CN101538147A - 成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法 - Google Patents

成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法 Download PDF

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CN101538147A
CN101538147A CN200910128043A CN200910128043A CN101538147A CN 101538147 A CN101538147 A CN 101538147A CN 200910128043 A CN200910128043 A CN 200910128043A CN 200910128043 A CN200910128043 A CN 200910128043A CN 101538147 A CN101538147 A CN 101538147A
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drying
ceramic article
formed ceramic
quality
water content
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高木周一
吉田正树
堀场康弘
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NGK Insulators Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了成型陶瓷制品的干燥手段,该干燥手段能够在短时间内均匀且均一地干燥作为干燥目标的成型陶瓷制品,甚至含水量高的大型成型陶瓷制品而不会产生任何裂纹或变形,从而以令人满意的产率获得高品质的干燥成型陶瓷制品。提供了一种成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法,包括使以陶瓷材料为主要材料形成的未烧成的成型陶瓷制品经过高频干燥,然后经过微波干燥的步骤。

Description

成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种含水量高的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法。
背景技术
陶瓷蜂窝结构被广泛应用于催化剂载体、各种过滤器等。近年来,陶瓷蜂窝结构作为用于收集由柴油机排放的微粒物质(PM)的柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)是特别引人关注的。
通常可以通过以下方式获得这样的蜂窝结构,即通过捏和向陶瓷材料中添加各种添加剂如水和粘结剂所获得的原料来获得捏和的粘土;通过挤出成型由该捏和的粘土制备具有蜂窝状结构的成型制品(成型蜂窝制品);以及将此成型蜂窝制品干燥,然后烧成。
迄今,作为用于干燥成型蜂窝制品的手段,已知将制品简单置于室温条件下的自然干燥法;通过引入由气体燃烧器产生的热风干燥所述制品的热风干燥法;通过向设置在成型蜂窝制品上方和下方的电极供应电流产生的高频能量干燥所述制品的高频干燥法;通过微波干燥所述制品的微波干燥法等(例如参见JP-A-2002-283329)。
然而,在自然干燥法中,为获得足够的干燥状态需要大量时间。因此,特别当成型蜂窝制品大时,存在干燥所述制品需要相当长时间的问题。
另一方面,与自然干燥法相比,热风干燥法具有在短时间内完成干燥的优点。然而,存在容易产生裂纹从而降低品质或产率的问题。
在高频干燥法中,当进行干燥,并且成型蜂窝制品的水分减少时,阻抗上升,电压也上升,在电极间或者在高频电路中可能发生放电击穿或介电击穿,使设备发生故障。因此,对电压(输出)有限制,并且当水分减少时,特别从干燥的中期阶段到后期阶段,存在干燥效率降低的问题。
在微波干燥法中,当成型蜂窝制品包含许多水分并且成型制品尺寸大时,微波不易穿透制品的中心。结果,存在中心的干燥迟缓并难以按均匀的速度干燥整个成型蜂窝制品的问题。
发明内容
