CN101977684B - 含贵金属的负载催化剂在氧化脱氢中的用途 - Google Patents
含贵金属的负载催化剂在氧化脱氢中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101977684B CN101977684B CN2009801097552A CN200980109755A CN101977684B CN 101977684 B CN101977684 B CN 101977684B CN 2009801097552 A CN2009801097552 A CN 2009801097552A CN 200980109755 A CN200980109755 A CN 200980109755A CN 101977684 B CN101977684 B CN 101977684B
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- catalyst
- silver
- silver compound
- microsolubility
- precious metal
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Classifications
-
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Abstract
本发明涉及含贵金属的负载催化剂在制备烯属不饱和羰基化合物中的用途,其中所述催化剂通过将难溶性贵金属化合物从悬浮液或溶液施加到载体上并随后进行热处理而获得。
Description
本申请要求DE 10 2008 014 910.1的优先权。将整个优先权文档引入本公开作为参考。
本发明涉及负载贵金属催化剂在通过氧化脱氢从烯属不饱和醇制备烯属不饱和羰基化合物中的用途,并涉及相应的负载贵金属催化剂。
更具体地,本发明涉及可通过特定方法获得的负载贵金属催化剂在从3-甲基丁-3-烯-1-醇制备3-甲基丁-2-烯-1-醛中的用途。
在合适催化剂上通过氧化脱氢制备α,β-不饱和羰基化合物对本领域技术人员已知并在文献中被描述了许多次。
DE-B-20 20 865因此描述了一种制备α,β-不饱和羰基化合物的方法,其中根据说明书采用的脱氢催化剂可以是合金和金属化合物,特别是过渡金属族元素的一些金属氧化物。该文献此外说明可采用纯催化剂形式,例如含或不含载体物质的混合催化剂形式。提到的尤其合适的催化剂是氧化锌、一氧化镉和氧化镁以及由金属Cu、Ag和/或Zn组成的混合催化剂。关于催化剂的制备,该文献中无进一步的信息。
EP-A 881 206描述了在管束反应器中连续的工业制备不饱和脂族醛的方法。对该方法提到的优选催化剂是由惰性载体球组成的负载银催化剂,该惰性载体球用基于载体量为0.1-20重量%的金属银层以平滑的抗磨性壳的形式涂覆。另外,应优选保持涂层催化剂球的最大直径与反应管内径的特定比。
DE-A 27 15 209公开了一种制备3-烷基丁烯-1-醛的方法,其中采用具有总层厚为5-35mm和2或更多层的银和/或铜晶体的催化剂。具有多个贵金属层的催化剂的制备是相对复杂的。
EP-A 357 292公开了一种制备环氧乙烷的方法。该方法采用的催化剂是银催化剂,其中将银施加到具有特定BET比表面积的多孔耐热载体上。根据该文献中的信息,可以以银或氧化银在液体介质如水中的悬浮液或通过用银化合物溶液浸渍载体而将银施加到载体上。随后通过热处理将该银化合物还原为元素银。该文献中无关于如此制备的负载银催化剂在制备烯属不饱和羰基化合物中的可能用途的信息。
还通过俗名异戊烯醛(prenal)已知的3-甲基丁-2-烯-1-醛是柠檬醛的重要前体,柠檬醛反过来是多数化学合成的重要产物。文献中描述的用于制备异戊烯醛(3-甲基丁-2-烯-1-醛)的催化剂是通过相对复杂的方法并在需要全面改进的制备条件下制备的。因此需要获得用于从异戊烯醇(isoprenol)(3-甲基丁-3-烯-1-醇)合成异戊烯醛的负载贵金属催化剂,其可以以简单的方式获得且其也可简单地通过加入作为助催化剂起作用的化合物就其选择性进行控制。
