CN101180760B - 离子性(共)聚合物树脂与基体(共)聚合物的混合物 - Google Patents
离子性(共)聚合物树脂与基体(共)聚合物的混合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101180760B CN101180760B CN2006800178031A CN200680017803A CN101180760B CN 101180760 B CN101180760 B CN 101180760B CN 2006800178031 A CN2006800178031 A CN 2006800178031A CN 200680017803 A CN200680017803 A CN 200680017803A CN 101180760 B CN101180760 B CN 101180760B
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Abstract
本发明涉及将聚电解质树脂掺入一种聚合物或者共聚物基体的聚合物树脂混合物。具体地,该聚电解质树脂是不含可水解基团的(共)聚合物。基体聚合物是一种韧性的、高度耐化学性(共)聚合物,较佳地是一种含氟聚合物。该聚合物树脂混合物可用于形成薄膜,特别是形成可在燃料电池中的MEA中使用的薄膜。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及将聚电解质树脂掺入一种聚合物或者共聚物基体中的聚合物混合物。具体地,该聚电解质树脂是不含可水解基团的(共)聚合物。基体聚合物是一种韧性的、高度耐化学性的(共)聚合物,较佳地是一种含氟聚合物。该聚合物树脂混合物可用于形成薄膜,特别是形成可在燃料电池中的MEA中使用的薄膜。
背景技术
全氟化碳离子交换膜提供很高的阳离子传输性,所以已经广泛用作离子交换膜。聚合物离子交换膜可以称为固相聚合物电解质或者聚合物交换膜(PEM)。由于燃料电池应用的严苛要求,最普遍使用的膜,也是市场上可买到的膜,用的原料是全氟磺化的Nafion、Flemion和Aciplex聚合物。然而,根据研究报告和文献记载,这些膜性能良好,但是显示出若干局限性,阻碍了该项技术进一步走向商业化的发展。此外,它们在用气体燃料时的表现比用液体燃料时好,这可能主要是由于液体燃料跨越(crossover)减损了电池性能。对于燃料电池应用而言,膜的耐化学性和机械强度是重要性质。的确,这种膜常常承受高压差、水合-脱水循环、以及其它的艰苦条件。同样,当膜非常薄,比如不足50微米时,机械强度变得非常重要。此外,当使用在燃料电池或者电池应用中时,这种膜处于一个酸性很强的介质中,其温度可到200℃,由于金属离子的存在,有时由于溶剂的存在,所述膜处于一种氧化性和/或还原性环境中。这种环境要求膜具有耐化学性和耐电化学性,而且是热稳定的。
目前,许多含氟膜有以下缺点中的一项或多项:
I)大量液体和气体跨越薄膜;
Ii)氟化聚合物与其他聚合物的不均匀混和,导致性能低劣;
Iii)当存在某些液体燃料时耐化学性不足;
Iv)耐电化学性不良;
V)磺化基团分布不均匀;
Vi)机械性能不良的;和/或热稳定性不良。
美国专利申请公开US2005077233描述了畴(domain)尺寸较小的聚电解质聚合物混合物及其生产方法。其中的聚电解质聚合物是一个非全氟化的聚合物树脂,含有离子性基团和/或可离子化基团,尤其是磺酸根或者膦酸根基团,基体是含氟聚合物。所揭示的聚电解质的一个问题是它们含有对水解反应不稳定的基团,比如酯和丙烯酰胺,它们往往在苛刻的化学环境下发生水解,丧失可离子化官能团。
WO99/67304描述了一类新的具有氟化醚取代的芳环的不饱和化合物以及这些化合物形成的聚合物。这些聚合物的一个用途是作为电化学电池的隔离物。
需要一种克服了在燃料电池应用中的局限性的薄膜。
令人惊喜的是,研究发现含有含氟聚合物和不带可水解基团的聚电解质的聚合物混合物可以用来形成在电化学电池中使用的具有高水平耐化学性和机械强度的膜。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供具有出色的质子传导性和耐化学性的聚电解质。
本发明的又一目的是提供一种膜或者薄膜,其中聚电解质均匀分布在基体聚合物如含氟聚合物中,且其畴(domain)尺寸非常小。
本发明的再一目的是提供一种严格定义的聚电解质,这种电介质对水解反应稳定(不会水解)、所需原材料成本较低、制造时需要的转化反应数量最少。
根据本发明优选实施方式的原则,本发明的目的是通过一种含有一种含氟聚合物和一种不带可水解基团的聚电解质的聚合物混合物来实现的。含氟聚合物基体中的乙烯基树脂的畴的大小优选为500nm或更小。
附图说明
图1描写的是一个典型的膜-电极组件,如实施例54所述。
具体实施方式
在本发明中,术语“聚合物”和“(共)聚合物”是指用一种或多种单体形成的聚合物。该术语包括均聚物、共聚物、三元共聚物、和由四种及以上单体形成的聚合物。“共聚物”是指无规共聚物和嵌段共聚物、以及接枝共聚物。“共聚物”一词还用来描述一种类似于共聚物、通过将均聚物中某些侧链基团进行部分反应/取代从而产生具有两个或者更多个不同部分作为侧链的聚合物主链的聚合物。
本发明涉及将聚电解质树脂掺入一种聚合物或者共聚物基体的聚合物树脂混合物。具体地,该聚电解质树脂是不含可水解基团的(共)聚合物。基体聚合物是一种韧性的、高度耐化学性的(共)聚合物,较佳地是一种含氟聚合物。
基体聚合物可以是任何一种在US2005077233中描述的作为基体的聚合物和共聚物,该美国专利申请公开通过引用结合于此。较佳地,该聚合物基体包含至少一种含氟聚合物。含氟聚合物可以是均聚物或者其它类型的聚合物,可以是含氟聚合物的混合物或者是含氟聚合物与非含氟聚合物的混合物。较佳地,该含氟聚合物是一个热塑性含氟聚合物,并且可以与包括其它聚合物在内的配方中的其它组分形成聚合物混合物。较佳的含氟聚合物是聚偏二氟乙烯聚合物,比如聚偏二氟乙烯均聚物。含氟聚合物的其它例子包括但不限于,含至少一个氟原子的聚烯烃,比如聚六氟丙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚氟乙烯、或其组合。更佳的含氟聚合物是一种包含约30%至约100重量%的1,1-偏二氟乙烯和0%至约70重量%的至少一种含至少一个氟原子的聚烯烃的聚合物组合物,其中含至少一个氟原子的聚烯烃例如是六氟丙烯、四氟乙烯、三氟乙烯(VF3)、三氟一氯乙烯、和/或氟乙烯。较佳地,可以包括均聚物、共聚物、三元共聚物、低聚物、及其他类型聚合物的含氟聚合物的分子量为约80,000MW至约1,000,000MW,更佳地为约100,000MW至约500,000MW。这种含氟聚合物的制备技术可参见美国专利3051677、3178399、3475396、3857827、和5093427,这些专利通过引用全文结合于此。
将基体聚合物与一种或多种聚电解质(共)聚合物混合。聚电解质共聚物包含离子基团或者可离子化基团以及能够发生交联作用的基团。可离子化基团较佳地是磺酸根、膦酸根或者羧酸根基团。离子基团或者可离子化基团的含量应当高,较佳地占到聚电解质的25至99重量%,占50至95重量%更佳,占70至95重量%最佳。离子基团或者可离子化基团可以是存在于用来形成聚电解质的单体中,或者可以是在后聚合反应中加到聚电解质上。
以共聚物的重量为基准计,交联部分的含量为1-75重量%,优选为1-50重量%,更优选为10-30重量%,最优选为10-20重量%。交联作用可通过常规方法实现,包括但不限于:自缩合、添加辅助交联剂、或者辐射交联。这些在文献中多有描述,在本技术领域中是众所周知的。能进行自缩合交联的单体的例子包括但不限于:伯胺、仲胺、叔胺;N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺;异丁氧基甲基丙烯酰胺;N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺;烯丙基、苯乙烯基团;和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯。辅助交联剂的例子包括游离的和封端的异氰酸酯、三聚氰胺、环氧化物、羧酸酯、α,ω-二卤代烷烃、α,ω-二醛、羧酸、烷氧基硅烷、硅氧烷、氮丙啶、和碳二亚胺。可以针对具体的交联化学作用选择的催化剂将包括有机锡、磺酸或者胺类。辐射交联的例子包括电子束辐射、紫外线辐射和γ射线辐射。
聚电解质可以是非全氟化的、部分全氟化的、或者完全全氟化的(共)聚合物。全氟化水平可以会对所产生的(共)聚合物混合物的离子传导率、机械强度和渗透性产生显著的影响。
可用于本发明的聚电解质是那些含有不可水解基团的。研究发现,具有容易水解的基团的单体,比如酯(例如丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯)和丙烯酰胺,在苛刻的化学环境(比如在蓄电池酸溶液中)将发生水解并失去容易电离的能力。优选的聚电解质是那些具有苯乙烯或者乙烯醚结构的。聚电解质可以是通过乳液聚合、悬浮液聚合、逆乳液聚合或者溶液聚合形成。还可以通过后聚合改性反应来形成。
现在参照本发明的具体实施方式对本发明的聚电解质及其制造方法从一般和具体两个方面进行说明,也就是乙烯醚类型聚电解质和苯乙烯类型聚电解质。同样,具体的和一般的实施方式将被用来说明传统的涉及两种独立单体的共聚作用和基于对均聚物进行部分反应以形成两种或多种独立的功能单体单元来生成共聚物。
