CN101127349B - 具有机械解耦盖子连接附件的塑料覆盖模塑封装 - Google Patents

具有机械解耦盖子连接附件的塑料覆盖模塑封装 Download PDF

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CN101127349B
CN101127349B CN2007101120369A CN200710112036A CN101127349B CN 101127349 B CN101127349 B CN 101127349B CN 2007101120369 A CN2007101120369 A CN 2007101120369A CN 200710112036 A CN200710112036 A CN 200710112036A CN 101127349 B CN101127349 B CN 101127349B
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R·B·克里斯佩尔
R·S·基斯特勒
J·W·奥森巴赫
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Abstract

说明书描述了一种具有烟囱式散热器的有盖子的多芯片模块集成电路塑料覆盖模塑封装。该盖子通过柔软的导热聚合物塞子与烟囱机械解耦。

Description

具有机械解耦盖子连接附件的塑料覆盖模塑封装
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于集成电路(IC)及相关装置的塑料覆盖模塑封装,尤其涉及需要主动热管理的塑料覆盖模塑封装。
相关申请
本申请与同日提交的申请No.7-1-59(Crispell等人的申请案)相关。
背景技术
电子设备例如集成电路装置广泛采用的封装形式是塑料外壳。集成电路芯片通常与基板结合,聚合物覆盖模塑在该组件上以覆盖模塑(overmold)该装置。两个或更多的集成电路芯片装配在一个覆盖模塑封装内是常见的。多芯片封装称作多芯片模块(MCMs)。
随着集成电路技术领域中芯片尺寸的减小,集成电路封装中的过热问题也变得更加严重。由于用于覆盖模塑的聚合物的导热性差,这就进一步加剧这个问题。因此在塑料有效地封装这些装置的同时,它也收集了该装置产生的热量。在集成电路芯片通过焊线(wire bonds)与封装的电终端连接的封装内,封装材料的厚度必须足以适应焊线的高度。这导致在装置上出现厚塑料“盖”。因为任何给定材料的热阻都随着厚度的增加而减小,所以在其他一切都不变的情况下,增加的厚度进一步阻碍了散热。
多种散热方式已经被提出,并且也已用于解决热管理的问题。其中,适合于具有焊线结合的集成电路芯片的封装类型的散热方式是使用连接在集成电路芯片顶部而后被埋入塑料覆盖模塑件中的导热“烟囱”。导热烟囱通过塑料覆盖模塑件的厚度,但只是通过烟囱本身而不是塑料覆盖模塑材料,将集成电路芯片散出的热量传导至封装顶部。在一些封装设计中,烟囱顶部连接在一个盖子上。该盖子由金属制成,它能有效地散发热量并将热量导入周围环境。在传统设计中,烟囱用热界面材料(TIM)连接在盖子上。尽管任何导热材料都可以用于烟囱构造中,但优选的材料是硅,因为它与硅芯片具有热机械适应性,成本低,可行性高,与现有集成电路组件设备相适配,并且导热性好。
我们已经确定了这些封装设计中的装置缺陷。因此需要改进封装设计以克服这些缺陷。
发明内容
