CN101291823B - 作业机械 - Google Patents

作业机械 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101291823B
CN101291823B CN2005800518382A CN200580051838A CN101291823B CN 101291823 B CN101291823 B CN 101291823B CN 2005800518382 A CN2005800518382 A CN 2005800518382A CN 200580051838 A CN200580051838 A CN 200580051838A CN 101291823 B CN101291823 B CN 101291823B
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work machine
drive mechanism
motor drive
combustion engine
hydraulic pump
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN101291823A (zh
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汉斯·艾里克松
约阿基姆·尤纳巴克
斯文-奥克·卡尔松
雷诺·费拉
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Volvo Construction Equipment AB
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Volvo Construction Equipment AB
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/15—Control strategies specially adapted for achieving a particular effect
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44—Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/442—Series-parallel switching type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K25/00—Auxiliary drives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/54—Transmission for changing ratio
    • B60K6/547—Transmission for changing ratio the transmission being a stepped gearing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/40—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/61—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries by batteries charged by engine-driven generators, e.g. series hybrid electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/08—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/24—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/30—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of auxiliary equipment, e.g. air-conditioning compressors or oil pumps
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
    • E02F9/2253—Controlling the travelling speed of vehicles, e.g. adjusting travelling speed according to implement loads, control of hydrostatic transmission
