CN101516997A - 基于纳米颗粒淀粉的可生物降解的组合物 - Google Patents

基于纳米颗粒淀粉的可生物降解的组合物 Download PDF

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CN101516997A
CN101516997A CNA2007800360486A CN200780036048A CN101516997A CN 101516997 A CN101516997 A CN 101516997A CN A2007800360486 A CNA2007800360486 A CN A2007800360486A CN 200780036048 A CN200780036048 A CN 200780036048A CN 101516997 A CN101516997 A CN 101516997A
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C·巴斯蒂奥利
G·弗洛里迪
G·戴尔翠蒂斯
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Abstract

本发明涉及可生物降解的多相组合物,其包含由至少一种与淀粉不相容的韧性疏水聚合物的基质组成的连续相以及平均尺寸小于0.25μm的纳米颗粒分散的淀粉相。该组合物特征在于断裂负荷、杨氏模量和断裂能。

Description

基于纳米颗粒淀粉的可生物降解的组合物
本发明涉及基于淀粉的可生物降解的多相组合物,其能够成型为柔性膜,该柔性膜具有在23℃、50%RH下牵引时产生大于28、优选地大于30且甚至更优选地大于33的K因子的纵向拉伸性能,该K因子如下所定义:
K=(断裂负荷)×(杨氏模量)×(断裂能)/1000000
其中断裂负荷和杨氏模量以MPa表示且断裂能以KJ/m2表示。
这些膜甚至在小于20%的相对湿度下和23℃下也不存在横向撕裂的现象,且特别适用于制造高韧性的袋和包装。这些性能甚至更加显著,因为它们指的是无需膜后拉伸而获得的膜。
依据本发明的组合物是不溶于水和水不可分散的,依据标准UNI10956或者EN 14987。
特别地,本发明涉及可生物降解的多相组合物,其包含至少两个相:
(a)连续相,由至少一种与淀粉不相容的韧性疏水聚合物的基质组成,所述聚合物选自源于二酸-二醇的聚酯类;
(b)均匀分散的纳米颗粒淀粉相,其平均尺寸小于0.25μm,优选地小于0.20μm,且甚至更优选地小于0.18μm;
其中K因子大于28,优选地大于30,且甚至更优选地大于33。
在相对于挤出流的方向、或者总之相对于材料输出的方向的横断面上测量淀粉颗粒的尺寸。由此在由横断面得到的二维形状上测量淀粉颗粒的尺寸。
淀粉颗粒的平均尺寸以颗粒尺寸的数字(或算术)平均值来计算。
在球形颗粒的情形下,颗粒尺寸对应于圆直径。
在非球形颗粒的情形下,依据下式计算颗粒尺寸(d):
d = d 1 · d 2
其中d1为所述颗粒可内接或逼近于其的椭圆的小直径,且d2为大直径。
优选地,依据本发明的组合物具有例如以下的淀粉颗粒分布:
-80%淀粉颗粒的尺寸小于0.35μm;
-该80%淀粉颗粒的面积相对于淀粉颗粒的总面积大于45%。
依据本发明特别优选的是具有例如以下的淀粉颗粒分布的组合物:
-80%淀粉颗粒的尺寸小于0.25μm;
-该80%淀粉颗粒的面积相对于淀粉颗粒的总面积大于50%。
市场上目前存在的基于淀粉的可生物降解的袋的一个缺陷在于缺乏机械性能的均一性,特别是在横向和纵向上的撕裂强度。大规模零售商使用的尺寸为60×60cm的购物袋普遍是由厚度为约18~20μm的PE制成的,但是,在这些厚度下,基于淀粉的可生物降解的膜仍过于柔顺或者过于脆性以致不能经受住一定极限重量(即10kg)。这些性能方面的局限性在低湿度情形下特别明显。
前述技术问题现已通过依据本发明的基于淀粉的可生物降解的组合物得以解决,该组合物具有优于常规LDPE的高负荷、模量,以及在两个方向上的极高韧性,不存在任何横向迁移,其特别有利于生产薄膜。
实际上,本发明可生物降解的组合物容许制得厚度为约18~20μm的袋,且如果实际应用中需要时甚至厚度低于18μm,换句话说,具有堪比由中密度聚乙烯制得的袋的厚度。也能够生产尺寸大约70×70cm且厚度为约50μm(厚度与LDPE环形手柄袋相同)的“环形手柄”袋。
依据标准EN 13432,本发明组合物是可生物降解的。
特别地,依据本发明的材料包含:
(a)关于疏水基质,至少一种与淀粉不相容的且在连续相中的韧性热塑性聚合物,其量为55~95%,优选地为58~90%,更优选地为60~85%,且甚至更优选地为62~80%;
(b)关于分散的淀粉相,至少一种解体的(destructurized)纳米颗粒淀粉,其百分比为5~45%,优选为10~42%,更优选为15~40%且甚至更优选为20~38%。