我们已经研究了带有烟囱式散热器的集成电路装置的失效模式,并且详细查明了失效产生的原因和影响。这些封装中最普通的两个失效模式是由于烟囱架机械完整性的破坏而产生的:i)由于热界面材料/盖子或热界面材料/烟囱交界面的破坏引起的盖子与硅烟囱之间的连接失效;以及ii)由于烟囱-集成电路胶粘剂/烟囱或烟囱-集成电路胶粘剂/集成电路装置交界面的破坏引起的硅烟囱与集成电路装置之间的连接失效。这种连接失败时,从集成电路芯片到周围环境的导热路径受到危害。在产生脱离的原因中,一个主要的原因是热机械应力。热机械应力过大时,盖子就会脱离烟囱,或者烟囱就会脱离集成电路装置。我们已经研究出一种能有效地减少热机械应力的不利影响和提高这些集成电路封装的热机械稳定性的方法。对于该改进的封装设计来说,重要的是认识到在维持密切的热耦合的同时,盖子应当至少部分地与烟囱机械解耦。这与通过使烟囱和盖子之间的机械结合更加牢固并因此更有刚性来解决该问题的倾向直观上正好相反。该改进基本上依靠取消烟囱架和盖子之间的胶粘剂结合,代之以使烟囱架和盖子之间允许相对移动的易弯曲的导热聚合物垫来实现。
本发明提供一种覆盖模塑的多芯片模块集成电路封装,其包括:
基板,
N个连接在基板上的半导体集成电路装置,其中N至少为2,
N个连接在各个集成电路装置上的散热器,该散热器具有顶部和底部,其底部连接在集成电路装置上,
包封N个所述半导体集成电路装置和N个所述散热器的聚合物覆盖模塑件,该覆盖模塑件具有在该覆盖模塑件的上表面中的杯状部,所述杯状部的底部使散热器的顶部暴露,
N个由软导热聚合物制成的塞子,所述塞子选择性地加在用于暴露散热器的顶部的杯状部中,以便使所述塞子的顶部与所述覆盖模塑件的上表面对齐,
由施加在覆盖模塑件的上表面和塞子的顶部上的热界面材料制成的连接在覆盖模塑件上的盖子。
本发明还提供一种制造覆盖模塑的多芯片模块集成电路封装的方法,其包括:
将N个半导体集成电路装置连接在基板上,其中N至少为2,
将N个散热器连接在集成电路装置上,其中每个集成电路装置上设置一个散热器,该散热器具有底部和顶部,所述底部连接在集成电路装置上,
模制封装集成电路装置和散热器的覆盖模塑件,该覆盖模塑件具有在该覆盖模塑件的上表面中的杯状部,所述杯状部的底部使散热器的顶部暴露,
将N个软导热聚合物的塞子选择性地施加在用于暴露散热器的顶部的杯状部中,以便使所述塞子的顶部与所述覆盖模塑件的上表面对齐,
将热界面材料施加在所述塞子的顶部和覆盖模塑件的上表面上,以及
将盖子施加在所述热界面材料上。
附图说明
结合附图考虑,可以对本发明有更好的理解,其中:
图1-4是制造带有烟囱式散热器的覆盖模塑的集成电路装置封装的典型步骤示意图;
图5和6是说明书中采用的四个集成电路芯片和四个烟囱的多芯片模块封装的平面图,用于说明申请人认识到的这些装置的失效模式。
图7和8是多芯片模块封装的侧视图,显示了盖子与烟囱分离,或者盖子导致烟囱和集成电路芯片之间的结合失效的脱离模式;
图9-12根据一个实施例说明了装配在烟囱和盖子之间具有机械解耦作用的覆盖模塑封装的步骤;以及
图13示出了将盖子连接在封装上的可选方法。
具体实施方式
图1示出了集成电路芯片的封装,该封装包括用模片固定材料16结合在基板11上的集成电路芯片14。基板可以是任何适合的基板材料,但典型的是印刷电路板(PCB)。焊线结合点12和13以已知形式形成在基板上。参见图2,图中示出了将结合后的集成电路芯片14电连接到印刷电路板上的焊线(wire bonds)21和22。各种集成电路芯片在工作期间会产生大量的热量,因此需要特殊的散热方式来避免过热和失效。例如,微处理器是典型的采用现有设计规则制造的大型集成电路芯片,并有非常密集的器件群(device packing)。它们引起了严重的热管理问题,因此通常具有特殊的散热器配置。图3中示出了其中一种散热器配置,其带有硅烟囱(silicon chimney)32形式的散热器。在这种封装中,集成电路芯片通常安装在印刷电路板上,并且采用焊线进行电互连。焊线连接在集成电路芯片上结合点的边缘阵列(为清楚起见没有图示)上。这就在芯片中央留出了安装硅烟囱的空间。硅烟囱可用适合的连接材料33连接在集成电路芯片上。连接材料包括但不限于胶粘剂,例如环氧树脂或其他的粘性聚合物材料或焊料(solder)。优选的胶粘剂材料为导热胶粘剂。许多标准的且市场上可买到的导电胶粘剂同样也是有效的热导体。