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H3/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/02—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/08—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts
    • F16H3/087—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears
    • F16H3/093—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears with two or more countershafts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/40—Special vehicles
    • B60Y2200/41—Construction vehicles, e.g. graders, excavators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
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    • B60Y2200/415—Wheel loaders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H3/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/02—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/08—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts
    • F16H3/087—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears
    • F16H3/093—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears with two or more countershafts
    • F16H2003/0936—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears with two or more countershafts with multiple countershafts comprising only two idle gears and one gear fixed to the countershaft
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F16H2200/0043—Transmissions for multiple ratios characterised by the number of forward speeds the gear ratios comprising four forward speeds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F16H2200/0095—Transmissions for multiple ratios characterised by the number of reverse speeds the gear ratios comprising four reverse speeds
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

一种作业机械(1)，包括用于将扭矩提供至作业机械的驱动轮(130)的内燃机(120)，以及设置在内燃机和驱动轮之间、用于将扭矩从内燃机传递至驱动轮的传动系统(110)。作业机械(1)进一步包括位于液压系统(20)内的至少一个液压泵(10oa，100b，100c)，用于移动设置在作业机械上的器具(2)和/或使作业机械转向。传动系统(110)包括至少一个电动机构(17a，17b)，用于驱动或制动驱动轮(130)和/或用于为所述至少一个液压泵(100a，100b，100c)产生电力。

Description

作业机械
技术领域
本发明涉及一种作业机械。
本发明适用于工业建筑机械领域内的作业机械，特别是轮式装载机。虽然下面将相对于轮式装载机来描述本发明，但是本发明并不局限于此特定的车辆，其还可用于其他重型作业机械，比如铰链车(articulated hauler)、卡车和挖掘机。
背景技术