考虑到这样的常规技术的问题,研发了本发明,并且本发明的目的是提供成型陶瓷制品的干燥手段,该干燥手段能够在短时间内均匀且均一地干燥作为干燥目标的成型陶瓷制品,甚至含水量高的大型成型陶瓷制品而不会产生任何裂纹或变形,从而以令人满意的产率获得高品质的干燥成型陶瓷制品。作为反复研究的结果,已发现下列手段可以实现上述目的,并且已经完成本发明。
即,根据本发明,提供了成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法,该方法包括步骤:使以陶瓷材料作为主要材料形成的未烧成的成型陶瓷制品经过高频干燥,然后经过微波干燥。
在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法中,优选在进行微波干燥后,进一步进行热风干燥。
在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法中,优选当所述成型陶瓷制品的含水量在高于30质量%的含水量值以下,10质量%以上的范围内时进行高频干燥。
在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法中,优选当所述成型陶瓷制品的含水量在30质量%以下且5质量%以上的范围内时进行微波干燥。
高于30质量%的含水量值以下是指,例如,40质量%以下、50质量%以下等。即在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法中,例如当成型陶瓷制品的含水量在40质量%(高于30质量%)到15质量%(10质量%以上)的范围内时进行高频干燥。当含水量在15质量%(30质量%以下)到5质量%(5质量%以上)的范围内时进行微波干燥。当含水量在5质量%到0质量%的范围内时可以进行热风干燥。此外,例如当成型陶瓷制品的含水量在50质量%(高于30质量%)到20质量%(10质量%以上)的范围内时进行高频干燥。当含水量在20质量%(30质量%以下)到10质量%(5质量%以上)的范围内时进行微波干燥。当含水量在10质量%到0质量%的范围内时可以进行热风干燥。
优选将根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法用于下列情况,其中所述成型陶瓷制品是具有多个孔的蜂窝结构,所述多个孔形成通过隔壁彼此分隔的流体流路。在这种情况下,优选将根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法用于下列情况,其中成型陶瓷制品具有圆柱形状,并且垂直于所述成型陶瓷制品的轴向的成型陶瓷制品的截面中显现的圆形的直径在Φ150mm以上且Φ600mm以下的范围内。
然而,根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法不是仅用于具有圆柱形的成型陶瓷制品情况下的方法。所述的成型陶瓷制品可以具有任意形状如四方柱状(square-rod-like shape)、板状、环状或者无定形形状。此外,当成型陶瓷制品是具有蜂窝形状的结构时,对沿垂直于孔轴方向(流路方向)的截面形状、孔密度、隔壁厚度等没有任何具体限制。
在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法中,进行高频干燥、微波干燥或必要的热风干燥所需要的时间根据成型陶瓷制品的尺寸、形状、表面积、含水量等变化。其时间通常在约几十秒到约几十分钟的范围内。一般,当各种干燥采用长时间时,产生的裂纹数降低,但产率恶化。因此,不能认为长时间的干燥是有效的。
根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法具有干燥未烧成的成型陶瓷制品的步骤。因此,可以认为根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法是用于由未干燥的成型陶瓷制品制造干燥的成型陶瓷制品的手段。
即,根据本发明,提供了干燥的成型陶瓷制品的制造方法,该方法包括步骤:将以陶瓷材料为主要材料制成的未烧成的成型陶瓷制品经过高频干燥,然后经过微波干燥,以获得干燥的成型陶瓷制品。
在根据本发明的干燥的成型陶瓷制品的制造方法中,优选当所述成型陶瓷制品的含水量在高于30质量%的含水量值以下,10质量%以上的范围内进行高频干燥。
