CN101834292B - 一种表面复合的层状锂锰镍氧化物正极材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种表面复合的层状锂锰镍氧化物正极材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN101834292B
CN101834292B CN2010101599572A CN201010159957A CN101834292B CN 101834292 B CN101834292 B CN 101834292B CN 2010101599572 A CN2010101599572 A CN 2010101599572A CN 201010159957 A CN201010159957 A CN 201010159957A CN 101834292 B CN101834292 B CN 101834292B
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lithium nickel
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lamellar lithium
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连芳
陈志伟
徐利华
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Hunan Jinfuli New Energy Co ltd
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Abstract

一种表面复合的层状锂锰镍氧化物正极材料及其制备方法,属于锂离子电池用电极材料制备的技术领域。本发明的特征在于α-LiFeO2对层状锂锰镍氧化物的表面进行复合,α-LiFeO2与层状锂锰镍氧化物的摩尔比为γ∶(1-γ)(其中γ=3.2-10%),层状锂锰镍氧化物的通式为Li1+xMnyNi1-x-yO2(0≤x≤0.5和0≤y≤1);并且在制备中α-LiFeO2的低温合成以及与材料的表面复合同步完成。该材料具有明显优于层状锂锰镍氧化物正极材料的库仑效率,优异的循环稳定性、化学稳定性和低廉的原材料价格。该制备方法操作简单、重复性好、生产成本低。