轮式装载机通常设置有内燃机、传动系统以及变速箱，用于将扭矩提供至轮式装载机的驱动轮。变速箱提供不同的传动比，用于改变车辆的速度，并且用于实现前进和后退驱动方向之间的改变。传动系统包括设置在内燃机和变速箱之间的液力变矩器。变矩器用于在负载特别重的作业操作期间增加扭矩，比如装填铲斗或轮式装载机加速。变矩器可以非常快速地使输出扭矩适应当前的工作条件。然而，变矩器的效率通常很低，这也取决于当前的驱动条件。如果变矩器设置有可以用于直接操作的锁定功能，那么效率可以增加。然而，在锁定状态，传动比是固定的(1∶1)，在不能使用此锁定功能的作业操作期间，低效率的问题仍然存在。
除提供扭矩至驱动轮以外，内燃机需要提供能量至轮式装载机的液压系统的液压泵。这样的液压系统用于提升操作和/或使轮式装载机转向。液压工作缸被设置成用于提升及降低升降臂装置，在所述升降臂装置上，安装有铲斗或其他类型的附件或作业工具，例如抓爪。通过利用另外的液压工作缸，铲斗还可以倾斜或枢转。此外，设置有公知的作为转向缸的液压缸，以通过轮式装载机的前、后主体部分的相对运动使轮式装载机转向。
一方面，内燃机的转速必须适合于液压泵，另一方面，内燃机必须适合于非常高的扭矩的需求，例如当轮式装载机的速度接近为零时的装填铲斗期间。通过液压系统确定的内燃机的转速意味着轮式装载机必须制动，以使轮式装载机的速度适应当前条件。为了在不同情况下满足转速和扭矩的需要，内燃机必须被设计成满足非必需的高效输出，所述输出是不必要的或只在极少情况下才需要。由于液压系统的原因，使用型号在某种程度上过大的内燃机，并且所述内燃机还必须在变矩器具有低效率的情况下驱动，和/或在轮式装载机必须制动的情况驱动，这样将导致较高的燃料消耗。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是提供一种在序言部分提及的那种类型的作业机械，所述作业机械能够实现作业机械更有效的运行，并且获得更低的燃料消耗。
通过如下根据本发明的作业机械实现所述目的。
本发明提供了一种作业机械，包括内燃机和传动系统，所述内燃机用于将扭矩提供至所述作业机械的驱动轮，所述传动系统设置在所述内燃机和所述驱动轮之间，用于将扭矩从所述内燃机传递至所述驱动轮，所述作业机械还包括位于液压系统内的至少一个液压泵，用于移动设置在所述作业机械上的器具和/或使所述作业机械转向，其中所述传动系统包括至少一个电动机构，用于驱动或制动所述驱动轮，并且用于为所述至少一个液压泵产生电力，其中所述传动系统包括用于所述内燃机相对于所述驱动轮的接合以及脱离接合的传动装置，
其特征在于，所述传动系统包括设置在所述传动装置和所述驱动轮之间的一个所述电动机构，并且所述电动机构设置在所述传动装置和变速箱之间，其中所述电动机构在其第一端处连接到所述传动装置，在其第二端处连接到所述变速箱，由此所述传动装置、所述电动机构和所述变速箱被串联地设置。
通过提供包括电动机构的传动系统，其中所述电动机构用于驱动或制动驱动轮，和/或用于为液压泵产生电力，可以更高效地使用内燃机，这样使得可以使用更小的内燃机，并且燃料消耗可以降低。例如，可以通过用电动机构来代替内燃机至少部分地驱动液压系统。因此，在确定内燃机的转速时不需要考虑液压泵。在轮式装载机的制动运行期间，电动机构可以用来制动，并且同时起到发电机的作用，用于回收能量。随后，能量可以直接地提供至液压系统，或存储在所使用的电能存储装置中，比如电池或超大电容。如果需要较大的牵引力，那么通过作为电动机的电动机构，辅助扭矩可以提供至驱动轮，因此，减小了对变矩器的需求。
此外，电动机构可以用于反向驱动驱动轮。这意味着可以省去变速箱的倒档。另一个优点是，电动机构可以用于使内燃机的转速和传动系统的转速相互适应，以有利于包括在传动系统内的传动装置的直接运行状态的耦合及分离。
本发明还涉及一种用于操作作业机械的方法。通过这样的方法，内燃机的尺寸及操作可以优化，以保持尽可能低的燃料消耗。
下面的描述及所附的权利要求揭示了本发明的其他优点和有利的特征。
定义
术语″电动机构″表示电动机和发电机的组合装置。电动机构可以由电力驱动以在轴上提供输出扭矩，或者是通过在轴上施加扭矩而被机械地驱动以产生电力。
术语″传动装置″包括液压离合器；液力耦合器，例如变矩器和静压离合器；以及机械式离合器。因此，″传动装置″包括变矩器和通常的离合器，其中所述变矩器可以增加扭矩，所述通常的离合器只用于脱离接合以及传动比为1∶1的直接运行。
附图说明
参照附图，下面是作为实例引用的本发明的实施例的更详细的描述。
在附图中：
图1是示出了轮式装载机的侧视图，其中所述轮式装载机具有用于装载作业的铲斗，以及用于操作铲斗和使轮式装载机转向的液压系统，
图2是用于轮式装载机的液压系统的示意图，
图3是根据现有技术的轮式装载机的传动系统的示意图，
图4是根据本发明的作业机械的传动系统的示意图，以及