乙烯醚型结构
本发明的乙烯基醚型聚电解质结构的一般结构是:
式中:
L=非全氟化烷基或者亚烷基-醚亚烷基-醚键(linkage)
L’=一根键或者烷基或者亚烷基-醚亚烷基-醚键
n=25-99摩尔%,较佳地大于50%,最好大于70%
m=1-75摩尔%,优选低于50%,最好低于30%
A=磺酸根、膦酸根或者羧酸根
B=能够交联的基团
所述共聚物的一个一般合成路线是:
X=Cl、Br、或者I
Y=C2至C12的脂族(-CH2-)或者含芳香环(例如:-CH2-Ph-CH2-)
M=碱土金属(Li、Na、K、Rb、Cs)
n∶m=优选为80∶20或者90∶10摩尔/摩尔
所述共聚物的另一个一般合成路线是:
Z=C2-C5的脂族或者全氟脂族、或者芳族或全氟芳族
MH=金属氢化物(例如NaH)
n∶m=优选为80∶20或者90∶10摩尔/摩尔
转化反应的条件可能会改变。通常,聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶解在二甲基亚砜中,添加碱性反应物,比如氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、强碱性的胺、或者金属氢化物,然后在平缓加热(~30至50℃)的条件下添加磺化的烷基卤或磺内酯。后面的处理包括用适当的溶剂将聚合物沉淀并随后用溶剂洗涤。
乙烯基-酯类型聚电解质的另一种合成方法类似于以上所述的,然而,烷基磺酸金属盐用的是四烷基铵的形式。这样可提高它在DMSO之外的有机溶剂中的溶解度,并且可使成品聚合物成为四烷基铵盐,这有益于进一步处理以及与聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)的掺合。
烷基磺酸盐转化的条件是起始钠盐的水溶液用盐酸或者硫酸酸化至pH<0,蒸干,重新溶解在最少量的水中,并用氢氧化四烷基铵中和至pH>10。
一种变型是首先将PVA转化成金属醇化物。这可以通过利用适当的金属氢化物(例如氢化钠、氢化锂铝)在干溶剂(二甲基亚砜)中实现。所形成的金属醇化物在上述实施例中对醇的反应活性有所提高。随后可加入卤代烷基磺酸盐(M+型或四烷基铵型)或者磺内酯以产生所期望的聚合物。
在另一种可用的变型中,起始聚合物是聚乙酸乙烯酯(PVAc),毫无疑问,它是聚乙烯醇的前体聚合物。在这种情况下,酯原地转化成了醇化物,而卤代烷基磺酸盐的取代反应都发生在一个步骤之中。这个方法的优点在于反应条件的变化范围更宽,因为PVAc在有机溶剂中的溶解度比PVA的大得多。如果使用卤代烷基磺酸的四烷基铵盐,反应的均相性最佳,因为四烷基铵盐可溶于普通溶剂中。
在以上所述的转化反应中除了使用PVA作为原材料,还可以使用乙烯醇(或者乙酸乙烯酯)的共聚物。这样做是有益的,因为例如引入亚乙基单元可有助于机械强度和耐用性。用适当的酯-官能化的或者OH-官能化的聚苯乙烯作为起始原料,通过相似的机理也可以形成苯乙烯结构。
Z=键,或者脂族或者芳族键合
苯乙烯型结构
本发明苯乙烯型聚电解质结构的一般结构是:
式中:
W=一根键、O、NH、S、SO、或SO2
Y=C1-C12的烷基、芳基、或者亚烷基-醚亚烷基-醚键合[例如(-CH2-)1-12]
Z=一根键、C1-C12的烷基、芳基、或者亚烷基-醚亚烷基-醚键合
n=1-99摩尔%,优选大于50%,最好大于70%
m=1-99摩尔%,优选小于50%,最好小于30%
A=磺酸根、膦酸根或者羧酸根
B=能够交联的基团
基于上述一般结构,可以预想得到这些类型的共聚物的许多条路线,其包括但不限于:预官能化单体的(共)聚合反应,和适当官能化聚苯乙烯的后聚合改性。下面给出的是用于这些共聚物的某些最优选的路线。
可以直接进行4-乙烯基苄基磺酸钠(NaVBS)和乙烯基苄醇(VBA)的共聚反应。用文献报道的方法合成这些特殊的单体[NaVBS参见US2909508,VBA参见Bamford,C.H.和Lindsay,H.著Polymer(聚合物),第14卷,330-332页(1973年)]。利用标准技术即可在适当的溶剂(比如DMSO、NMP、DMF、DMAc等)中进行这些单体的溶液聚合。这些单体的共聚物同样可以以乳液聚合或者逆相乳液聚合来合成,虽然溶液聚合法是首选方法。
下面是一种用于合成一种含有单个醚键并可用来形成本发明的聚电解质的磺化苯乙烯单体的方法。VBC是Dow公司(Specialty Monomers工厂)的一个商品,买来时是3-和4-乙烯基异构体的混合物。这种分子可以与各种各样的α-羟基、α-氨基、或α-硫醚、ω-磺酸盐分子起反应产生苄基氯位置上的亲核取代得到一个苯乙烯型单体,在苯乙烯基单元与磺酸根之间有可变的间隔基团。
式中VBC=4-乙烯基苄基氯、3和4-乙烯基异构体的混合物
W=OH、NH2、或者SH
Y=C1-C12的烷基、芳基、或者亚烷基-醚、亚烷基-醚键合
M=碱土金属(Li、Na、K、Rb、Cs)或者四烷基铵抗衡离子
所示结构是在W=OH、而Y=-CH2-CH2-CH2-时得到的。
所形成的磺化苯乙烯型单体随后可按前述方式与羟基-官能化的苯乙烯型单体共聚得到所期望的共聚物结构。
聚电解质中的羟基(或者其它可交联的)官能度可以从羟基官能的单体获得,如上所述。或者,可以在(共)聚合过程中采用适当的酯-官能化的单体,随后将酯脱保护(转化)成该所期望的醇。这与上面描述的一种磺化单体(聚合物)合成方法相结合将可产生所期望的最终(共)聚合物结构,如下所示。
式中:
W=一根键、O、NH、S、SO、或SO2
Y=C1-C12的烷基、芳族、烷基-醚或者亚烷基-醚键合[例如(-CH2-)1-12]
Z=一根键、C1-C12的烷基、芳基、或者烷基醚或者亚烷基-醚键合
R=C1-C12的烷基或者芳基
n=1-99摩尔%,优选大于50%,最好大于70%
m=1-99摩尔%,优选小于50%,最好小于30%
含酯共聚单体甚至不必在本质上是苯乙烯型的。它只需要是能够与磺化(或者其它官能的)苯乙烯型单体共聚。
与此相似,磺酸官能度不必在聚合前引入单体组分中。适当官能的单体聚合后再用磺酸单元取代将可产生最终结构。以下是说明这两种路线(磺酸取代和酯脱保护)的例子:
式中:
W=一根键、C1-C12的烷基、烷基-芳基、烷基醚、或亚烷基-醚键合
X=卤素(Cl、Br、I)
W’=W,它们不必是完全一样的结构
Y=一根键,O,NH,S,SO,SO2
R=C1-C12的烷基或者芳基
R’=C1-C12的烷基或者芳基,不必但是可以与R相同
n=1-99摩尔%,优选大于50%,最好大于70%
m=1-99摩尔%,优选小于50%,最好小于30%
在一个实施方式中,在W=CH3,W’=一根键,R=CH3,X=Cl,Y=O,R’=CH2-CH2-CH2时,聚电解质的合成反应是:
在一个优选实施方式中,本发明的共聚物聚电解质是从单个均聚物通过选择性官能化形成所期望的(共)聚合物合成的。为了在最终共聚物中产生所期望的n∶m比,必须很好地对官能化步骤进行控制。例如:
式中:
W=C1-C12的烷基、芳基、烷基醚、或者亚烷基-醚
W’=C1-C12的烷基、芳基、烷基醚、或亚烷基-醚,但不必与W相同
X=卤素(Cl、Br、I)
X’=卤素(Cl、Br、I),不必与X相同
Y=烷基或者芳基酯
M=碱土金属(Li、Na、K、Rb、Cs)或者四烷基铵阳离子
一个具体的例子如下:
式中:W=CH2,X=Cl,Y=乙酸基,X’=Br,W’=丙基,M=Na
除此之外,羟基化均聚物可以通过类似的羟基化单体经直接聚合来形成。它不必由含卤素的单体转化而来。羟基化的均聚物随后可如上所示地用来形成所期望的共聚物结构。
式中:W=C1-C12的烷基、芳基、烷基醚、或者亚烷基-醚
可用于本发明的其它苯乙烯基型单体包括但不限于磺基甜菜碱,它是一种含有磺酸基团以及它自己的抗衡离子(季铵)的单体。对于下文所示类型的苯乙烯基磺基甜菜碱型单体,不必在2-位上发生取代,在3-位或者4-位上或者在多个位置上都有可能。铵抗衡离子接在环上也是可能的,而且不必是像本例子中一样的吡啶型离子。所示羟基-官能化的单体类似于该报告先前所描述的。以上所述共聚物可以通过典型的自由基共聚反应在适当的溶剂中产生,如同在其它体系中一样,在本技术领域中是众所周知的。
本发明的另一实施方式是一种含芳族单体的聚合物或者共聚物的聚电解质,而其中的芳族单体具有侧链(pendent)氟化磺酸基团。一个例子是WO99/67304中描述的单体,该专利通过引用结合于此。这一类型的单体结构如下:
其中Rf是一个氟代亚烷基或者氟代亚烷基-醚;Y是C、O、或者N;而Rf′是氟代亚烷基或者氟代亚烷基-醚;和
其中(R)m是一个可聚合基团、Br、或者I;而Rf、Rf’、和Y如上所述。具有侧链氟化磺酸基团的芳族单体可用来形成均聚物,或者它们也可以与其它的烯属不饱和单体共聚形成本发明的聚电解质。用于形成共聚物的一个首选单体是苯乙烯。该(共)聚合物然后掺入基体聚合物中。
聚电解质掺入一个聚合物或者共聚物基体形成本发明的聚合物混合物。聚合物混合物可以是两种或多种上面描述的聚合物的任何类型的混合物,而且贯穿本申请全文,其至少一种选自基体聚合物一类而一种选自聚电解质一类。较佳地,聚合物混合物是所选聚合物的一种紧密掺混物。基体聚合物用量可以是5至95重量%,而聚电解质的用量可以是95至5重量%。较佳地,基体聚合物的量是从40%至80重量%,聚电解质的量是从20至60重量%。