为了获得具有优于现有技术中所述材料的断裂负荷和在两个横向与纵向上的韧性的材料,必须采用特定重量比例的各种组分,且采用在能够提供容许在很细颗粒中降低分散的相的温度和剪切条件的挤出机或者任意其它机器中的工艺。
通常,最适宜的挤出系统是使用螺杆最大与最小直径之间的比例小于1.6、且更优选地小于1.4的层压螺杆(laminating screws)的那些。
关于疏水基质,本文中考虑的是源于二酸-二醇的韧性聚酯,即特征在于模量小于200MPa且极限伸长率大于500%的聚酯,如二酸/二醇类型的脂肪族芳族聚酯,描述于EP 559 785(Eastman)、EP 792 309(BASF)和WO 2006/097353(Novamont)。所示限度之内,本文中也可以考虑EP 1 117 738中描述的二酸/二醇类型的脂肪族聚酯。
特别优选其中二酸部分选自下列二酸中至少一种的聚酯:琥珀酸、己二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、十一烷二酸、十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸或其混合物。
甚至更优选其中二酸部分除了上述二酸之外还含有芳族二酸的、源于二酸-二醇的聚酯。
所述芳族酸选自邻苯二甲酸类型的二羧酸化合物和它们的酯,优选对苯二甲酸。所述芳族酸的存在量为49~66摩尔%,优选为49.5~63摩尔%,仍更优选为50~61摩尔%,相对于酸组分的总量。
聚合物合成过程期间,可以加入各种添加剂如聚碳化二亚胺、聚环氧树脂、过氧化物和噁唑啉。特别地,可以有利地将聚环氧树脂作为添加剂加入,由此稳定最终的多相组合物不受水解。特别优选的是缩水甘油类型的树脂。仍更优选的是BADGE(双酚A二缩水甘油醚)。
关于淀粉相,本文中包括所有天然淀粉,如源于马铃薯、玉米、木薯、豌豆、稻谷、小麦的那些以及高直链淀粉——优选地含有大于30重量%的直链淀粉——和蜡质淀粉。优选含有解体淀粉的组合物。
能够容易地解体且具有高初始分子量的淀粉如玉米和马铃薯淀粉已证实是特别有利的。
特别优选使用玉米和马铃薯淀粉。
对于解体淀粉,本文中参照EP-0118 240和EP-0 327 505中包含的教导,其旨在表示经加工的淀粉,使得其实质上在偏振光中在光学显微镜下无“马尔他十字(Maltese crosses)”以及在相衬中在光学显微镜下无“重像”。
另外,可以部分地使用物理和化学改性的淀粉,如乙氧基化淀粉,丙氧基化淀粉,淀粉乙酸酯,淀粉丁酸酯,淀粉丙酸酯,其取代度包含在0.1~2之间的范围内,阳离子淀粉,氧化淀粉,交联淀粉,凝胶化淀粉。
依据本发明的组合物在淀粉配混物(其中并未使淀粉强烈络合)的情形下也显示良好性能。关于淀粉络合,本说明书中旨在引入EP-0 965615 A1中含有的教导。淀粉与一种与淀粉不相容的韧性疏水聚合物的络合物的存在,可以通过X射线衍射光谱中存在在2θ刻度上范围为13~14°的峰得以证实。依据本发明,措词“其中并未使淀粉强烈络合的组合物”,旨在表示其中该络合物的在范围13~14°内的峰高度(Hc)与在约20.5°处出现的无定形淀粉的峰高度(Ha)的比例Hc/Ha小于0.15且甚至小于0.07的组合物。
依据本发明的组合物可以含有另外的分散相,例如其由刚性聚合物组成,特别是聚羟基链烷酸酯,如聚乳酸和聚乙醇酸。特别优选的是含有至少75%的L-乳酸或D-乳酸或其组合的聚乳酸的聚合物或共聚物,其分子量Mw大于70 000且模量大于1500MPa。也可以将这些聚合物塑化。
在本发明可生物降解的组合物的多相结构的形成阶段中,必须存在至少一种用于淀粉的增塑剂,以提供适宜的流变学性能以使淀粉相的尺寸最小化。这种增塑剂可以简单地是水(甚至仅使用天然淀粉中含有的水,无需另外添加),或者自沸的或聚合物的增塑剂。通常基于流变学需求和混合体系来选择增塑剂的用量。
任意情形下,可以加入用量相对于组分(A+B)小于10%的增塑剂。除了水之外,在依据本发明的组合物中可以利用的增塑剂还可为,例如,WO 92/14782中所述的那些,其中甘油是特别优选的增塑剂。
优选含有水作为唯一增塑剂的组合物。特别优选含有存在于天然淀粉中的水作为唯一增塑剂的组合物。
本发明的可生物降解的组合物中,还可以引入各种添加剂,如抗氧剂、UV稳定剂、热和水解稳定剂、扩链剂、阻燃剂、缓释剂、无机和有机填料如天然纤维、抗静电剂、润湿剂、着色剂、润滑剂或各种相之间的增容剂。
水解稳定剂的实例为聚碳化二亚胺和环氧树脂。
聚碳化二亚胺之中特别优选的是脂肪族聚碳化二亚胺。
环氧树脂之中特别优选的是环氧化的聚甲基丙烯酸酯,特别是缩水甘油类型的。最优选的是聚甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯。
扩链剂的实例为过氧化物。过氧化物之中特别优选的是有机过氧化物。