图5是根据本发明的作业机械的传动系统的变型的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1是轮式装载机1的示意图，所述轮式装载机1具有具体形式为铲斗3的器具(implement)2。铲斗3设置在臂装置4上，用于提升及降低铲斗3，并且，铲斗3还可以相对于臂装置4倾斜或枢转。轮式装载机1设置有液压系统，其包括至少一个液压泵(图1未示出)和工作缸5a、5b、6，用于臂装置4和铲斗3的操作。此外，液压系统包括工作缸7a、7b，用于通过前车身8和后车身9的相对运动来使轮式装载机转向。图2示出了这样的液压系统的示意图。在图2所示的实施例中，设置有作为提升液压缸5a、5b的两个工作缸，用于提升及降低臂装置4，并且还设置有作为倾斜液压缸6的工作缸，用于相对于臂装置4向内倾斜或向外倾斜铲斗3。此外，设置有作为转向缸7a、7b的两个工作缸，用于使轮式装载机1转向。此外，三个液压泵100a、100b、100c为液压缸提供液压油。作业机械的操作者可以通过连接至控制单元(未示出)的装置来控制工作缸。
图3是根据现有技术的轮式装载机1的传动系统11的示意图。在传动系统11的一端设置有内燃机12。传动系统11的另一端连接至轮式装载机1的驱动轮13。内燃机12通过传动系统11将扭矩提供至轮式装载机1的驱动轮13。如图所示，传动系统11可以包括变速箱14，用于改变车辆1的速度，以及用于实现轮式装载机1在前进和后退驱动方向之间的改变。液力变矩器15设置在内燃机12和变速箱14之间。轮式装载机1的传动系统11具有用于在液压系统内驱动液压泵10的装置，所述液压系统用于提升操作及使轮式装载机1转向。根据现有技术，优选地，液压泵10通过设置在变矩器15和变速箱14之间的齿轮16由内燃机12驱动。
图4示意性地示出了根据本发明的作业机械1的传动系统110。在传动系统110的一端设置有内燃机120。传动系统110的另一端连接至作业机械1的驱动轮130。内燃机120通过传动系统110将扭矩提供至作业机械1的驱动轮130。.如图所示，传动系统110可以包括变速箱140，用于改变车辆1的速度，以及用于实现作业机械1在前进和后退驱动方向之间的改变。在图4所示的实施例中，传动系统110还包括传动装置150，用于内燃机120相对于驱动轮130的接合和脱离接合。优选地，传动装置150为称为液力变矩器的这类液压离合器。变矩器能增加扭矩，这意味着例如变矩器的输出扭矩可以处于内燃机120的扭矩的1-3倍之间。此外，优选地，变矩器具有用于直接运行的不增加任何扭矩的自由轮功能和锁定功能。因此，在锁定状态，变矩器的传动比固定，并且优选地，基本上是1∶1。然而，在可选的实施例中，传动装置150可以是通常的离合器，用于在不增加任何扭矩的情况下实现脱离接合或直接运行。这样的离合器可以是液压离合器以及机械式离合器。
根据本发明，作业机械1的传动系统110包括至少一个电动机构17a、17b，用于驱动或制动驱动轮130，和/或用于利用电力驱动至少一个液压泵100a、100b、100c。
尽管在图4中示出的实施例具有三个用来提供参照图2所述功能的液压泵，但是，在其他实施方式中，可以在液压系统20中提供一个、两个、四个或更多液压泵，用于提供这些功能和/或其他功能。在本发明的一个优选实施例中，作业机械具有至少两个器具和/或转向功能，并且，对于每个器具和/或转向功能，设置有至少一个所述液压泵。在图2和4示意性示出的实施例中，作业机械包括三个液压泵100a、100b、100c；第一液压泵100a被设置成提供器具的提升及降低功能，第二液压泵100b被设置成提供器具的倾斜功能，第三液压泵100c被设置成提供作业机械的转向功能。通过用于这些功能的单独的液压泵，作业机械的工作可以进一步优化，因此，可以降低总的能量消耗。
电动机构17a、17b电气连接至液压泵100a、100b、100c，它们具有相应的由电力驱动的电动机18a、18b、18c。电动机构17a、17b可以直接地连接至液压泵以及连接至电能存储装置19，比如电池或超大电容，它们依次连接至液压泵。优选地，作业机械1包括这样的电能存储装置19，其用于储存能量并提供能量至液压泵或至电动机构17a、17b。此外，常规控制装置(未示出)可用于控制能量在图4所示的系统的不同部分内传递。如图1和2中所描述，作业机械1可以具有具体形式为铲斗3的器具2，其通过液压系统20操作。然而，应当强调的是，当然可以使用其他器具。当将本发明应用至诸如铰链车或卡车的作业机械时，例如，器具可以替换为倾卸式车身。通常，液压泵和工作缸用于倾卸式车身在倾倒运动期间的操作。
优选地，传动系统110包括两个电动机构17a、17b，其中的一个电动机构17a被设置成处于传动装置150的上游，第二个电动机构17b设置成位于传动装置150的下游。通过使用两个电动机构，可能的操作方式数量增加。在图4所示的实施例中，传动系统包括一个设置在内燃机120和传动装置150之间的第一电动机构17a，以及一个设置在传动装置150和变速箱140之间的第二电动机构17b。电动机构17a、17b相互电气连接，用于通过第一和第二电动机构17a、17b将扭矩从内燃机120传递至驱动轮130。此外，电动机构电气连接至电能存储装置19，并且电气连接至液压泵的相应的电动机18a、18b、18c。第一电动机构177a可以由内燃机120驱动，用于直接地提供能量至液压泵或电能存储装置19，或第二电动机构17b。第二电动机构17b可用于在作业机械的制动操作期间制动作业机械1的驱动轮130，以及用于直接地提供能量至液压泵或电能存储装置19。第一电动机构17a或第二电动机构17b还可以由电能存储装置19提供电力，以便驱动作业机械1的驱动轮130，或者，基于同样的理由，第二电动机构17b可以由第一电动机构17a提供电力。