在许多情况下,在聚电解质相上的酸基最初是处于中和形式的。阳离子可以包括任何选自IA族金属(Na、K、Cs、Rb)的阳离子,或者是有机阳离子,比如、咪唑、或者苯并咪唑。为了有效地继续将本发明聚电解质掺入一个基体共聚物的过程,聚电解质上的磺酸基必须首先用质子进行离子交换(质子化)。这可通过将聚电解质的溶液通过一个预先装填了适当的离子交换树脂的交换柱来实现。根据要处理的聚电解质的数量,交换柱可以是各种直径和长短的。一个具有代表性的交换柱的直径是从1.0英寸至36.0英寸,优选是从6.0英寸至18.0英寸。交换柱长度是从12.0英寸至144.0英寸,优选从24.0至72.0英寸。交换柱的底部是圆锥形的,并装有一个旋塞阀或者类似装置,以便控制通过设备的液流。
为了进行聚电解质的离子交换(质子化),向交换柱中添加一定量的离子交换树脂。Dowex Marathon(道化学制品公司出品)的离子交换树脂是一类可用树脂中的一例。特别地,可以使用Dowex Marathon A、Marathon B、或者Marathon C树脂。装填入交换柱的树脂的数量相当于需要进行离子交换的酸基数量的至少一倍至十倍(按照厂家的技术要求)。较佳地,树脂的用量是需要离子交换的酸基数量的一至五倍。交换柱随后用去离子水洗涤若干次直到从柱中流出的水不低于pH=5.0。中和的聚电解质然后溶解在适当的溶剂中形成均质溶液。溶剂应当根据聚电解质中的具体的化学官能团选择。通常使用极性质子溶剂或者极性非质子溶剂。聚电解质溶液从柱顶加入,使其下泄与交换树脂接触。从柱顶加入额外溶剂,所加溶剂量要足以防止树脂干燥。对洗脱溶液的pH值做连续监控。当洗脱溶液的pH值降到5.0以下时,从柱底收集质子化了的聚电解质溶液。当pH值回到5.0以上时,停止收集聚电解质溶液。由此就获得了质子化的聚电解质溶液。任何残余阳离子的含量用本领域技术人员所熟知的分析技术来定量测定。
在一个较佳实施方式中,掺合工艺的第一步是使聚电解质上的酸性、含质子的可离子化基团与一适当的氢氧化四烷基铵(TAAOH)反应形成四烷基铵盐。较佳地,该铵盐的分子量为至少186。适当的铵盐的例子包括:四甲基铵盐、四乙基铵盐、四丙基铵盐、四丁基铵盐、四戊基铵盐、和四己基铵盐。
这个TAA-中和的聚电解质溶液随后可进行溶剂切换,转至一种可适当地溶解所选基体(共)聚合物的溶剂。如果用于离子交换柱并用于TAAOH中和的溶剂也能够溶解基体(共)聚合物,这个步骤即非必需。一个优选实施方式包括溶剂的“切换”,从离子交换柱运行的溶剂切换成了另一种TAA中和的聚电解质和基体(共)聚合物两者都可完全地溶解的溶剂。这个过程较佳地包括向TAA中和的聚电解质溶液中添加新溶剂,然后通过加热和抽真空(真空蒸馏)去除原有的溶剂。达到“溶剂切换”的其它方法包括将TAA-中和的聚电解质沉淀,并随后过滤聚合物、重新溶解在新溶剂中。在原有的溶剂全部除去后,将已预先溶解在相同溶剂中的适当数量的基体(共)聚合物加入。如上所述,基体聚合物的数量在掺混物溶液中可以占5至95重量%,而聚电解质可以占95至5重量%。较佳地,基体聚合物的量在掺混物溶液中占40%至80重量%,聚电解质的量占20至60重量%。掺合溶液随后浇铸成薄膜或者做进一步加工生产出有用的制品,比如离子交换膜。
掺合溶液的浇铸可以用为本领域技术人员所熟知的许多不同方法完成。特别选中的方法是在加热下的溶液浇铸。将一定量的聚合物混合物溶液置于适当的基片上。然后将一把锋利的金属刀具拖越该基片,在刀具与基片之间留有一个间隙。该间隙的厚度和该聚合物混合物溶液的粘度控制着所形成的膜的厚度。所形成的膜的厚度取决于材料的最终用途,可以是在1.0μm至2.0mm之间。所形成的膜的优选厚度是10.0μm至500.0μm,最好是从20.0μm至250.0μm。这个“湿”膜随后在循环空气烘箱中在高温下进行干燥。进行薄膜干燥的时间和温度可以有很大差异。所用温度在20℃至250℃,优选从100℃至220℃,最好是从120℃至200℃。湿膜的干燥时间也可以有很大差异。烘箱的停留时间应当在商业上是适用的并且可标度的,它可以在1.0秒至24小时之间,优选从1.0分钟至2.0小时,最好是从1.0分钟至45.0分钟。
最终的干燥膜的厚度取决于干燥前湿膜的原始厚度。这个厚度要根据最终制品的目标应用而改变。厚度可以是1.0μm至2.0mm,优选从5.0μm至500.0μm,最好是从10.0μm至300.0μm。干燥后的膜用为本领域技术人员所熟知的典型方法从基片上取下。通常,薄膜是通过机械方式直接或者借助金属刀具从基片上剥落。或者,薄膜可以进行水合作用或者浸入水中或者溶剂中,以有助于从基片上取下。
浇铸薄膜中聚电解质畴的大小应当低于1.0μm,较佳地是在1nm至500hm之间。这里讨论是畴大小是指畴最大值和/或畴平均值。在一个优选实施方式中,所列举的畴的大小是最大的畴尺寸,但是可以是畴的平均值。
本发明聚合物混合物的质子传导性是>20mS/cm,较佳地>50mS/cm,最好>100mS/cm。此外,聚合物混合物有高度的机械强度,当水合时溶胀低,对水解(化学上)稳定,处于热水或者热酸环境中时硫损失(如果是磺化的)少。
用本发明的聚合物混合物生产的制品,比如薄膜,可按原状使用,或者通过一个酸洗步骤做进一步处理,去除四烷基基团,同时将起始(共)聚合物组分上的可离子化基团重新质子化。除此之外,可采用交联作用来改善尺寸稳定性。交联作用可以通过外部试剂对聚电解质上侧链官能度的作用、对基体(共)聚合物的作用、或者对它们的组合的作来进行。同样可行的方法是引入业已连接于聚电解质上或基体(共)聚合物上的内部交联基团,然后用外部动力(热或者辐射)使这些基团适当活化。
由于上面描述的各种各样的优点,本发明的应用可包括但不限于,薄膜、隔膜、燃料电池、涂料、离子交换树脂、油的回收、生物膜、蓄电池等等。所得制品可以用作蓄电池或者燃料电池中的泼姆(perm)选择性膜。除此之外,所得制品可以施涂于电极之上以构建膜电极组件、可以吸入各种液体、或者可以引到加强垫上或者引入多孔性网中提高机械完整性。
可以使用本发明的聚合物混合物制作聚合物离子膜或者聚电解质膜。所形成的薄膜或者隔膜可以作为单一层使用,或者可以作为多层薄膜或隔膜的一个组成部分。聚合物离子薄膜可以用常规薄膜制备方法制备,比如熔融挤出法、溶剂浇铸法(solvent cast)、乳剂浇铸法等等。可以用本发明的膜制作膜电极组件,也可以使用这种膜电极组件来制备燃料电池。在利用本发明的聚合物形成膜时,聚合物可以具有任何当量(每一克聚合物总重的酸基的克数),较佳的当量是约200至约8,000,,200至大约1,500更好,最好是约200至大约1,400,都是相对于聚合物混合物中的聚电解质而言。
更具体地说,本发明的组合物尤其适用于燃料电池、蓄电池等。除了在形成聚合物离子交换膜时利用本发明的组合物之外,在燃料电池和蓄电池的设计和构件方面与普通燃料电池和蓄电池是相同的。因此,在本发明中可以使用以下文献中的燃料电池和蓄电池设计和制造方法:美国专利US5795668、EP1202365A1、PCT公开WO98/22989、WO02/075835和WO98/20573、Lin等人在Journal of Applied Polymer Science PolymerSciernce第70卷第121-127页(1998年)的论文,这些文献通过引用全文结合于此。薄膜能单独使用,也可以加入常规填料,比如氧化硅等。燃料电池可使用液体或气体燃料,比如液态烃如甲醇或者气体如氢气。本发明的燃料电池能够在各种各样的运行条件下运行。本发明的燃料电池可以有多孔载体层和离子交换树脂,其中离子交换树脂支承在多孔载体层的至少一个面上。本发明可用于氢燃料电池、甲醇直燃燃料电池、或者其它燃料电池中。较佳地,本发明的燃料电池燃料跨越低、质子传导性高、和/或机械强度高。薄膜的厚度可以是常规的,但是优选从约0.5至约10密耳,从约0.5密耳至约5密耳更好。此外,薄膜较佳的当量是从约200至约2500,从约200至约1400更好。多孔载体层可用任何的常规材料制作,比如含氟聚合物或者其它的含烃聚合物如聚烯烃。多孔载体层在孔径、孔隙度和厚度方面是常规指标。本发明的燃料电池较佳地具有出色的质子传导性(protonconductivity)、耐化学性和较低的气体跨超、较高的电阻和较高质子性传导性(protonic conductivity)。
实施例
磺烷基化聚乙烯醇合成
实施例1:磺丙基化PVA(40%磺化,方法1)
5.0克的聚乙烯醇(PVA)(99%水解,Mw~144k,Aldri ch出品)在90℃溶解于200ml无水二甲基亚砜中,然后冷却至室温。28.80克(OH当量1.13)的3-溴丙烷磺酸钠(NaBPS)在氮气氛下单独溶解在100ml的无水二甲基亚砜中。3.0克(OH当量1.1)的氢化钠(NaH)在氮气氛下溶解在150ml的无水二甲基亚砜中形成浆料。NaH浆料在氮气氛下快速添加至一个配备有250mL的加料漏斗、机械搅拌器和隔膜的2L圆底烧瓶中。然后将PVA溶液倒入加料漏斗中,边迅速搅拌边缓慢加入到NaH浆料中。将这个混合物搅拌1小时直到不再有气体逸出。然后快速添加NaBPS溶液,反应混合物在室温下搅拌18小时。加入1.0mL的5.0wt.%的盐酸水溶液,然后将反应溶液倾入2L迅速搅拌的丙酮中。将近乎白色的沉淀物过滤,用500ml的丙酮洗涤,并在真空中干燥。(8.50克,40%)1H NMR(D2O):δ4.40-δ3.80(宽,4.79H,主链CH-O,丙基O-CH2),δ3.35-δ3.15(宽,2H,丙基CH2-SO3),δ2.40-δ2.20(宽,2H,丙基C-CH2-C),δ2.20-δ1.70(宽,4.82H,主链CH2)。
