CN101175570A - 卟啉基电极催化剂 - Google Patents
卟啉基电极催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101175570A CN101175570A CNA2006800161929A CN200680016192A CN101175570A CN 101175570 A CN101175570 A CN 101175570A CN A2006800161929 A CNA2006800161929 A CN A2006800161929A CN 200680016192 A CN200680016192 A CN 200680016192A CN 101175570 A CN101175570 A CN 101175570A
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- -1 amino, hydroxyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001541 3-thienyl group Chemical group S1C([H])=C([*])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 38
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 31
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 31
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 31
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 abstract description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 abstract 1
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 8
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- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
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- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 230000010757 Reduction Activity Effects 0.000 description 3
- GBJHNLWJQSKRMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N S1C=C(C=C1)C1=C2NC(=C1)C=C1C=CC(=N1)C=C1C=CC(N1)=CC=1C=CC(N1)=C2 Chemical compound S1C=C(C=C1)C1=C2NC(=C1)C=C1C=CC(=N1)C=C1C=CC(N1)=CC=1C=CC(N1)=C2 GBJHNLWJQSKRMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 206010058490 Hyperoxia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003851 azoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZBYYWKJVSFHYJL-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);diacetate;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O ZBYYWKJVSFHYJL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000222 hyperoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 2
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- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVLAWKAXOMEXPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane Chemical class ClCC(Cl)(Cl)Cl QVLAWKAXOMEXPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LLYXJBROWQDVMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-4-nitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1Cl LLYXJBROWQDVMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBIGKSZIQCTIJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-formylthiophene Chemical compound O=CC=1C=CSC=1 RBIGKSZIQCTIJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical class CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NVJHHSJKESILSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co].N1C(C=C2N=C(C=C3NC(=C4)C=C3)C=C2)=CC=C1C=C1C=CC4=N1 Chemical compound [Co].N1C(C=C2N=C(C=C3NC(=C4)C=C3)C=C2)=CC=C1C=C1C=CC4=N1 NVJHHSJKESILSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004700 cobalt complex Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004440 column chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
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- ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L dimercury dichloride Chemical class Cl[Hg][Hg]Cl ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001434 methanylylidene group Chemical group [H]C#[*] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002790 naphthalenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000004506 ultrasonic cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9008—Organic or organo-metallic compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/22—Organic complexes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
- B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine
- B01J31/1815—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. bipyridyl, 2-aminopyridine
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
- B01J37/082—Decomposition and pyrolysis
- B01J37/086—Decomposition of an organometallic compound, a metal complex or a metal salt of a carboxylic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/84—Metals of the iron group
- B01J2531/845—Cobalt
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供了一种具有高氧还原活性的大环有机化合物基催化剂。特别地公开了将由式(I)表示的卟啉络合物担载于导电载体上而制得氧还原催化剂。在式(I)中R各自独立地表示氢原子、具有1~6个碳原子的烷基、卤原子、氨基、羟基、硝基、苯基或氰基或者相邻的R可一起形成具有2~6个碳原子的亚甲基链或者芳环;R'各自独立地表示噻吩基;和M表示选自Cu、Zn、Fe、Co、Ni、Ru、Pb、Rh、Pd、Pt、Mn、Sn、Au、Mg、Cd、Al、In、Ge、Cr和Ti的金属原子,M可结合卤原子、氧原子、-OH、氮原子、NO或=CO。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及有效地还原氧的使用卟啉化合物的电极催化剂。
背景技术
燃料电池是其中提供燃料例如氢气或烃和氧化剂例如氧气和直接将由因此发生的氧化还原反应得到的化学能转化成电能的一种发电系统。当氧气(O2)在燃料电池中被还原时,已知当1电子还原时产生过氧化物,当2电子还原时产生过氧化氢,当4电子还原时产生水。这类燃料电池已经作为比常规发电系统更清洁的能源引起关注,并且这类燃料电池的实际应用得到广泛研究。