Description

一种表面复合的层状锂锰镍氧化物正极材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于锂离子电池电极材料制备的技术领域,特别涉及一种层状锂锰镍氧化物表面复合α-铁酸锂的正极材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
二次锂离子电池正极材料是Li+的唯一来源,是提高可逆存储锂量,提高电池使用寿命的关键。具有层状结构的锂锰镍氧化物通式为Li1+xMnyNi1-x-yO2,(其中0≤x≤0.5和0≤y≤1),具有以下突出的优点:
(I)锰的原材料资源丰富、占据价格优势;
(II)按照一个电子发生充放电反应的标准进行计算,层状结构Li1+xMnyNi1-x-yO2,的理论容量是尖晶石LiMn2O4(理论容量148mAh/g)的二倍,也比LiFePO4材料(理论容量170mAh/g)的高。
(III)电化学过程为扩散控制,Li+在材料的层状结构中的扩散比在尖晶石(如LiMn2O4)和橄榄石结构(LiFePO4)中的大2~3个数量级(约10-9-10-11cm2/s)。
层状锂锰镍氧化物作为锂离子电池候选正极材料,其研究与制备技术已经公开。加拿大锂离子电池专家J.R.Dahn首先报道了Ni替代部分Mn的LiNi1-yMnyO2(0<y≤1/2)材料,在专利PCT/GB99/02858中提出了LiMn1-xQxO2,其中x<0.5,Q由Ni扩展到了所有过渡金属离子。专利Ep1130665公开了Fe,Al,Ca,In Ta,Ti,Zr,Ce,Cr等掺杂的Li1-xMn1-yMyO2-δ材料。目前,国内对层状锰基材料的研究也比较集中,专利CN1244172C制备了用Mg和Sr掺杂改性LiMnO2材料。专利PCT-WO141238申请保护了LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2材料,专利ZL200610114321.X提出了提高LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2材料性能的制备方法。
Ilion在专利EP1189296A2中设计了Li1+x(Mn1-uNiu)1-yCoyO2(u≈0.5,y<1/3,x>0)材料,Sony公司提出了Li(Ni1/2Mn1/2)1-xCoxO2(专利USP6040090)。中科院上海微系统与信息技术研究所申请了LiCoxNiyMn1-x-yO2材料的专利保护(CN100342570C)。申请人在专利ZL200610114206.2提出了Li[NixLi1/3-2x/3Mn2/3-x/3]O2(0<x≤1/4)材料及其制备方法。
目前电动汽车、储能等领域对大型锂离子电池的需求,对锂离子电池电极材料的使用寿命和安全性提出了更高的要求。针对于此,层状结构的锂离子电池正极材料的充放电库仑效率、循环稳定性和热稳定性等有待进一步提高。除此之外,使用无毒、资源丰富的原材料和简单易实现的工艺方法可以有效降低锂离子电池成本,解决锂离子电池推广应用的价格瓶颈问题。
α-LiFeO2作为正极材料的研究可追溯到十几年前,因为以下弊端目前还没有得以应用:首先,LiFeO2存在多种晶体形态,如α-,β-,β’-,β”-和γ-LiFeO2,其电化学性能取决于材料的晶型。其中α-LiFeO2具有一定的电化学活性,但其容量随循环衰减非常严重。第二,该材料中Fe3+所形成的Fe4+/F3+的氧化还原对的电位过高,Fe2+/Fe3+电位过低,偏离了锂离子电池的工作电压范围。第三,α-LiFeO2材料随电池循环若发生部分溶解,进入电解液的Fe离子会沉积在隔膜上或在负极表面还原,带来隔膜穿透、电池短路的潜在危险。
因此,开发新型正极材料、改善工艺制度,提高电化学性能、延长使用寿命是促进新一代锂离子电池推广应用的重要途径,同时该技术应满足工艺简单、操作重复性好、生产成本低。
发明内容
本发明目的是巧妙采用α-LiFeO2与层状锂锰镍氧化物表面复合,解决层状锂锰镍氧化物应用中存在的问题,同时避免了α-LiFeO2作为正极材料的缺点,组成了锂离子电池新型正极材料。
一种表面复合的层状锂锰镍氧化物正极材料,其特征在于:α-LiFeO2对层状锂锰镍氧化物进行表面复合,α-LiFeO2与层状锂锰镍氧化物的摩尔比为γ∶(1-γ),其中γ=3.2-10%;层状锂锰镍氧化物的通式为Li1+xMnyNi1-x-yO2,其中0≤x≤0.5和0≤y≤1。
表面复合的层状锂锰镍氧化物正极材料制备步骤为:
(1)将碱式氧化铁FeOOH,LiOH·H2O和LiNO3按照摩尔比为FeOOH∶LiOH·H2O=1∶4,LiOH·H2O∶LiNO3=1∶1的比例,溶解于去离子水中配成溶液;
(2)将以上溶液置于60℃水浴中,磁力搅拌,按照碱式氧化铁与锂锰镍氧化物的摩尔比为γ∶(1-γ),其中γ=3.2-10%的比例加入层状锂锰镍氧化物粉末,继续搅拌,直至溶剂挥发、溶液浓缩到搅拌不动为止;
(3)产物80℃真空干燥≥8h,再置于马弗炉中在250-300℃和氧气气氛下保温3-5h,随炉降温;
(4)热处理后的粉末用去离子水洗涤三次,真空干燥≥12h,得到层状锂锰镍氧化物表面复合α-LiFeO2的正极材料。
通过本发明的方法合成的层状锂锰镍氧化物表面复合α-LiFeO2材料的颗粒粒度为0.1-1μm具有优异的电化学性能,α-LiFeO2表面复合使层状锂锰镍氧化物基体颗粒形状和粒度的改变不大于20%,颗粒形貌和颗粒尺寸主要由基体材料控制。
首先,层状锂锰镍氧化物表面复合α-LiFeO2的材料未发生Fe3+向电解质中溶解的现象。本发明的材料作为正极材料与金属锂组装半电池循环后,电感耦合等离子光谱发生仪(Inductive Coupled PlasmaEmission Spectrometer,ICP)的分析结果表明电解液中的Fe≤0.05mg/kg。第二,α-LiFeO2表面复合减缓了基体材料Ni,Mn离子的溶解,克服了高镍含量正极材料的稳定性不佳造成的电池胀气问题,提高了电池的使用安全性。第三,同为层状结构的α-LiFeO2在锂锰镍氧化物的表面发生了部分固溶,提高了基体材料的结构稳定性和化学稳定性。第四,层状锂锰镍氧化物作为基体材料,其氧化还原电位符合电池应用要求。表面复合的LiFeO2相是低温合成的纳米α-LiFeO2,同时为材料提供了锂离子扩散通道,改善了锂锰镍氧化物材料的离子扩散动力学条件,降低了循环过程中的极化。因此本发明提出的α-LiFeO2对层状锂锰镍氧化物表面复合的正极材料并不是两种材料的简单加合,通过材料表面复合的设计裁减,α-LiFeO2与层状锂锰镍氧化物取长补短、克服了各自的问题,本发明的新型正极材料呈现出更高的库仑效率和可逆容量,而且原材料成本低廉。
该材料与层状锂锰镍氧化物相比,具有更高的库仑效率和可逆容量,优异的循环稳定性和化学稳定性,并且制备方法操作简单,重现性好,无污染。
附图说明
下面结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细地描述。
图1为实施例1合成的Li1.05Ni0.45Mn0.5O2表面复合8mol%α-LiFeO2的材料与Li1.05Ni0.45Mn0.5O2的XRD对比图。
图2为实施例1合成的Li1.05Ni0.45Mn0.5O2表面复合8mol%α-LiFeO2的材料与Li1.05Ni0.45Mn0.5O2组装半电池的循环性能对比图,本发明提出的材料具有更高的可逆容量和库仑效率。
图3为实施例2合成的LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2表面复合5mol%α-LiFeO2材料组装电池充电至4.8V,恒压保持3小时后,将材料(含电解质)分离,DSC的分析结果。本发明提出材料的热稳定性得到改善。
图4为实施例3合成的Li1.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2表面复合10mol%α-LiFeO2材料与作为空白样的α-LiFeO2单相材料的XRD对比图。
图5为实施例3合成的Li1.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2表面复合10mol%α-LiFeO2材料的显微形貌图。
图6为与实施例3合成的Li1.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2表面复合10mol%α-LiFeO2材料作为对比的Li1.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2基体材料的SEM图。本发明提出材料的颗粒粒度取决于层状锂锰镍氧化物基体,α-LiFeO2的表面复合使材料颗粒形状和粒度的改变不大于20%。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步描述,但不局限于下列实施例。
实施例1:
(1)将碱式氧化铁FeOOH,LiOH·H2O和LiNO3按照摩尔比为FeOOH∶LiOH·H2O=1∶4,LiOH·H2O∶LiNO3=1∶1的比例,溶解于去离子水中配成溶液;
(2)将以上溶液置于60℃水浴中,磁力搅拌,按照碱式氧化铁与Li1.05Ni0.45Mn0.5O2摩尔比为8∶92加入平均粒径为300nm的Li1.05Ni0.45Mn0.5O2粉末,继续搅拌,直至溶剂挥发、溶液浓缩到搅拌不动为止;
(3)产物80℃真空干燥12h,再置于马弗炉中在280℃、氧气气氛下保温3h,随炉降温;
(4)热处理后的粉末用去离子水洗涤三次,真空干燥15h,得到Li1.05Ni0.45Mn0.5O2表面复合8mol%α-LiFeO2的粉末。
实施例2:
(1)将碱式氧化铁FeOOH,LiOH·H2O和LiNO3按照摩尔比为FeOOH∶LiOH·H2O=1∶4,LiOH·H2O∶LiNO3=1∶1的比例,溶解于去离子水中配成溶液;
(2)将以上溶液置于60℃水浴中,磁力搅拌,按照碱式氧化铁与LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2摩尔比为5∶95加入平均粒径为350nm的LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2粉末,继续搅拌,直至溶剂挥发、溶液浓缩到搅拌不动为止;
(3)产物80℃真空干燥10h,再置于马弗炉中在300℃、氧气气氛下保温3h,随炉降温;
(4)热处理后的粉末用去离子水洗涤三次,真空干燥12h,得到5mol%α-LiFeO2表面复合LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2粉末。
表1
Figure GSA00000100604700061
表1为实施例2合成的LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2表面复合5mol%α-LiFeO2的材料,组装成玻璃壳半电池(电解液为10ml),在2-4.8V、0.05C循环50次后拆开、分离出电解质对其Fe,Mn,Ni成分进行ICP分析。本发明提出的材料的具有更高的化学稳定性。
实施例3:
(1)将碱式氧化铁FeOOH,LiOH·H2O和LiNO3按照摩尔比为FeOOH∶LiOH·H2O=1∶4,LiOH·H2O∶LiNO3=1∶1的比例,溶解于去离子水中配成溶液;
(2)将以上溶液分成两份分别置于60℃水浴中,磁力搅拌,一份溶液中按照碱式氧化铁与Li1.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2摩尔比为10∶90的比例加入平均粒径为200nm的Li1.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2粉末,继续搅拌,直至溶剂挥发、溶液浓缩到搅拌不动为止;
(3)产物80℃真空干燥8h,再置于马弗炉中在250℃、氧气气氛下保温5h,随炉降温;
(4)热处理后的粉末用去离子水洗涤三次,真空干燥18h,得到10mol%α-LiFeO2表面复合Li1.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2,同时将Li1.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2作为空白样进行对比。

