CN101779327A - 用于使驱动装置运行的方法和驱动装置 - Google Patents

用于使驱动装置运行的方法和驱动装置 Download PDF

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CN101779327A
CN101779327A CN200880102456A CN200880102456A CN101779327A CN 101779327 A CN101779327 A CN 101779327A CN 200880102456 A CN200880102456 A CN 200880102456A CN 200880102456 A CN200880102456 A CN 200880102456A CN 101779327 A CN101779327 A CN 101779327A
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electrical storage
aforementioned
drive unit
combustion engine
internal combustion
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CN101779327B (zh
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J·法斯纳克特
R·克恩
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于使车辆的、特别是机动车的驱动装置运行的方法，该驱动装置具有：内燃机、至少一个电机和至少一个可加热的电存储器、特别是锂离子蓄电池，其中为了借助于电机启动内燃机，将能量从电存储器中提取出。本发明提出，在启动内燃机之后以及直到达到被加热的电存储器的预定的最低温度为止，使电存储器空载地运行。本发明还涉及一种用于车辆的、特别是用于实施上述方法的驱动装置。

Description

用于使驱动装置运行的方法和驱动装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于使车辆的、特别是机动车的驱动装置运行的方法，该驱动装置具有：内燃机、至少一个电机和至少一个电存储器、特别是锂离子蓄电池，其中为了借助于电机启动内燃机，将能量从电存储器中提取出。
本发明还涉及一种用于车辆的、特别是机动车的驱动装置，特别是用于实施上述的方法，该驱动装置具有：内燃机、至少一个电机和至少一个电存储器。
背景技术
由现有技术已知了开头所述类型的方法以及装置。在车辆的、具有内燃机和电机的驱动装置(所谓的混合驱动装置)中已知了：借助于电机来启动内燃机，其中用于在这种情况下电动运行的电机的所必需的能量从驱动装置的电存储器中提取出。由于在低温、特别是在温度低于0℃的情况下，使得这种电存储器运行可能会导致电存储器的快速老化，例如在JP 2003-341448A中所公开地那样，对电存储器进行加热，从而使其快速地达到所希望的运行温度或者说最低温度。
发明内容
根据本发明提出：在启动内燃机之后以及直到达到被加热的电存储器的预定的最低温度为止，使电存储器空载地运行。即在能量被从电存储器中提取出以用于启动内燃机之后，使电存储器有利地一直空载地运行，直到其达到了预定的最低温度为止。为了使电存储器能够快速地达到最低温度，将其加热，其中电存储器的加热在启动内燃机期间和/或在启动内燃机之后直到达到电存储器的预定的最低温度时进行。通过电存储器的空载的运行，这也可理解为几乎是空载的运行，也就是说通过当没有或者没有很大的充电和/或放电过程时的电存储器的运行，直到达到最低温度为止都不对电存储器操作，从而防止出现存储器的、特别是锂离子蓄电池的快速的老化。在达到最低温度之后，再次使电存储器“正常”运行，其中随后产生的以发电机方式运行的电机的能量首先被输送给电存储器，从而使该电存储器又获得了为了启动而从其中提取出的能量。适宜地，电存储器在低温的情况下以高的SOC(state of charge＝充电状态)来运行。最后规定：电存储器一直被加热，直到该电存储器达到了0℃的最低温度。电存储器在0℃以上的加载或者说加负荷不会显著地造成电存储器老化的后果。
根据本发明的一个改进方案，将来自于内燃机的废气的热能输送给电存储器进行加热。在此也就是说利用了废气的热能，以便对电存储器进行加热或者说升温。为此有利地来将电存储器装配在车辆中内燃机的排气歧管附近。
根据本发明的一个改进方案，将加热的液态的和/或气态的介质输送给电存储器，通过这些介质的热能来对电存储器进行加热。液态的和/或气态的介质在此作为用于废气的热能或者说用于从废气中获取的热能的载体。
此外规定：介质导引穿过电存储器和/或在电存储器上沿着引导。优选地，电存储器为此而具有至少一个流动通道，该流动通道沿着存储器或者说沿着存储器的壳体和/或穿过该存储器来引导。
