CN101098780A - 用于制造密封的方法和设备以及该方法的使用 - Google Patents

用于制造密封的方法和设备以及该方法的使用 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101098780A
CN101098780A CNA2005800187799A CN200580018779A CN101098780A CN 101098780 A CN101098780 A CN 101098780A CN A2005800187799 A CNA2005800187799 A CN A2005800187799A CN 200580018779 A CN200580018779 A CN 200580018779A CN 101098780 A CN101098780 A CN 101098780A
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material roll
equipment
sealing
roll
con
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CN101098780B (zh
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P·盖斯塔夫森
B·约恩松
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Eco Lean Research and Development AS
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B51/00—Devices for, or methods of, sealing or securing package folds or closures; Devices for gathering or twisting wrappers, or necks of bags
    • B65B51/10—Applying or generating heat or pressure or combinations thereof
    • B65B51/26—Devices specially adapted for producing transverse or longitudinal seams in webs or tubes
    • B65B51/30—Devices, e.g. jaws, for applying pressure and heat, e.g. for subdividing filled tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/18—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/18—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools
    • B29C65/24—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools characterised by the means for heating the tool
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/472—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
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    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B—MAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B70/00—Making flexible containers, e.g. envelopes or bags
    • B31B70/60—Uniting opposed surfaces or edges; Taping
    • B31B70/64—Uniting opposed surfaces or edges; Taping by applying heat or pressure

Abstract

本发明涉及一种在材料幅(1)的一部分(7)中制造密封(9)的方法、该方法的使用、以及设备。所述材料幅(1)包括具有第一数量材料层(20，21)的第一延长部(2)以及具有第二数量材料层(20)的第二延长部(3)，至少一个所述材料层(20)包括在第一部(2)和第二部(3)这两者中，所述部分(7)具有一定宽度，其贯穿从材料幅(1)的第一部(2)至第二部(3)的过渡部(5)，所述方法包括在所述部分(7)中使材料幅(1)的材料层(20，21)的相对面相互连结。本发明的方法的特征在于通过在所述部分(7)中形成凸部(15)和凹部(16)，并且定向所述凸部(15)和凹部(16)使其具有贯穿所述过渡部(7)的宽度。

