CN101473752B - Method for intercropping cover plant in glade of cold temperate zone - Google Patents
Method for intercropping cover plant in glade of cold temperate zone Download PDFInfo
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- CN101473752B CN101473752B CN2009100767099A CN200910076709A CN101473752B CN 101473752 B CN101473752 B CN 101473752B CN 2009100767099 A CN2009100767099 A CN 2009100767099A CN 200910076709 A CN200910076709 A CN 200910076709A CN 101473752 B CN101473752 B CN 101473752B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for intercropping a cover plant in glades of cold zones and temperate zones. In the method, smooth brome is mainly planted among tree lines with the crown density of 0.2-0.9, wherein, the distance of the smooth brome from tree stumps is 20-50cm; the specific planting method comprises seeding, weeding, applying fertilizers, cutting and the like. The smooth brome intercropped by the method has the advantages of good cold resistance and drought resistance, strong shade tolerance, perennation and the like, and is applicable to being taken as the cover plant in orchards and artificial woodlands. The smooth brome is taken as the cover plant, which can reduce water loss and soil erosion, improve the population number of natural enemies and reduce the number of pests to reduce damages of the pests to fruit trees or forest trees, and further reduce the consumption of herbicides and pesticides, lower the production cost and reduces the environmental pollution; and the harvested smooth brome is taken as pasture grass, which can also increase the income of farmers.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the cover plant field, be specifically related to a kind of method cold temperate area slash intercropping cover plant.
Background technology
Orchard or artificial forest land's top tree crown is dense, the bottom is relatively more spacious, but because face of land crown density height makes the crops of economic worth be difficult to growth, only has the weeds of anti-shade to grow.In order to eliminate the influence of weeds to arboreal growth, all will carry out artificial weeding 2～3 times every year, or use weed killer herbicide 2～3 times, cause thus that the face of land is exposed, water and soil loss, bio-diversity are poor, natural enemy kind and quantity is few, the phytophagy insect is a large amount of takes place and a series of problems such as agricultural chemicals usage amount, pest pesticide resistance, environmental pollution increase.
Cover plant or cover crop (English name is Cover plant or Cover Crop) are meant that the people is intercropping in the rank vegetation of (as corn etc.) between tree between vacant lot or the crops, and be as herbage or some crop, shorter usually.Plant cover plant for the adjusting field microclimate, the conservation of nature natural enemy, increase natural enemy quantity (Mai Xiuhui etc. plant protection journal, 1984,11 (1): 29-34; Yan Yuhua etc. the plant protection journal, 1988,15 (1): 23-26), reduce phytophagy insect and weeds quantity, reduce pesticide dosage (Han Deyuan etc. orchard weed control research evaluation meeting material (inside), 1991; Deng Yulin etc. the water and soil conservation journal, 2003,17 (2): 24-27), delay phytophagy insect and weeds pesticide resistance, conserve water and soil, the intensive utilization soil increases feed production, increases soil fertility, continues stable high yield, and good ecology regulation and control effect is all arranged.Therefore planting cover plant is that solution cover plant orchard or artificial forest land set the in-problem effective way in vacant lot in the ranks.But shortcomings such as at present poor at the cover plant or the shade tolerance of northern China plantation, or cold-resistant, drought resistance difference, causing can not safe overwintering, therefore, is difficult to long-term utilization.
Awnless brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) originates in Europe, and its wild species are distributed in the area, temperate zone in Asia, Europe and North America, is distributed in by hillside, the road, the riverbank more.This grass has now become the important cultivated forage grass of Europe, Asia arid, cold district.The awnless brome good stress resistance, not only anti-shade, and cold-resistant, drought resistance good, adaptability is strong, perennial.Present awnless brome aspect the utilizing of orchard, only be confined to improve the soil physical behavior and water-saving effect (blue man of virtue and ability's equality, deciduous fruit tree, 2000 (6): 15～16).Awnless brome does not still have research and report as cover plant.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the problem that cold temperate area slash exists, a kind of method cold temperate area slash intercropping cover plant is provided.