所示例子是一种模片结合和焊线结合装置。可以选择使用其他形式的集成电路装置,例如倒装芯片(flip-chip)集成电路装置。集成电路芯片一般被包封,但也可以包括裸模片(bare die)。集成电路芯片这一术语意味着包括任何一种形式的集成电路芯片。在所示焊线结合的例子中,硅烟囱的高度足以适应焊线的高度。烟囱高度可以更高,或者在没有焊线的情况下可以更低。硅烟囱通常为焊线结合的集成电路芯片封装而设计。
参见图4,该组件随后包封在聚合物覆盖模塑件43内。这样就保护了集成电路芯片、印刷电路板表面上的印刷电路和焊线。随后将热界面材料(TIM)45施加在覆盖模塑件上,并加上盖子41,这样就完成了该装置。热界面材料既作为将热量从硅烟囱32传导至盖子41的传导介质,又作为将盖子固定在适当位置的胶粘剂。适合该应用的热界面材料是可以从Ablestick公司得到的Ablebond 2000TR。盖子41既作为散热器,沿横向将热量传导至远离硅烟囱的盖子较冷部位,又传导和辐射到周围环境和其他用于散热结构的其它系统。盖子由导热材料构成,例如铜。盖子的厚度一般在0.1mm至1.0mm的范围内。
图5是多芯片模块51的示意俯视图,如图所示,在一个正方形的四个角上设置有四个集成电路装置和四个硅烟囱53、54、55、56。该图仅仅是具有更少或更多的集成电路装置和烟囱的多种多芯片模块装置的构造和配置中的一个例子。
烟囱53和54的中心名义间距为a-b。在多芯片模块工作时且在不同的工作条件下热循环例如开和关时,由于集成电路封装内不同元件的膨胀/收缩,间距a-b将变化。如图6所示,例如当一个盖子61连接在烟囱顶部时,烟囱的端部与盖子和基板相连,这样改变间距a-b的任何移动所产生的应力差就由烟囱架(chimney stack)和烟囱/盖子交界面承受。例如,如果盖子61由铜制成,铜是这种封装中用于盖子的普遍采用的材料,并且该封装经受了明显的温度变化,铜盖将出现膨胀/收缩,该膨胀/收缩用铜的热膨胀系数Tc表示。间距a’-b’由如下特性决定,该特性典型地不同于决定间距a-b的那些特性。因此,取决于封装构造中所用材料的热机械特性,a-b与a’-b’之间的这种不匹配会在封装内产生显著的剪切和弯曲应力。这些势必影响烟囱与盖子之间以及烟囱与集成电路装置之间的交界面。在严重的情况下,这将导致盖子脱离封装,或烟囱脱离集成电路。
热界面材料和盖子之间经常出现脱离现象。热界面材料牢固地粘在硅烟囱上,但较不牢固地粘在盖子上。图7示出了盖子71和热界面材料74之间形成的间隙75。
由偏离平面的不同应变引起的应变以及弯矩,会导致盖子失效和/或烟囱对集成电路的失效。这些示于图8中:在盖子失效中,图左侧的硅烟囱84相对图右侧的硅烟囱85升高。这种不一致可能是由于烟囱的膨胀差异或封装的其他元件的差异引起的。偏离平面的应变可能足以导致盖子81全部或部分脱离封装材料83(为清楚起见,图中省去了热界面材料)。如图8中所示的偏离平面的应变也可能导致在硅烟囱上出现弯矩。可以直观地意识到,当图左侧的盖子升高时(在它可能脱离硅烟囱84的情况下),盖子将倾斜。这就在烟囱85上施加了弯矩,并且可能导致在位置33处的连接,即烟囱和集成电路芯片之间的连接失效。
一种在烟囱散热器和盖子之间更牢固的连接方法似乎将提高这些元件之间胶粘结合的完整性。然而,我们已经发现更有效的方法恰恰相反。这些元件之间的刚性连接被发现是导致盖子失效问题的至少部分原因。因此,我们已经设计出一种新型封装结构,其中盖子和烟囱架被机械解耦。通常填充有强力粘合胶的这些元件之间的交界面改用软导热聚合物填充。这种交界面填充物足够柔顺且有弹性(spongy),由上述因素导致的变形可以很容易地被吸收,并且不会转移给盖子。
