CN101448738A - 用于无水氯化氢气体纯化的改进工艺 - Google Patents
用于无水氯化氢气体纯化的改进工艺 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101448738A CN101448738A CNA2007800172612A CN200780017261A CN101448738A CN 101448738 A CN101448738 A CN 101448738A CN A2007800172612 A CNA2007800172612 A CN A2007800172612A CN 200780017261 A CN200780017261 A CN 200780017261A CN 101448738 A CN101448738 A CN 101448738A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- dosed
- tower
- heat exchanger
- hydrogen chloride
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 147
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title 1
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007701 flash-distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosgene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=O YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- PZZOEXPDTYIBPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamino]methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CCNCC1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2CC1 PZZOEXPDTYIBPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007138 Deacon process reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- DKAGJZJALZXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrate;hydrochloride Chemical compound O.Cl DKAGJZJALZXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- -1 chloro- Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 5
- OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000008504 concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229940117389 dichlorobenzene Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Substances ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzohydrazide Chemical compound COCCOC1=CC=CC(C(=O)NN)=C1 GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Chemical compound C1=CC(N=C=O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1 UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous methyl chloride Natural products ClC NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-IDEBNGHGSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical group Cl[13C]1=[13CH][13CH]=[13CH][13CH]=[13CH]1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-IDEBNGHGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021050 feed intake Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014666 liquid concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000031068 symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B7/00—Halogens; Halogen acids
- C01B7/01—Chlorine; Hydrogen chloride
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B7/00—Halogens; Halogen acids
- C01B7/01—Chlorine; Hydrogen chloride
- C01B7/07—Purification ; Separation
- C01B7/0706—Purification ; Separation of hydrogen chloride
- C01B7/0712—Purification ; Separation of hydrogen chloride by distillation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B7/00—Halogens; Halogen acids
- C01B7/01—Chlorine; Hydrogen chloride
- C01B7/07—Purification ; Separation
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (14)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/433,809 | 2006-05-12 | ||
US11/433,809 US20070261437A1 (en) | 2006-05-12 | 2006-05-12 | Enhanced process for the purification of anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas |
PCT/EP2007/003813 WO2007131623A2 (en) | 2006-05-12 | 2007-04-30 | Enhanced process for the purification of anyhydrous hydrogen chloride gas |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN101448738A true CN101448738A (zh) | 2009-06-03 |
CN101448738B CN101448738B (zh) | 2013-03-27 |
Family
ID=38683841
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN2007800172612A Expired - Fee Related CN101448738B (zh) | 2006-05-12 | 2007-04-30 | 用于无水氯化氢气体纯化的改进工艺 |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070261437A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2021275B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP5303453B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR101332914B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN101448738B (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE502898T1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE602007013388D1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2362019T3 (zh) |