实施例2:磺丙基化PVA(60%磺化,方法1)
除了是43.33克的NaBPS(OH当量1.7)溶解在200ml的无水二甲基亚砜中之外,完全遵循本节实施例1中概括的步骤。(12.65克,59%)1HNMR(D2O):δ4.40-3.80(宽,主链CH-O,丙基O-CH2),δ3.35-δ3.15(宽,2H,丙基CH2-SO3),δ2.40-δ2.20(宽,2H,丙基C-CH2-C),δ2.20-δ1.70(宽,3.23H,主链CH2)。
实施例3:磺丙基化PVA(10%磺化,方法1)
完全遵循本节实施例1所概括的步骤,不同的是,20.0克的PVA溶解在300ml的无水二甲基亚砜中、15.46克NaBPS(OH当量0.15)溶解在200mL的无水二甲基亚砜中、和1.66g(OH当量0.15)NaH溶解在100mL无水二甲基亚砜中。(26.5克,75%)1H NMR(D2O):δ4.40-3.80(宽,14H,主链CH-O,丙基O-CH2),δ3.35-δ3.15(宽,2H丙基CH2-SO3),δ2.40-δ2.20(宽,2.17H,丙基C-CH-C),δ2.20-δ1.70(宽,23.5H,主链CH2)。
实施例4:磺丙基化PVA(100%磺化,方法2)
5.0克的聚乙烯醇(PVA)(99%水解,Mw~144k,Aldrich出品)在90℃溶解于200ml无水二甲基亚砜中,然后冷却至室温。13.90克(OH当量1.00)的丙磺酸内酯在氮气保护下溶解在50ml的无水二甲基亚砜中。3.0克(OH当量1.1)的氢化钠(NaH)在氮气氛下溶解在150ml的无水二甲基亚砜中形成浆料。NaH浆料在氮气氛下快速添加至一个配备有250mL的加料漏斗、机械搅拌器和隔膜的2L圆底烧瓶中。然后将PVA溶液倒入加料漏斗中,边迅速搅拌边缓慢加入到NaH浆料中。将这个混合物搅拌1小时直到不再有气体逸出。然后将丙磺酸内酯溶液在15分钟内加入,反应混合物在室温下搅拌18小时。加入1.0mL的5.0wt.%的盐酸水溶液,然后将反应溶液倾入2L迅速搅拌的丙酮中。将近乎白色的沉淀物过滤,用500ml的丙酮洗涤,并在真空中干燥。(20.25克,95%)1H NMR(D2O):δ4.40-3.80(宽,2.66H,主链CH-O,丙基O-CH2),δ3.35-δ3.15(宽,2H,丙基CH2-SO3),δ2.40-δ2.20(宽,2H,丙基C-CH-C),δ2.20-δ1.70(宽,1.98H,主链CH2)。
实施例5:磺丙基化PVA(70%磺化,方法2)
完全遵循本节实施例4所概括的步骤,不同的是,25.0克的PVA溶解在450ml的无水二甲基亚砜中、51.0克丙磺酸内酯(OH当量0.80)溶解在100mL的无水二甲基亚砜、和10.91克(OH当量0.80)NaH溶解在450mL无水二甲基亚砜中。(106.8克,128%)DMSO杂质))1H NMR(D2O):δ4.40-3.80(宽,3.17H,主链CH-O,丙基O-CH2),δ3.35-δ3.15(宽,2H,丙基CH2-SO3),δ2.40-δ2.20(宽,2H,丙基 C-CH2-C),δ2.20-δ1.70(宽,2.65H,主链CH3)。
实施例6:磺丙基化PVA(50%磺化,方法2)
完全遵循本节实施例4所概括的步骤,不同的是,20.0克的PVA溶解在200ml的无水二甲基亚砜中、28.10克丙磺酸内酯(OH当量0.50)溶解在100mL的无水二甲基亚砜中、和5.46克(OH当量0.50)NaH溶解在150mL无水二甲基亚砜中。(52.5克,99)1H NMR(D2O):δ4.40-3.80(宽,3.83H,主链CH-O,丙基O-CH2),δ3.35-δ3.15(宽,2H,丙基CH2-SO3),δ2.40-δ2.20(宽,2H,丙基C-CH2-C),δ2.20-δ1.70(宽,3.87H,主链CH2)。
实施例7:磺丁基化PVA
完全遵循本节实施例4所概括的步骤,不同的是,34.0克的PVA溶解在350ml的无水二甲基亚砜中、85.0克丁磺酸内酯(OH当量0.80)和19.47克(OH当量1.05)NaH溶解在250mL无水二甲基亚砜中。(128.7克,103%(残余DMSO))1H NMR(D2O):δ6.05-5.81(宽m,0.29H,烯丙基CH),δ5.25-δ5.05(宽m,0.58H,烯丙基CH2),δ4.16-δ3.40(宽,2.45H,主链CH-O,丁基-O-CH2),δ3.10-δ2.85(宽m,2H,丁基CH2-SO3),δ2.60-δ2.40(宽m,0.59H烯丙基C=C-CH2-),δ2.10-δ0.50(宽,5.42H,丁基-CH2-CH2-,主链-(H2-)。
磺烷基化聚苯乙烯共聚物合成
单体合成
实施例8:乙烯基苄基磺酸钠(NaVBS),步骤A
亚硫酸钠872.1克(6.919mol,Aldrich出品)和氯化四丁铵37.0克(0.133摩尔,Fluka出品)在去离子水6000.0克(6.00L)中的溶液被装入一个22L的圆底烧瓶中,并在机械搅拌下加热至45℃。独立地,将乙烯基苄基氯(1000.0克,6.29摩尔,Dow出品,96%纯度,57%间位,43%对位)加入碘化钠(1037克,6.919摩尔,Aldrich出品)在丙酮(4740克,6.00L)的溶液中,然后加入到一个12L的圆底烧瓶中,在40℃搅拌0.25小时。过滤除去沉淀物(NaCl)并用200ml的丙酮洗涤。过滤后的丙酮溶液立刻被加到盐的水溶液中。该两相混合物在40℃搅拌80分钟。将丙酮在真空中蒸发。剩余的含水混合物过滤,得到湿的乙烯基苄基磺酸钠(NaVBS),是白色糊状物。该糊状物在真空中干燥。(694克,50.1%)1H NMR(D2O):δ7.30-7.55(m,4H,芳香族),δ6.80(dd,1H,乙烯基),δ5.87(dd,1H,乙烯基),δ5.33(dd,1H,乙烯基),δ4.16(s,2H,苄基)。
实施例9:乙烯基苄基磺酸钠(NaVBS),步骤B
在室温下,向一个100加仑的内衬玻璃的反应器中加入46.5加仑的水和20.0加仑的丙酮。向该混合物中添加18.0千克的亚硫酸钠、1.0千克的碘化钠、和20.0千克的乙烯基苄基氯(Dow Specialty Monomers出品,55%的间位、45%对位异构体).这个混合物用氮气冲洗30分钟,然后加热至50℃并在该温度维持24小时。丙酮和约20加仑的水然后通过真空蒸馏除去。剩余浆料冷却至10℃,过滤,回收一种淡黄色固体。滤液送还至反应器,通过真空蒸馏再除去15加仑的水。合并固体并在真空中在40℃干燥。回收产率是13.1kg(45%)。H NMR(D2O):
实施例10:乙烯基苄基醇(VBA),步骤A
向乙酸钾(KOAc)(3.2克,33毫摩尔)在DMSO(11.0g)中的混合物中添加乙烯基苄基氯(VBC,90%,间位和对位异构体的混合物,稳定化的,4.3克,25mmol)。该混合物在40℃搅拌2小时。取出5ml的反应混合物样品并加到10mL水中。该溶液用20mL的乙酸乙酯萃取两次。蒸发掉乙酸乙酯得到一个黄色油状物。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ7.35(m,4H,芳香族),δ6.70(m,1H,乙烯基),δ5.75(d,1H,乙烯基),δ5.25(d,1H,乙烯基),δ5.07(s,2H,苄基),δ2.07(s,3H,甲酯)。
向剩余反应混合物中添加乙醇(7ml)、去离子水(36mL)、和NaOH(1.19克,30mmol),然后回流1小时。用40ml的EtOAc萃取,然后用MgSO4干燥,蒸发溶剂后得到黄色油状物(3.18克,99%的产率)。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ7.35(m,4H,芳香族),δ6.70(m,1H,乙烯基),δ5.75(d,1H,乙烯基),δ5.25(d,1H,乙烯基),δ4.65(d,2H,苄基)。
实施例11:乙烯基苄基醇(VBA),步骤B
一个12L的三颈圆底烧瓶装上机械搅拌器、冷凝器、和热电偶。向这个烧瓶中添加2.3升的冰醋酸、663.0克的乙酸钾、和613.7克的乙烯基苄基氯。混合物在110℃搅拌18小时。用薄层色谱法确定反应程度。产品用2升的EtOAc(乙酸乙酯)萃取两次。有机萃取物合并,用并NaHCO3(碳酸氢钠)水溶液洗涤直至呈中性(pH~7),然后再用2升的水洗涤。减压除去EtOAc,得到703克的浅棕色油状物。(99%的产率)。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ7.35(m,4H,芳香族),δ6.70(m,1H,乙烯基),δ5.75(d,1H,乙烯基),δ5.25(d,1H,乙烯基),δ5.07(s,2H,苄基),δ2.07(s,3H,甲酯)。