本发明的一个实施例示于图9-12。这些图显示了实现该实施例的一系列步骤。图9显示了模制覆盖模塑件93的步骤。用于模制操作的模板95具有凸出部94a。这些凸出部与烟囱32顶部对齐,并且在施加覆盖模塑聚合物且松开模子之后,在覆盖模塑件93顶部得到杯状部94。如图所示,杯状部与烟囱顶部对齐。覆盖模塑件材料可以从多种聚合物中选择。合适的材料可以从Cookson Electronics,Alpharetta,GA得到。它们通常是热固性的树脂,固化后较硬。固化的环氧树脂材料的玻变温度Tg一般高于100℃。
参见图10,在杯状部内填充机械缓冲物,该机械缓冲物优选是由软导热聚合物101制成的塞子。塞子101将烟囱32与稍后施加的盖子机械解耦。导热聚合物也可以从多种材料中选择。适合的选择是Lord公司,Cary,NC生产的硅酮凝胶,例如GeleaseTM。这种材料的Tg为-121℃,热导率为2.3W/mK,这大约是普通塑料热导率(0.2W/mK)的10倍。为了达到发明目的,建议导热聚合物的导热率大于0.7W/mK,并且其弹性模量和玻变温度低于覆盖模塑件化合物的弹性模量和玻变温度。
施加导热塞子101之后,可以将热界面材料覆盖在该组件的上表面。该热界面材料可以从多种材料中选择,例如环氧树脂粘合剂,用于将盖子连接在封装顶部。适合用于该应用的热界面材料是Ablestik公司生产的AblebondTM 2000T。这种材料的室温模量为1700MPa,热导率为2.7W/mK。图11示出了一层覆盖在覆盖模塑件93表面上的热界面材料层111。热界面材料层111可以采用膏(paste)、凝胶或薄膜的形式。如图12中所示,盖子121加在热界面材料层上。热界面材料连同就位的盖子可以与覆盖模塑件同时固化,或在它之后固化。盖子一般在热界面材料固化之前就位,以便在固化期间在热界面材料和盖子之间产生粘附力。这些操作在现有技术中是已知的。
从简单化的观点出发,建议采用图10-13中所示的一系列步骤,并且这些步骤与将盖子连接在具有烟囱架的集成电路封装上的标准方法的偏差最小。然而,导热塞子的使用会在封装的烟囱和盖子之间产生容许的热路径。因此,没有必要使用传统的热界面材料。盖子可以用其他方式连接。例如,盖子可以使用申请No._(Crispell的申请案7-1-59)_中描述和要求保护的方法来连接。
在发明的另一实施例中,盖子用粘性聚合物粘贴,例如环氧树脂粘合剂,其选择性地加在覆盖模塑件上。该可选实施方式示于图13中。粘合材料131选择性地施加在覆盖模塑件顶部与导热塞子101间隔开的区域内。粘合材料可以作为液体、凝胶、薄膜或其他合适的应用来使用。粘合材料可以是导热的或是不导热的。然而,因为这些区域内的胶粘剂不执行基本的导热功能,所以优选的是采用非导热的粘性环氧树脂。如上所述普通聚合物的热导率大约0.2W/mK。因此,热导率低于大约0.3W/mK的聚合物可以看成是非导热聚合物。此外,因为在该例子中粘性聚合物没有盖住烟囱,所以它没有必要符合前面建议给导热聚合物塞子的机械特性。
在刚刚所述的实施例中,至少使用了两种不同的聚合物材料将盖子粘贴到烟囱架上。一种是粘性聚合物,用于将盖子实体粘连接在覆盖模塑件上。另一种是形成烟囱和盖子之间的塞子的导热聚合物。通过使用两种材料,可以使材料的机械特性适应所需功能。将盖子和封装结合的粘性聚合物材料根据粘合效果来选择,而不考虑机械特性或者甚至是热特性。将烟囱与盖子机械解耦的其他聚合物材料可以根据机械和热特性来优化。
如上所述,本发明主要应用于多芯片模块封装,多芯片模块封装是指每个封装内含有N个集成电路装置,其中N至少为2,每个集成电路装置具有一个散热器。
本领域的技术人员可以对本发明进行各种其他的修改。本说明书的特殊教导基本上基于本领域已经提出的原则和它们的等价原则,对这些特殊教导的所有变更都认为完全落入所描述的和要求保护的发明范围内。

Claims (18)

1.一种覆盖模塑的多芯片模块集成电路封装,其包括:
基板,
N个连接在基板上的半导体集成电路装置,其中N至少为2,
N个连接在各个集成电路装置上的散热器,该散热器具有顶部和底部,其底部连接在集成电路装置上,