作为氧还原催化剂,已广泛使用了涉及采用铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)等的贵金属基电极催化剂。这类贵金属基电极催化剂通常具有高的氧还原活性;然而,它们仍存在经济效率方面的问题。
同时,已知大环有机化合物例如酞菁或卟啉能够还原氧。近年来,开发使用这类大环有机化合物的氧还原催化剂已取得进展(例如日本专利公开(kokai)Nos.57-208073A(1982)、57-208074A(1982)、11-253811A(1999)、2000-157871A和2003-109614A)。
然而,使用大环有机化合物的常规氧还原催化剂具有比前述贵金属基电极催化剂更低的氧还原活性,并且与诱发4电子还原相比,使用大环有机化合物的催化剂不利地更容易诱发2电子还原。因此,这类催化剂几乎不能投入实际使用。
本发明的申请人已经提交了一份申请,其中在中位处用烷基进行取代的卟啉催化剂作为可以克服前述问题的氧还原催化剂(日本专利申请No.2004-206148)。
专利文献1:日本专利公开(kokai)No.57-208073A(1982)
专利文献2:日本专利公开(kokai)No.57-208074A(1982)
专利文献3:日本专利公开(kokai)No.11-253811A(1999)
专利文献4:日本专利公开(kokai)No.2000-157871A
专利文献5:日本专利公开(kokai)No.2003-109614A
发明内容
本发明提供了一种具有高氧还原活性的大环有机化合物基氧还原催化剂。
本发明人进行了集中研究以实现以上目的。结果他们发现使用其中在中位处用噻吩基进行取代的卟啉作为电极催化剂将能够实现以上目的。这促使完成了本发明。
具体地,本发明包括以下发明。
(1)一种氧还原催化剂,其包含导电载体和担载于其上的由式(I)表示的卟啉络合物:
其中R各自独立地表示氢原子、具有1~6个碳原子的烷基、卤原子、氨基、羟基、硝基、苯基或氰基或者相邻的R一起形成具有2~6个碳原子的亚甲基链或者芳环;R’各自独立地表示噻吩基;和M表示选自Cu、Zn、Fe、Co、Ni、Ru、Pb、Rh、Pd、Pt、Mn、Sn、Au、Mg、Cd、Al、In、Ge、Cr和Ti的金属原子,条件是M可结合卤原子、氧原子、-OH、氮原子、NO或=CO。
(2)根据(1)的氧还原催化剂,其中M表示Co。
(3)根据(1)或(2)的氧还原催化剂,其中R各自独立地表示3-噻吩基。
(4)一种包含导电载体和担载于其上的由式(I)表示的卟啉络合物的氧还原催化剂,其通过在惰性气体氛围中的热处理获得:
其中R各自独立地表示氢原子、具有1~6个碳原子的烷基、卤原子、氨基、羟基、硝基、苯基或氰基或者相邻的R一起形成具有2~6个碳原子的亚甲基链或者芳环;R’各自独立地表示噻吩基;和M表示选自Cu、Zn、Fe、Co、Ni、Ru、Pb、Rh、Pd、Pt、Mn、Sn、Au、Mg、Cd、Al、In、Ge、Cr和Ti的金属原子,条件是M可结合卤原子、氧原子、-OH、氮原子、NO或=CO。
(5)根据(4)的氧还原催化剂,其中所述热处理在400℃或更高下进行。
(6)一种使用根据(1)~(5)任一项的氧还原催化剂的用于燃料电池的电极催化剂。
(7)一种通过在惰性气体氛围中进行热处理而制备包含导电载体和担载于该载体上的由式(I)表示的卟啉络合物的氧还原催化剂的方法:
其中R各自独立地表示氢原子、具有1~6个碳原子的烷基、卤原子、氨基、羟基、硝基、苯基或氰基或者相邻的R一起形成具有2~6个碳原子的亚甲基链或者芳环;R’各自独立地表示噻吩基;和M表示选自Cu、Zn、Fe、Co、Ni、Ru、Pb、Rh、Pd、Pt、Mn、Sn、Au、Mg、Cd、Al、In、Ge、Cr和Ti的金属原子,条件是M可结合卤原子、氧原子、-OH、氮原子、NO或=CO。
(8)根据(7)的方法,其中所述热处理在400℃或更高下进行。
本发明提供了一种比常规的苯基取代的卟啉络合物等具有显著更高氧还原活性的卟啉基氧还原催化剂。本发明的氧还原催化剂可用于燃料电池用的电极催化剂等。
本说明书包括在作为本申请的优先权文本的日本专利申请No.2005-137698的说明书和/或附图中披露的部分或全部内容。
附图简述
图1显示了用于在高温/常压下的热处理的设备的实施方案。
参考符号的说明
(a)石英管
(b)管式炉
(c)样品盘
(d)冷凝器
(e)三通旋塞
实施本发明的最佳方式
下文中详细描述了本发明。
其中在中位处用噻吩基进行取代的卟啉络合物被用作本发明的氧还原催化剂的物料。特别地,使用由式(I)表示的卟啉络合物:
其中R各自独立地表示氢原子、具有1~6个碳原子的烷基、卤原子、氨基、羟基、硝基、苯基或氰基或者相邻的R一起形成具有2~6个碳原子的亚甲基链或者芳环;R’各自独立地表示噻吩基;和M表示选自Cu、Zn、Fe、Co、Ni、Ru、Pb、Rh、Pd、Pt、Mn、Sn、Au、Mg、Cd、Al、In、Ge、Cr和Ti的金属原子,条件是M可结合卤原子、氧原子、-OH、氮原子、NO或=CO。
在用于常规氧还原催化剂的卟啉络合物中,苯基或取代的苯基位于中位处。然而在用于本发明的氧还原催化剂的卟啉络合物中,中位处的取代基(即R’)是噻吩基(优选3-噻吩基)。