由于纳米颗粒分散的淀粉相,依据本发明的可生物降解的多相组合物特别适用于成型为具有高模量同时在两个纵向和横向方向上具有各向同性(特别是与撕裂强度相关的)的柔性膜。所述膜特别适用于生产能够支撑重物且无严重变形以及不会发生横向破裂的袋和包装。
由依据本发明的可生物降解的多相组合物获得的膜也可以用于制造用于携带食物的包或袋,用于食物包装的膜和袋,可拉伸的、可热收缩的膜,用于胶带、用于可抛弃的尿布带和用于装饰性彩带的膜。一些其它主要应用为用于青贮饲料,用于水果和蔬菜的透气袋,用于面包和其它食物产品的袋,用于肉类、奶酪和其它食物品种以及酸奶罐的覆盖包装的膜。
由于它们的性能,依据本发明的可生物降解的多相组合物还可以应用于服装的纺织品或无纺布领域,共挤出的纤维或纺粘的、卫生和工业产品,以及用于渔网或者用于水果和蔬菜的网状物。
本发明现在参照其的一些非限定性实施例来进行阐述。
本发明现在参照其的一些非限定性实施例来进行阐述。
实施例
表1
  实施例   马铃薯淀粉  ECOFLEX   H2O   润滑剂
  1   32   74   0   0.3
  2   32   74   3   0.3
组成以份数来表示。
Figure A20078003604800121
为聚己二酸丁二酯-共-对苯二甲酸丁二酯,由BASF AG生产。
将表1中所示的组合物进料到具有9个加热区的L/D=36且直径为60mm的同向旋转挤出机中。
挤出参数如下:
RPM:140
流速:40kg/小时
热分布:60-140-175-180×4-155×2℃
螺杆直径比(最大直径/最小直径):1.31-1.35
传送与混合区之间的比例:2∶1
10个中的(out of 10)第8区中脱气
粒料的最终含水量等于0.8%
将表1的组合物在40mm Ghioldi机器上制膜,模口间隙=1mm,流速20kg/h,由此获得厚度为20μm的膜。
随后将该20μm膜进行机械表征,依据标准ASTM D882(23℃和55%相对湿度下牵引,且Vo=50mm/min)。
结果示于下表2中。
表2
  实施例   σy(MPa)   εy(%)   σb(MPa)   εb(%)   E(MPa)   Enb(KJ/m2)   K因子
  1   9   8   38   397   226   5370   46.1
2 9 8 37.5 347 225 5274 44.5
使依据实施例1和2的粒料破裂,进行酸腐蚀以除去淀粉颗粒,随后在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下以4000放大倍数进行显微照相。
有关实施例1和2的显微照片分别示于图1和2中。它们显示了:
-数字平均值小于0.25μm的淀粉纳米颗粒的尺寸;
-淀粉纳米颗粒分布如下:
-其80%的尺寸小于0.2μm;
-该80%的面积相对于淀粉颗粒总面积大于45%。
实施例3(对比)
重复专利EP 0 965 615 A1的实施例n°5。
将依据所述实施例获得的组合物制成厚度为20μm的膜。下表(表3)显示了所获膜的机械性能。
表3
  实施例   σb(MPa)   E(MPa)   Enb(KJ/M2)   K因子
  3   22   160   4423   15.6
使依据实施例3的组合物的膜破裂,进行酸腐蚀以除去淀粉颗粒,并在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下以4000放大倍数进行显微照相。
有关实施例3的显微照片示于图3中。
该显微照片显示:
-数字平均值为0.43μm的淀粉纳米颗粒的尺寸;
-淀粉纳米颗粒分布如下:
-其80%的尺寸小于或等于0.56μm;
-该80%的面积相对于淀粉颗粒总面积为44%。
仅仅50%的淀粉颗粒具有小于或等于0.35μm的尺寸,且其相对于淀粉颗粒的总面积仅覆盖13%的面积。

Claims (48)

1、可生物降解的多相组合物,其包含至少两个相:
(a)连续相,由至少一种与淀粉不相容的韧性疏水聚合物的基质组成,所述聚合物选自源于二酸-二醇的聚酯类;
(b)均匀分散的纳米颗粒淀粉相;
其特征在于,K因子大于28且所述分散的淀粉相(b)的颗粒的平均尺寸小于0.25μm。
2、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于K因子大于30。
3、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于K因子大于33。
4、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于分散的淀粉相具有颗粒中的平均尺寸小于0.20μm。
5、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于分散的淀粉相具有颗粒中的平均尺寸小于0.18μm。