根据本发明的一个改进方案，将空气流、特别是新鲜空气流作为所述介质使用，该空气流借助于至少一个换热器获得从废气中获取的热能。也就是说：将空气流输送给电存储器，使该空气流加载从废气中获取的热能，其中热能优选地借助于换热器从废气中获取并且由此传给空气流。换热器为此适宜地直接布置在排气歧管上，或者说是布置在排气歧管的引导废气的管路上，特别优选地布置在排气歧管的催化器的下游。
可替换地：将内燃机的废气自身应用作为介质。在此，将废气或者废气的一部分直接输送给电存储器，从而将包含在废气中的热能直接传递到电存储器上。
特别优选地：所述介质、例如空气流或废气，根据电存储器的当前的存储器温度导引穿过换热器和/或电存储器和/或从它们旁边导引经过。由此例如可以对电存储器加热的速度进行控制并且在达到最低温度之后可以终止加热过程，其措施是介质从换热器和/或电存储器旁边导引经过。这例如可以借助于旁路来实现。
可替换地和/或附加地：为了加热电存储器，在电存储器中产生高频的电流信号。高频的电流信号由于电存储器的化学系统的大的时间常数而不涉及该系统，从而不进行充电和/或放电过程。然而由于电流在导线和电极中产生损耗而加热电存储器。优选地，为了实现加热而借助于高频的电流信号来对电存储器的至少一个电容再充电。优选地，产生具有超过200Hz的频率的电流信号。在此，为了产生高频的电流信号而可以应用驱动装置的(牵引)车载电网的每个元器件，即只要这些元器件具有自身的蓄能器。所必需的能量通过电机来从内燃机中提取。
由于电存储器的连接技术装置的电阻以及其电极电阻也参与了再充电过程，因此这种高频的电流信号可以用于经济地对电存储器进行加热。其中，电存储器的功率或者说其充电容量未加负荷并且因此使该电存储器空载地运行。
此外规定：为了产生高频的电流信号使用至少一个DC/DC变流器或换流器。其经常可在混合驱动装置中使用并且因此可以简单地应用于根据本发明的目的。随后，能量在DC/DC变流器的情况下在电存储器与中间电路电容之间振荡，或者在使用逆变器的情况下在电存储器与电机之间振荡。损耗通过以发电机方式工作的电机而得到补偿。
根据本发明的一个有利的改进方案，通过对电机的高动态的控制来产生高频的电流信号。
此外，为了调节电存储器的空载性，应用具有等于零的额定电流值或者具有高频的额定电流值的存储器电流控制进行加热。可替换地或附加地，为了调节电存储器的空载性，应用具有等于零的额定功率值或者具有高频的额定功率值的存储器功率控制进行加热。最后规定：使用车舱内部空间空气或者车舱加热装置(发动机废热)进行加热。
根据本发明的驱动装置有利地具有加热电存储器的设备，在启动内燃机之后以及直到达到最低温度为止，该电存储器是空载的或者几乎空载的。
有利地，该设备包括至少一个流动通道，该流动通道将加热的液态的和/或气态的介质输送给电存储器。适宜地，流动通道至少局部地穿过电存储器和/或在电存储器上沿着导引。优选地，电存储器为此具有壳体，该壳体构成或者说具有流体通道的至少一个区域。
在本发明的一个改进方案中，所述介质是空气流、特别是新鲜空气流，其中所述设备还包括换热器，该换热器为空气流加载从废气中获取的热能。换热器为此优选地配属于内燃机的排气歧管。适宜地，流动通道导引穿过换热器，而该换热器以流动技术方式布置在电存储器之前。
此外设有用于所述介质的旁路，该旁路可以根据当前的存储器温度来控制。旁路优选地配属于换热器和/或电存储器。由此例如可以对电存储器的温度增长速度施加影响。也可以由此以简单的方式和方法在达到预定的电存储器最低温度之后终止加热过程，其中所述介质从电存储器和/或换热器旁边导引经过。
在本发明的一个可替换的改进方案中，流动通道有利地构造为废气流动通道，从而将内燃机的废气直接输送给电存储器，而该废气通过内燃机中的燃烧来实现加热。
此外规定：驱动装置的所述设备包括至少一个装置，以用于在电存储器中产生高频的电流信号。通过高频的电流信号产生了电存储器中的欧姆损耗，其用于实现如上所述的电存储器的“经济的”加热。该装置有利地构造为DC/DC变流器。
最后规定：在电存储器中或者在电存储器附近设有电加热元件进行加热。
附图说明
下面参照附图详细说明本发明。附图所示为：
图1示出了用于使驱动装置运行的有利的方法的一个实施例；
图2示出了有利的驱动装置的第一实施例；
图3示出了电存储器的等效电路图。
具体实施方式
图1在流程图中示出了用于使车辆的驱动装置运行的有利的方法的一个实施例，该驱动装置具有：内燃机、至少一个电机和至少一个可加热的电存储器。在步骤1中，借助于与内燃机适宜地作用连接的或者说可以作用连接的电机来启动内燃机。在此，将能量从电存储器中提取出以用于使电机运行。当启动内燃机时，在询问2中来检测电存储器的当前的温度。如果询问2得出结果，即电存储器的当前的温度达到(j＝是)例如为0℃的预定的最低温度或者超出该最低温度，那么因此在后续的步骤3中，使实际上构造为混合驱动装置的驱动装置“正常”运行。这表明，即例如可以实现废热利用运行、提速运行以及电行驶。如果询问2得出结果，即温度在电存储器的预定的最低温度以下(n＝否)，则因此在后续的步骤4中规定：使电存储器空载地运行，也就是说这样运行，即不进行放电和/或充电过程。同时对电存储器进行加热，直到询问2得出结果，即存储器的当前的温度达到预定的最低温度为止。一旦实现了这一点，则使得驱动装置重新“正常”(步骤3)运行并且对电存储器的加热进行控制。