PL (1) | PL2021275T3 (zh) |
PT (1) | PT2021275E (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2438970C2 (zh) |
TW (1) | TWI387558B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2007131623A2 (zh) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101817506A (zh) * | 2010-03-22 | 2010-09-01 | 临沭县华盛化工有限公司 | 原甲酸三乙酯生产中所用氯化氢气体的纯化方法 |
CN105271122A (zh) * | 2014-05-27 | 2016-01-27 | 拜耳材料科技股份有限公司 | 加工来自异氰酸酯制备的氯化氢的方法 |
CN105377751A (zh) * | 2013-05-15 | 2016-03-02 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 氯化氢的纯化方法 |
CN107556215A (zh) * | 2016-06-30 | 2018-01-09 | 科思创聚合物(中国)有限公司 | 从氯化氢液体混合物中分离和处理杂质的方法和系统 |
CN107787317A (zh) * | 2015-06-29 | 2018-03-09 | 科思创德国股份有限公司 | 提供用于化学反应的氯化氢的方法 |
CN109110732A (zh) * | 2018-09-11 | 2019-01-01 | 安徽东至广信农化有限公司 | 氯化苯生产工艺中用于降低副产物盐酸中有害物质的方法 |
Families Citing this family (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102007016973A1 (de) * | 2007-04-10 | 2008-10-16 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Regenerativer Adsorptionsprozess zur Entfernung organischer Komponenten aus einem Gasstrom |
DE102007020144A1 (de) * | 2007-04-26 | 2008-10-30 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Kondensations-Adsorptionsprozess zur Entfernung organischer Komponenten aus einem Chlorwasserstoff enthaltenden Gasstrom |
CN102471243A (zh) * | 2009-08-11 | 2012-05-23 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 通过气相光气化制备二异氰酸酯的方法 |
EP2559658A1 (en) * | 2011-08-19 | 2013-02-20 | Huntsman International LLC | A process to separate phosgene and hydrogen chloride from a fluid stream comprising phosgene and hydrogen chloride |
EP2559659A1 (en) * | 2011-08-19 | 2013-02-20 | Huntsman International Llc | A process for separating hydrogen chloride gas out of a mixture of hydrogen chloride and phosgene |
MY156181A (en) * | 2011-10-11 | 2016-01-15 | Hong In Chemical Co Ltd | Method and system for producing high-purity hydrogen chloride |
WO2014064128A1 (de) * | 2012-10-24 | 2014-05-01 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von isocyanaten durch phosgenierung von aminen in flüssiger phase |
KR101470311B1 (ko) * | 2013-07-24 | 2014-12-08 | 코아텍주식회사 | 공업용 암모니아 정제장치 |
US10252912B2 (en) | 2015-03-12 | 2019-04-09 | Basf Se | Separation of a phosgene- and hydrogen chloride-comprising stream |
KR102019704B1 (ko) * | 2015-08-10 | 2019-09-09 | 쇼와 덴코 가부시키가이샤 | 염화수소의 제조 방법 |
PT3352896T (pt) | 2015-09-24 | 2020-01-20 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Método de produção de isocianatos |
WO2017055311A1 (de) | 2015-09-30 | 2017-04-06 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von isocyanaten |
US10364214B1 (en) | 2016-09-01 | 2019-07-30 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Method for producing isocyanates |
EP3649179B1 (de) | 2017-07-03 | 2021-08-11 | Covestro Intellectual Property GmbH & Co. KG | Produktionsanlage zur herstellung eines chemischen produkts durch umsetzung h-funktioneller reaktanten mit phosgen und verfahren zum betreiben derselben |
DE102019204498A1 (de) * | 2019-03-29 | 2020-10-01 | Sgl Carbon Se | HCl-Rückgewinnungseinheit |
CN210683206U (zh) * | 2019-07-04 | 2020-06-05 | 南通星球石墨设备有限公司 | 一种废酸处理系统 |
WO2022131737A1 (ko) * | 2020-12-14 | 2022-06-23 | 한화솔루션 주식회사 | 염소화 반응의 hcl 제거방법 |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
PL138938B1 (en) * | 1983-05-18 | 1986-11-29 | * Instytut Ciezkiej Syntezy Organicznej Blachownia | Method of isolating hydrogenchloride from post-reaction mixture originated in the process of propylene to allyl chloride chlorination |
DE3508371A1 (de) * | 1985-03-08 | 1986-09-11 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Verfahren zur nachreinigung von chlorwasserstoff aus einer 1,2-dichlorethan-pyrolyse |