向第二个12升的配备有机械搅拌器、冷凝器、和热电偶的烧瓶中加入761.0克(13.56摩尔)KOH(氢氧化钾)、3.5升(86.6摩尔)的MeOH(甲醇)、1.1升(58.38摩尔)的水、和703克的来自上一步骤的乙酸乙烯基苄基酯,产生一种暗红色的溶液。将反应混合物加热至回流,随后做TLC分析,表明反应在1小时之后完成。反应混合物冷却至室温并用4升的乙醚萃取两次。醚层然后用4升的氯化钠水溶液洗涤三次,然后再用4升的水洗涤两次。醚层用MgSO4(硫酸镁)进行干燥并过滤。减压将醚从滤液中除去,得到棕色油状物。(487.0克,91%的产率)(94%的总产率)。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ7.35(m,4H,芳香族),δ6.70(m,1H,乙烯基),δ5.75(d,1H,乙烯基),δ5.25(d,1H,乙烯基),δ4.65(d,2H,苄基)。
实施例12:4-(乙烯基苯基)氯化镁(VP-MgCl)
一个250ml的二颈圆底烧瓶中加入2.5克的镁(Mg)屑(0.14摩尔)、一个搅棒、一个添加漏斗和一个冷凝器。镁屑在氮气保护气氛下剧烈搅拌过夜。用注射器将100μL的1,2-二溴乙烷在10ml的无水四氢呋喃(THF)中的溶液加至镁屑中。这个混合物在室温下搅拌直到它变成浅棕色。13.85克的4-氯苯乙烯(0.1摩尔)在30ml的无水THF中的溶液经由加料漏斗在1小时内添加至烧瓶中,过程中将反应温度维持在10℃以下。在所有4-氯苯乙烯添加完后,混合物暖至室温并再搅拌30分钟。然后升高温度,反应混合物再回流多于2个小时。反应冷却至50℃,并立刻用于随后的反应。
实施例13:1-(4-乙烯基苯基)乙醇(1-VPE)
向本节实施例12中制备的VP-MgCl溶液中添加4.84克乙醛(acetylaldehyde)(0.11mol)在50ml的THF中的溶液。该溶液经由加料漏斗滴加,过程中维持反应温度在0℃。反应混合物在0℃继续搅拌1小时。在温度维持在20℃以下的情况下,经由加料漏斗添加60毫升2M的盐酸(HCl)水溶液。反应混合物过滤,并用100ml的乙醚萃取两次。有机相合并,用MgSO4干燥并过滤。在室温下真空蒸发除去乙醚。(13.6克淡黄色油状物,91.6%)。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ7.40(m,4H,芳香族),δ6.72(m,1H,乙烯基),δ5.82(d,1H,乙烯基),δ5.23(d,1H,乙烯基),δ4.73(q,1H,CH-O),δ1.35(d,3H,CH3)。
实施例14:2-(4-乙烯基苯基)乙醇(2-VPE)
向本节实施例1 2中制备的VP-MgCl溶液中添加4.84克环氧乙烷(0.11mol)在50ml的THF中的溶液。该溶液经由加料漏斗在一个小时内加入,使反应混合物维持在0℃。在添加完成后再继续在0℃搅拌一个小时。反应混合物在0℃继续搅拌1小时。在温度维持在20℃以下的情况下,经由加料漏斗添加60毫升2M的盐酸(HCl)水溶液。反应混合物过滤,并用100ml的乙醚萃取两次。有机相合并,用MgSO4干燥并过滤。在室温下真空蒸发除去乙醚。11.2克白色蜡状固体,75.7%。H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ7.20-δ7.40(m,4H,芳香族),δ6.72(m,1H,乙烯基),δ5.75(d,1H,乙烯基),δ5.23(d,1H,乙烯基),δ4.70(t,1H,OH),δ3.65(t,2H,CH2-O),δ2.72(t,2H,CH2-C)。
(共)聚合物合成(聚合反应)
实施例14:聚(NaVBS)
乙烯基苄基磺酸纳(20.00克,0.073摩尔,纯度80%)在去离子水(266克)中的溶液边搅拌边加热至40℃,然后用氮气冲洗10分钟。在冲洗过程临近结束时添加Vazo 56 WSP(74毫克,0.27mmol,DuPont出品)。反应混合物加热至85℃并搅拌24小时。聚合物沉淀在丙酮(2.25升)中,并轻轻倒出液体。在真空中干燥得到聚(乙烯基苄基磺酸纳)(半透明板,14.55克,91%)。(GPC:Mw=91k,PDI=2.2相对于聚丙烯酸窄标样),1H NMR(D2O):δ7.22(宽,2H,芳族),δ6.67(宽,2H,芳族),δ4.1 5(宽,2H,苄基CH2),δ0.30-2.55(宽,3H,主链CH,CH2)。
实施例15:聚(VBA)
向一个100mL圆底烧瓶中加入10.0克的乙烯基苄基醇(VBA)(74.6m摩尔)、29.0ml去离子水、3.82mL的20.0重量%浓度的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDDS)(2.48mmol)水溶液、1.83mL的5.0重量%浓度的碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)(0.86mmol)水溶液、和1.83毫升的5.0重量%浓度的过硫酸钾的水溶液(对VBA为0.5摩尔%)。这个混合物冷却至0℃,保持1小时,在此之后添加1.30ml的5.0重量%浓度的偏亚硫酸氢钠水溶液(对VBA为0.5摩尔%)。用氮气冲洗溶液15分钟。烧瓶用橡胶隔膜密封并放入30℃的油浴中2.5个小时。这段时间之后,聚合物沉淀在300ml的甲醇中,过滤并在真空中干燥。(9.80克,98%),(GPC:Mw=80k,PDI=4.0,相对于聚丙烯酸窄标样),1HNMR(DMSO-d6):δ7.30-δ6.10(宽,4H,芳族),δ4.65-δ4.25(宽,2H,苄基CH),δ2.20-δ0.90(宽,3H,主链CH,CH2)。
实施例16:聚(VBC)
向一个500mL的圆底烧瓶中加入50.0克的乙烯基苄基氯(VBC)(DowSpecialty Monomers出品,55%的3-、45%的4-异构体)、145.0ml去离子水、16.65mL的20.0重量%浓度的十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液(SDDS)(12.40mmol)、8.0mL的5.0重量%浓度的碳酸氢钠水溶液(NaHCO3)(3.75mmol)、和8.0mL的5.0重量%浓度的过硫酸钾水溶液(对VBC为0.5摩尔%)。这个混合物冷却至0℃,保持1小时,在此之后添加5.65ml的5.0重量%浓度的偏亚硫酸氢钠水溶液(对VBC为0.5摩尔%)。用氮气冲洗溶液15分钟。烧瓶用橡胶隔膜密封并放入30℃的油浴中3个小时。这段时间之后,聚合物沉淀在1500ml的甲醇中,过滤并在真空中干燥。(47.5克,95%),(GPC:Mw=733k,PDI=6.3,相对于聚丙烯酸窄标样),1HNMR(DMSO-d6):δ7.30-δ6.20(宽,4H,芳族),δ4.75-δ4.30(宽,2H,苄基CH2),δ2.40-δ0.90(宽,3H,主链CH,CH2)。
实施例17:聚(叔-BuOS)步骤A
向一个100mL的圆底烧瓶中加入8.79克的叔-丁氧基苯乙烯(t-BuOS)(46.3mmol)、23.3ml去离子水、3.82mL的20.0重量%浓度的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDDS)水溶液(2.48mmol、),1.83mL的5.0重量%浓度的碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)(0.86mmol)水溶液、和1.29mL的5.0重量%浓度的过硫酸钾水溶液(对叔-BuOS为0.5摩尔%)。这个混合物冷却至0℃,保持1小时,在此之后添加0.92ml的5.0重量%浓度的偏亚硫酸氢钠水溶液(对叔-BuOS为0.5摩尔%)。用氮气冲洗溶液15分钟。烧瓶用橡胶隔膜密封并放入30℃的油浴中3个小时。这段时间之后,聚合物沉淀在300ml的甲醇中,过滤并在真空中干燥。(6.15克,70%),(GPC:Mw=1200k,PDI=10.0,相对于聚苯乙烯窄标样),1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ6.75-δ6.20(宽,4H,芳族),δ2.13-δ0.80(宽,12H,主链CH,CH2,叔-丁基CH3)。
实施例18:聚(叔-BuOS)步骤B
聚合反应以等同于“步骤A”(实施例17)的方式进行,但所用的引发剂对叔-BuOS是1.0摩尔%:即2.58ml的5.0重量%浓度的过硫酸钾水溶液、1.84mL的5.0重量%浓度的偏亚硫酸氢钠水溶液。(GPC:Mw=700k,PDI=5.0,相对于聚苯乙烯窄标样),1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ6.75-δ6.20(宽,4H,芳族),δ2.13-δ0.80(宽,12H,主链CH,CH3,叔-丁基CH3)。
实施例19:聚(叔-BuOS)步骤C
聚合反应以等同于“步骤A”(实施例17)的方式进行,但所用的引发剂对叔-BuOS是1.5摩尔%:即3.87ml的5.0重量%浓度的过硫酸钾水溶液、2.76mL的5.0重量%浓度的偏亚硫酸氢钠水溶液。(GPC:Mw=185,PDI=4.0,相对于聚苯乙烯窄标样),1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ6.75-δ6.20(宽,4H,芳族),δ2.13-δ0.80(宽,12H,主链CH,CH2叔-丁基CH3)。
实施例20:聚(乙酰氧基苯乙烯)