在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法中,当成型陶瓷制品具有高含水量时,首先进行高频干燥,因为电磁波容易深入穿透并且高频干燥适于均匀干燥。另一方面,在开始被干燥的成型陶瓷制品具有高含水量的情况下,不进行微波干燥,因为电磁波不易深入穿透并且在邻近表面以及内部之间容易造成含水量的差别。因此,甚至可以均一地干燥含水量高的大型成型陶瓷制品而不会产生任何裂纹或变形。即能够以高产率获得高品质的大型干燥成型陶瓷制品。
在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法中,首先进行高频干燥。在成型陶瓷制品的含水量降低后,甚至当几乎不含水分时,电磁波的输出未降低,并且存在水分。在这种情况下进行微波干燥,因为可以吸收水分。另一方面,当进行干燥并且成型陶瓷制品含水量少时,不进行高频干燥,因为随着阻抗上升,电压(输出)受到限制。因此,可以在短时间内有效且彻底地干燥成型陶瓷制品。
在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品干燥方法的优选构成中,进行微波干燥之后,进一步进行热风干燥。因此,与通过高频干燥或微波干燥将所述制品彻底干燥(直到含水量达到0质量%)的情况相比,可以减少干燥所需的费用。
在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品干燥方法的优选构成中,当成型陶瓷制品的含水量在高于30质量%的含水量值以下,10质量%以上的范围内时进行高频干燥。在优选的构成中,当成型陶瓷制品的含水量在30质量%以下且5质量%以上的范围内时进行微波干燥。因此,可以确保获得上述效果。
即,在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法中,为了均匀干燥(固定速率的干燥)直到对品质影响大的收缩结束(直到含水量降低至约5质量%),进行内部加热(介电干燥和微波干燥)。为了在对品质影响小的收缩结束后(直到含水量降低至约5质量%以及制品彻底干燥)进行下降速率干燥,进行低成本的外部加热(热风干燥)。另外,甚至在如上所述进行内部加热时,首先进行适用于含水量大的状态的介电干燥,稍后进行适用于含水量小的状态的微波干燥。因此,可以认为根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法是很好地兼顾了品质和效率的干燥手段。
此外,当在所述制品彻底干燥之后继续进行微波干燥时,可能发生燃烧。然而,根据本本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法的优选构成,因为在5质量%以上的含水量范围内进行微波干燥,可以避免上述问题。
附图说明
图1是显示作为根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法的干燥目标的成型陶瓷制品(成型蜂窝制品)的一个实施例的正视图;
图2是沿图1的A-A切割的截面图;
图3是显示其中容纳成型陶瓷制品(成型蜂窝制品)的高频干燥装置的示意图;
图4是显示成型蜂窝制品的水分分布的图,并且是显示在干燥之前具有40质量%含水量并且具有直径Φ280mm×轴长250mm的圆柱状成型蜂窝制品在频率40MHz和输出密度24kW/8.5kg的条件下经过高频干燥直至达到11质量%的含水量之后,在所述成型蜂窝制品的中心、外周以及中间(介于中心和外周之间)处干燥后的含水量/干燥前的含水量的变化的图;
图5是显示成型蜂窝制品的水分分布的图,并且是显示在干燥之前具有40质量%含水量并且具有直径Φ280mm×轴长350mm的圆柱状成型蜂窝制品在频率为2.45GHz和输出密度为20kW/11.6kg的条件下经过微波干燥直至达到10.7质量%的含水量之后,在所述成型蜂窝制品的中心、外周以及中间(介于中心和外周之间)处干燥后的含水量/干燥前的含水量的变化的图;
图6是显示以陶瓷材料为主要材料制成的成型蜂窝制品的微波高频特征性能的图,并且是显示在2.45GHz的频率下高频常数εr的平方根和介电损耗tanδ的乘积(√εr×tanδ)与所述成型蜂窝制品的含水量之间的关系的图;
图7是显示当具有直径Φ103mm×轴长195mm的圆柱状成型蜂窝制品在频率13MHz和输出1.6kW的条件下经过高频干燥时该成型蜂窝制品的含水量和阻抗之间的关系的图;