6、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于淀粉纳米颗粒的分布如下:
-80%淀粉颗粒的尺寸小于0.35μm;
-该80%淀粉颗粒的面积相对于淀粉颗粒的总面积大于45%。
7、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于:
(a)所述基质包含在连续相中的数量为55~95%的至少一种与淀粉不相容的韧性热塑性聚合物;
(b)所述分散的淀粉相包含数量为5~45%的至少一种解体的纳米颗粒淀粉。
8、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于:
(a)所述基质包含在连续相中的数量为58~90%的至少一种与淀粉不相容的韧性热塑性聚合物;
(b)所述分散的淀粉相包含数量为10~42%的至少一种解体的纳米颗粒淀粉。
9、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于:
(a)所述基质包含在连续相中的数量为60~85%的至少一种与淀粉不相容的韧性热塑性聚合物;
(b)所述分散的淀粉相包含数量为15~40%的至少一种解体的纳米颗粒淀粉。
10、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于:
(a)所述基质包含在连续相中的数量为62~80%的至少一种与淀粉不相容的韧性热塑性聚合物;
(b)所述分散的淀粉相包含数量为20~38%的至少一种解体的纳米颗粒淀粉。
11、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中所述韧性热塑性聚合物的特征在于模量小于200MPa。
12、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于极限伸长率大于500%。
13、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述聚酯包含衍生自二酸的二酸部分,该二酸选自下列脂肪族二酸:琥珀酸、己二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、十一烷二酸、十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸或其混合物。
14、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述聚酯包含衍生自至少一种芳族二酸的二酸部分。
15、权利要求14的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述二酸部分选自邻苯二甲酸类型的二羧酸化合物和它们的酯。
16、权利要求15的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述邻苯二甲酸类型的二羧酸化合物为对苯二甲酸化合物。
17、权利要求16的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述对苯二甲酸的存在量为49~66摩尔%,相对于酸组分的总量。
18、权利要求16的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述对苯二甲酸的存在量为49.5~63摩尔%,相对于酸组分的总量。
19、权利要求16的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述对苯二甲酸的存在量为50~61摩尔%,相对于酸组分的总量。
20、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述至少一种韧性疏水聚合物的基质含有选自聚碳化二亚胺、聚环氧树脂、过氧化物或噁唑啉的添加剂。
21、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中所述添加剂为聚环氧树脂。
22、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中聚环氧树脂为双酚A二缩水甘油醚。
23、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述分散的淀粉相(b)由天然淀粉组成。
24、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中天然淀粉选自马铃薯、玉米、木薯、豌豆、稻谷、小麦、高直链淀粉——优选地含有大于30重量%的直链淀粉——和蜡质淀粉。