向一个100mL的圆底烧瓶中加入10.0克的乙酰氧基苯乙烯(AcS)(Aldrich出品,96%)、29.0ml去离子水、3.33mL的20.0重量%浓度的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDDS)(2.48mmol)水溶液、1.6mL的5.0重量%浓度的碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)(0.75mmol)水溶液、和1.6mL的5.0重量%浓度的过硫酸钾水溶液(对AcS为0.5摩尔%)。这个混合物冷却至0℃,保持1小时,在此之后添加1.13ml的5.0重量%浓度的偏亚硫酸氢钠水溶液(对AcS为0.5摩尔%)。用氮气冲洗溶液15分钟。烧瓶用橡胶隔膜密封并放入30℃的油浴中3个小时。这段时间之后,聚合物沉淀在300ml的甲醇中,过滤并在真空中干燥。(9.50克,95%),(GPC:Mw=554k,PDI=4.0,相对于聚丙烯酸窄标样),1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ7.00-δ6.25(宽,4H,芳族),δ2.38-δ2.00(宽,3H,乙酰基CH3),δ2.05-δ1.00(宽,3H,主链CH,CH2)。
实施例21:聚(NaVBS-共-VBA)
乙烯基苄基醇(207克,1.39摩尔)被添加到处于35℃的乙烯基苄基磺酸钠(NaVBS,1058克,2.49摩尔,51.9%单体,35.1%水,13%碘化物杂质)在去离子水(8766克)中的溶液中。该混合物用氮气冲洗0.5小时。在冲洗临近结束时添加Vazo 56 WSP(2.71克,10.0mmol,DuPont出品)。该反应混合物加热至80℃并在氮气保护下搅拌3.5小时。在反应进行3.5小时之后添加第二批Vazo 56 WSP(1.35克,5.00mmol),聚合反应再继续进行2小时。在聚合反应之后,溶液保持在80℃并用氮气清洗以便使体积减少约50%。聚合物自丙酮中沉淀。NaVBS转化成聚合物的百分比用比重测定法和分光光度法估算(95%转化率)。1H NMR(D2O):δ7.16(宽,2H,芳族),δ6.63(宽,2H,芳香族),δ4.43(宽,0.4H,苯甲醇CH2),δ4.08(宽,1.6H,苄基磺酸盐CH2),δ-0.75-2.75(宽,3H,主链CH,CH2)。
实施例22:聚(NaVBS-共-HEMA)
9.30克(42.2mmol)的NaVBS在一个250mL的圆底烧瓶中溶解在40℃的水中。溶液用氮气清洗15分钟。向溶液中加入1.22克(9.39mmol)的甲基丙烯酸-2-羟基乙酯(HEMA)和34.11毫克(0.1258mmol)的VAZO 56 WSP。该混合物在85℃加热24小时。聚合物在875ml的丙酮中沉淀并在真空中干燥。(产量9.22克,92%)凝胶渗透色谱显示高分子量(280k,相对于聚苯乙烯磺酸酯窄标样)。1H NMR(D2O):δ7.50-δ6.25(宽,4H,芳族),δ4.25-δ3.75(宽,2H,苄基),δ3.60-δ2.80(宽,1.08H,乙基CH2),δ2.50-δ1.00(宽,主链CH,CH2),δ1.0-δ0.20(宽,0.84H,CH3)。根据H NMR数据计算,结合了22%的HEMA。
实施例23:聚(NaVBS-共-1-VPE)
在一个250ml的圆底烧瓶中加入6.60克NaVBS(30.0mmol)、2.96克1-VPE(20.0mmol)、27.0毫克Vazo 56WSP(0.10mmol)、66.0ml水和一个搅拌棒。混合物用氮气鼓泡15分钟,用橡胶隔膜将烧瓶密封并放入一个80℃的油浴中剧烈搅拌24小时。该反应混合物随后缓慢地在300ml的丙酮中在强烈搅拌下沉淀。白色沉淀物过滤并用丙酮洗涤、在真空中干燥。(7.90克,83%,Mw=45k,PDI=2.25,相对于磺化聚苯乙烯窄标样)。1H NMR(D2O):δ8.25-δ5.50(宽,4H,芳族),δ4.50-δ3.50(宽,1.44H,苄基),δ2.75-δ0.25(宽,主链CH CH2,C-CH3)。
实施例24:聚(NaVBS-共-2-VPE)
向一个250ml的圆底烧瓶中加入13.20克NaVBS(60.0mmol)、4.44克2-VPE(30.0mmol)、54.0毫克Vazo 56 WSP(0.2mmol)、133mL水、和一个搅拌棒。混合物用氮气冲洗15分钟,用橡胶隔膜将烧瓶密封并放入一个80℃的油浴中剧烈搅拌24小时。该反应混合物随后缓慢地在500ml的丙酮中在强烈搅拌下沉淀。白色沉淀物过滤、用丙酮洗涤、在真空中干燥。(16.0克,91%,Mw=47.6k,PDI=2.1,相对于磺化聚苯乙烯窄标样)。1H NMR(D2O):δ8.25-δ5.50(宽,4H,芳族),δ4.60-δ3.20(宽,2H,苄基和CH2-O),δ3.20-δ2.30(宽,苄基CH2-C),δ2.30-d0.25(宽,主链CH2和CH)。
实施例25:聚(NaSS-共-VBA)
向一个500ml的圆底烧瓶中加入27.9克NaSS(135.3mmol)、8.1克VBA(60.2mmol)、109毫克Vazo 56 WSP(0.4mmol)、396mL水、和一个搅拌棒。该混合物用氮气冲洗15分钟,然后用橡胶隔膜密封并在80℃加热同时剧烈搅拌24小时。该反应混合物随后缓慢地在500ml的丙酮中在强烈搅拌下沉淀。白色沉淀物过滤、用丙酮洗涤、在真空中干燥。(22克,64摩尔%的磺化单体,Mw=237k,PDI=2.6,相对于磺化聚苯乙烯窄标样)。1H NMR(D2O):δ7.84-δ5.85(宽,芳香族),δ4.60-δ4.06(宽,2H,苄基CH2-O),δ2.50-δ0.50(宽,主链CH2和CH)。
实施例26:聚(NaSS-共-HEMA)
向一个500ml的圆底烧瓶中加入27.9克NaSS(135.3mmol)、8.1克HEMA(60.2mmol)、109毫克Vazo 56 WSP(0.4mmol)、396mL水、和一个搅拌棒。该混合物用氮气冲洗15分钟,然后用橡胶隔膜密封并在80℃加热同时剧烈搅拌24小时。该反应混合物随后缓慢地在500ml的丙酮中在强烈搅拌下沉淀。白色沉淀物过滤、用丙酮洗涤、在真空中干燥。(39.4克,64摩尔%的磺化单体,Mw=457k,PDI=3.7,相对于磺化聚苯乙烯窄标样)。1HNMR(DO):δ7.0-δ5.95(宽,芳香族),δ3.72-δ2.86(宽,4H,0-CH2-CH2-OH),δ2.13-δ0.05(宽,主链CH3,CH2和CH)。
实施例27:聚(NaSS)
向一个500ml的圆底烧瓶中加入13.8克NaSS(66.9mmol)、109毫克Vazo 56 WSP(0.4mmol)、196mL水、和一个搅拌棒。该混合物用氮气冲洗15分钟,然后用橡胶隔膜密封并在80℃加热同时剧烈搅拌24小时。该反应混合物随后缓慢地在500ml的丙酮中在强烈搅拌下沉淀。白色沉淀物过滤、用丙酮洗涤、在真空中干燥。(10克,Mw=490k,PDI=3.6,相对于磺化聚苯乙烯窄标样)。H NMR(D2O):δ7.4-δ5.94(宽,芳香族),δ2.10-δ0.22(宽,主链CH2和CH)。
实施例28:聚(2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸)(p(AMPS))
给一个1000ml的圆筒形反应器配备回流冷凝器、机械搅拌器并加入50.0mL的去离子水、加热至75℃。151.6克AMPS、545.2ml水在另一个容器中搅拌在一起直到AMPS完全溶解。反应器和AMPS溶液用氮气冲洗15分钟。446毫克Vazo 56 WSP单独溶解在9.7克的水中。AMPS溶液和Vazo 56WSP溶液在1个小时内缓慢送入反应器中,将反应温度维持在75℃,同时强烈搅拌。反应混合物在75℃再搅拌2小时。最终反应混合物冷却至室温。混合物观察上去极其粘滞,表面存在高分子聚合物。
(共)聚合物合成(后聚合改性)
实施例29:磺乙基化p(VBC)
在氮气保护下,1.克的聚(乙烯基苄基氯)(p(VBC))溶解在一个250mL的圆底烧瓶中的99.0克的无水二甲亚砜(DMSO)中,圆底烧瓶配备有一加料漏斗和磁力搅拌装置。1.068克(Cl当量1.1)的羟乙基磺酸钠(NaISA)在氮气保护下溶解在19.0克二甲基亚砜中。在第三个容器中,0.165克(Cl当量1.05)的氢化钠(NaH)在氮气保护下被加入到3.1克二甲基亚砜中,搅拌至形成浆料。然后将NaH浆料加到一个在氮气吹洗和磁力搅拌下的250ml圆底烧瓶中。NaISA溶液随后在迅速搅拌下缓慢地加入。NaH//NaISA混合物(羟乙基磺酸二钠)在室温下搅拌30分钟直到停止放出气体。然后将这个混合物迅速转移至p(VBC)反应器的加料漏斗中。然后在迅速搅拌下将羟乙基磺酸二钠溶液缓慢地加到p(VBC)溶液中。这个混合物在室温下再搅拌18小时。在此之后,添加1.0ml的5.0v/v%浓度的盐酸水溶液。然后该溶液缓慢倾入1升的四氢呋喃中,迅速搅拌形成白色沉淀。过滤沉淀物,重新溶解在100ml的去离子水中,缓慢地倾入800mL的四氢呋喃中。通过过滤收集白色聚合物粉末,在真空中干燥。1H NMR(D2O):δ7.40-δ5.75(宽,4H,芳香族),δ4.60-δ4.00(宽,2H,苄基),δ4.00-δ3.30(宽,2H,乙基CH2-SO3),δ3.25-δ2.80(宽,2H,乙基-O-CH2-C),δ2.25-δ0.75(宽,3H,主链CH2,CH)。
实施例30:磺丙基化p(VBC)