Realize that technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of method cold temperate area slash intercropping cover plant of the present invention is planted awnless brome between the tree that is meant in the forest land row, and wherein awnless brome is apart from 20～50 centimetres on tree dish, and the crown density between the described tree row are 0.2～0.9.
Forest land described in the said method is meant orchard or artificial forest land.
Orchard described in the said method is meant the milpa of perennial fruit trees such as apple, pears, peach, Chinese chestnut, walnut, Lee, apricot or grape.
Artificial forest land described in the said method is meant tame perennial forest land (comprising the nursery).
The seeding method of awnless brome described in the said method is drilling or broadcasts sowing.
The line-spacing of the awnless brome of the drilling described in the said method is 25～40 centimetres.
Said method, the concrete kind method for planting of its described awnless brome is:
(1) sowing: the sowing time is April～September, preferably in 5～July, before the concrete time should be chosen in and arrive rainy season; Seeding quantity is 15～30 kg/ha, uses base manure 150～3000 kg/ha; After planting thickness of earth covering is 2～3 centimetres, and suppresses; Described base manure is meant a kind of of composite fertilizer, phosphoric acid diamines or fertilizer;
(2) weeding and topdressing: carried out artificial weeding or weed killer herbicide weeding 1 time in after planting 25～50 days, execute urea 75～150 kg/ha after the weeding;
(3) cradle: cradle in September or before picking fruit 1 time, stubble height is 4～5 centimetres;
(4) water: water the water 1 time of surviving the winter in late November to early December;
(5) the plantation back is the 2nd～10 year, and annual when awnless brome grows to 10～20 centimetres high, urea 75～150 kg/ha are executed in artificial weeding or weed killer herbicide weeding 1 time after the weeding;
(6) plantation back is the 2nd～10 year, cradles respectively 1 time before branch and September or the picking fruit in July respectively, waters the water 1 time of surviving the winter in late November to early December.
Described Hefei, phosphoric acid diamines or fertilizer all can be bought on market.
Described composite fertilizer amount of application is 150～450 kg/ha; Described phosphoric acid diamines amount of application is 150～300 kg/ha; Described organic manure application rate is 1500～3000 kg/ha.
That composite fertilizer described in the said method is meant is simultaneously nitrogenous, the mixed fertilizer of phosphorus, potassium three elements.
Fertilizer described in the said method is meant the barnyard manure of livestocks such as ox, horse, sheep, pig, rabbit, chicken, duck or goose and the extensive stock fertilizer that artificially utilizes barnyard manure to produce for primary raw material.
Cold temperate of the present invention be meant the temperature feature of this area be the hottest month mean temperature of air Celsius more than 10 ℃, the coldest month mean temperature of air is Celsius below 0 ℃.According to this feature, the Chinese Qinling Mountains, the area belongs to cold temperate to the north of the Huaihe River, and most of areas in North China and northeast belong to cold temperate.
Crown density of the present invention are meant that arbor tree crown in the forest covers the degree on ground, and it is the index of reflection stand density.It is with the ratio of forest land tree crown upright projection area with forest land area, shows that with the ten minutes numerical table covering ground fully is 1.Can plant the official hats and canopies degree and convert, promptly planting the official hats and canopies degree is 100% o'clock, crown density be 1.0,90% o'clock be 0.9%, 10% o'clock be 0.1.According to FAO's regulation, what 0.20 (containing 0.20) was above is complete stand (being the moderate closing with 0.20～0.69 generally, is close canopy more than 0.70), and 0.20 (not containing 0.20) is following to be sparse woods.
Forest land of the present invention is meant that arbor species constitute, the area in forest land that crown density (contain 0.20) more than 0.20 or the forest belt of hat fabric width degree more than 10 meters, i.e. forest land area.Forest land comprises shelter forest, timber forest, firewood forest (arbor), forest for special use, economic forest, bamboo grove.
