒体是生物系统中自由基的主要来源(参见例如Murphy等人,1998,in Mitochondria and Free Radicals in Neurodegenerative Diseases(神经组织退化疾病中的线粒体和自由基),Beal,Howell and Bodis-Wollner,Eds.,Wiley-Liss,New York,pp.159-186以及其中引用的文献),但是所关注的实施方案并非被限制于此,忽略特殊亚细胞源位点,改变的ROS产生能够为由在皮肤中ROS产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态的指示。例如,通过诸如过氧化氢、一氧化氮或超氧自由基等代谢物的产生导致自由基形成的许多细胞内生物化学通路是本领域已知的,所述代谢物是通过诸如黄素连接氧化酶(flavin-linked oxidases)、超氧化物歧化酶或一氧化氮合成酶等的酶催化反应产生的,检测这种自由基的方法(参见例如Kelver,1993 Crit.Rev.Toxicol.23:21;Halliwell B.和J.M.C.Gutteridge,Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine(生物与医学中的自由基),1989 Clarendon Press,Oxford,UK;Davies,K.J.A.和F.Ursini,The Oxygen Paradox(氧反常),Cleup Univ.Press,Padova,IT)。诸如的改变线粒体功能,例如在ETC的任何步骤的失败也可以导致高活性自由基的产生。如上所述,由这种改变的线粒体功能或由其它来源产生的自由基包括活性氧(ROS),例如过氧化物、过氧亚硝酸盐和羟基以及可以使细胞中毒的潜在地其它活性组分。因此,在某些优选的实施方案中,改变的(例如,相对于合适的对照,以统计上显著的方式增加的或减小的)ROS指示的可检测水平可以存在于包含来自个体人皮肤的皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞的生物样本中,所述个体人皮肤已经用包含如本文所述的抗氧化剂化合物的局部制剂处理,其中改变的ROS指示水平将高于来自没有处理的个体的对照样本中改变的ROS指示水平。
用于检测ROS的方法,例如可以用于证实抗氧化剂化合物能够改变ROS水平的方法是本领域已知的,并且将取决于特定的ROS自由基。通常,可以根据本领域技术人员容易熟悉的方法确定生物样本中的自由基产生水平,所述方法包括但不限于检测和/或测量:包括戊糖素、羧甲赖氨酸和吡咯啉的糖基化产物;包括乙二醛、丙二醛和4-羟基任烯酸的脂质氧化产物;硫代巴比妥酸反应性物质(TBARS;参见例如Steinbrecher等人,1984 Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 81:3883;Wolff,1993 Br.Med.Bull.49:642)和/或其它化学检测方法,例如羟基的水杨酸诱捕(salicylate trapping)(例如Ghiselli等人,1998 Meths.MoI.Biol.108:89;Halliwell等人,1997Free Radic.Res.27:239)或具体的加合物形成(参见例如Mecocci等人1993 Ann.Neurol.34:609;Giulivi等人,1994Meths.Enzymol.233:363),所述具体的加合物形成包括丙二醛形成,蛋白质亚硝基化,包括线粒体DNA氧化、8’-OH-鸟苷加合物的DNA氧化(e.g.,Beckman等人,1999 Mutat.Res.424:51),蛋白质氧化,蛋白质羰基修饰(例如Baynes等人,1991 Diabetes 40:405;Baynes等人,1999Diabetes 48:1);电子自旋共振(ESR)探针的检测和/或测量;循环伏安法的检测和/或测量;荧光和/或化学发光指示剂(也参见例如Greenwald,R.A.(ed.),Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research(氧化自由基研究方法手册),1985 CRC Press,Boca Raton,FL;Acworth和Bailey,(eds.),Handbook of Oxidative Metabolism(氧化新陈代谢手册),1995 ESA,Inc.,Chelmsford,MA;Yla-Herttuala等人,1989J.Clin.Invest.84:1086;Velazques等人,1991 Diabetic Medicine(糖尿病药物)8:752;Belch等人,1995Int.Angiol.14:385;Sato等人,1979 Biochem.Med.21:104;Traverso等人,1998 Diabetologia 41:265;Haugland,1996Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals-Sixth Ed.,Molecular Probes(荧光探针与研究化合物手册,第六版,分子探针),Eugene,OR,pp.483-502,以及其中引用的文献)。