该目的根据本发明通过负载贵金属催化剂在通过氧化脱氢从烯属不饱和醇制备烯属不饱和羰基化合物中的用途实现,所述催化剂通过将络合的微溶性贵金属化合物,任选以与作为助催化剂起作用的添加剂的混合物形式,从悬浮液或溶液施加到载体材料上,并随后在100-400℃的温度下热处理该步获得的产物5分钟到5小时而得到。
本发明进一步涉及一种制备用于烯属不饱和醇氧化脱氢的负载贵金属催化剂的方法,其中将络合的微溶性贵金属化合物,任选以与作为助催化剂起作用的添加剂的混合物形式,从悬浮液或溶液施加到载体材料上,并然后在100-400℃的温度下热处理如此获得的产物5分钟到5小时,其通过还原由贵金属化合物形成元素贵金属。
本发明最后涉及负载贵金属催化剂,其通过将络合的微溶性贵金属化合物,任选以与作为助催化剂起作用的添加剂的混合物形式,从悬浮液或溶液施加到载体材料上,并随后在100-400℃的温度下热处理该步获得的产物5分钟到5小时而获得,所述催化剂具有不大于1000mΩ*m(毫欧姆米),优选不大于500mΩ*m(毫欧姆米),更优选不大于100mΩ*m(毫欧姆米)的电阻率。
在测试电池中测定电阻率,该电池基体由不锈钢组成且该电池套由绝缘塑料组成(内径10mm,高32cm,催化剂体积约25ml)。引入催化剂并稍微摇动以获得均匀的催化剂床。此后,将不锈钢柱塞放于催化剂床上。在该测试设备中,柱塞和基体用作电极。为测量电阻率,将电流测量单元与样本串联连接并使用电源将电压设定为10mV-5V。记录相应的电流并计算电阻率。在大气压、22-25℃的温度和最大50%的空气湿度下进行测量。
可从从属权利要求和下文描述以及实施例中得知优选的实施方案。
在本发明用途中采用负载贵金属催化剂,其可通过将络合的微溶性贵金属化合物,任选以与作为助催化剂起作用的添加剂的混合物形式,从悬浮液或溶液施加到载体材料上而获得。
优选采用贵金属Cu、Au、Ag、Pd、Pt、Rh、Ru、Ir或Os和任选W的化合物或其混合物。采用的贵金属化合物更优选Cu和Ag的化合物或其混合物。非常尤其优选采用银化合物。
在使用混合物的情况中混合比率不受任何具体限制。
贵金属化合物存在于悬浮液或溶液中,从其将贵金属化合物以络合的形式施加到载体材料上,优选按贵金属计算的比例为0.5-50重量%,优选1-40重量%,更优选5-35重量%。
原则上,所述贵金属的合适化合物是所有在25℃的温度和pH 7下在水溶液中的溶解度小于5.0g/l,更优选小于1g/l,更优选小于0.5g/l的那些。这里仅通过举例的方式提到的银的化合物是草酸银,饱和或不饱和单羧酸如甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸的银盐或苯甲酸盐或水杨酸盐。另外合适的是饱和或不饱和二羧酸如富马酸或马来酸的化合物或饱和或不饱和三羧酸如柠檬酸及其盐的化合物。如上所述,合适的化合物原则上是所有微溶性贵金属化合物并且应该理解上述列举仅作为示意性列举。
在本发明用途中,将微溶性贵金属化合物以固体形式与络合剂或络合剂溶液接触。络合剂优选包括含胺基、羟基和羧基的烃,更优选具有相对低分子量的螯合化合物。
这种络合剂的实例包括氨、乙二胺、单烷基乙二胺、二烷基乙二胺、三烷基乙二胺、四烷基乙二胺、未取代的单乙醇胺和二乙醇胺或取代的单乙醇胺和二乙醇胺以及三乙醇胺。这些化合物可额外在烷基上具有进一步取代。
进一步合适的络合剂还有氨基酸及其盐以及原则上具有一个或多个通式R-O-R1或N(R,R1,R2)(其中R=脂族或芳族基团;R1、R2=H、脂族或芳族基团)的氨基、羟基或醚官能度的组合的环状化合物和无环化合物,如多元醇(乙二醇、丙三醇、聚乙二醇(PEG))以及氧代、氮杂或硫代大环。
在尤其优选的用途中采用的微溶性盐是草酸盐,尤其是草酸银。