Description

用于制造密封的方法和设备以及该方法的使用
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于密封材料幅的方法和设备以及该方法的使用。
更具体而言，本发明涉及一种用于在材料幅的一部分中制造密封的方法，其中所述材料幅包括具有第一数量材料层的第一延长部以及具有第二数量材料层的第二延长部，至少一个所述材料层包括在第一部和第二部两者中，材料幅的所述部分具有一定宽度，其贯穿从材料幅的第一部至第二部的过渡部，本方法包括在所述部分中使材料幅的材料层的相对面相互连结；以及本发明还涉及所述方法的使用和设备。
背景技术
WO99/41155公开了一种用于通过使材料幅的相对壁部分沿连结部互连而制造容器坯(container blanks)的设备。
所述材料幅包括沿生产线以平行相对的关系传递的两个侧壁幅，以及在两个侧壁幅之间设置有双层折叠的底壁幅。因此，所述幅结合形成普通的材料幅并且通过接合于材料幅的密封工具使所述幅沿所述连结部相互密封。
可以使材料幅包括以M型纵向折叠的幅。以这种材料幅制造的容器坯将由幅的外侧部分获得两个侧壁且由幅的双层折叠的中间部分获得底壁。
沿所述连结部密封可能会出现影响其可靠性的问题。实际上，已经发现在包括两个材料层的材料幅的区域和包括四个材料层的区域之间的过渡部中很难提供可靠的密封。如果压力不足，则易于形成平行于所述过渡部延伸的管道，显然所述管道的形成将导致容器坯不能防液。
另一方面，如果确定压力的大小以防止形成所述管道，则所述压力必需高得使材料幅的底壁形成部受到可能导致破裂的拉伸应力和/或弯曲应力。
因此，需要一种能够去除上述问题的密封方法。
发明内容
如上所述，本发明的目的是提供一种方法、该方法的使用、以及一种设备，其能够全部地或部分地解决以上问题。
为了获得此目的，本发明提供了一种根据权利要求1的方法、根据权利要求9的所述方法的使用和根据权利要求10的设备。本发明方法的多个实施例可以从从属权利要求2-8很明显地得到，本发明设备的多个实施例可以从从属权利要求11-14很明显地得到。
因此，根据本发明，提供一种在塑性材料的材料幅的一部分中制造密封的方法，所述材料幅包括具有第一数量材料层的第一延长部以及具有第二数量材料层的第二延长部。其中一个所述材料层包括在所述第一部和第二部两者中，并且材料幅的所述部分具有一定宽度，其贯穿从材料幅的第一部至第二部的过渡部。所述方法包括在所述部分中使材料幅的材料层的相对面相互连结。
所述方法的特征在于通过在所述部分中材料的移动而形成凸部和凹部，并且定向所述凸部和凹部使其具有贯穿所述过渡部的宽度。
因此提供一种方法，其允许在材料幅的一部分中提供可靠的密封，在该部分中，材料幅具有从第一数量材料层至第二数量材料层的过渡部。
具体而言，通过形成所述凸部和凹部而提供可靠的密封，其中所述凸部和凹部贯穿过渡部并由此防止形成从密封的第一侧至第二侧平行于过渡部延伸的贯通管道。
即使相对中等的压力也可以设置这些凸部和凹部，这表明在使材料幅受到适当处理的同时可以形成可靠密封。所述凸部是通过从凹部移出并填入凸部的材料形成。
所述凸部和凹部还提供以下优点，即在随后可选的沿材料幅的所述部分进行的冲压或切割操作中的精度不必象现有技术要求的那么高。
本发明的方法可以应用于包装业，并且所述方法包括使所述的密封构成容器坯的部分连结部的一部分的步骤。所述方法还包括通过以下形式供给材料幅的材料层的步骤：即以两个相对的且平行的侧壁幅和在所述两个侧壁幅之间设置的折叠为双层壁形状的底壁幅的形式，容器坯由所述侧壁幅获得两个相对的侧壁并且由所述底壁幅获得双层折叠的底壁。
可以理解，在包装业中最重要的是能够生产防液容器坯，特别是不具有从容器坯的隔室至外部平行于上述类型的过渡部延伸的贯通管道的容器坯，然而在制造过程中，所述贯通管道不会受到将导致容器坯的壁出现痕迹或破裂的不当处理。
本发明的方法可以包括与提供所述密封有关的形成所述凸部和凹部的步骤。因此，本方法意味着所述凸部和凹部可以在具有时间效率和成本效率的情况下形成设置在材料幅的所述部分中。所述方法还具有压力的精度不必象现有技术要求的那么高的优点，这样会生产较少的不合格产品并且易于设置机器。
在根据本发明的方法中，材料幅可以为塑性材料的形式。
在本发明的方法中，各凸部可以具有三角形截面或杯形截面。
根据本发明的方法，材料幅的材料层的相对面可以通过热密封处理在所述部分中相互连结。在所述热密封处理中，特别是在材料幅为塑性材料的形式下，可以在具有时间、成本和生产量效率的情况下得到可靠的密封。
根据本发明，还提供了在容器坯的生产过程中上述方法的使用，其中所述容器坯具有两个相对的侧壁和双层折叠的底壁。所述壁沿上连结部以及第一下连结部和第二下连结部互连，其中侧壁沿上连结部相互连结，底壁沿第一下连结部和第二下连结部连结至相应侧壁，第一和第二下部连结部分别在第一和第二过渡部中变成上部连结部。
因为本发明的方法用于生产容器坯，所以能实现上述优点，使得能够提供在上述的过渡部中具有可靠的密封的容器坯。
最后，根据本发明，提供一种用于密封塑性材料的材料幅的一部分的设备。所述部分具有一定宽度，其贯穿材料幅的过渡部，并且在过渡部的第一侧上，材料幅具有第一数量材料层，且在过渡部的第二侧上，材料幅具有第二数量材料层。所述设备包括具有能够与材料幅的所述部分接合以使材料幅的材料层的相对面连结的区域的密封工具。
