CN101528065A - 治疗或预防肥胖的可食用泡沫产品 - Google Patents
治疗或预防肥胖的可食用泡沫产品 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101528065A CN101528065A CNA2007800385765A CN200780038576A CN101528065A CN 101528065 A CN101528065 A CN 101528065A CN A2007800385765 A CNA2007800385765 A CN A2007800385765A CN 200780038576 A CN200780038576 A CN 200780038576A CN 101528065 A CN101528065 A CN 101528065A
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Abstract
本发明涉及能有利地用于治疗或预防肥胖的可食用泡沫产品。更具体地,本发明提供具有可倾倒或可匙舀稠度,至少100%膨胀度的可食用泡沫产品,所述泡沫产品含至少60wt%水、1~7wt%蛋白质和1~20wt%碳水化合物,而且还以口内稳定性高和胃稳定性高为特征,所述口内稳定性可以由在口内剪切条件下膨胀度的减小不到35%所证明;所述高的胃稳定性可以由t1/2>30min所证明,t1/2是在胃条件下膨胀度的减小达到50%所需的时间。本发明的另一个方面涉及可食用泡沫产品在治疗或预防超重或肥胖中的应用,所述可食用泡沫产品具有可倾倒或可匙舀稠度和至少100%膨胀度和由t1/2>30min所证明的高胃稳定性。本发明还有一个方面涉及容纳可食用液体组合物和推进剂的压力容器,开动阀门就能使液体组合物从该容器释放,产生具有可倾倒或可匙舀稠度、至少100%膨胀度和由t1/2>30min所证明的高胃稳定性的可食用泡沫产品。
Description
发明技术领域
本发明涉及具有高口内和胃稳定性的可食用泡沫产品及其在治疗或预防肥胖中的应用。
本发明还涉及容纳可食用液体组合物和推进剂的压力容器,开动阀门就能使液体组合物从该容器释放,产生具有高口内和胃稳定性的可食用泡沫。
发明背景
大量食用者研究表明,在1977~1996年之间,美国主要食品的平均份量急剧增大(Nielsen SJ,Popkin BM,JAMA 2003;289:450-453)。很多食品份量的实际增长示于下表(摘自Nielsen等的上文):
食品 | 体积增长(ml) | 卡路里增长(kcal) |
点心 | 18 | 93 |
汉堡包 | 38 | 97 |
炸薯条 | 15 | 68 |
软/果味饮料 | 200 | 49 |
相信体力活动减少的趋势加上份量的增加已大大促进了肥胖的急剧增长。
除增加总卡路里摄取外,份量的增加还具有附加的严重后果,因为改变吃了多少的视觉信息(例如份量大小)会影响摄取和饱腹感。新近的研究(Wansink等,Obes Res 2005;13:93-100)提出,人们把消耗的卡路里/进餐的体积和伴随的饱腹感与他们认为他们看到自己吃了什么,而不是他们实际吃了多少,联系起来。这意味着,如果人们相信已食用了较小体积的食物,则他们很可能会感到不如他们相信已食用了较大体积时那样饱。
因此在节食期间,吃了较少的份量给消费者留下的认知/心理和生理感觉是:较少量的食物是不够的。因此消费者老是感到他们的胃里仍是“空”的,而且发现难以遵守节食。为了克服这个问题,营养学家已引进了食物能量密度的概念,它定义为每给定重量食物的卡路里数,并推荐吃低能量密度的食物。实现这一点的一种方法是吃本质上低能量密度的产品(如高纤维水果和蔬菜)和避免吃能量致密的产品(例如,全脂蛋黄酱、肥肉、糕点等)。
减少食物能量密度的另一种方法是用非卡路里物质,如水或空气,来稀释食物。大量文献研究已证实,为降低能量密度而加水会增加即时饱腹感且减少随后的食物摄取。但简单加水的作用倾向于使维持时间相当短(20~60min)。而且还常发现,加水会不利地影响可食用产品的食用质量。
Rolls等,Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:361-8报告了研究食物体积(与能量密度(kJ/g)无关)对饱腹感影响的结果。研究的设计如下:在被试者范围内的设计中,28个瘦男士每周有1天在实验室用早餐、午餐和晚餐,共进行4周。有3天,参与者在午餐前30min吃预餐,而有1天未提供预餐。预餐由等能量(2088kJ)的酸奶酪基奶昔组成,因掺入不同量的空气而体积不同(300、450和600ml)。预餐含相同组分,重量也相等。发现奶昔的体积明显影响午餐的能量摄取(P<0.04),所以600ml预餐后摄取的能量比300ml预餐后减少了12%。而且,据说,被试者报告:与300ml预餐后相比,在吃了450ml和600ml预餐后,饥饿感减小更多而饱腹感增加更多。但作者也得出结论:与对比条件(4199±193kJ)相比,在300ml(5456±196kJ)、450ml(5233±180kJ)和600ml(5054±246kJ)条件中,被试者吃得过多。因此从该研究可得出结论:吃预餐未能产生导致摄取较少能量的饱腹感水平。
可倾倒或可匙舀稠度的可食用泡沫产品是本领域已知的。EP-A 0292 034描述了一种由脂肪、蛋白质、水、乙醇(alcohol)和含乳酸盐和/或多磷酸盐的钙源的均化混合物所组成的可发泡产品。已观察到,使该可发泡产品发泡方法可以是搅打或来自气溶胶罐。据说,当乙醇用量达到40vol%的最大含量和酸用量使pH值达到约2时,所得泡沫在-8~50℃的温度范围是稳定的。
US 3,809,764描述了包括含水泡沫的低卡路里食品组合物,所述含水泡沫含有水、作为发泡剂的聚甘油酯,作为稳定剂的亲水胶体和任选组分。实施例A描述了搅打的模拟黄油的制法,据说它在室温下可稳定数日。
US 5,000,974描述了通过对包含水果或水果提取物基料、槐豆粉、果胶、角叉菜胶和水的水果基料充气所形成的充气食品。据说该充气食品结构稳定、对温度不敏感且便宜。