将微溶性贵金属化合物以固体形式与络合剂或络合剂溶液接触,其形成微溶性贵金属化合物的络合溶液或悬浮液。
可将适合作为助催化剂的其他添加剂加入微溶性贵金属化合物的这种溶液或悬浮液中。这里仅通过举例方式提到的是碱金属、碱土金属和过渡金属(如Li、Rb、Cs、Ca、Mg、V、Co、Ni、Ir或Re),它们例如可以以卤化物(氟化物、氯化物)、羧酸盐或硝酸盐的形式或以含硫阴离子如硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐或硫化物的形式使用。同样合适的是磷酸盐、氰酸盐和氢氧化物以及碳酸盐或其混合物。最后也可采用杂多酸的阴离子,尤其是周期表第六和第七过渡族元素(符号根据1985年的IUPAC提案)的杂多酸的阴离子。
在本发明用途中,可将络合的贵金属化合物从可能任选包含如上文详细描述的助催化剂的溶液或悬浮液施加到合适的载体材料上。
合适的载体材料对本领域技术人员是本身已知的并在文献中被描述,这里参考文献的进一步细节。
在本发明优选的构型中,载体材料具有最小孔隙率并具有不大于0.1m2/g的BET表面积。
在本发明优选的构型中,载体材料为球形并具有1.3-2.5mm的平均直径。
优选的载体材料是滑石、氧化铝或硅铝酸盐。
在一些情况中,发现水滑石也是合适的。
水滑石通常理解为是指具有化学式[M(II)1-xM(III)x(OH)2]X+[An/x]n-*mH2O的层状材料。在该式中M(II)是二价金属,M(III)是三价金属,A是晶格内存在的(intercollated)阴离子,m是存在的(intercollated)水分子数目且x是M(II)/[M(II)+M(III)]的摩尔比。典型的x在0.2-0.33之间,其对应的M(II)和M(III)的摩尔比是2-4。这里二价金属的实例包括Mg、Fe、Ni、Co、Zn和Mn;三价金属的实例包括Al、Ga、In、Co和Mn。同时存在不同摩尔比的多种二价或三价金属的可能性增加了合适水滑石的结构多样性。
这里仅通过举例方式提到的水滑石族矿物是水镁铝石(manasseites)、碳酸镁铁矿(pyroaurite)、水镁铁矿碳酸镁铬矿(stichtite)、水镁铬矿(barbertonite)、水碳锰镁石(desautelsite)、透镁铝石(meixnerite)或水铝镍石(takovite),其在文献中被描述且其组成对本领域技术人员已知。优选的水滑石具有Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16*4H2O的组成。
尤其优选的载体材料是滑石,一种基于天然原料的陶瓷材料,其由主要组分皂石(Mg(Si4O10)(OH)2)—一种天然硅酸镁组成。此外,可能存在粘土和长石或碳酸钡的掺杂。
在将微溶性贵金属化合物(任选加入助催化剂)从悬浮液或溶液施加到载体材料上后,在100-400℃,优选120-360℃,更优选150-340℃的温度下进行热处理。这进行5分钟到5小时,优选5分钟到3小时,更优选10分钟到1小时。
该热处理由在载体材料表面上的贵金属化合物形成贵金属本身,其然后组成负载催化剂的活性种类。
基于载体材料以重量%计的贵金属含量在热处理后通常为0.2-25重量%,优选0.5-20重量%,更优选1-15重量%。
在一些情况中,在微溶性贵金属化合物与络合剂组合时发现采用现场制备的贵金属化合物是有利的。下文以制备微溶性银化合物为例描述该方法的变体。
为制备微溶性贵金属化合物,可采用这些贵金属的任何所需盐,例如在银的情况中采用硝酸银或其他银盐如硫酸银、氟化银、三氟甲磺酸银、高氯酸银或三聚氰银(tricyanoargentate)或三聚氰银化合物。
另外合适的是银原料如氯化银、溴化银或碘化银、亚硫酸银或碳酸银,它们可通过用酸如氟化氢、硝酸或硫酸适当处理而制成溶液。
然后可将这些贵金属化合物的盐溶液与沉淀剂以溶解的形式合并,以沉淀微溶性银化合物。在该情况中,可以将沉淀剂加入银溶液中,或者可以将银盐溶液加入沉淀剂中。另外,可采用固态或液态以及稀释或未稀释的沉淀剂。