包封N个所述半导体集成电路装置和N个所述散热器的聚合物覆盖模塑件,该覆盖模塑件具有在该覆盖模塑件的上表面中的杯状部,所述杯状部的底部使散热器的顶部暴露,
N个由软导热聚合物制成的塞子,所述塞子选择性地加在用于暴露散热器的顶部的杯状部中,以便使所述塞子的顶部与所述覆盖模塑件的上表面对齐,
由施加在覆盖模塑件的上表面和塞子的顶部上的热界面材料连接在覆盖模塑件上的盖子。
2.如权利要求1所述的封装,其中集成电路装置通过焊线与基板电连接。
3.如权利要求1所述的封装,其中散热器是硅质的。
4.如权利要求3所述的封装,其中盖子是铜质的。
5.如权利要求1所述的封装,其中N至少为4。
6.如权利要求1所述的封装,其中所述软导热聚合物的玻变温度低于所述热界面材料的玻变温度。
7.如权利要求6所述的封装,其中所述塞子的弹性模量小于所述热界面材料的弹性模量。
8.如权利要求1所述的封装,其中所述塞子的导热率大于0.7W/mK。
9.如权利要求8所述的封装,其中所述热界面材料的导热率小于0.3W/mK。
10.一种覆盖模塑的多芯片模块集成电路封装,其包括:
基板,
N个连接在基板上的半导体集成电路装置,其中N至少为2,
N个连接在各个集成电路装置上的散热器,该散热器具有顶部和底部,其底部连接在集成电路装置上,
包封N个所述半导体集成电路装置和N个所述散热器的聚合物覆盖模塑件,该覆盖模塑件具有在该覆盖模塑件的上表面中的杯状部,所述杯状部的底部使散热器的顶部暴露,
N个由软导热聚合物制成的塞子,所述塞子选择性地加在用于暴露散热器的顶部的杯状部中,以便使所述塞子的顶部与所述覆盖模塑件的上表面对齐,
由热界面材料连接在覆盖模塑件上的盖子,所述热界面材料选择性地施加在覆盖模塑件的上表面上,使塞子的顶部不被所述热界面材料覆盖。
11.一种制造覆盖模塑的多芯片模块集成电路封装的方法,其包括:
将N个半导体集成电路装置连接在基板上,其中N至少为2,
将N个散热器连接在集成电路装置上,其中每个集成电路装置上设置一个散热器,该散热器具有底部和顶部,所述底部连接在集成电路装置上,
模制封装集成电路装置和散热器的覆盖模塑件,该覆盖模塑件具有在该覆盖模塑件的上表面中的杯状部,所述杯状部的底部使散热器的顶部暴露,
将N个软导热聚合物的塞子选择性地施加在用于暴露散热器的顶部的杯状部中,以便使所述塞子的顶部与所述覆盖模塑件的上表面对齐,
将热界面材料施加在所述塞子的顶部和覆盖模塑件的上表面上,以及
将盖子施加在所述热界面材料上。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中施加所述塞子和所述热界面材料,施加盖子,随后在同一固化步骤中使所述塞子和热界面材料同时固化。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中集成电路装置通过焊线与基板电连接。
14.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述软导热聚合物的玻变温度低于所述热界面材料的玻变温度。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述塞子的弹性模量小于所述热界面材料的弹性模量。
16.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述塞子的导热率大于0.7W/mK。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述热界面材料的导热率小于0.3W/mK。
18.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述塞子不是粘性聚合物。
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