WO 2006/067064描述了包含基于炼乳的食物组合物并用惰性气体充气的耐贮存慕思,其中食物组合物含有泡沫稳定剂,而且其脂肪含量少于25wt%。据该国际专利申请中所述,该耐贮存的慕思不必贮藏在冷冻环境中。
发明概述
本发明者已开发了食用后产生强烈而持久饱腹感的低能量密度可食用产品。发明者所提供的方案是具有可倾倒或可匙舀稠度的泡沫状可食用产品,所述泡沫含至少60wt%水、1~7wt%蛋白质和1~20wt%碳水化合物,而且还以口内和胃稳定性特高为特征。
由于本泡沫产品较大的体积,食用者在吃了一大份该泡沫产品后感到比吃了相同份量但密度高得多的相同产品后更饱。而且吃了本产品后所产生的饱腹感远比吃了缺乏本发明泡沫产品口内稳定性的类似泡沫产品后的强烈得多。此外,鉴于本泡沫产品,不同于传统的充气食品,能在胃里保留其泡沫状的事实,食用后产生更强的饱腹感。最后,该泡沫很高的胃稳定性保证饱腹感持久,尤其相信,推迟的胃排空是该泡沫产品的胃稳定性所造成的。
由于本发明的可食用泡沫产品含有蛋白质和碳水化合物,所以这些产品能有利地设计成代餐品、膳食组分、点心或临床食物。
本发明可食用泡沫产品的另一个优点在于以下事实:它们的食用质量很好,因为它们组合了特别好的胃和口内稳定性及令人愉快的乳脂状组织。而且,与很多传统的低能量密度食品,尤其高水含量产品不同,本发明可食用发泡产品的味道也深受食用者赞赏。
本发明的另一个方面涉及容纳可食用液体组合物和推进剂的压力容器,该液体组合物可以通过开动阀门而从该容器释放,产生胃稳定性高的可食用泡沫产品。
本发明的还有一个方面涉及适用于治疗或预防超重或肥胖的具有高胃稳定性的可食用泡沫产品。
发明详述
因此,本发明的一个方面涉及具有可倾倒或可匙舀稠度和膨胀度至少100%的可食用泡沫产品,所述泡沫产品含至少60wt%水、1~7wt%蛋白质和1~20wt%碳水化合物,而且还以口内稳定性和胃稳定性很高为特征。该泡沫产品的高胃稳定性,从胃条件下膨胀度减小50%所需的时间(t1/2)来看,是明显的。本发明泡沫产品的t1/2>30min。本发明泡沫产品的高口内稳定性可以由本产品的样品在经受所施剪切条件与口内所观察到的那些类似的稳定性试验中膨胀度的减小不到35%而得以证明。
上述参数t1/2在胃稳定性试验中测定如下:把400ml泡沫产品与15ml包含60mg 1∶1(wt)胃蛋白酶/脂肪酶混合物(胃蛋白酶取自猪胃,活度为724U/mg,Fluka BioChemika,cat.no.77160;脂肪酶来自Rhizopusoryzae,活度为53U/mg,Fluka BioChemika,cat.no.80612)的人造胃液组合在含150mM NaCl和5mM KCl的1M HCl中。把泡沫产品放在玻璃圆筒(长200ml,直径60ml)内,把人造胃液倒在泡沫产品上。把圆筒放在恒温(37℃)的振荡水浴内,在1.2s-1的振荡速率运行,同时监控泡沫产品的稳定性。
在产品的泡沫结构几乎不受咀嚼期间施加在产品上的剪切作用影响的情况下,本可食用泡沫产品的饱腹感诱导作用尤其明显。发明者已设法设计了与传统食用泡沫体,如冰激凌、搅打奶油、慕思和面包不同的可食用泡沫产品,它们在环境温度或生理温度下经受剪切作用时泡沫体积和膨胀度不会急剧减小。本文中所述的发泡的产品的口内稳定性确定如下:把预定体积的可食用泡沫产品装进玻璃漏斗(直径100mm,颈长100mm,颈直径10mm),该漏斗与硅橡胶管(长400mm,直径12×8mm)连接。硅橡胶管的中部被插进以60rpm运行的蠕动泵Verderflex2010(Verder Ltd,Leeds,UK)。经蠕动泵内处理后,把样品收集在玻璃量筒内并立即测量产品的体积和重量。
按照优选实施方案,本发明可食用泡沫产品的膨胀度为至少150%,更优选至少180%。泡沫产品的膨胀度用以下方程计算:
膨胀度=100%×(V泡沫产品-V混合物)/V混合物,其中
V泡沫产品=可食用泡沫产品样品的体积
V混合物=同一样品在已除去分散气相后的体积。
本发明的可食用泡沫产品一般含至少50vol%的分散气相(等于100%的膨胀度)。优选产品含至少60vol%分散气相。本产品内所含气相的vol%(φ)可适当地确定如下:测量预充气溶液的密度ρ0和发泡的产品的密度ρf,应用以下公式:φ=100(1-ρf/ρ0),而且与膨胀度的关系如下:φ=100膨胀度/(100+膨胀度)。本产品内的气相可包含空气或认为对食品应用是安全的任何其它气体。
在上述剪切试验中,本发明的发泡的产品一般都表现出膨胀度的减小少于30%,优选少于25%,最优选少于22%。相反,已知的可食用泡沫产品,如巧克力慕思和搅打奶油,膨胀度的减小远大于上述百分数。
按照另一个优选实施方案,从上述口内稳定性试验得到的产品仍具有至少100%,更优选至少150%的膨胀度。在受到类似于咀嚼期间所观察到的那些剪切条件时能保留高膨胀度且在胃条件下还具有高稳定性的可食用泡沫产品,对诱导延长的饱腹感特别有用。
按照特别优选的实施方案,如果在37℃的温度下进行剪切稳定性试验,则本泡沫产品也满足上述判据,由此反映出本产品在类似于咀嚼期间所施的那些剪切条件下有更持久的口内稳定性。
按照本发明的可食用泡沫产品能以工业规模适当生产。按照优选实施方案,本可食用泡沫产品已经过巴氏杀菌或灭菌,以延长其贮存期。最优选本产品已经过灭菌。
在口内和胃稳定性非常高的情况下,本产品的效益尤其明显。因此,在特别优选的实施方案中,t1/2超过45min,甚至更优选它超过60min,甚至更优选它超过90min,最优选t1/2超过120min。
本发明的效益可以用任意类可食用泡沫获得,只要它具有足够的口内和胃稳定性即可。
本发明者已发现,本产品的胃稳定性可通过加进能在多价阳离子如Ca2+存在下形成凝胶的阴离子多糖而得以显著提高。这类阴离子多糖的适用实例包括藻酸盐和果胶。虽然本发明者不愿受理论的限制,但相信在胃内以酸性为主的条件下,阴离子多糖将形成有助于稳定泡沫结构的凝胶。因此,按照优选实施方案,可食用泡沫产品含有0.1~5.0wt%选自下列一组的阴离子多糖:藻酸盐、果胶和它们的组合。
为保证存在足够的钙以确保阴离子多糖形成凝胶,优选产品内包括二价和/或三价之类的多价金属阳离子。适用金属阳离子的实例包括Ca2+、Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu2+和/或Mg2+。有利地,这些金属阳离子以未溶盐,尤其在酸性条件下会变成溶解度高得多的未溶盐的形式加入。因此,有可能提供如下产品:在食用时具有柔软或可倾倒组织,而在胃里因阴离子多糖的凝胶化作用而形成坚实的泡沫结构。