在银的情况中采用的优选沉淀剂可以是特别优选的草酸或其盐,饱和或不饱和单羧酸如甲酸或其盐、乙酸或其盐、丙酸或其盐、丁酸或其盐或乳酸或其盐。
同样合适的是苯甲酸和苯甲酸盐以及水杨酸及其盐。另外这里应该提到饱和或不饱和二羧酸,例如富马酸及其盐(富马酸盐)以及马来酸及其盐(马来酸盐)。最后应该提到饱和或不饱和三羧酸如柠檬酸及其盐。
在上文通过以银为例描述的方法沉淀微溶性贵金属化合物后,可将微溶性贵金属化合物通过过滤从溶液中分离,过滤采用吸滤器或其他合适方法,并此后立即与络合剂接触。该方法在处理时具有某些不稳定性或港口风险的微溶性贵金属化合物的情况中是有利的。在优选使用草酸银作为本发明用途中微溶性贵金属化合物的情况中,特别优选预先现场制备草酸盐。
根据本发明尤其有利的是可以采用通过上述方法获得的负载贵金属催化剂来从3-甲基丁-3-烯-1-醇制备3-甲基丁-2-烯-1-醛。该产物也可通过俗名异戊烯醛已知且反应物通过俗名异戊烯醇已知。
在这尤其优选用途的情况中,反应优选在管束反应器中进行,例如如EP-A 881 206所述。这里反应器结构的进一步细节参考该EP-A 881 206和EP-A 244 632。
借助可如上所述获得的负载贵金属催化剂的本发明用途,可在温和热条件下以良好产率和良好选择性从异戊烯醇获得异戊烯醛。用可如上所述获得的负载贵金属催化剂转化异戊烯醇形成了3-甲基丁-3-烯-1-醇与3-甲基丁-2-烯-1-醛的反应混合物。然后使所述前一异构体在随后的步骤中在碱催化下异构化给出所需的3-甲基丁-2-烯-1-醛。
在后处理反应混合物的第一步中通过蒸馏将所需反应产物与未反应的反应物分离。为了能够以经济有利的方式进行该蒸馏,有利地采用由70%3-甲基丁-3-烯-1-醇与30%3-甲基丁-2-烯-1-醛组成的共沸物。后者如上所述是热力学有利的产物。
在可如上所述获得的负载贵金属催化剂的本发明用途中,可在更低温度下以良好产率和良好选择性从异戊烯醇制备异戊烯醛。
下列实施例说明了本发明用途的优点。
实施例1(现有技术)
通过采用乙炔焰的火焰喷涂法(例如如Army Engineering Manual EM1110-2-3401所述)用银涂覆具有1.8-2.2mm直径的滑石球(生产商:CeramTec)。涂覆步骤后催化剂的银加载量是6重量%。如此获得的催化剂在由具有内径13mm和长度150mm的沙浴加热的石英玻璃管式反应器组成的测试装置中测试。为此将床高100mm的催化剂装入反应器中。将110g汽化异戊烯醇和每小时50l(STP)[l(STP)=标准升,标准状态下一升的体积]的空气以气态通过该催化剂床。
图1显示的是作为异戊烯醇转化率函数的选择性,且图2是作为温度函数的异戊烯醇转化率。
实施例2
通过施加草酸银的乙二胺络合溶液将具有1.5-1.8mm直径的滑石球(生产商:Ceram Tec)湿润。如此用银溶液湿润的滑石球随后在280℃空气流中处理12分钟。如此获得的催化剂的电阻率是5mΩ*m。
在实施例1的测试体系中测试如此获得的催化剂的催化作用。采用与实施例1相同的床高以及相同的异戊烯醇和空气通过量。
图1和图2比较了根据实施例1和实施例2的作为异戊烯醇转化率函数的选择性和作为反应温度函数的异戊烯醇转化率。
从图1和图2中清楚看出,与实施例1的催化剂相比,实施例2实现了在选择性和活性方面改进的催化效率。
Claims (7)
1.通过如下步骤获得的负载银催化剂在通过氧化脱氢从烯属不饱和醇制备烯属不饱和羰基化合物中的用途:
a)将络合的微溶性银化合物从悬浮液或溶液施加到载体材料上,
b)随后在100-400℃的温度下热处理步骤a)获得的产物5分钟到5小时,其中络合剂为含胺基、羟基和羧基的烃,氨或氧代、氮杂或硫代大环,以及
所用微溶性银化合物是在25℃的温度和pH 7下在水溶液中的溶解度小于5.0g/l的那些。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,其中以与作为助催化剂起作用的添加剂的混合物施加银化合物。