例如,以示例性说明而不是限制的方式可以根据细胞中的累积量定量确定荧光探针二氯二荧光素二乙酸酯及其羧酸化的衍生物羧基二氯二荧光素二乙酸酯的氧化(参见例如Haugland,1996,supra),并且方法取决于活性氧的存在并与活性氧的存在成比例(也参见例如在线的荧光探针与研究化合物手册分子探针,网址为http://www.probes.com/handbook/toc.htnnl)。其它可用于检测自由基(例如ROS)产生的荧光可检测化合物包括,但不限于,二氢罗丹明和二氢罗丹明衍生物,顺-十八碳四烯酸、试卤灵衍生物、光泽精以及可以为本领域熟悉的已知任何其它合适的化合物。
因此,如上所述,自由基(例如ROS)介导的损伤可以使线粒体传递链(ETC)的一种或多种大量(myriad)蛋白质失活并且可以使氧化磷酸化作用和ATP产生的线粒体化学渗透机制解耦合。因此,所得的ROS指示可包括本领域公知的(参见例如美国专利第6,140,067号)改变线粒体功能的一种或多种指示。
ROS的其它可检测指示可以存在于从个体(例如具有、怀疑具有或处于由皮肤中ROS产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态的风险的人)得到的生物样本(例如皮肤外植体、活组织检测、原始培养物、细胞系或其它临床相关的包含细胞或组织的样本)中,并且所述生物样本包括皮肤成纤维细胞和/或角化细胞。这些指示包括公知的基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)基因族中一种或多种基因的改变的(例如以统计上显著的方式增加或减小的)表达的检测(例如Heppner等人,1996Am.J.Pathol.149:273)和公知的与细胞外信号相关的激酶(ERK)多肽ERK1或EPR2的改变的(例如以统计上显著的方式增加或减小的)磷酸化状态的检测(例如Seger等人,1995FASEB J.9:726;Pages等人,1999 Science 286:1374;Blume-Jensen等人,2001 Nature 411:355;Boulton等人,1990 Science 249:64;Boulton等人,1991 Cell 65:663;Ferrell等人,1997 J.Biol.Chem.272:19008),或者EPR通路分子组分的改变的磷酸化状态的检测(例如Dancey等人,2003 J.Nat.Rev.Drug.Dis.2:296;Grunwald等人,2003 J.Nat.Cane.Inst.95:851;Darnell,2002 Nat.Rev.Cane.2:740;Sebolt-Leopold,2000 Oncogene 19:6594)。
通过说明而不是限制的方式给出下列实施例。
实施例1
局部抗氧化剂制剂
混合标示的组分以制备用于治疗由皮肤中的ROS产生引起的皮肤疾病状态的局部抗氧化剂制剂乳膏剂。
表1.局部制剂:米托对苯二酚-C10-甲磺酸盐(0.05%w/v)乳膏剂
表2.局部制剂:米托对苯二酚-C10-甲磺酸盐(0.05%w/v)乳膏剂
实施例2
MitoQ10甲磺酸盐通过在体外皮肤老化模型中的人皮肤成纤维细胞抑制ROS和胶原酶产生
在体内光老化的人皮肤中,刺激胶原蛋白片断化和ROS产生的升高的胶原酶水平伴随着皮肤起皱纹。该实施例描述了皮肤胶原蛋白片断化的体外模型,其被创建并用于测试抗氧化剂化合物的效果。已经描述了制备三维细胞外基体(ECM)胶原蛋白网格,培养其皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞,用基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)处理这种细胞基体以及描述基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)对所述细胞影响的材料和方法(参见例如Pilcher等人,1997 J.Cell Biol.137:1445;Hotary等人,2000 J.Cell Biol.149:1309;Netzel-Arnett等人,2002 J.Biol.Chem.277:45154;Fisher等人,2002 Arch Dermatol.138:1462;Kang等人,2003 J.Invest.Dermatol.120:835;Xu等人,2006 Am J Pathol.169:823;Xu等人,2006 J Biol.Chem.281:27389)。
在三维胶原蛋白网格中培养人皮肤成纤维细胞,所述胶原蛋白网格模拟了真皮细胞外基体。在完整的胶原蛋白网格中,真皮成纤维细胞通过连接到胶原蛋白来扩散并产生较低水平的称为基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP1)的胶原蛋白。通过外因诱导的胶原酶(MMP1)使胶原蛋白网格片断化导致了成纤维细胞萎缩(即失去机械张力)并且还导致了成纤维细胞产生升高的基质金属蛋白酶-1水平。此外,胶原酶诱导的胶原蛋白片断化导致了成纤维细胞产生较高的ROS水平,其与在体内老年人皮肤(图1)中所观察到的相似。