尽管优选为传动系统110包括两个电动机构，然而，通过只使用一个这样的电动机构，所述电动机构优选地设置在传动装置和驱动轮之间，位于任何变速箱的上游，即，与图4中设置的第二电动机构17b的设置方式相同，电动机构被设置在传动装置和变速箱之间，可以获得优势。还可以为每个驱动轮使用一个所述的电动机构。在这种情况下，通常，四个电动机构用于驱动四个驱动轮。随后，各电动机构优选地通过相应的变速箱连接至相应的驱动轮。
此外，可以组合现有的液压泵由内燃机驱动的技术与利用电动机构驱动液压泵的技术，例如图3所描述的情况。然后，在不同的时期，液压泵可以由内燃机和/或电动机构驱动，以优化作业机械的工作。
此外，有时，通过电能存储装置19存储的能量可以用于轮式装载机的其他功能部件61，比如压缩机、风扇、致动器等。
根据本发明的用于操作作业机械1的方法，包括在传动系统110内的至少一个电动机构17a、17b用于驱动或制动驱动轮130和/或为所述至少一个液压泵100a、100b、100c产生电力。除通过利用来自一个或多个电动机构17a、17b的电力操作液压泵所获得的优点以外，电动机构17a、17b可以用于提供扭矩至驱动轮130。通过使内燃机120和/或电动机构(一个或多个)17a、17b的使用适应当前条件，传动系统110的总体效率可以增加。
参照图4，驱动轮130可以通过以下方式驱动：
内燃机120连同锁定或变矩器150，
或内燃机120和/或第一电动机构17a和/或第二电动机构17b连同锁定或变矩器150，
或第一电动机构17a和第二电动机构17b，没有锁定或变矩器150，
或通过第二电动机构17b，没有锁定或变矩器150。
第一电动机构17a可以由内燃机120驱动以用于发电，或通过电能存储装置19驱动以用于提供扭矩，并且，第二电动机构17b可以由第一电动机构17a或电能存储装置19驱动以用于提供扭矩。变矩器150可以由通常的液力或机械式离合器代替，其提供液力变矩器的锁定状态的替代方案。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种作业机械，其包括用于提供电力至作业机械的发电马达，所述作业机械进一步包括位于液压系统内的至少一个液压泵，用于移动设置在作业机械上的器具和/或使作业机械转向，所述作业机械能实现作业机械更高效的运行，并且实现低能耗。
通过本发明的作业机械实现所述目的。
通过提供至少一个用于驱动作业机械的驱动轮的电动机构以及以电力形式提供能量的马达，其中发电马达被设置成向所述至少一个电动机构和所述至少一个液压泵提供电力，可以更高效地利用来自例如设置有发电机的内燃机的发电马达的能量，并且，总能量消耗可以降低。可以在无需调整发电马达转速的情况下驱动液压系统。此外，在作业机械例如轮式装载机的制动操作期间，电动机构可以用作制动装置，同时起到发电机的作用，用于回收能量。来自发电马达的能量可以直接地提供至电动机构和液压系统，或存储在电能存储装置中，比如电池或超大电容，供以后使用。
此外，电动机构可以用于反向驱动驱动轮。这意味着可以省去变速箱的倒档。
在图5中，示出了包括用于提供电力至作业机械的发电马达200的作业机械。作业机械包括位于液压系统中的至少一个液压泵100a、100b、100c，用于移动设置在作业机械上的器具和/或使作业机械转向。作业机械进一步包括用于驱动作业机械的驱动轮130的至少一个电动机构17。发电马达200被设置成向所述至少一个电动机构17和所述至少一个液压泵100a、100b、100c提供电力。
尽管图5中示出的作业机械具有一个电动机构17，但是，可以使用两个或更多个电动机构。例如，作业机械可以包括用于每个驱动轮的所述电动机构。在此情况下，通常，四个电动机构用于驱动四个驱动轮。各电动机构优选地通过相应的变速箱连接至相应的驱动轮。
优选地，作业机械包括电能存储装置19，用于储存来自发电马达200和/或来自所述至少一个电动机构17的能量。此电能存储装置19然后用于提供电力至所述至少一个电动机构17和/或所述至少一个液压泵100a、100b、100c。
除了驱动驱动轮130以外，所述至少一个电动机构17中的一个或多个可以用于在作业机械的制动操作期间制动作业机械的驱动轮。同时，电动机构17可以起到发电机的作用，用于回收能量，所述能量可以存储在电能存储装置19中和/或用于液压系统20。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中，作业机械具有至少两个器具和/或转向功能，并且，对于各器具和/或转向功能，设置有至少一个所述液压泵。在图2和5示意性示出的实施例中，作业机械包括三个液压泵100a、100b、100c；第一液压泵100a被设置成提供器具的提升及降低功能，第二液压泵100b被设置成提供器具的倾斜功能，第三液压泵100c被设置成提供作业机械的转向功能。通过用于这些功能的单独的液压泵，作业机械的运行可以进一步优化，因此，可以降低总的能量消耗。