3.根据权利要求1或2的用途,其中从3-甲基丁-3-烯-1-醇制备3-甲基丁-2-烯-1-醛。
4.一种制备用于烯属不饱和醇氧化脱氢的负载银催化剂的方法,其包括:
a)将络合的微溶性银化合物从悬浮液或溶液施加到载体材料上,并然后
b)在100-400℃的温度下热处理步骤a)获得的产物5分钟到5小时,其通过还原由银化合物形成元素贵金属,
其中络合剂为含胺基、羟基和羧基的烃,氨或氧代、氮杂或硫代大环,以及
所用微溶性银化合物是在25℃的温度和pH 7下在水溶液中的溶解度小于5.0g/l的那些,所述载体材料是滑石。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其中以与作为助催化剂起作用的添加剂的混合物施加银化合物。
6.一种通过如下步骤获得的电阻率不大于1000mΩ*m的负载银催化剂:
a)将络合的微溶性银化合物从悬浮液或溶液施加到载体材料上,
b)随后在100-400℃的温度下热处理步骤a)获得的产物5分钟到5小时,其中络合剂为含胺基、羟基和羧基的烃,氨或氧代、氮杂或硫代大环,以及
所用微溶性银化合物是在25℃的温度和pH 7下在水溶液中的溶解度小于5.0g/l的那些,所述载体材料是滑石。
7.根据权利要求6的负载银催化剂,其中以与作为助催化剂起作用的添加剂的混合物施加银化合物。
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CN103285906B (zh) * | 2012-02-29 | 2015-06-24 | 北京安耐吉能源工程技术有限公司 | 脱氢催化剂及其制备方法和应用以及环己醇脱氢制备环己酮的方法 |
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CN104507575A (zh) * | 2012-08-01 | 2015-04-08 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 用于氧化脱氢或环氧化的负载型含贵金属催化剂 |
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CN103980241B (zh) * | 2014-04-23 | 2015-10-21 | 迈奇化学股份有限公司 | 一种δ-戊内酯的生产方法 |
CN109422632B (zh) * | 2017-08-28 | 2021-11-09 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种催化氧化异戊烯醇制异戊烯醛的方法 |
CN107812531B (zh) * | 2017-10-19 | 2020-06-16 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种烯属不饱和醇制备烯属不饱和醛的催化剂、其制备方法及其用途 |
CN108014797B (zh) * | 2017-12-08 | 2020-08-28 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种用于不饱和多碳醇氧化的负载型银单原子催化剂及其制备方法 |
CN108452799B (zh) * | 2018-05-10 | 2021-06-22 | 北京化工大学 | 一种负载型银催化剂的制备方法及其催化苯甲醇无氧脱氢制苯甲醛的应用 |
CN113015574A (zh) | 2018-11-13 | 2021-06-22 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 包含银催化剂体的催化剂床和烯属不饱和醇的氧化脱氢方法 |
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