优选该可食用泡沫产品含有0.01~1wt%,更优选0.02~0.8wt%的不溶解钙盐。不溶解钙盐有利地选自下列一组:碳酸钙、磷酸钙和它们的组合。
本产品的pH值一般都在5.5~8.0范围。最优选本产品的pH值为6.0~7.5。如前文解释,非酸性pH值提供以下优点:能制成可倾倒的或具有柔软组织但在胃条件下将形成坚实泡沫的可食用泡沫产品。
胃稳定性很高的可食用泡沫产品宜用至少0.1wt%,优选至少1wt%选自大豆蛋白、卵蛋白和它们的组合的蛋白质制成。按照特别优选的实施方案,本产品含至少3wt%大豆蛋白。
按照本发明的另一个有利实施方案,本可食用泡沫产品含至少0.01wt%选自下列一组的泡沫稳定化蛋白质:疏水蛋白、卓别林蛋白(chaplin)和它们的组合。
已经发现,本可食用产品的口内和胃稳定性能可通过包括两亲性颗粒而得以提高,特别当产品是水基的时。相信这些颗粒对水-空气界面有稳定化作用。有利地,本产品含0.1~10wt%,更优选0.5~2wt%两亲性颗粒。术语“两亲性颗粒”,如本文所用,是指主要由被水和空气平衡地湿润的材料组成的颗粒。因此,术语两亲性颗粒不包括,例如,非常疏水的,即仅被油(空气)湿润的脂肪球,或很亲水的,即仅被水湿润的碳酸钙或微晶纤维素。
在两亲性颗粒的体积加权平均直径为0.02~10μm,尤其0.2~2μm的情况下,获得了最佳结果。可适用于本发明的两亲性颗粒的实例包括可可粉、表面活性纤维、改性纤维素、改性淀粉、矿物颗粒、粘土、蛋白质颗粒和它们的组合。已经发现,两亲性颗粒的可湿润性与它们的泡沫稳定化能力相关。优选用颗粒-含水相-空气界面的平均接触角来表征两亲性颗粒,接触角又与这些相同颗粒的稳定化能力相关。优选所述接触角在60~120°范围,更优选70~110°。
本发明的可食用泡沫产品有利地含0.1~10wt%脂肪。产品内所含的脂肪会提高泡沫的稳定性,尤其当相当部分的脂肪在体温下是固体时。因此,按照特别优选的实施方案,可食用泡沫产品内所含的脂肪在37℃的固体脂肪含量为至少5%,更优选至少10%,最优选至少15%。固体脂肪含量可用本领域技术人员熟知的NMR法适当测定。
本发明的可食用泡沫产品有利地含少于4wt%,优选少于1wt%的乙醇(alcohol)。最优选可食用泡沫产品不含乙醇。
按照另一个优选实施方案,本泡沫产品含少于0.3wt%,更优选少于0.1wt%的聚甘油酯。最优选本产品不含聚甘油酯。
本泡沫产品可适当地含糖(蔗糖)。但优选泡沫产品的糖含量低于5wt%,更优选低于3wt%,最优选低于2wt%。
本发明的可食用泡沫产品可以是可倾倒或可匙舀的。按照一个实施方案,产品不可倾倒。这种不可倾倒的产品一般具有定义如下的可匙舀流变性:当从100~300s-1的剪切速率外推时,屈服值>50Pa,在100~300s-1的剪切速率范围,Bingham粘度<500mPa·s,在应变<0.5弧度的应力下失效。屈服应力用Haake VT550粘度计在20℃测定。
按照另一个实施方案,本可食用泡沫产品是可倾倒的。可倾倒产物的优点在于它能被喝。如果产品是被喝而不是被吃,就最小化了因咀嚼而导致的不利密度增加的概率-例如,面包是高膨胀度产品,但实际上在咀嚼期间所有的空气都失去了。尤其在可食用泡沫产品在胃里因阴离子多糖的凝胶化作用而被稳定化的情况下,优选用可倾倒形式的可食用泡沫产品。
本发明的可食用泡沫产品可以是甜品或开胃品。甜品可适合于作点心或膳食组分食用。可倾倒泡沫甜品的实例是奶昔类产品、鲜榨果汁(fruit smoothes)等。可匙舀泡沫甜品可类似于巧克力或香草慕思、乳酪、冰激凌、搅打奶油等产品。开胃品可作为点心、膳食组分或甚至代餐品食用。开胃泡沫品的实例是开胃慕思,例如,家禽、鱼或贝类慕思或肥鹅肝酱。
需指出,本发明也包括含有本可食用泡沫产品的复合材料食品。因此本发明包括,例如,填充条,在其中可食用泡沫产品构成填料。本发明还包括含本可食用泡沫产品和由不同可食用材料,如肉、面条、蔬菜、面包、水果、巧克力、糕点、华夫饼干或冰激凌所制多层的多层食品。
为提高本产品在治疗或预防肥胖方面的效果,优选限制产品的卡路里含量。本产品的卡路里密度一般不超过0.5kcal/ml。虽然提供按照本发明的卡路里含量很低的可食用泡沫产品是可行的,但优选卡路里密度高于0.05kcal/ml。最优选可食用泡沫产品的卡路里密度在0.1~0.3kcal/ml范围。
按照另一个优选实施方案,本可食用泡沫产品含:
1~10wt%蛋白质;
0.5~5wt%脂肪;
1~10wt%碳水化合物;和
至少80wt%水。
就卡路里贡献而论,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的优选量如下:
10~40cal%蛋白质;
5~30cal%脂肪;和
10~60cal%碳水化合物。
除前述阴离子多糖外,可适用于本产品的碳水化合物包括单糖(如葡萄糖、果糖和转化糖)、二糖(如蔗糖或乳糖)、寡聚糖(如果糖寡聚体、麦芽糖糊精)和多糖(如菊粉、淀粉)。优选,本可食用泡沫产品内单-和二糖的总量在0.25~10wt%范围。
本发明的可食用泡沫产品有利地作代餐品或膳食组分食用。除蛋白质、碳水化合物和/或脂肪外,本产品有利地含必需(微量)营养素,如维他命、矿物质、黄酮类、甾醇和抗氧剂。宜含在本可食用泡沫产品内的其它组分包括香料、着色剂、乳化剂等。当然,本可食用泡沫产品还可含很多植物质,如果汁、水果提取物、蔬菜提取物、草药、调味品等。
可食用泡沫产品内所含的气泡尺寸可变化很大。产品内空气泡的体积加权平均直径一般为5~500μm,优选10~200μm。气泡的体积加权平均直径可以用光学显微技术适当测定。
本发明者已发现,本可食用泡沫产品的稳定性,尤其当它从加压气溶胶系统原位产生时,受留在泡沫内的气体组成影响。为了产生非常稳定的泡沫,有利地包括水-溶解度有限的气体。例如,空气就不特别适合,因为例如氧在水中的溶解度较高。
按照特别优选的实施方案,本发明的可食用泡沫产品含有在水中的溶解度(在37℃的温度)低于空气的气体。按照另一个优选实施方案,相对于空气,泡沫产品内所含的气体含有更多量的一种或多种下列气体:N2、N2O、CO2、He、O2。这里,术语“更多量”是指至少一种所述气体的浓度比在空气中的高至少10%。