在本发明的范围内，发电马达200可以设计成多种不同的方式，只要其能提供电力。一种选择方案是使用燃料电池提供电力。发电马达的另一个实例是设置有发电机的内燃机。另一种方案是使用设置有发电机的燃气轮机。发电马达还可以是设置有发电机的自由活塞发动机。
需要指出的是，在本申请中，术语″驱动轮″意味着包括用于直接接合地面的车辆车轮以及用于驱动地面接合部件的车辆车轮，比如履带、履带轮或类似装置。
应当理解的是，本发明并不限于如上所述的、在附图中示出的实施例；并且，本领域普通技术人员将可以理解，在所附权利要求的范围之内，可以进行多种变化与修改。

Claims (16)

1.一种作业机械(1)，包括内燃机(120)和传动系统(110)，所述内燃机(120)用于将扭矩提供至所述作业机械的驱动轮(130)，所述传动系统(110)设置在所述内燃机和所述驱动轮之间，用于将扭矩从所述内燃机传递至所述驱动轮，所述作业机械(1)还包括位于液压系统(20)内的至少一个液压泵(100a，100b，100c)，用于移动设置在所述作业机械上的器具(2)和/或使所述作业机械转向，其中所述传动系统(110)包括至少一个电动机构(17a，17b)，用于驱动或制动所述驱动轮(130)，并且用于为所述至少一个液压泵(100a，100b，100c)产生电力，其中所述传动系统(110)包括用于所述内燃机(120)相对于所述驱动轮(130)的接合以及脱离接合的传动装置(150)，
其特征在于，所述传动系统(110)包括设置在所述传动装置(150)和所述驱动轮(130)之间的一个所述电动机构(17b)，并且所述电动机构(17b)设置在所述传动装置(150)和变速箱(140)之间，其中所述电动机构(17b)在其第一端处连接到所述传动装置(150)，在其第二端处连接到所述变速箱(140)，由此所述传动装置(150)、所述电动机构(17b)和所述变速箱(140)被串联地设置。
2.根据权利要求1所述的作业机械，其特征在于：所述传动系统(110)包括设置在所述内燃机(120)和所述传动装置(150)之间的一个所述电动机构(17a)。
3.根据权利要求1-2中任何一项所述的作业机械，其特征在于：对于每个驱动轮，所述作业机械均包括一个所述的电动机构。
4.根据权利要求1-2中任何一项所述的作业机械，其特征在于：所述传动装置是液力变矩器(150)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的作业机械，其特征在于：所述液力变矩器(150)具有变矩器的传动比为固定的锁定功能。
6.根据权利要求1-2中任一项所述的作业机械，其特征在于：所述传动装置(150)是机械式离合器。
7.根据权利要求5所述的作业机械，其特征在于：所述电动机构(17a，17b)相互电气连接，用于通过所述电动机构(17a，17b)将扭矩从所述内燃机(120)传递至所述驱动轮(130)。
8.根据权利要求1-2中任何一项所述的作业机械，其特征在于：所述作业机械(1)包括用于提供能量至所述至少一个液压泵(100a，100b，100c)的电能存储装置(19)。
9.根据权利要求1-2中任何一项所述的作业机械，其特征在于：所述作业机械(1)包括用于提供能量至所述至少一个电动机构(17a，17b)中的一个或多个的电能存储装置(19)。
10.根据权利要求8所述的作业机械，其特征在于：当所述电动机构起到发电机的作用时，所述至少一个电动机构(17a，17b)中的一个或多个被设置成对所述电能存储装置(19)充电。
11.根据权利要求1-2中任何一项所述的作业机械，其特征在于：在所述作业机械的制动操作期间，所述至少一个电动机构(17a，17b)中的一个或多个被设置成制动所述作业机械(1)的所述驱动轮(130)。
12.根据权利要求1-2中任何一项所述的作业机械，其特征在于：在所述器具(2)运行期间或在所述作业机械(1)加速期间，所述至少一个电动机构(17a，17b)中的一个或多个被设置成驱动所述作业机械(1)的所述驱动轮(130)。
13.根据权利要求1-2中任何一项所述的作业机械，其特征在于：通过使所述内燃机(120)的转速与所述传动系统(110)的转速相互适应，所述至少一个电动机构(17a，17b)中的一个或多个被设置成有利于所述传动装置(150)的直接运行状态的耦合或分离。
14.根据权利要求1-2中任何一项所述的作业机械，其中所述作业机械是轮式装载机(1)。
15.根据权利要求1-2中任何一项所述的作业机械，其特征在于：所述作业机械具有至少两个器具和/或转向功能，并且，对于每个器具和/或转向功能，设置有至少一个所述液压泵(100a，100b，100c)。
16.根据权利要求15所述的作业机械，其特征在于：所述作业机械包括三个液压泵；第一液压泵(100a)被设置成提供所述器具的提升及降低功能，第二液压泵(100b)被设置成提供所述器具的倾斜功能，且第三液压泵(100c)被设置成提供所述作业机械的所述转向功能。
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