通过这里构造为锂离子蓄电池的电存储器的空载的运行，并且是在例如为0℃的预定的最低温度以下，则避免了或者说防止了出现存储器的快速的老化。特别是当对锂离子蓄电池进行充电时，这导致了快速的老化。通过电存储器的空载的运行和加热，一方面防止了，即电存储器发生快速老化，以及另一方面实现了，即电存储器可以在启动内燃机之后在短时间内重新“正常”运行。所必需的电能可以在空载运行阶段中通过以发电机方式工作的电机来产生。蓄能器的空载运行可以在以发电机方式工作的电机(特别用于为车辆的车载电网供电)时通过额定值为零的存储器充电电流控制来实现。如果应该通过损耗电阻来进行加热，那么这种控制可以被外加交流电额定值，而不包含直流分量。
图2和3示出了用于有利的驱动装置的实施例，该驱动装置能够实现电存储器的加热。
图2示出了上述驱动装置5的一部分。附图所示为电存储器6，该电存储器构造为锂离子蓄电池7。电存储器6与在这里未示出的电机实现了电连接，从而使其能够从电存储器6中提取出能量或者输送给该电存储器。在现有的实施例中，存储器6有利地布置在这里同样也未示出的内燃机的排气歧管8的附近。换热器9配属于排气歧管8，该换热器在排气歧管上以流动技术方式布置在催化器之后并且从以箭头10的方向流动的废气中提取/获取热能。流动通道12的支路11穿过换热器9导引，其中从废气中获取的热能被输送给穿过流动通道12以箭头13的方向流动的气态的和/或液态的介质。当然也可以考虑废气和介质的与之相反的流动方向。流动通道12的支路11通至有利的输送泵14，该输送泵将穿过流动通道12的气态的和/或液态的介质输送至电存储器6并且穿过该电存储器或者说穿过电存储器6的壳体来输送。有利地，将新鲜空气作为介质导引穿过换热器9导引并且在那里加载由废气中提取出的热能。这样加热的介质紧接着穿过存储器6或者说其壳体流动并且在此将热能释放到电存储器6上，从而使其快速地达到其预定的最低温度0℃。流动通道12以及换热器9在此也就构成了设备15，其用于对电存储器6进行加热。为了终止加热过程或者为了改变或者说控制加热速度，设有旁路16，该旁路由流动通道12的第二支路17构成。借助于阀门18可以使得介质的体积流量穿过支路11沿箭头13，以及体积流量穿过流动通道12的第二支路17或者说穿过旁路16沿箭头19来控制。阀门18例如可以这样控制，即支路11被关闭并且仅仅新鲜空气被输送给电存储器6。阀门也可以仅部分地关闭或开启各个支路11、17。可替换地也可考虑的是，即加热的废气自身或者其一部分穿过电存储器6或者说其壳体或者沿其导引。
图3示出了一种可替换的或者附加的可能性以用于使电存储器6加热。在图3中示出了电存储器的等效电路图。附图所示为理想的电源U0和两个PT1元件20、21。此外，该等效电路图具有欧姆电阻22以及与理想的电源U0并联的平板电容器23。欧姆电阻22简化地显示为用于两个内部的电阻，在它们之间接入了平板电容器23。
第二PT1元件21基本上显示出电存储器中的化学反应，该化学反应仅缓慢地发生。如果电存储器6以200Hz的频率来激励，则对平板电容器再充电，而这不涉及化学系统。通过平板电容器的再充电，在欧姆电阻中产生了热能，其加热了电存储器6。存储器6借助于高频的电流信号来激励，而通过该高频的电流信号并不进行充电和/或放电过程。由此可以使电存储器6空载地运行并在此进行电加热，其中为了实现激励所必需的能量例如可以通过以发电机方式工作的电机来提供。在启动之后以及直到达到电存储器的预定的最低温度的时间中，使驱动装置“常规”运行。为了产生高频的电流信号，可以应用车辆的(牵引)车载电网的各种不同的元器件。这些元器件在此必须具有自身的蓄能器。如果涉及到一种具有附加的DC/DC变流器的系统以用于将中间电路与(牵引)车载电网耦合起来，则因此可以使用该蓄能器。随后，能量在电存储器与中间电路电容之间振荡，其中损耗通过电机的发电机运行而得到补偿。
也可以考虑借助于对电机的高动态的控制来快速地改变电流，并且因此实现电存储器的高频的激励。

Claims (22)