The advantage that the present invention has:
(1), awnless brome strong stress resistance.The first, the awnless brome cold resistance is strong, and the place of minimum temperature-28～-30 ℃ also can safe overwintering in the winter time.Therefore, with Bai Sanye etc. not cold-resistant variety compare, only needing plantation in the cold temperate area once is sustainable use about 10 years, has saved planting cost; The second, the awnless brome shade tolerance is strong, is suitable for orchard and artificial forest land's intercropping of various density, the age of tree; The 3rd, the awnless brome drought resistance is strong, also can well-grown in the area of annual rainfall 400～500mm.
(2), compare with traditional clear arable land facial canal reason mode, orchard of intercropping awnless brome or woodland can reduce water and soil loss significantly when the summer heavy showers, reduce table soil and nutriment and run off, avoid the trend of orchard or barrenization of timbered soil, increase crop yield.
(3), in the orchard or artificial forest land's intercropping awnless brome can play the effect of controlling grass control worm.Awnless brome rirgulaea is intensive, and biomass is big, and anti-cradling, and with weeds stronger competitive ability is arranged, and envelope can suppress weed growth behind the ridge effectively; The intercropping awnless brome can also be improved field relative moisture, can reduce temperature between tree during the broiling summer, help predator and grow, increase its population quantity, thereby the population quantity that can effectively suppress the phytophagy insect increases, and avoids the harm of insect to trees.Compare with traditional clear arable land facial canal reason mode, orchard of intercropping awnless brome or artificial forest land can save weed killer herbicide and the utilization of pesticides about 60%, not only save cost, and have reduced environmental pollution.
(4), the awnless brome plant height suits, and highly is 80～120cm generally, and is little with the competitiveness of trees contention upper space; Its root system mainly is distributed in the thick topsoil of 20cm, and is less with the tree root nutrient competition.
(5), orchard or artificial forest land's intercropping awnless brome can reach the effect of intensive land used, can additionally increase a large amount of feeds or green manure, significantly increases the economic benefit of peasant household.
Description of drawings:
Fig. 1 is the dynamic curve diagram of chestnut genus amblyseius berlese population quantity contrast.
Fig. 2 is the dynamic curve diagram of oligonychus ununguis population quantity contrast.
Embodiment:
Embodiment 1:
Test is carried out at Beijing Huairou District Li Yuan.Experimental field be positioned at 39 ° of north latitude, 116 ° of east longitudes, height above sea level 150m, average temperature of the whole year 11-13 ℃, summer, extreme maximum temperature was about 39 ℃, and winter, extreme minimum temperature was about-18 ℃, frost-free season 190-200 days, about 70% of annual precipitation concentrated on summer, and 7, often have heavy rain an August.The age of tree 10 years, taller and bigger, density is 50/667m
2, be located in the corrie (eastwards) under the nearly mountain, crown density 0.6～0.9 (average 0.76), Soil Moisture is better, and soil types is a mountain cinnamonic soil, and soil organic matter content is 12.1g/Kg.Tested on May 26th, 2006 and sow 7 kinds of cover plants (seeing Table 1) respectively between tree, randomised block design repeats sub-district area 4m * 3m 3 times.Ditch sealing fertilizer 300Kg/ hectare during sowing is as base fertilizer.Any fertilizer is not executed in the clear check plot of ploughing.Be chosen in apart from the row of 30 centimetres on tree dish
Table 1 is for seed germination rate and the seeding method of examination cover plant
| Kind | Seeding quantity (g/hm 2) | Line-spacing (cm) | Seed level (cm) |
| Awnless brome | 30.0 | 30 | 2 |
| Perennial ryegrass | 26.0 | 30 | 2 |
| Festuca Arundinacea | 345.0 | 25 | 2 |
| Orchardgrass | 70.2 | 25 | 1 |
| Annual bluegrass | 12.0 | 15 | 1 |
| Bai Sanye | 12.9 | 20 | 1 |
| Alfalfa | 18.8 | 20 | 2 |
Between drilling, (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium quality percentage composition are respectively: N15: P in basal dressing-composite fertilizer during sowing
2O
515: K
2O15) 300kg/ hectare.After planting thickness of earth covering is 2 centimetres, suppresses behind the earthing.In plantation back 40 days, artificial weeding 1 time, and topdress once, per hectare is executed urea 150Kg.Sowed between probation in 1 year and do not cradle, September 25 cradled 1 time 5 centimetres of stubble height to awnless brome before Chinese chestnut is plucked.The 2nd year when awnless brome grows to 20 centimetres high, artificial weeding 1 time, bar spraying fertilizer urea 150 kg/ha after the weeding.Cradle respectively 1 time before the picking fruit in July 15 and September 25.December 5 irrigated the fields 1 time before surviving the winter.Examine or check one-tenth strain number, cauline leaf fresh weight, plant height, cover degree and the weeds fresh weight inhibiting rate of cover plant 20, forward and backward 2 on September (before cradling).