Claims (2)

1.一种表面复合的层状锂锰镍氧化物正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:低温合成的纳米α-LiFeO2的低温制备以及与层状锂锰镍氧化物的表面复合同时完成,所述层状锂锰镍氧化物的通式为Li1+xMnyNi1-x-yO2,其中0≤x≤0.5和0<y≤1;其工艺步骤为:
(1)将碱式氧化铁FeOOH、LiOH·H2O和LiNO3按照摩尔比为FeOOH∶LiOH·H2O=1∶4,LiOH·H2O∶LiNO3=1∶1的比例,溶解于去离子水中配成溶液;
(2)将以上溶液置于60℃水浴中,磁力搅拌,按照碱式氧化铁与层状锂锰镍氧化物的摩尔比为γ∶(1-γ),其中γ=3.2-10%的比例加入层状锂锰镍氧化物粉末,继续搅拌,直至溶剂挥发、溶液浓缩到搅拌不动为止;
(3)产物80℃真空干燥≥8h,再置于马弗炉中在250-300℃和氧气气氛下保温3-5h,随炉降温;
(4)热处理后的粉末用去离子水洗涤三次,真空干燥≥12h,得到层状锂锰镍氧化物表面复合α-LiFeO2的正极材料。
2.如权利要求1所述一种表面复合的层状锂锰镍氧化物正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:层状锂锰镍氧化物表面复合α-LiFeO2材料的颗粒粒度为0.1-1μm,α-LiFeO2的表面复合使层状锂锰镍氧化物的颗粒形状和粒度的改变不大于20%。
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