在氮气保护下,1.0克的聚(乙烯基苄基氯)(p(VBC))溶解在一个250mL的圆底烧瓶中的99.0克的无水二甲亚砜(DMSO)中,圆底烧瓶配备有一加料漏斗和磁力搅拌装置。在氮气保护下,2.13克(Cl当量2.0)的3-羟基丙磺酸钠(NaHPS)单独溶解在42.5克无水二甲基亚砜中。在第三个容器中,0.3464克(Cl当量2.2)的氢化钠(NaH)在氮气保护下被加入到5.0克二甲基亚砜中,搅拌形成浆料。然后将NaH浆料加到一个在氮气吹洗和磁力搅拌下的250ml圆底烧瓶中。NaHPS溶液随后在迅速搅拌下缓慢地加入。NaH/NaHPS混合物(羟基丙磺酸二钠)在室温下搅拌30分钟直到停止放出气体。然后将这个混合物迅速转移至p(VBC)反应器的加料漏斗中。然后在迅速搅拌下将羟基丙磺酸二钠溶液缓慢地加到p(VBC)溶液中。这个混合物在室温下再搅拌18小时。在此之后,添加1.0ml的5.0v/v%浓度的盐酸水溶液。然后该溶液缓慢倾入1升的丙酮中,迅速搅拌形成白色沉淀。过滤沉淀物,重新溶解在100ml的去离子水中,缓慢地倾入800mL的丙酮中。通过过滤收集白色聚合物粉末,在真空中干燥。1H NMR(D2O):δ7.40-δ5.75(宽,4H,芳香族),δ4.60-δ4.20(宽,2H,苄基),δ4.20-δ3.50(宽,2H,丙基-O-CH-),δ3.10-δ2.60(宽,2H,丙基CH3-SO3),δ2.25-δ1.75(宽,2H,丙基--C-CH2-C),δ1.50-δ0.50(宽,3H,主链CH-CH3)。
实施例31:p(tBuOS)转化成聚(乙烯基苯酚)
在一个250mL的圆底烧瓶中,2.0克的p(叔-BuOS)(Mw~1200k,PDI=10.0)溶解在62.0克的1,4-二烷中。向溶液中添加17.9克的浓盐酸(37.0重量%水溶液)。混合物在氮气保护下在80℃搅拌4小时。反应溶液随后倾泻入400ml的水中。加入5.0重量%的氢氧化钠水溶液将该浆料中和至pH=7。聚合物粉末过滤并在真空中干燥。(1.30克,95%,Mw=600k,PDI=8.0,相对于聚丙烯酸窄标样)。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.10-δ8.80(宽,1H,OH),δ6.75-δ6.20(宽,4H,芳香族),δ2.20-δ0.90(宽,主链CH,CH2)。
实施例32:p(乙酰氧基苯乙烯)转化成聚(乙烯基苯酚)
1.0克聚(乙酰氧基苯乙烯)(6.16mmol乙酰氧基基团)在室温下溶解在37.7ml的1,4-二烷中。向迅速搅拌的这个溶液中添加2.47克氢氧化钠(61.7mmol)在19.3ml去离子水中的溶液。然后,该反应混合物加热至40℃,保持4小时。所得混合物冷却至室温并用过量的5.0v/v%盐酸水溶液酸化。沉淀的聚合物用去离子水洗涤若干次,并在真空中干燥。(0.73克,98%,Mw=630k,PDI=5.0,相对于聚丙烯酸窄标样)。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.10-δ8.80(宽,1H,OH),δ6.75-δ6.20(宽,4H,芳香族),δ2.20-δ0.90(宽,主链CH,CH2)。
实施例33:聚乙烯基苯酚(pVPh)的磺丙基化
在氮气保护下,1.0克的pVPh(Mw~600k,PDI~4.0)溶解在一个100mL的圆底烧瓶中的19.0克的无水二甲亚砜(DMSO)中,该圆底烧瓶配备有加料漏斗和磁力搅拌装置。在氮气保护下,1.88克(OH当量1.0)的3-溴丙磺酸钠(NaBPS)单独溶解在5.64克无水二甲基亚砜中。在第三个容器中,0.220克(OH当量1.1)的氢化钠(NaH)在氮气保护下被加入到5.0克DMSO中,搅拌至形成浆料。然后将NaH浆料加到一个在氮气吹洗和磁力搅拌下的250ml圆底烧瓶中。PVPh溶液随后在迅速搅拌下缓慢地加入。NaH/pVPh混合物(聚(乙烯基苯酚钠))在室温下搅拌30分钟,直到停止放出气体。然后,迅速添加NaBPS溶液并在室温下搅拌18小时。然后该溶液缓慢倾入500mL丙酮中,迅速搅拌形成白色沉淀。通过过滤收集白色聚合物粉末,在真空中干燥。(2.0克,91%),H NMR(D2O):δ7.10-δ5.90(宽,4H,芳香族),δ4.10-δ3.80(宽,2H,丙基--O-CH2-),δ2.90-δ2.50(宽,2H,丙基CH2-SO3),δ2.20-δ1.80(宽,2H,丙基-C-CH2-C),δ2.00-δ0.50(宽,3H,主链CH-CH2)。
盐形式(共)聚合物离子交换成质子化(共)聚合物
-用于许多类型盐形式的水溶性酸式聚合物的一般步骤
实施例34:小规模离子交换
向一个玻璃柱(直径为7.5厘米,长度为24厘米)中加入DowexMarathon C离子交换树脂(约300克)。用去离子水彻底清洗这个玻璃柱,然后装入聚(乙烯基苄基磺酸钠-共-乙烯基苄基醇)(47.49克)在去离子水(191.2克)中10重量%浓度的水溶液。分份收集洗脱液,用pH试纸测试这些洗脱液以便确定质子化聚合物的存在。将含聚合物的诸份合并,得到一个3%的聚(乙烯基苄基磺酸-共-乙烯基苄基醇)(38.6克,90%)溶液,99+%交换效率(H+交换Na+),由元素分析和用NaOH进行酸碱滴定至酚酞终点得出。
实施例35:大规模离子交换
玻璃柱(直径为30.5厘米,长度为122厘米)配有一个压缩氮气管路(25psi最大压力)和去离子水进口。然后加入DowexMarathon C离子交换树脂(21.74升,湿的)。用去离子水彻底清洗这个玻璃柱,然后装入聚(乙烯基苄基磺酸钠-共-乙烯基苄基醇)(3970克)在去离子水(14.0kg)中的20重量%的溶液。溶液在氮气过压(高达17psig)作用下强制通过该玻璃柱,速度为每小时0.4柱床体积,洗脱液分份收集。用pH试纸连续地测试洗脱液的pH值,以便确定质子化聚合物的存在。含最高浓度聚合物的诸份合并得到17.5重量%浓度的聚(乙烯基苄基磺酸-共-乙烯基苄醇)(2540克,69%)溶液,99.8%交换效率(H+交换Na+),由元素分析和用NaOH进行酸碱滴定至酚酞终点得出。
质子化聚电解质溶液的TAAOH中和
实施例36:用氢氧化四丁铵中和聚(苯乙烯磺酸)
15.00克的30重量%浓度的聚(苯乙烯磺酸)(购自Polyscience,MW=70kg/mol)水溶液与9.22克的55重量%浓度的氢氧化四丁铵(TBAOH)水溶液合并,并在室温下搅拌60分钟。向这个中和后的聚电解质溶液中添加15.03克的NMP。该中和聚电解质溶液随后在真空中加热至60℃除水。结果得到TBAOH-中和的聚(苯乙烯磺酸)在NMP中38重量%浓度的溶液,残余水含量不大于0.2重量%。
实施例37:用氢氧化四丁铵中和聚(苯乙烯磺酸-共-乙烯基苄醇)
153.94克的2.6重量%浓度的聚(苯乙酸磺酸-共-乙烯基苄醇)(MW=237kg/mol,70重量%苯乙烯磺酸)水溶液与6.79克的55重量%浓度TBAOH水溶液合并,在室温下搅拌至少60分钟。然后向这个中和后的聚电解质溶液中添加15.03克的NMP。该中和聚电解质溶液随后在真空中加热至60℃除水。结果得到20重量%浓度的TBAOH-中和的聚(苯乙烯磺酸-共-乙烯基苄醇)在NMP中的溶液,残余水含量不大于0.7重量%。
实施例38:聚(乙烯基苄基磺酸-共-甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯)的氢氧化四
丁铵中和
7.03克的12.2重量%浓度的聚(乙烯基苄基磺酸-共-甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯)(MW=190kg/mol,79重量%VBS)水溶液与1.56克的55重量%浓度TBAOH水溶液合并,在室温下搅拌至少60分钟。然后向这个中和后的聚电解质溶液中添加6.91克的NMP。该中和聚电解质溶液随后在真空中加热至60℃除水。结果得到27重量%浓度的TBAOH-中和聚(VBS-共-甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯)在NMP中的溶液。
实施例39:聚(乙烯基苄基磺酸-共-乙烯基苄醇)的TPAOH中和
24.02克的16.8重量%浓度的聚(VBS-共-乙烯基苄基醇)(MW=60kg/mol,86重量%VBS)水溶液与8.31克的40.9重量%浓度氢氧化四丙基铵(TPAOH)水溶液合并,在室温下搅拌至少60分钟。然后向这个中和后的聚电解质溶液中添加29.74克的NMP。该中和聚电解质溶液随后在真空中加热至60℃除水。结果得到20重量%浓度的TPAOH-中和聚(VBS-共-乙烯基苄醇)在NMP中的溶液。
实施例40:聚(乙烯基苄基磺酸-共-乙烯基苄醇)的TBAOH中和
72.31克的13.9重量%浓度的聚(苯乙酸磺酸-共-乙烯基苄醇)(MW=260kg/mol,85重量%VBS)水溶液与19.26克的55重量%浓度TBAOH水溶液合并,在室温下搅拌至少60分钟。然后向中和的聚电解质溶液中添加79.36克的NMP和143.86克的乙腈。该中和聚电解质溶液随后在真空中加热至60℃通过共沸蒸馏除水。结果得到20重量%浓度的TBAOH-中和的聚(乙烯基苄基磺酸盐-共-乙烯基苄醇)在NMP中的溶液,残余水含量不大于0.09重量%。
实施例41:聚(2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸盐)的TBAOH中和