本文中使用的术语“具有1~6个碳原子的烷基”可以是指线型或支链烷基。其实例包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、异丁基、正戊基、仲戊基、异戊基和新戊基。这些烷基可以具有取代基例如卤原子、氨基或羟基。R’优选表示具有1~5个碳原子的烷基,更优选表示具有2~4个碳原子的烷基。
R的实例包括氢原子、具有1~6个碳原子的烷基、卤原子、氨基、羟基、硝基、苯基和氰基,优选氢原子和烷基。作为选择,相邻的R可以一起形成具有2~6个碳原子的亚甲基链或者芳环。这些芳环的实例包括稠合的芳环例如苯和萘环。
用于本发明的卟啉络合物具有由带有前述基团的卟啉骨架和金属原子M形成的N4-螯合物结构。金属原子M的实例包括Cu、Zn、Fe、Co、Ni、Ru、Pb、Rh、Pd、Pt、Mn、Sn、Au、Mg、Cd、Al、In、Ge、Cr和Ti,优选Co、Fe等。另外,这些金属原子M可以包含具有配位在其上的卤原子、氧原子、羟基、氮原子、NO、CO等的配体。
随后,描述制备用于本发明的卟啉络合物的方法。
可以通过下列方式使用吡咯化合物和醛化合物制备在中位处用噻吩基进行取代的卟啉骨架。
其中R和R’如上定义。
将碱例如吡啶和丙酸等加入反应容器,和在例如约50℃~100℃下加热所得混合物。向其中加入吡咯化合物和醛化合物,随后搅拌。搅拌的持续时间取决于反应温度而变化,并且通常为约1~5小时。反应结束后,将所述反应溶液用碱性水溶液例如氢氧化钠水溶液清洗和然后用水清洗。将有机层分离并在硫酸镁等上干燥以通过蒸馏除去所述溶剂。随后,通过常规提纯方式例如色谱法或重结晶来提纯所述残余物,以得到目标烷基取代的卟啉(I’)。
随后,使用由此得到的噻吩取代的卟啉(I’)和金属原子以形成螯合物。通过将所希望的金属原子的盐或络合物与卟啉(I’)混合而容易地形成螯合物。例如,可以通过将卟啉(I’)彻底溶于溶剂例如DMF中、向其中加入乙酸钴四水合物、在回流下于氩气氛中加热该混合物和通过常见技术提纯所述反应混合物而得到目标钴-卟啉络合物。
根据常见技术通过将上述卟啉络合物(I)担载于导电载体上而形成本发明的氧还原催化剂。例如,制备含有卟啉络合物(I)的浆料、糊状物或者悬浮体、将导电载体浸入其中或者用所述浆料或糊状物涂布导电载体,和然后干燥所述载体。由此可以制备本发明的氧还原催化剂。用于所述浆料、糊状物或悬浮体的溶剂(担载溶剂)的实例包括卤代烃溶剂例如氯仿或四氯乙烷、乙腈、四氢呋喃、单环芳族烃溶剂(例如苯或甲苯)、和C1-6低级醇(例如丙醇或丁醇)。
对导电载体没有特别的限制。例如从优良导电性和成本有效性的观点出发,可以使用碳材料例如炭黑、石墨、碳纤维、碳纳米管或碳纳米纤维。由于其单位重量的大表面积,导电载体优选为颗粒状。在该情形中,导电载体的颗粒直径优选为0.03μm~0.1μm。另外,优选使得导电载体的颗粒形成其中初级颗粒彼此连接的结构。
相对于所述导电载体,担载于导电载体上的所述卟啉络合物的量通常为40~80wt%,和优选50~60wt%。
此外,本发明人发现在惰性气体氛围中将以上述方式得到的包含担载于其上的卟啉络合物(I)的导电载体热处理可以进一步提高用于还原氧的所述氧还原催化剂的活性。可以通过下列方式用于在高温/常压下的热处理的设备进行热处理,例如图1中所示。
将包含担载于其上的卟啉络合物(I)的导电载体置于石英管(a)中,并将该管充填惰性气体和密封或者充入惰性气体以提高该管中的温度。在热处理时,对所述管中的氛围压力没有特别的限制。例如,优选大致0.8atm~1.2atm的常压。热处理优选在300℃或更高、更优选在400℃或更高、最优选在550℃或更高下进行。热处理的上限温度通常为600℃,优选550℃,和最优选500℃。所述热处理的持续时间取决于温度而变化。通常为1~40小时和优选1~3小时。可用于本发明的惰性气体的实例包括稀有气体例如氦气、氖气和氩气、氮气,以及这些的混合气体。在热处理之后,将所述载体冷却至室温以得到本发明的电极催化剂。借助于上述方式通过热处理得到的电极(即烧结电极)具有比热处理之前的电极更好的氧还原活性。
此外,本发明的氧还原催化剂可以包含其它涉及在所述载体上除了卟啉络合物(I)之外还使用贵金属例如铂或钯的4电子氧还原催化剂。
本发明的氧还原催化剂可用作燃料电池例如固体聚合物燃料电池用的电极催化剂。例如,将本发明的电极催化剂分散于含电解质的溶液中、用所得分散液涂布电解质膜和将被涂布的膜干燥。由此可以获得在所述电解质膜表面上具有电极催化剂的燃料电池用电极催化剂。另外,借助于施加压力将碳布等热焊接在催化剂层表面上以制备电极-电解质构造体。
在下文中参照实施例更详细地描述本发明,尽管本发明的技术范围不限于此。
实施例1:5,10,15,20-四(3-噻吩基)卟啉的合成
合成其中全部4个中位被3-噻吩基取代的卟啉。
将丙酸(200ml)加入2-L四颈烧瓶中以将其加热至140℃,并将吡咯(5.6ml,81mmol)和3-噻吩醛(7.0ml,80mmol)加入其中。反应结束后,冷却所述反应溶液、加入冷甲醇以进行抽滤、将所述残余物溶于氯仿中,并将所得物质用水、氢氧化钠水溶液和水清洗两次。将所述有机层在硫酸镁上干燥,并通过蒸馏除去溶剂。通过硅胶上的柱色谱法(5cm()×50cm)用氯仿洗提所述残余物、收集含有目标产物的级分、通过蒸馏除去溶剂,并从氯仿/己烷中将所得晶体重结晶以得到标题化合物(2.3g;产率:18%)。通过UV分析(UV-2100,Shimadzu Corporation)、1H-NMR(JNMAL-300)和FAB-MASS(JEOL JMS-SX102A)鉴别产物。
UV-vis(CHCl3):λmax=421,521,556,596,和654nm