本发明的另一个方面涉及可食用泡沫产品在治疗或预防超重或肥胖中的应用,所述可食用泡沫产品的特征在于:可倾倒或可匙舀稠度、至少100%膨胀度和由t1/2>30min所证明的很高胃稳定性。前述治疗优选包含摄取,即口服,包含可食用泡沫产品的食料或营养品。为达到所需的饱腹效果,优选每次吃至少100ml可食用泡沫产品。因此优选份量为至少100ml。最优选份量在300~800ml范围。按照特别优选的实施方案,治疗或预防超重或肥胖中所用的可食用泡沫产品是如本文前面定义的兼具胃稳定性和口内稳定性的可食用泡沫产品。
本发明的还有一个方面涉及容纳可食用液体组合物和推进剂的压力容器,开动阀门可使液体组合物从该容器释放,产生可食用泡沫产品,所述可食用泡沫产品的特征在于:可倾倒或可匙舀的稠度、至少100%膨胀度和由t1/2>30min所证明的很高胃稳定性。由此得到的可食用泡沫产品的密度比容器内液体组合物的低得多(例如,低40%)。按照优选实施方案,开动阀门所产生的可食用泡沫产品的组成与可食用液体组合物的相同(不包括气相在内)。
适用的推进剂包括压缩气体,尤其液化气体。优选所用的推进剂选自N2O、N2、CO2、空气和它们的组合。最优选所用的推进剂选自N2O、N2、CO2和它们的组合。
压力容器内所含推进剂的压力一般为至少3bar。所述压力通常不超过12bar。
本发明要用下列实施例作进一步举例说明。
实施例
实施例1
用以下食谱制备液体配方(浓度单位为wt%)
组分 | 产品1A | 产品1B |
脱脂奶粉 | 6.10 | 6.40 |
酪蛋白酸钙 | 1.60 | 1.60 |
浓缩乳蛋白 | 1.30 | 1.10 |
麦芽糖糊精(DE=5) | 1.30 | 1.30 |
可可粉 | 1.20 | |
蔗糖 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
葵花油 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
微晶纤维素 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
阿拉伯胶 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
单酸甘油酯 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
磷酸二钾 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
卵磷脂 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
角叉菜胶 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
水 | 84.55 | 85.67 |
液体配方制备如下:用高剪切混合器(SilversonTM,EmulsorTM screen,6000rpm)搅拌,把除脂质外的所有干组分分散在温水(60℃)中5min。然后在水基溶液内加进已预热的脂质混合物(60℃),同时用SilversonTM继续混合。然后在高压均化器(Niro SoaviTM)内在65℃和225bar下均化预乳液,在142℃灭菌10s,冷却到65℃并在50bar下后均化。最后,迅速冷却乳液到环境温度并在无菌条件下装入无菌NalgeneTM瓶内。
然后把330ml各液体配方倒进可加压分配器(奶油搅打器“GourmetWhip”,0.5l,art.nr.243110,iSi GmbH,Vienna,Austria)。密闭分配器并在分配器上安装螺旋型N2装料器直到气体从中释出。摇晃分配器约10s,然后释放内容物。用前文所述的方法测定由此得到的可食用泡沫产品的口内和胃稳定性。为比较起见,也测量商品搅打奶油(Slagroom,Melkan,Postbus 80,4153ZH,Beesd,The Netherlands)的口内稳定性。在这种情况下,用其原来的气溶胶分配罐对奶油充气。由此获得的结果示于下表。
产品1A | 产品1B | 搅打奶油 | |
起始膨胀度(0V) | 238% | 213% | 325% |
口内稳定性损失(损失的%0V) | 18% | 31% | 68% |
胃稳定性 | t1/2=140min. | T1/2=55min. | T1/2=55min. |
实施例2
为确定对按照本发明的可食用泡沫产品饱腹感的影响,进行了食用者研究。在该研究中,比较实施例1中所述的泡沫产品1B与组成相同的液体,即非发泡的产品。研究中所用的泡沫产品实际上是从用来比较的同一液体配方制成的。
食用者研究的设计如下:
对象:
为本研究,选出24位年龄在18~60岁之间,体重指数在21.0~32.0kg/m2之间的健康志愿者。志愿者按以下标准选择:他们必须是Slim·的使用者,他们必须喜欢巧克力味,而且他们必须在特定试验日有空。2/3志愿者先前已参与过类似的饱腹研究。
实验设计:
本研究有一项随机和正交设计。实验设计由4个试验日和4个处理组成:
①在单个时刻=0min时吃液体产品(325ml,190kcal)
②在单个时刻=0min时吃泡沫产品(约1000ml,190kcal)
③吃半液体产品(162.5ml,95kcal)2次,即在时刻=0min和时刻=120min。
④吃半泡沫产品(约500ml,95kcal)2次,即在时刻=0min和时刻=120min。
要求志愿者在上午10点前用早餐。他们在11:50~12:00之间到达食用者试验中心。在这里他们都入座于同一房间(每个试验日12个志愿者),可相互交谈。
在看见并食用处理前一刻,志愿者完成一份关于食欲、情绪和胃不适的问卷(基线测量)。上午12:00,他们吃试验产品。引导他们在10min内喝进试验产品。但有些志愿者嫌泡沫产品太稠而无法喝,因此允许他们用匙舀。
上午12:10,志愿者完成另一份关于食欲、情绪和胃不适的问卷及口味和喜欢程度的问卷。然后他们离开食用者试验中心,而且,每20min完成一份关于食欲、情绪和胃不适的问卷,共继续240min,直到4:00a.m.。