Result of the test shows (seeing Table 2), and except that alfalfa, other cover plant plantation is better when year's harvest strain number average, can reach 90% to face of land cover degree, is 95.2%～99.5% to the weeds inhibiting rate.But plantation next year (seeing Table 3), except that awnless brome, the one-tenth strain number average of other cover plant is very low, have in addition can not survive the winter fully, therefore can not play the effect that covers the face of land and inhibition weeds.On the contrary, no matter be 1 year, still 1 year, the awnless brome envelope all can remain on 90% to face of land cover degree behind the ridge, can reach 96.4% to the inhibiting rates of weeds.
Several cover plant comparative test of table 2 result (2006)
| Kind | Become strain number (strain/m 2) | Cauline leaf fresh weight (g/m 2) | Plant height (cm) | Cover degree (%) | Weeds inhibiting rate (%) |
| Awnless brome | 405 | 1080 | 58.5 | 90 | 95.2 |
| Perennial ryegrass | 432 | 954 | 57.1 | 90 | 98.0 |
| Festuca Arundinacea | 1215 | 1198 | 50.7 | 90 | 94.6 |
| Orchardgrass | 117 | 1378 | 69.5 | 90 | 96.6 |
| Annual bluegrass | 2070 | 614 | 35.6 | 90 | 99.5 |
| Bai Sanye | 270 | 1435 | 33.2 | 90 | 96.3 |
| Alfalfa | 90 | 8 | 5.4 | 10 | 25.7 |
Several cover plant comparative test of table 3 result (2007)
| Kind | Become strain number (strain/m 2) | Cauline leaf fresh weight (g/m 2) | Plant height (cm) | Cover degree (%) | Weeds inhibiting rate (%) |
| Awnless brome | 423 | 1124 | 60.2 | 90 | 96.4 |
| Perennial ryegrass | 12 | 32 | 58.5 | 5 | 0 |
| Festuca Arundinacea | 10 | 24 | 52.1 | 5 | 0 |
| Orchardgrass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bai Sanye | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Alfalfa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The summer high temperature dry climate helps evil mite-oligonychus ununguis population growth, but the weather of high temperature and drought is unfavorable for its natural enemy chestnut genus amblyseius berlese population growth.In general, the population growth of genus amblyseius berlese is suitable for warm humid climate.Li Yuan plantation cover plant makes that temperature decreases between the tree in summer, and relative moisture increases to some extent, has created to help trembling genus amblyseius berlese population growth, and has been unfavorable for the microclimate of oligonychus ununguis population growth.