1.一种用于使车辆的、特别是机动车的驱动装置运行的方法，所述驱动装置具有：内燃机、至少一个电机和至少一个可加热的电存储器、特别是锂离子蓄电池，其中为了借助于所述电机启动所述内燃机，从所述电存储器中取出能量，其特征在于，在启动所述内燃机之后以及直到达到被加热的电存储器的预定的最低温度为止，使所述电存储器空载地运行。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，将来自于所述内燃机的废气的热能输送给所述电存储器进行加热。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，将加热的液态的和/或气态的介质输送给所述电存储器。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述介质导引穿过所述电存储器和/或在所述电存储器上沿着导引。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，将空气流、特别是新鲜空气流作为所述介质使用，所述空气流借助于至少一个换热器获得从废气中获取的热能。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，将废气作为所述介质使用。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述介质根据电存储器的当前的温度导引穿过所述换热器和/或穿过所述电存储器和/或从其旁边导引经过。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，为了加热所述电存储器，在所述电存储器中产生高频的电流信号。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，借助于所述高频的电流信号来对所述电存储器的至少一个平板电容器再充电。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使用至少一个DC/DC变流器产生所述高频的电流信号。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，通过高动态地控制所述电机来产生所述高频的电流信号。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，为了调节所述电存储器的空载性，应用具有等于零的额定电流值或者具有高频的额定电流值的存储器电流控制进行加热。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，为了调节所述电存储器的空载性，应用具有等于零的额定功率值或者具有高频的额定功率值的存储器功率控制进行加热。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使用加热的车舱内部空间空气或者车舱加热装置进行加热。
15.一种用于车辆、特别是机动车的驱动装置，特别是用于实施根据前述权利要求中任一项或多项所述的方法，所述驱动装置具有：内燃机、至少一个电机和至少一个可加热的电存储器，其中能够借助于所述电机通过从所述电存储器中取出能量来启动所述内燃机，其特征在于，所述驱动装置具有用来加热所述电存储器(6)的设备(15)，在启动所述内燃机之后以及直到达到所述电存储器(6)的最低温度为止，所述电存储器是空载的。
16.根据权利要求15所述的驱动装置，其特征在于，所述设备(15)包括至少一个流动通道(12)，所述流动通道将加热的液态的和/或气态的介质输送给所述电存储器(6)。
17.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动装置，其特征在于，所述流动通道(12)至少局部地穿过所述电存储器(6)和/或在所述电存储器上沿着导引。
18.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动装置，其特征在于，所述设备(15)包括配属于内燃机的排气歧管(8)的换热器(9)用于加热所述介质。
19.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动装置，其特征在于，设有配属于所述换热器(9)和/或所述电存储器(6)的用于所述介质的旁路(16)，所述旁路能够根据当前的存储器温度来控制。
20.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动装置，其特征在于，所述流动通道(12)构造为废气流动通道。
21.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动装置，其特征在于，所述设备包括至少一个装置，特别是DC/DC变流器，用于在所述电存储器(6)中产生高频的电流信号。
22.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动装置，其特征在于，在所述电存储器(6)中或者在所述电存储器(6)附近设有用于加热的电加热元件。
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