食用半RTD奶昔或半泡沫状产品的志愿者在1:50~2:00a.m.之间回到食用者试验中心。在看见并吃第二个半份处理前一刻,再次完成关于食欲、情绪和胃不适的问卷。在2:00a.m.,他们吃第二个半份试验产品,然后再次完成关于食欲、情绪和胃不适的问卷及关于口味和喜欢程度的问卷。然后他们离开食用者试验中心,且继续每20min完成一份关于食欲、情绪和胃不适的问卷,直到4:00a.m.。
在4:00a.m.,还要求志愿者回答有关产品喜欢/不喜欢、试验方法和食用体验等多个开放性问题。
要求志愿者在试验日期间保持一致的食物和饮料摄取及体育/体力活动。在12:00~4:00a.m.之间,除了水、咖啡和茶(无奶油和糖,但允许甜味剂)和其它无卡路里饮料外,他们不允许吃、喝非试验产品的东西。测量:
关于食欲(饥饿、饱腹、想吃点心、想用餐、渴)、情绪(精力充沛、虚弱/疲劳)和胃不适的问卷,用纸形式按100-mm视觉比拟标尺(VAS)分等,最差或最低强度的感觉(例如,根本不)在低端打勾,相反则在高端(例如,非常)打勾。要求志愿者在放在标尺上的线上示出那时刻他们感觉的最佳反映。分析时,把VAS上的得分分为0~100个VAS单位(=mm)。
此外,在吃过试验产品后,马上把关于试验产品的口味和喜欢程度(全面喜欢、口味/香味喜欢、气味/香气喜欢、口感喜欢)在100-mm纸视觉比拟标尺(VAS)上分等。
在试验结束时,要求志愿者回答多个开放性问题,其关于他们对试验产品、试验方法和食用体验有多么喜欢/不喜欢。他们也必须按5-点标尺对他们有多么可能会购买试验品进行分等。这些问题示于图2c中。
统计分析:
统计分析用方差分析法进行评估,以对象、周期和处理作为因素。基线值被看成是协变量。处理之间的差别(全泡沫状产品相比于全RTD奶昔、半泡沫状产品相比于半RTD产品、半泡沫状产品相比于半RTD产品)用Bonferroni post-hoc试验建立。p-值<0.05(双侧)被认为具有显著性。
结果:
召集24位(3男,21女)年龄(平均值±SD)为41.8±8.8岁(28~60岁)和体重指数(平均值±SD)为26.2±2.4kg/m2(22.1~31.2kg/m2)的健康志愿者并完成了该研究。
研究发现,与食用单份液体产品相比,食用单份泡沫产品显著减小了饥饿、想吃点心、想用餐的感觉,而且提高了饱腹感。虽然在整个240min内观察到对减少饥饿感和提高饱腹感的作用显著,但对想吃点心或想用餐的作用主要出现在前120min内。
研究又发现,与食用2份液体产品相比,食用2份泡沫产品显著减小了饥饿、想吃点心、想用餐的感觉,而且提高了饱腹感。在整个240min内已观察到对这些参数的影响,但在120min~240min之间更强。
饥饿、饱腹、想吃点心、想用餐的曲线和AUC数据示于图1-4。
图1饥饿
统计以双侧Fisher分析为基础,以基线为协变量(p<0.05)
图2饱
统计以双侧Fisher分析为基础,以基线为协变量(p<0.05)
半泡沫状产品与全RTD奶昔之间的差别
半泡沫状产品与全RTD奶昔之间的差别
图3想吃点心
统计以双侧Fisher分析为基础,以基线为协变量(p<0.05)
半泡沫状产品与半RTD奶昔之间的差别
图4想用餐
统计以双侧Fisher分析为基础,以基线为协变量(p<0.05)
半泡沫状产品与半RTD奶昔之间的差别
实施例3
用以下食谱并用实施例1中所述的方法制备液体配方(浓度单位为wt%)
组分 | 产品3A | 产品3B |
脱脂奶粉 | 6.50 | 6.50 |
蔗糖 | 6.50 | 6.50 |
葵花油 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
阿拉伯胶 | 1.10 | 1.10 |
酪蛋白酸钙 | 0.80 | 0.80 |
微晶纤维素 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
磷酸二钾 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
卵磷脂 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
单酸甘油酯 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
角叉菜胶 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
藻酸盐 | 0.6 | |
果胶 | 0.4 | |
水 | 83.75 | 82.75 |
用实施例1中所述的压力分配器从液体产品生成泡沫产品并测定泡沫产品的胃稳定性。获得如下结果:
产品3A | 产品3B | |
胃稳定性 | t1/2=6分钟 | t1/2>150分钟 |
实施例4
用以下食谱并用实施例1中所述的方法制备液体配方(浓度单位为wt%)
组分 | 产品4A | 产品4B |
脱脂奶粉 | 5.90 | 5.90 |
蔗糖 | 2.10 | 2.10 |
可可粉 | 1.20 | 1.20 |
大豆蛋白分离物 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
阿拉伯胶 | 0.65 | 0.65 |
微晶纤维素 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
单酸甘油酯 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
磷酸二钾 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
卵磷脂 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
角叉菜胶 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
果胶 | 0.4 | |
藻酸盐 | 0.6 | |
水 | 88.20 | 87.20 |
用实施例1中所述的压力分配器从液体产品生成泡沫产品并测定泡沫产品的胃稳定性。获得如下结果:
产品3A | 产品3B | |
胃稳定性 | t1/2=4分钟 | t1/2=60分钟 |
实施例5
用以下食谱并用实施例1中所述的方法制备液体配方(浓度单位为wt%)
组分 | 产品5A | 产品5B |
脱脂奶粉 | 6.50 | 6.50 |
蔗糖 | 6.50 | 6.50 |
葵花油 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
阿拉伯胶 | 1.10 | 1.10 |
酪蛋白酸钙 | 0.80 | 0.80 |
微晶纤维素 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
磷酸二钾 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
卵磷脂 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
单酸甘油酯 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
角叉菜胶 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
可可粉 | 1.50 | |
水 | 83.75 | 82.25 |
用实施例1中所述的压力分配器从液体产品生成泡沫产品并测定泡沫产品的胃稳定性。获得如下结果:
产品5A | 产品5B | |
胃稳定性 | t1/2=6分钟 | t1/2=40分钟 |
实施例6
用以下食谱并用实施例1中所述的方法制备液体配方(浓度单位为wt%)
组分 | 产品6A | 产品6B | 产品6C |
脱脂奶粉 | 5.90 | 5.90 | 5.90 |
蔗糖 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.10 |
可可粉 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 |
大豆蛋白分离物 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
阿拉伯胶 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 |
单酸甘油酯 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
磷酸二钾 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
卵磷脂 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
角叉菜胶 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
可可粉 | 1.50 | ||
微晶纤维素 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 2.10 |
水 | 88.20 | 86.70 | 86.70 |
用实施例1中所述的压力分配器从液体产品生成泡沫产品并测定泡沫产品的胃稳定性。获得下述结果:
产品6A | 产品6B | 产品6C | |
胃稳定性 | t1/2=4分钟 | t1/2=40分钟 | t1/2=55分钟 |
实施例7
用以下食谱并用实施例1中所述的方法制备液体配方(浓度单位为wt%)
组分 | 产品7A | 产品7B |
脱脂奶粉 | 5.90 | 5.90 |
蔗糖 | 2.10 | 2.10 |
可可粉 | 1.20 | 1.20 |
大豆蛋白分离物 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
阿拉伯胶 | 0.65 | 0.65 |
微晶纤维素 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
单酸甘油酯 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
磷酸二钾 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
卵磷脂 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
角叉菜胶 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
葵花油 | 3.00 | |
棕榈油 | 3.00 | |
水 | 85.20 | 85.20 |
用实施例1中所述的压力分配器从液体产品生成泡沫产品并测定泡沫产品的胃稳定性。获得如下结果:
产品7A | 产品7B | |
胃稳定性 | t1/2=5分钟 | t1/2=45分钟 |
Claims (19)
1.具有可倾倒或可匙舀稠度、至少100%的膨胀度的可食用泡沫产品,所述泡沫产品含至少60wt%的水、1~7wt%的蛋白质和1~20wt%的碳水化合物,而且还以口内稳定性高和胃稳定性高为特征,所述口内稳定性用说明书中所规定的方法由口内剪切条件下膨胀度的减小不到35%得以证明;所述胃稳定性高用说明书中所规定的方法由t1/2>30min得以证明,t1/2代表在胃条件下使膨胀度的减小达到50%所需的时间。
2.按照权利要求1的可食用泡沫产品,其中所述产品以在所述口内剪切条件下膨胀度的减小不到25%为特征。
3.按照权利要求1或2的可食用泡沫产品,所述产品表现出的t1/2>45min,优选t1/2>60min。
4.按照前述权利要求中任何一项的可食用泡沫产品,它含有少于4wt%,优选少于1wt%的乙醇。
5.按照前述权利要求中任何一项的可食用泡沫产品,它含有少于0.3wt%,优选少于0.1wt%的聚甘油酯。
6.按照前述权利要求中任何一项的可食用泡沫产品,其中所述产品含有0.1~5wt%的选自下列一组的阴离子多糖:藻酸盐、果胶和它们的组合。
7.按照权利要求6的可食用泡沫产品,其中所述产品含有0.01~1wt%的不溶解钙盐。
8.按照前述权利要求中任何一项的可食用泡沫产品,其中所述产品的pH值在6.0~7.5范围。