在缺少或存在1nM MitoQ10甲磺酸盐(“MitoQ10”,[10-(4,5-二甲氧基-2-甲基-3,6-二氧代-1,4-环己二烯-1-基)癸基]三苯基鏻甲磺酸盐)的情况下,在胶原酶-片断化的三维胶原蛋白网格中培养人皮肤成纤维细胞,当MitoQ10存在时(图2),相对于对照,氧化剂(ROS)水平显著降低,正如通过将MMP1 mRNA定量和通过将MMP1蛋白质定量来评价的基质金属蛋白酶-1的表达水平(图3)。这些数据与当MitoQ10存在时的皮肤成纤维细胞氧化应激的降低一致,因而减少了MMP表达并由此减少了MMP催化的胶原蛋白片断化。
实施例3
MitoQ10甲磺酸盐抑制人角化细胞中的UV辐射诱导的ERK活化
紫外(UV)辐射导致了皮肤光老化并且已经报道了其可激活丝裂原活化蛋白(MAP)激酶信号转导通路(Fisher等人,1998 J.Clin.Invest.101:1432;Kang等人,2003 J.Invest.Dermatol.120:835)。虽然已经明白了ROS的作用(Xu等人,2006 Am.J.Pathol.169:823;Xu等人,2006 J.Biol.Chem.281:27389),但是这种通路中的表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的UV激活机制是未知的。该实施例描述了人角化细胞中的UV诱导的信号转导的体外模型。描述适用于进行这些实验的示例性材料和方法的出版物包括,例如Pilcher等人,1997 J.Cell Biol.137:1445;Hotary等人,2000 J.Cell Biol.149:1309;Netzel-Arnett等人,2002 J.Biol.Chem.277:45154;Fisher等人,2002 Arch Dermatol.138:1462;Kang等人,2003J.Invest.Dermatol.120:835;Xu等人,2006 Am J Pathol.169:823;Xu等人,2006 J Biol.Chem.281:27389。
正如通过相对于未处理的对照角化细胞,免疫沉淀反应中源自UV辐射的角化细胞的磷酸化ERK多肽的水平升高所证明的(图4),将培养的人角化细胞暴露于UV辐射激活了ERK MAP激酶。
还如图4所示,用标示浓度的MitoQ10甲磺酸盐预处理角化细胞基本上抑制了由随后的UV辐射引起的ERK MAP激酶的活化。图4(上板,左起第一和第二条线)显示了UV辐射提高了ERK1(上板的第一条线)和ERK2(上板的第二条线)的磷酸化作用。在UV辐射之前,用标示浓度的MitoQ10甲磺酸盐孵育的角化细胞显著降低了ERK1和ERK2的磷酸化作用。下板显示了通过暴露于UV辐射或通过暴露于MitoQ10都没有改变角化细胞中Erk1和Erk2的量。这些数据与在UV辐射过程中,当存在MitoQ10时,人角化细胞中UV诱导的氧化应激的降低一致。
能够将上述多种不同的实施方案组合以提供另外的实施方案。本说明书所引用的和/或在申请数据表中所列的所有美国专利、美国专利申请公开说明书、美国专利申请、外国专利、外国专利申请和非专利出版物都以引用的方式整体并入本文中。如果需要,能够修改实施方案的某些方面以采用各种不同专利、申请和出版物的概念来提供另外实施方案。
能够根据上面详细的说明对实施方案进行这些和其它改变。通常,在权利要求书中,所使用的术语不应该被理解为将权利要求限定到说明书和权利要求书中所公开的具体实施方案中,而是应该理解为除了与授权的权利要求书相等的全部范围外还包括所有可能的实施方案。因此,本权利要求书不受公开内容的限制。
Claims (40)
1.治疗由个体皮肤中活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态的方法,所述方法包括:
将局部制剂施用于皮肤,所述局部制剂包含:
(a)抗氧化剂化合物,其包含:
(i)通过连接部分连接到抗氧化剂部分的亲脂阳离子部分,和
(ii)用于所述阳离子部分的阴离子补偿物,以及
(b)用于局部使用的药物赋形剂或载体,
其中所述制剂将治疗有效量的所述抗氧化剂化合物递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞并且所述阳离子部分能够使所述抗氧化剂部分靶向线粒体,并且
其中所述阴离子补体为药物可接受的阴离子,其不是溴离子或硝酸根阴离子并且不表现出对所述抗氧化剂部分、所述阳离子部分或所述连接部分的反应活性,并由此治疗所述由皮肤中活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂部分包含至少一种选自以下的抗氧化剂部分:
(i)醌或对苯二酚,
(ii)维生素E或维生素E衍生物,
(iii)抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸衍生物,