图8是显示用于实施例的高频干燥装置的组成图;以及
图9是显示用于实施例的高频干燥装置的组成图。
符号说明
1  成型蜂窝制品
2  隔壁
3  孔
4  涂层
31,32  电极
具体实施方式
下文将参照附图适当地描述本发明的实施方式,但在解释时本发明不受限于这些实施方式。基于本领域普通技术人员的知识可以在不脱离本发明范围的情况下对本发明作出各种改变、修改、改进或替换。例如,附图显示本发明的优选实施方式,但本发明不受图中所示构成或信息的限制。为了解释或验证本发明,可应用类似或等同于本说明书中所述手段的手段,但优选的手段如下。
首先,将描述作为根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法的待干燥目标的成型陶瓷制品。图1和2中所示成型蜂窝制品是具有多个孔3的蜂窝状结构体,是成型陶瓷制品的一个例子,孔3构成由隔壁2分隔的流体流路。在此成型蜂窝制品的外周设置涂层4以包围多个孔3,并且该制品的外形是圆柱形。在成型蜂窝制品1中,垂直于孔3的轴向(流路方向)的截面的形状是四边形。
该成型蜂窝制品1由通过向陶瓷材料中添加各种添加剂如水和粘结剂获得的陶瓷材料形成。
陶瓷材料的例子包括基于氧化物的陶瓷材料,例如氧化铝、莫来石、氧化锆和堇青石,以及非氧化物陶瓷材料如碳化硅、氮化硅和氮化铝。此外,可以采用碳化硅/金属硅复合材料、碳化硅/石墨复合材料等。
粘结剂的例子包括聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、淀粉、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、聚环氧乙烷、聚丙烯酸苏打、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、乙基纤维素、乙酸纤维素、聚乙烯、乙烯-乙酸乙烯共聚物、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、丙烯酸树脂、聚酰胺树脂、甘油、聚乙二醇和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。
此外,所述成型蜂窝制品1是含水量高于30质量%的含水量值以下,10质量%以上的未烧成的制品(指作为未烧成制品)。该未烧成的制品具有其中所用陶瓷颗粒保持成型的颗粒形状并且其中陶瓷材料未经烧结的状态。
通过涂覆包含至少作为骨料的陶瓷粉以及水的涂层材料的层,形成设置在成型蜂窝制品1外围的涂层4。构成包含在涂层材料中的陶瓷粉的陶瓷材料的具体例子包括类似于上述陶瓷材料的例子的材料。
除了陶瓷粉和水,涂层材料可以包含胶体氧化物(无机粘结剂),例如硅溶胶或氧化铝溶胶作为增强材料。此外,可以包含有机粘结剂如甲基纤维素或聚乙二醇作为增强材料。此外,作为骨料,在涂层材料中可以包含由无定形莫来石、二氧化硅-氧化铝等制成的陶瓷纤维。当采用这些手段时,在干燥期间可以更有效地抑制涂层中裂纹的产生。
其次,将根据干燥上述成型陶瓷制品来描述根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法。在根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法中,在进行高频干燥之后,进行微波干燥,并且进一步优选进行热风干燥。例如,成型蜂窝制品1可以是依次且连续地送入或送出高频干燥装置、微波干燥装置和热风干燥装置的连续型装置,或者是间歇型装置。
在如图3所示高频干燥装置(高频干燥法)中,向设置在成型蜂窝制品1上方和下方且彼此相对的电极31、32通入约2MHz以上和100MHz以下的高频电流,并且由于内部介电损耗从内部加热和干燥成型蜂窝制品1。即在高频干燥装置中,与所述制品的内部介电分布成比例地加热和干燥所述成型蜂窝制品1。
在用此高频干燥装置(高频干燥法)干燥期间,如图4所示,在圆柱形成型蜂窝制品1的中心和外周之间未造成含水量的差异。在图4的实施例中,在最大含水量比(=干燥后的含水量/干燥前的含水量)方面的差异降至0.2(20%)以内。因此,由于收缩引起的内部压力差几乎不会产生。甚至在干燥含水量高于30质量%的未烧成成型蜂窝制品1时,通过干燥不容易产生裂纹。