9.按照前述权利要求中任何一项的可食用泡沫产品,其中所述产品含有至少1wt%的选自下列一组的蛋白质:大豆蛋白、卵蛋白和它们的组合。
10.按照前述权利要求中任何一项的可食用泡沫产品,其中所述产品含有至少0.01wt%的选自下列一组的泡沫稳定化蛋白质:疏水蛋白、卓别林蛋白和它们的组合。
11.按照前述权利要求中任何一项的可食用泡沫产品,其中所述产品含有0.1~10wt%的体积加权平均直径为0.02~10μm的两亲性颗粒。
12.按照权利要求11的可食用泡沫产品,其中两亲性颗粒的颗粒-含水相-空气界面的接触角在60~120°范围。
13.按照前述权利要求中任何一项的可食用泡沫产品,其中所述产品含有0.1~1wt%脂肪,所述脂肪在37℃的固体脂肪含量为至少5%。
14.按照前述权利要求中任何一项的可食用泡沫产品,其中所述产品的卡路里密度为0.05~0.5kcal/ml。
15.按照前述权利要求中任何一项的可食用泡沫产品,其中产品内气泡的体积加权平均直径为5~500μm,优选10~200μm。
16.可食用泡沫产品在制造适用于治疗或预防超重或肥胖的食料或营养品中的应用,所述可食用泡沫产品的特征在于可倾倒或可匙舀稠度、至少100%的膨胀度和由t1/2>30min所证明的很高的胃稳定性。
17.按照权利要求16的应用,其中该方法包含口服300~800ml的份量。
18.容纳可食用液体组合物和推进剂的压力容器,开动阀门就能使所述液体组合物从该容器释放,产生可食用泡沫产品,所述可食用泡沫产品的特征在于可倾倒或可匙舀稠度,至少100%的膨胀度和由t1/2>30min所证明的很高的胃稳定性。
19.按照权利要求18的压力容器,在其中,开动阀门所产生的可食用泡沫产品具有与可食用液体组合物相同的组成。
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FR2865416B1 (fr) | 2004-01-27 | 2007-11-16 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Compositions d'huile cristallisable stabilisees par des particules solides colloidales. |
US7323540B2 (en) | 2004-06-16 | 2008-01-29 | North Carolina State University | Process for preparing microrods using liquid-liquid dispersion |
EP1621084B1 (en) * | 2004-07-27 | 2008-04-02 | Unilever Plc | Aerated food products containing hydrophobin |
AU2005266665B2 (en) * | 2004-07-27 | 2009-02-05 | Unilever Plc | Aerated food products containing hydrophobin |
WO2006067064A1 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2006-06-29 | Nestec S.A. | Shelf stable mousse |
DE602005023257D1 (de) * | 2004-12-23 | 2010-10-14 | Unilever Nv | Eiskonfekt und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Eiskonfekt |
US20070071874A1 (en) | 2005-09-28 | 2007-03-29 | Cash Mary J | Cream compositions and food foams made therefrom |
ATE542880T1 (de) | 2005-12-16 | 2012-02-15 | Unilever Nv | Oberflächenaktives material und seine anwendung |
CN101528054B (zh) | 2006-10-17 | 2013-03-13 | 荷兰联合利华有限公司 | 包含气泡的食品组合物及其制备方法 |
BRPI0718390A2 (pt) | 2006-10-17 | 2013-11-26 | Unilever Nv | Composição alimentícia compreendendo bolhas de gás e processo para prepará-la. |
CA2665927A1 (en) * | 2006-10-17 | 2008-04-24 | Unilever Plc | Frozen aerated food products comprising surface-active fibres |
EP2081443A1 (en) | 2006-10-17 | 2009-07-29 | Unilever N.V. | Aerated food product and process for preparing it |
EP2129238A1 (en) * | 2007-03-26 | 2009-12-09 | Unilever N.V. | Aerated food products being warm containing soluble and/or insoluble solids and methods for producing them |
-
2007
- 2007-09-11 CN CN2007800387154A patent/CN101528054B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-09-11 ZA ZA200901780A patent/ZA200901780B/xx unknown