1H-NMR(300 MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm):-2.7(s,2H),7.7(q,4H),8.0(d,4H),8.0(d,4H),9.0(s,8H)。
实施例2:5,10,15,20-四(3-噻吩基)卟啉钴络合物(CotthP)的合成
合成在实施例1中得到的四(3-噻吩基)卟啉的钴络合物。
将DMF(100ml)和300mg实施例1中得到的四(3-噻吩基)卟啉加入并溶于500ml圆底烧瓶中,和用氩气对所得物质脱气。
将乙酸钴四水合物(585mg)超声溶于其中,并使用装有氩气球的Dimroth回流冷凝器于150℃~160℃在回流下将所得物质加热2小时。反应结束后,将所得物质冰冷却至4℃或更低,并加入过量的冰冷却水用于重结晶(DMF/水)。使用玻璃过滤器通过抽滤而回收晶体,然后在真空中干燥(120℃,6小时),得到标题化合物(CotthP)(267mg,82%)。通过UV分析(UV-2100,Shimadzu Corporation)和FAB-MASS(JEOLJMS-SX102A)鉴别产物。
实施例3:将卟啉络合物担载于导电载体(碳)上
将实施例2中得到的CotthP用作卟啉络合物。将炭黑(Ketjen Black)用作导电载体。
将炭黑(500mg)超声分散在氯仿中。使用磁力搅拌器、高剪切应力型搅拌器等在室温到58℃下将所述分散液搅拌1.5小时。使用注射器将CotthP加入其中,搅拌该混合物并同时冷却至30℃达3~6小时。搅拌结束后,通过蒸馏除去氯仿并在真空中干燥所述残余物以得到担载卟啉络合物的碳。
实施例4:对担载卟啉络合物的碳进行热处理
在不同温度下使用图1中所示的用于在高温/常压下热处理的设备将实
施例3中制备的担载卟啉络合物的碳进行热处理,以制得烧结电极。热处理在以下条件下进行。
温度:300℃、400℃、500℃、550℃、600℃
升温速率:5℃/min
惰性气体:氩气(常压)
持续时间:2小时(通常在热处理结束后自然冷却至室温)
实施例5:电化学测定
测定在实施例4中制备的烧结电极的电化学性质。
改性电极的制备
使用热解刨边石墨电极(半径:3.00mm;面积:0.28cm2)。通过用耐水研磨纸(#1000)抛光将所述电极进行预处理,随后在离子交换水中超声清洗。将实施例4中制备的担载卟啉络合物的炭黑(2mg)分散于0.25ml5wt%Nafion的溶液中。从该溶液中分离20μl级分并浇铸在所述电极表面上。
通过循环伏安法(CV)测量评价氧还原特性
通过CV测量评价不同改性电极的氧还原特性。测量于室温下在氧气或氩气氛围中进行,并记录第一次扫描。用于测量的具体条件如下。
使用的仪器:恒电位器[Nikkou Keisoku,DPGS-1]
函数发生器[Nikkou Keisoku,NFG-5]
X-Y记录器[Rikendenshi,D-72DGl
电池溶液:1.0M HClO4
工作电极:改性电极
参考电极:饱和甘汞电极(SCE)
对电极:铂电极
扫描速率:100mV/sec
扫描范围:600至-600mV
通过CV测量确定的分析本发明的卟啉络合物改性电极的峰值电势的结果示于表1中。
表1
热处理温度(℃) | 峰值电势Ep(V vs SCE) |
无热处理300400500550600 | 0.380.410.400.470.410.42 |
Ep:循环伏安法中的氧还原波的峰值电势
从上文所示的结果明显看出,当使用本发明的氧还原催化剂时得到的峰值电势显著增强。
工业实用性
用于本发明的卟啉络合物具有高的氧还原电势并且可用作例如燃料电池用的电极催化剂。
本文中引用的所有公开物、专利和专利申请的整个内容通过引用并入本文。
Claims (8)
2.根据权利要求1的氧-还原催化剂,其中M表示Co。
3.根据权利要求1或2的氧-还原催化剂,其中R’各自独立地表示3-噻吩基。
5.根据权利要求4的氧-还原催化剂,其中所述热处理在400℃或更高下进行。
6.一种使用根据权利要求1~5中任一项的氧-还原催化剂的用于燃料电池的电极催化剂。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其中所述热处理在400℃或更高下进行。
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TWI609719B (zh) * | 2016-12-09 | 2018-01-01 | National Taiwan University Of Science And Technology | 用於燃料電池的觸媒及其製造方法 |
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WO2006121191A1 (ja) | 2006-11-16 |
US20090048096A1 (en) | 2009-02-19 |
DE112006001184T5 (de) | 2008-03-06 |
JP2006314871A (ja) | 2006-11-24 |
GB2440489A8 (en) | 2011-06-29 |
GB2440489B8 (en) | 2011-06-29 |
GB2440489A (en) | 2008-01-30 |
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