另一方面,在微波干燥装置(微波干燥法)中,如图5所示,在圆柱形成型蜂窝制品1的中心和外周之间造成含水量的很大差异。在图5的实施例中,在最大含水量比(=干燥后的含水量/干燥前的含水量)方面的差异增至0.6(60%)。因此,在突然用微波干燥装置处理含水量高于30质量%的未烧成成型蜂窝制品1时,由于收缩引起的内部应力差增大,并且通过干燥容易产生裂纹。结果,在干燥成型蜂窝制品1时,必须在通过高频干燥装置降低含水量之后用微波干燥装置干燥该制品。
在微波干燥装置(微波干燥法)中,用波长约1cm以上且1m以下(频率为约300MHz以上且30GHz以下)的微波照射成型蜂窝制品1,通过微波的电磁能加热并干燥成型蜂窝制品1。
如上所述,在微波干燥装置(微波干燥法)中,在成型蜂窝制品1的中心和外周之间造成含水量的很大差异,但这是因为微波具有高的频率(大)。微波(电磁波)的穿透深度L1/2由下面的等式(1)表示。在此等式(1)中,f是频率,εr是介电常数,tanδ是介电损耗。穿透深度L1/2与频率f成反比。因此,当频率上升,微波无法到达成型蜂窝制品1的内部(中心),该制品的内部未被干燥。另一方面,微波到达的外周被干燥,造成含水量的很大差异。
L 1 / 2 = 3.32 × 10 7 f ϵ r · tan δ . . . ( 1 )
此外,如图6所示,关于由陶瓷材料作为主要材料制成的成型蜂窝制品1的微波介电特征,在√εr和tanδ的乘积(√εr×tanδ)与含水量之间存在比例关系。另一方面,如上式(1)所示,微波的穿透深度L1/2与√εr和tanδ的乘积成反比。因此,当含水量增加时,微波无法达到成型蜂窝制品1的内部(中心),中心未被干燥。微波到达的外周被干燥,造成在成型蜂窝制品1的中心和外周之间的含水量产生很大差异。
当如上所述造成在成型蜂窝制品1的中心和外周之间含水量的很大差异时,由于收缩引起的内应力差上升,并且通过干燥容易产生裂纹。因此,为了干燥成型蜂窝制品1,当含水量高于30质量%(在图6中由虚线包围的部分)时,优选不通过微波干燥装置干燥该制品。换言之,当成型蜂窝制品1的含水量为30质量%以下时,优选进行微波干燥。
另一方面,如图7所示,当成型蜂窝制品1的含水量降低时,在高频干燥装置(高频干燥法)中阻抗迅速上升。在高频干燥装置中,当高频电流为I,施加在电极31和32上的电压为V,阻抗为R(参见图3)时,由下面的等式(2)获得输出P。在等式(2)中,阻抗R与输出P成反比,但电压受到该装置的限制。当电压恒定而阻抗R上升时,输出P降低,并且效率下降。结果,为了干燥成型蜂窝制品1,当含水量小于10质量%(图8中虚线包围的部分)时,优选不通过高频干燥装置干燥该制品。换言之,当成型蜂窝制品1的含水量为10质量%或更多时,优选进行高频干燥。
P=I·V=V2/R...(2)
在热风干燥装置(热风干燥法)中,优选将热风的温度设定为100℃以上,130℃以下。当温度低于100℃时,需要大量时间最终完成成型蜂窝制品1的干燥。当温度高于130℃时,除水之外包括在成型蜂窝制品1中的有机粘结剂等被蒸发,并且成型蜂窝制品1变形或者有机粘结剂等燃烧的可能性提高。
对成型蜂窝制品1的尺寸没有任何具体限制。然而,在干燥大型成型蜂窝制品1的情况下尤其显著地产生成型蜂窝制品1的干燥方法的效果。具体地,当垂直于成型蜂窝制品1的轴向的圆柱形成型蜂窝制品1的截面中显现的圆形的直径在Φ150mm以上且Φ600mm以下时,该方法是有效的。
实施例
下文将根据实施例具体描述本发明,但本发明不受限于这些实施例。
实施例1
[成型蜂窝制品]与氧化铝、高岭土和滑石混合的堇青石材料被用作陶瓷材料,与包括有机粘结剂的粘结材料、成孔剂和作为分散介质的水(33质量%)混合,并捏和,获得捏和的粘土。将所得的捏和的粘土挤出成型,获得具有直径为430mm、长(轴长)为600mm,圆柱形外形和垂直于中心轴的正方形截面形状的成型蜂窝制品。所得到的成型蜂窝制品具有300个孔/in2(in是英寸,按照SI单位是2.54cm)的孔密度,310μm的隔壁厚度和58kg的质量。
[干燥方法]通过采用图8中所示的高频干燥装置,用13MHz的频率和10kW的输出使所得成型蜂窝制品经过30分钟加热时间的间歇高频干燥。图8中所示高频干燥装置包括高频干燥炉81、高频振荡器82、高频线路调节器83、电极板84、UV传感器85、热风发生装置86、排气风扇87以及氧化铝冲孔板88(开孔板)。