- 2007-09-13 ZA ZA200901781A patent/ZA200901781B/xx unknown
- 2007-09-13 CN CNA2007800384955A patent/CN101528052A/zh active Pending
- 2007-10-01 EP EP12166615.0A patent/EP2505076B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-10-01 EP EP12166618.4A patent/EP2505079B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-10-01 US US12/445,478 patent/US8945660B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-10-01 EP EP12166617A patent/EP2505078A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-10-01 EP EP12166616A patent/EP2505077A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-10-01 ZA ZA200901706A patent/ZA200901706B/xx unknown
- 2007-10-01 AU AU2007312442A patent/AU2007312442B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-10-01 CN CNA2007800388053A patent/CN101528055A/zh active Pending
- 2007-10-01 CA CA2666111A patent/CA2666111C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-10-01 EP EP07820740.4A patent/EP2081451B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-10-01 ZA ZA200901704A patent/ZA200901704B/xx unknown
- 2007-10-01 MX MX2009003808A patent/MX2009003808A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2007-10-01 WO PCT/EP2007/060354 patent/WO2008046729A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-10-01 CN CNA2007800385765A patent/CN101528065A/zh active Pending
- 2007-10-03 CN CN2007800388547A patent/CN101528056B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-10-03 ZA ZA200901705A patent/ZA200901705B/xx unknown
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104994744A (zh) * | 2012-12-19 | 2015-10-21 | 里奇产品有限公司 | 含碳酸钙的可食用可发泡组合物 |
CN110973554A (zh) * | 2019-11-27 | 2020-04-10 | 李刚 | 一种泡沫蜂蜜及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN101528054B (zh) | 2013-03-13 |
EP2505078A1 (en) | 2012-10-03 |
AU2007312442B2 (en) | 2011-07-14 |
EP2505079B1 (en) | 2019-02-27 |
AU2007312442A1 (en) | 2008-04-24 |
CN101528054A (zh) | 2009-09-09 |
US20100034753A1 (en) | 2010-02-11 |
EP2505076B1 (en) | 2019-03-13 |
ZA200901705B (en) | 2010-06-30 |
WO2008046729A1 (en) | 2008-04-24 |
EP2505079A1 (en) | 2012-10-03 |
ZA200901704B (en) | 2010-06-30 |
EP2505076A1 (en) | 2012-10-03 |
CN101528055A (zh) | 2009-09-09 |
ZA200901706B (en) | 2010-06-30 |
CA2666111C (en) | 2017-06-13 |
US8945660B2 (en) | 2015-02-03 |
EP2081451A1 (en) | 2009-07-29 |
MX2009003808A (es) | 2009-04-22 |
CN101528056B (zh) | 2012-11-07 |
CA2666111A1 (en) | 2008-04-24 |
CN101528052A (zh) | 2009-09-09 |
CN101528056A (zh) | 2009-09-09 |
EP2505077A1 (en) | 2012-10-03 |
ZA200901780B (en) | 2010-06-30 |
EP2081451B1 (en) | 2019-02-27 |
ZA200901781B (en) | 2010-06-30 |
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