17.25克的20.1重量%浓度的聚(2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸盐)水溶液(MW=120kgmol)中加入6.35克的55%浓度的TBAOH水溶液,在室温下搅拌至少60分钟。然后向这个中和后的聚电解质溶液中添加15.35克的NMP。该中和聚电解质溶液随后在真空中加热至60℃除水。结果得到35重量%的TBAOH-中和聚(2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸盐)在NMP中的溶液。
实施例42:聚丙烯酸的TBAOH中和
将4.98克的聚丙烯酸(MW=450kg/mol)溶解在81.40克的NMP配制成聚丙烯酸酸溶液。聚丙烯酸是购来Sigma-Aldrich,直接使用。7.58克的聚丙烯酸溶液中加入0.649克的55重量%浓度的TBAOH水溶液,在室温下搅拌至少60分钟。
实施例43:spPVA的TBAOH中和
15.7克的10.9重量%浓度的磺丙基化PVA(MW=144kg/mol,56摩尔%磺化率)在一个管形瓶中与3.84克的55%浓度的TBAOH水溶液混合,在室温下搅拌至少60分钟。然后向这个中和后的聚电解质溶液中添加8.04克的NMP。该中和聚电解质溶液随后在真空中加热至60℃除水。结果得到TBAOH-中和的磺丙基化聚乙烯醇在NMP中31重量%浓度的溶液,残余水含量不大于0.2重量%。
中和聚电解质溶液与基质共聚物的共混
24.36克的含KynarPVDF 2801和NMP的溶液(15重量%PVDF)与来自实施例36的10.08克的38重量%浓度的TBAOH-中和的聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)混合,在室温下搅拌四小时,再浇铸薄膜。
18.99克的含KynarPVDF 2801和NMP的溶液(15重量%PVDF)与来自实施例37的14.17克的20重量%浓度的TBAOH-中和的聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐-共-乙烯基苄醇)混合,在室温下搅拌四小时。向这个溶液中添加0.9973克的Desmodur N 3300A交联剂(来自Bayer的脂肪族聚异氰酸酯),在室温下搅拌2小时,然后浇铸薄膜。
10.73克的含KynarPVDF 2801和NMP的溶液(15重量%PVDF)与来自实施例38的6.16克的27重量%浓度的TBAOH-中和的聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐-共-乙烯基苄醇)混合,在室温下搅拌四小时。向该溶液中添加0.7135克的Desmodur BL 3175A交联剂(来自Bayer的脂肪族聚异氰酸酯)和0.030克的Fascat 4202(来自Arkema Inc.的二月桂酸二丁锡)。在浇铸薄膜以前,溶液在室温下搅拌2小时。
13.69克的含KynarPVDF 2801和NMP的溶液(15重量%PVDF)与来自实施例39的8.03克的20重量%浓度的TPAOH-中和的聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐-共-乙烯基苄醇)混合,在室温下搅拌四小时。向这种溶液中添加0.85克的Desmodur BL 3175A交联剂和0.026克的Fascat 4202。然后,在浇铸薄膜之前,溶液在室温下搅拌2小时。
12.96克的含KynarPVDF 2801和NMP的溶液(15重量%PVDF)与来自实施例40的11.12克的20重量%浓度的TBAOH-中和的聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐-共-乙烯基苄醇)混合,在室温下搅拌四小时。向这种溶液中添加0.3420克的Desmodur N 3300A交联剂。在浇铸薄膜以前,溶液在室温下搅拌2小时。
43.06克的含KynarPVDF 2801和NMP的溶液(15重量%PVDF)中加入来自实施例41的19.3克的35重量%浓度的TBAOH-中和的聚(2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸盐),在浇铸薄膜之前在室温下搅拌四小时。
4.72克的含KynarPVDF 2801和NMP的溶液(15重量%PVDF)中加入来自实施例43的5.5克的31重量%浓度的TBAOH-中和的磺丙基化聚乙烯醇,在室温下搅拌四小时。向这种溶液中添加0.290克的Desmodur N 3300A交联剂。在浇铸薄膜以前,溶液在室温下搅拌2小时。
聚合物混合溶液的干燥
实施例52:在实施例44-51中,是利用Mathis LTE Labdryer设备将聚合物混合溶液浇铸成薄膜。尺寸约为15×12平方英寸的铝箔被用作浇铸的基片。约15克的聚合物溶液展开在箔上,利用刮刀拉出厚度约300μm的湿膜。所得薄膜然后用1800-2300RPM的气流在177℃加热7分钟。干膜随后从烘箱中取出,冷却至室温。所有聚合物混合物溶液成分产生的薄膜干膜厚度在25-50μm.之间.
聚电解质/基体(共)聚合物混合物膜洗涤和酸化
实施例53:在实施例52中浇铸的铝箔上的膜浸没于18MΩ去离子水中,以从基片上将它们释放。释放后的膜随后浸没在处于60-65℃的1M的盐酸水溶液浴中120分钟。之后,同去离子水洗涤并浸没于在60-65℃的1M硫酸中120分钟。然后,把膜从硫酸浴中取出并用18MΩ去离子水洗涤,去除残留酸。酸形式的膜随后风干并储存在室温下以备将来之用。
薄膜电极组件的制备
-从用以上讨论的方法生产的许多类型的聚电解质/基体(共)聚合物掺合物膜制备薄膜电极组件的一般步骤
实施例54:将商购的电极和垫片切割成适当的大小/形状以匹配测试电池。电极和垫片应当没有间隙和/或重叠。一个电极和一个垫片各置于一个不锈钢热压板/插入物上。电极的表面随后用去离子水浸湿。然后,一块湿的薄膜置于电极表面上并拉平。然后在薄膜上表面施用一层去离子水,并将第二电极置于该层之上。将诸电极对齐并将过量的水温和地挤压出去。第二垫片置于MEA顶面,然后是插入物和顶部压制极板。然后,在预置时间和温度将整个组件置于一个预热的夹具中。然后取出,在低压下(1-2磅)冷却至室温。将MEA小心地从不锈钢压板上取下(薄膜可能微微粘在插入物上),过量的薄膜/垫片修整除去。完整的MEA置于测试电池中,用适当的预定力量紧固螺栓。
Claims (10)
2.如权利要求1所述的聚合物混合物,其中n大于70摩尔%,m小于30摩尔%。
3.如权利要求1所述的聚合物混合物,其中所述基体聚合物包括含氟聚合物。
4.如权利要求1所述的聚合物混合物,其中所述畴尺寸是1nm至100nm。
5.如权利要求1所述的聚合物混合物,其中所述能够交联的基团B是羟基。
6.如权利要求1所述的聚合物混合物,其中所述基团A是磺酸基。
7.如权利要求1所述的聚合物混合物,其中所述聚电解质共聚物(a)是四烷基铵盐。
8.一种包括一个或多个层的制品,其中至少一个层是如权利要求1所述的聚合物混合物。
9.如权利要求8所述的制品,其中所述制品的应用包括燃料电池薄膜、离子交换膜、涂料、油回收薄膜、生物膜、MEA、或者蓄电池。
10.一种形成如权利要求1所述的聚合物混合物的溶液的方法,其包括:
1)利用适当的离子交换柱和树脂通过离子交换将原来的聚电解质共聚物的盐形式转化成质子形式,即质子化;
2)用氢氧化四烷基铵中和从所述步骤1)得到的聚电解质共聚物;
3)改变所述聚电解质共聚物所处的溶剂;
4)将从所述步骤3)得到的聚电解质共聚物与基体聚合物的溶液共混,形成聚合物混合物的溶液。
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US20080242833A1 (en) | 2008-10-02 |
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US7629426B2 (en) | 2009-12-08 |
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CA2609604C (en) | 2014-09-02 |
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US20080242819A1 (en) | 2008-10-02 |
JP5337481B2 (ja) | 2013-11-06 |
US7815986B2 (en) | 2010-10-19 |
CA2609604A1 (en) | 2006-11-30 |
CN101180760A (zh) | 2008-05-14 |
WO2006127309A2 (en) | 2006-11-30 |
US7396880B2 (en) | 2008-07-08 |
EP1889322A2 (en) | 2008-02-20 |
US20060269815A1 (en) | 2006-11-30 |
US7781529B2 (en) | 2010-08-24 |
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