JPH0742085B2 (ja) * | 1986-08-20 | 1995-05-10 | ダイセル化学工業株式会社 | 塩化水素ガスの精製方法 |
DE3816783A1 (de) * | 1988-05-17 | 1989-11-30 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Verfahren zur reinigung von rohem, gasfoermigem chlorwasserstoff |
DE3832804A1 (de) * | 1988-09-28 | 1990-03-29 | Hoechst Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von aox-armer, chlorfreier salzsaeure |
US5799507A (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 1998-09-01 | Elcor Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US6896865B2 (en) * | 2000-04-28 | 2005-05-24 | Tosoh Corporation | Method for recovering hydrogen chloride from chlorine based waste and use of recovered hydrogen chloride |
US6719957B2 (en) * | 2002-04-17 | 2004-04-13 | Bayer Corporation | Process for purification of anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas |
DE10260084A1 (de) * | 2002-12-19 | 2004-07-01 | Basf Ag | Auftrennung eines Stoffgemisches aus Clorwasserstoff und Phosgen |
JP2006290757A (ja) * | 2005-04-07 | 2006-10-26 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | 芳香族化合物の分離・回収方法 |
JP2006290649A (ja) * | 2005-04-07 | 2006-10-26 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | 塩化水素の分離・回収方法 |
-
2006
- 2006-05-12 US US11/433,809 patent/US20070261437A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2007
- 2007-04-30 KR KR1020087027568A patent/KR101332914B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2007-04-30 EP EP07724740A patent/EP2021275B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-04-30 PL PL07724740T patent/PL2021275T3/pl unknown
- 2007-04-30 PT PT07724740T patent/PT2021275E/pt unknown
- 2007-04-30 AT AT07724740T patent/ATE502898T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-04-30 CN CN2007800172612A patent/CN101448738B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-04-30 JP JP2009508195A patent/JP5303453B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-04-30 DE DE602007013388T patent/DE602007013388D1/de active Active
- 2007-04-30 WO PCT/EP2007/003813 patent/WO2007131623A2/en active Application Filing
- 2007-04-30 RU RU2008148885/05A patent/RU2438970C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-04-30 ES ES07724740T patent/ES2362019T3/es active Active
- 2007-05-11 TW TW096116733A patent/TWI387558B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101817506A (zh) * | 2010-03-22 | 2010-09-01 | 临沭县华盛化工有限公司 | 原甲酸三乙酯生产中所用氯化氢气体的纯化方法 |
CN101817506B (zh) * | 2010-03-22 | 2011-07-20 | 临沭县华盛化工有限公司 | 原甲酸三乙酯生产中所用氯化氢气体的纯化方法 |
CN105377751A (zh) * | 2013-05-15 | 2016-03-02 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 氯化氢的纯化方法 |
CN105271122A (zh) * | 2014-05-27 | 2016-01-27 | 拜耳材料科技股份有限公司 | 加工来自异氰酸酯制备的氯化氢的方法 |
CN107787317A (zh) * | 2015-06-29 | 2018-03-09 | 科思创德国股份有限公司 | 提供用于化学反应的氯化氢的方法 |
CN107787317B (zh) * | 2015-06-29 | 2020-08-28 | 科思创德国股份有限公司 | 提供用于化学反应的氯化氢的方法 |
CN107556215A (zh) * | 2016-06-30 | 2018-01-09 | 科思创聚合物(中国)有限公司 | 从氯化氢液体混合物中分离和处理杂质的方法和系统 |
CN107556215B (zh) * | 2016-06-30 | 2022-04-19 | 科思创德国股份有限公司 | 从氯化氢液体混合物中分离和处理杂质的方法和系统 |
CN109110732A (zh) * | 2018-09-11 | 2019-01-01 | 安徽东至广信农化有限公司 | 氯化苯生产工艺中用于降低副产物盐酸中有害物质的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TW200815285A (en) | 2008-04-01 |
ATE502898T1 (de) | 2011-04-15 |
ES2362019T3 (es) | 2011-06-27 |
RU2008148885A (ru) | 2010-06-20 |
KR20090009239A (ko) | 2009-01-22 |
RU2438970C2 (ru) | 2012-01-10 |
PL2021275T3 (pl) | 2011-09-30 |
WO2007131623A3 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
KR101332914B1 (ko) | 2013-11-26 |
TWI387558B (zh) | 2013-03-01 |
PT2021275E (pt) | 2011-06-01 |
EP2021275A2 (en) | 2009-02-11 |
DE602007013388D1 (de) | 2011-05-05 |
EP2021275B1 (en) | 2011-03-23 |
WO2007131623A2 (en) | 2007-11-22 |
JP2009536913A (ja) | 2009-10-22 |
JP5303453B2 (ja) | 2013-10-02 |
US20070261437A1 (en) | 2007-11-15 |
CN101448738B (zh) | 2013-03-27 |
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