From Fig. 1 as seen, the peak period of awnless brome growing area chestnut genus amblyseius berlese generating capacity is May 24, and quantity is 0.68 on every leaf, and the peak period of ploughing check plot chestnut genus amblyseius berlese generating capacity clearly is July 6, and quantity is 0.38 on every leaf.Compare with the clear check plot of ploughing, awnless brome growing area chestnut genus amblyseius berlese occurrence in peak period takes early 42 days, and it is high 1.8 times that quantity is wanted.In the main emergence period of insect, the population quantity of the chestnut genus amblyseius berlese in awnless brome intercropping district (natural enemy of Li Yuan primary pest oligonychus ununguis) all is higher than ploughs district's (removing July 6) clearly, illustrates that Li Yuan intercropping awnless brome can increase the population quantity of chestnut genus amblyseius berlese.
From Fig. 2 as seen, the peak period of ploughing check plot oligonychus ununguis generating capacity clearly is July 6, and 55.06 of the every Ye Gaoda of quantity have substantially exceeded economic threshold (being generally 5～8 on every leaf); And this moment, awnless brome growing area oligonychus ununguis generating capacity quantity only was to be lower than 2.68 on every leaf (differing 20.5 times with the former) index for control, and not have obvious peak period whole summer, need not to carry out chemical control.In the main emergence period of insect, the population quantity of the oligonychus ununguis in awnless brome intercropping district is well below the clear district (because the natural enemy quantity in awnless brome intercropping district is more than the clear district of ploughing) of ploughing, oligonychus ununguis is controlled in below the index for control (5～8/leaf), and need not use of insecticide.
Through Chinese chestnut output (seeing Table 4) being the analysis showed that the average Chinese chestnut output of awnless brome growing area is the 1572kg/ hectare, ploughing the average Chinese chestnut output in check plot clearly is the 1436kg/ hectare, and the awnless brome growing area is 9.51% than clear cultivated check plot rate of growth.Illustrate that the intercropping awnless brome can significantly improve Chinese chestnut output.
Table 4 awnless brome growing area and clean tillage check plot Chinese chestnut production ratio are than result of the test (2007)
Claims (6)
1. the method cold temperate area slash intercropping cover plant is characterized in that planting awnless brome between the tree row in forest land, and wherein awnless brome is apart from 20～50 centimetres on tree dish, and the crown density between the described tree row are 0.6～0.9; The seeding method of described awnless brome is drilling, and the line-spacing of the awnless brome of described drilling is 25～40 centimetres.
2. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterized in that described forest land is meant orchard or artificial forest land; Described orchard is meant the milpa of apple, pears, peach, Chinese chestnut, walnut, Lee, apricot or the perennial fruit tree of grape.
3. in accordance with the method for claim 1, the kind method for planting that it is characterized in that its described awnless brome is:
(1) sowing: the sowing time is April～September, and seeding quantity is 15～30 kg/ha, and using base manure is 150～3000 kg/ha; After planting thickness of earth covering is 2～3 centimetres, and suppresses; Described base manure is meant a kind of of composite fertilizer, phosphoric acid diamines or fertilizer;
(2) weeding and topdressing: carried out artificial weeding or weed killer herbicide weeding 1 time in after planting 25～50 days, execute urea 75～150 kg/ha after the weeding;
(3) cradle: cradle in September or before picking fruit 1 time, stubble height is 4～5 centimetres;
(4) water: water the water 1 time of surviving the winter in late November to early December;
(5) the plantation back is the 2nd～10 year, and annual when awnless brome grows to 10～20 centimetres high, urea 75～150 kg/ha are executed in artificial weeding or weed killer herbicide weeding 1 time after the weeding;
(6) plantation back is the 2nd～10 year, cradles respectively 1 time before July and September or picking fruit respectively, waters the water 1 time of surviving the winter in late November to early December.
4. in accordance with the method for claim 3, it is characterized in that the described sowing time is 5～July.
5. in accordance with the method for claim 4, it is characterized in that described composite fertilizer amount of application is 150～450 kg/ha;
6. in accordance with the method for claim 3, it is characterized in that described phosphoric acid diamines amount of application is 150～300 kg/ha.
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