(iv)α-硫辛酸或其衍生物,
(v)断链抗氧化剂,
(vi)衍生的富勒烯,
(vii)自旋补截剂,
(viii)抗氧化剂部分,其选自丁基化的羟基苯甲醚、丁基化的羟基甲苯、5,5-二甲基吡咯啉-N-氧化物、叔丁基亚硝基苯、叔亚硝基苯和α-苯基叔丁基硝酮,以及
(ix)N-乙酰基半胱氨酸。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述局部制剂还包含视黄酸。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂化合物能够改变(i)人皮肤成纤维细胞中活性氧的可检测指示,以及(ii)人皮肤角化细胞中活性氧的可检测指示。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述亲脂阳离子部分为三苯基鏻阳离子。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述药物可接受的阴离子不是卤离子。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述药物可接受的阴离子不是亲核的。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述药物可接受的阴离子为烷基磺酸盐。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述药物可接受的阴离子选自甲磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐和2-萘磺酸盐。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述药物可接受的阴离子为甲磺酸盐。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中Z选自烷基磺酸盐、芳基磺酸盐和硝酸盐。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中(C)n的C是饱和的。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述药物赋形剂或载体包括环糊精。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂化合物和环糊精以化合物对环糊精的摩尔比为约10∶1至约1∶10存在。
18.如权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂化合物和环糊精以选自以下的化合物对环糊精的摩尔比存在:(i)约5∶1至约1∶5,(ii)约4∶1至约1∶4,(iii)约2∶1至约1∶2,(iv)约1∶1和(v)约1∶2。
19.如权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述环糊精为β-环糊精。
20.如权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂化合物和环糊精以化合物对环糊精的摩尔比为约1∶2存在。
21.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态,其特征在于改变(i)人皮肤成纤维细胞中活性氧的可检测指示和(ii)人皮肤角化细胞中活性氧的可检测指示中的至少一种。
22.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态,其特征在于改变(i)人皮肤成纤维细胞中活性氧的可检测指示和(ii)人皮肤角化细胞中活性氧的可检测指示。
23.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态为与年龄相关的皮肤损伤。
24.如权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述与年龄相关的皮肤损伤包括皮肤光老化。
25.如权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述皮肤光老化包括起皱纹、疤痕组织沉积、改变的皮肤弹性、改变的皮肤颜色、改变的皮肤肌理、改变的皮肤厚度、血管瘤、毛细管扩张、晒伤、干燥、发痒、瘤形成以及癌症前期生长中的一种或多种。
26.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态包括皮肤感染。
27.如权利要求26所述的方法,其中所述皮肤感染包括细菌感染、病毒感染、寄生虫感染以及真菌感染中的至少一种。
28.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态包括痤疮、淀粉样变、良性皮肤瘤、水疱或溃疡、大疱性疾病、皮肤癌、皮炎、湿疹、炎症、鱼鳞癣、昆虫咬伤或昆虫蛰伤、毛发角化病、瘙痒症、银屑病、鳞屑病、皮疹、白癜风和汗腺病症中的一种或多种。