25、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中天然淀粉是解体的天然淀粉。
26、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中解体的天然淀粉是马铃薯和玉米淀粉。
27、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中解体的天然淀粉是马铃薯淀粉。
28、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述分散的淀粉相(b)包含物理和化学改性的淀粉。
29、权利要求28的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述物理和化学改性的淀粉选自乙氧基化淀粉,丙氧基化淀粉,淀粉乙酸酯,淀粉丁酸酯,淀粉丙酸酯,其取代度包含在0.1~2之间的范围内,阳离子淀粉,氧化淀粉,交联淀粉,凝胶化淀粉。
30、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于所述另外的分散相包括聚羟基链烷酸酯。
31、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中所述聚羟基链烷酸酯是含有至少75%L-乳酸或D-乳酸或其组合的聚乳酸的聚合物或共聚物,其分子量Mw大于70000且模量大于1500MPa。
32、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于在多相结构的形成阶段中,存在至少一种用于淀粉的增塑剂。
33、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于含有相对于(a)+(b)之和数量小于10%的增塑剂。
34、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中增塑剂为水或甘油或二者的混合物。
35、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中增塑剂为天然淀粉中含有的水。
36、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,其特征在于在所述组合物的形成阶段中,加入增塑剂之外的添加剂。
37、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中所述添加剂选自抗氧剂、UV稳定剂、热和水解稳定剂、扩链剂、阻燃剂、缓释剂、无机和有机填料如天然纤维、抗静电剂、润湿剂、着色剂、润滑剂或各种相之间的增容剂。
38、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中水解稳定剂为碳化二亚胺和环氧树脂。
39、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中碳化二亚胺是脂肪族碳化二亚胺。
40、权利要求38的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中环氧树脂是环氧化的聚甲基丙烯酸酯。
41、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中环氧化的聚甲基丙烯酸酯是缩水甘油类型的。
42、前述权利要求的可生物降解的多相组合物,其中缩水甘油类型的环氧化聚甲基丙烯酸酯是聚甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯。
43、权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物,是通过将所述组合物的组分在能够提供容许将所述分散的淀粉相(b)的颗粒尺寸降低到小于0.25μm的温度和剪切条件的挤出机或者其它机器中加工而获得的。
44、采用权利要求1的可生物降解的多相组合物制得的膜。
45、采用前述权利要求的膜制得的多穿孔的,挤出或热成型的,与纸张、铝、塑料和生物塑料层合的包或袋。
46、依据权利要求44的用于食品包装的膜,可拉伸的、可热收缩的膜,用于胶带、用于可抛弃的尿布带和用于装饰性彩带的膜,用于肉类、奶酪和其它食物品种以及酸奶罐的覆盖包装的膜,用于青贮饲料的膜。
47、依据权利要求45的袋用于携带食物、用于食品包装、作为用于水果和蔬菜的透气袋、用于面包和其它食物产品的袋的用途。
48、采用权利要求1的实质上不溶于水的可生物降解的多相组合物制得的用于服装的纺织品和无纺布,共挤出的纤维或纺粘的、卫生和工业产品,包括渔网或者用于水果和蔬菜的网状物。
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