其后,通过采用图9中所示的微波干燥装置,用2.45GHz的频率和24kW的输出使该制品经过30分钟加热时间的间歇微波干燥。图9中所示微波干燥装置包括微波干燥炉91、微波振荡器92、转盘93、干燥托盘94、UV传感器95、热风发生装置96以及排气风扇97。将转盘93的转速设定为2.7rpm。
[含水量]通过最初含水量为33质量%-(高频干燥之前的质量-高频干燥之后的质量)÷高频干燥前的质量×100,获得成型蜂窝制品在高频干燥前的含水量,该含水量为26%。此外,通过最初含水量为33质量%-(高频干燥之前的质量-微波干燥后的质量)÷高频干燥前的质量×100,获得成型蜂窝制品在微波干燥之后的含水量,该含水量为4%。
[评价]目测证实了在干燥的成型蜂窝制品中存在裂纹。此外,在干燥期间通过UV传感器85、95(由Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.制造的R2868)检测在干燥期间的放电。此外,目测判断在干燥期间是否存在有由于有机粘结剂燃烧的自燃(现象)。此外,用光纤温度计(由ANRITSU METER制造的FX8000)测量成型蜂窝制品的内部温度,判断内部温度是否为有机粘结剂的着火温度,即150℃或更高。
包括有裂纹、有放电和有自燃的评价结果与成型蜂窝制品的规格(直径、长度和质量)、干燥方法(步骤、输出和加热时间)以及干燥后的含水量一起显示在表1中。
[实施例2、3,比较例1~4]改变成型蜂窝制品的规格和干燥方法中之一或全部。与实施例1一致,制备并干燥成型蜂窝制品,测量含水量,同样进行评价。评价结果与成型蜂窝制品的规格、干燥方法以及干燥后的含水量一起显示在表1中。
Figure A20091012804300131
[考察]由表1中所示结果可以看出,在干燥的最初阶段采用高频干燥可以消除裂纹的产生。当仅进行高频干燥时,为了抑制放电,需要降低干燥输出。在这种情况下,加热时间变长。然而,当高频干燥之后进行微波干燥时,可以缩短加热时间。此外,当仅进行高频干燥时,发生由于有机粘结剂燃烧引起的着火现象。然而,当高频干燥之后进行微波干燥时,可以消除自燃现象。
根据本发明的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法优选可以在制造广泛用于催化剂载体或以DPF为代表的各种过滤器的高品质蜂窝结构的步骤中被用作干燥手段。

Claims (8)

1.一种成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法,包括步骤:使以陶瓷材料为主要材料形成的未烧成的成型陶瓷制品经过高频干燥,然后经过微波干燥。
2.根据权利要求1所述的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法,其中,在进行微波干燥之后,进一步进行热风干燥。
3.根据权利要求1所述的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法,其中,当成型陶瓷制品的含水量在高于30质量%的含水量值以下,10质量%以上的范围内时,进行高频干燥。
4.根据权利要求1所述的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法,其中,当成型陶瓷制品的含水量在30质量%以下且5质量%以上的范围内时,进行微波干燥。
5.根据权利要求1所述的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法,其中,所述成型陶瓷制品是具有多个孔的蜂窝结构体,所述多个孔形成通过隔壁彼此分隔的流体流路。
6.根据权利要求5所述的成型陶瓷制品的干燥方法,其中,所述成型陶瓷制品具有圆柱形状,并且垂直于所述成型陶瓷制品的轴向的成型陶瓷制品的截面中出现的圆形的直径在Φ150mm以上且Φ600mm以下的范围内。
7.干燥的成型陶瓷制品的制造方法,包括步骤:使以陶瓷材料为主要材料形成的未烧成的成型陶瓷制品经过高频干燥,然后经过微波干燥,以获得干燥的成型陶瓷制品。
8.根据权利要求7的干燥的成型陶瓷制品的制造方法,其中,当所述成型陶瓷制品的含水量在高于30质量%的含水量值以下,10质量%以上的范围内时,进行高频干燥。
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