29.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂化合物能够改变(i)人皮肤成纤维细胞中活性氧的至少一种可检测指示,其选自活性氧产生、基质金属蛋白酶表达和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)磷酸化状态,以及(ii)人皮肤角化细胞中活性氧的至少一种可检测指示,其选自活性氧产生、基质金属蛋白酶表达和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)磷酸化状态。
30.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中由活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态包括选自由激光手术、放射治疗、晒伤、蔷薇科植物、烧伤或脓毒症引起的红斑、皮肤发红和炎症中的一种或多种疾病状态。
31.促进个体皮肤的局部伤口愈合的方法,所述方法包括:
将局部制剂施用于皮肤,所述局部制剂包含
(a)抗氧化剂化合物,其包含
(i)通过连接部分连接到抗氧化剂部分的亲脂阳离子部分,和
(ii)用于所述阳离子部分的阴离子补体,以及
(b)用于局部使用的药物赋形剂或载体,
其中所述制剂将治疗有效量的所述抗氧化剂化合物递送至皮肤成纤维细胞和角化细胞并且所述阳离子部分能够使所述抗氧化剂部分靶向线粒体,并且
其中所述阴离子补体为药物可接受的阴离子,其不为溴离子或硝酸根阴离子并且不表现出对所述抗氧化剂部分、所述阳离子部分或所述连接部分的反应活性,并由此治疗所述由皮肤中活性氧的产生所引起的皮肤疾病状态。
32.如权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂部分包含至少一种抗氧化剂部分,其选自:
(i)醌或对苯二酚,
(ii)维生素E或维生素E衍生物,
(iii)抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸衍生物,
(iv)α-硫辛酸或其衍生物,
(v)断链式抗氧化剂,
(vi)衍生的富勒烯,
(vii)自旋补截剂,
(viii)抗氧化剂部分,其选自丁基化的羟基苯甲醚、丁基化的羟基甲苯、5,5-二甲基吡咯啉-N-氧化物、叔丁基亚硝基苯、叔亚硝基苯和α-苯基叔丁基硝酮,以及
(ix)N-乙酰基半胱氨酸。
33.如权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述局部制剂还包含视黄酸。
34.如权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂化合物能够改变(i)人皮肤成纤维细胞中的活性氧的可检测指示,以及(ii)人皮肤角化细胞中的活性氧的可检测指示。
35.如权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述亲脂阳离子部分为三苯基鏻阳离子。
36.如权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述药物可接受的阴离子不是卤离子。
37.如权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述药物可接受的阴离子不是亲核的。
38.如权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述药物可接受的阴离子为烷基磺酸盐。
39.如权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述药物可接受的阴离子选自甲磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐和2-萘磺酸盐。
40.如权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述药物可接受的阴离子为甲磺酸盐。
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- 2009-03-24 SG SG2013023155A patent/SG189714A1/en unknown
- 2009-03-24 RU RU2010143806/15A patent/RU2517594C2/ru active
- 2009-03-24 KR KR1020167028145A patent/KR20160121610A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 2009-03-24 KR KR1020107024465A patent/KR101715631B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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