所述设备的特征在于所述密封工具的所述区域具有至少一个凹槽，当将所述区域与所述部分接合时，所述凹槽设置成通过材料的移动提供的宽度贯穿所述过渡部的凸部。
本发明的设备允许在材料幅的所述部分中提供可靠密封，更具体而言，这通过密封工具的区域实现，其中当所述区域与材料幅接合时，所述区域作用以通过被允许填入所述凹槽的材料在所述材料幅中重新分配材料。因此在材料幅中将形成凸部，所述凸部防止出现平行于过渡部延伸的贯通管道。而且，即使当施加相对中等的压力时，也可以提供可靠的密封，这样确保了对材料幅进行适当的处理。
在本发明的设备中，所述凹槽可以具有三角形或杯形的截面。
根据本发明的所述设备的区域还具有至少又一凹槽，相邻的凹槽通过具有平坦的邻接面的中间部分相间隔。这样可以提供多个相邻的凸部以进一步改善密封的可靠性。
本发明的设备还可以设置为由包含聚烯烃材料的粘合剂和矿物材料的填充剂的塑性材料生产容器坯。
为了示例性的目的，现将参考附图描述本发明的多个实施例。
附图说明
图1是包括两个侧壁幅和设置在两个侧壁幅之间的、双层折叠的底壁幅的材料幅的立体图。
图2是在根据图1的材料幅的一部分中的密封的立体图，其中密封是根据现有技术进行的。
图3和图4分别为立体图和截面图，其中示出了根据本发明的、在图1所示的材料幅的一部分中制造密封的方法。
图5是根据图3和图4所示出的方法在一部分中制造密封的材料幅的立体图。
图6是本发明的密封工具的可选实施例的截面图。
图7是根据本发明的密封工具的另一实施例的俯视图。
图8是容器坯的俯视图。
具体实施方式
参考图1，图1示出了一种包括第一延长部2和第二延长部3的材料幅1，其中所述第一延长部2具有四个材料层，第二延长部3具有两个材料层，所述材料层中的两个包括在第一部2和第二部3两者中。在图1所示的实施例中，所述材料层包括两个相对且平行的侧壁幅20以及设置在两个侧壁幅之间的、折叠为双层壁形状的底壁幅21，所述材料幅1在横向上具有过渡部5，其中所述过渡部5从包括所述两个侧壁幅20和所述底壁幅21的第一延长部2至仅包括所述侧壁幅20的第二延长部。
在所示出的实施例中，在过渡部5中，材料层的层数从二层变换至四层。
在传统的生产中，例如在由图1所示类型的材料幅1制成容器坯的生产中，在宽度贯穿所述过渡部5的部分7中进行可靠的密封9会出现困难。
现参考图2，所述困难在图2中示出。所述困难表现为形成横向于密封9的平行于过渡部5延伸的贯通管道8。显然，在容器坯的生产中，该管道8将导致容器坯不能使用。
形成所述贯通管道8的原因在于：在贯穿所述过渡部5的部分7中，密封工具(未示出)作用于材料幅1时，遇到厚度不均一的材料幅1。如上所述，可以通过施加足够高的压力来避免形成管道8，然而在材料幅1受到可能会导致破裂的拉伸应力和/或弯曲应力的情况下，将导致其它问题。
现参考图3和图4，图3和图4示出了用于在材料幅1的部分7中制造密封9的设备(未示出)的密封工具10。
所述设备可以包括在例如用于生产容器坯的机器的密封站中。
所述密封工具包括具有下接合面12的主体11。多个平行凹槽13形成在所述接合面12中，所述凹槽13的截面为三角形。如图6所示，所述凹槽13的截面例如也可为杯形。凹槽13设置为使接合面12在凹槽13之间具有基本平坦的中间面14。
在所示出的实施例中，密封工具10还包括由A表示的、加热装置形式的密封装置。然而可以理解，所述密封装置也可以为用于感应密封的装置、超声装置等形式。
然而，应当注意所述加热装置、用于感应密封的装置或超声装置可以设置在本发明设备的其它地方，例如如图4和图6所示，设置在密封工具10下方的支座26中。
所述密封工具10可移动地设置在所述设备中，以向支座26移动，从而所述接合面12移动至与设置在所述密封工具10和所述支座26之间的材料幅1相接合，以及移动至与材料幅1脱开接合。
参考图3和图4，用于在材料幅1的部分7中制造密封9的方法在图3和图4中示意性地示出。
参考图1的上述类型的材料幅1以以下方式设置在密封工具10和支座26之间：即所述密封工具10直接置于材料幅1的部分7的上方，所述部分7具有一定宽度，其贯穿从第一部2至第二部3的材料幅1的过渡部5。将密封工具10定向使其凹槽13具有贯穿所述过渡部5的一定宽度。
随后，密封工具10向材料幅1和下方的支座26移动，以使工具10的接合面12移动至与材料幅1接合，如图4特别明显所示。
在压力的作用下，密封工具10的接合面12作用于材料幅1的部分7，并且通过所述加热装置产生的热量，位于所述部分7的材料将熔化至必要的程度，从而，可以使材料幅1的材料层的相对面相互连结。各材料层可以包括具有设置在形成内部的面的熔化层的层压材料，所述熔化层的熔点低于包括在层压材料中的其它层的熔点。这样，可以确保只有需要被连结的面才能真正地互相连结。
在密封处理中，接合面12的中间面14将用作将熔化的材料移动至所述凹槽13限定的空间中，从而在所述部分7中形成凸部15且由接合面12的中间面14形成中间凹部16。
这些凸部15和凹部16具有与工具10的凹槽13和中间面14相同的宽度，并由此具有贯穿从第一部2至第二部3的材料幅1的所述过渡部5的宽度。从图5更清楚地示出，其中所示出的密封9包括在连结部中，材料幅1的侧壁幅20和底壁幅21沿所述连结部相互连结。
横向于过渡部5延伸、并在适度的压力下均匀形成的所述凸部15和凹部16能够防止在密封9中出现贯通管道8，如图2所示。这是由于所述凸部15和凹部16或是切断并由此阻塞可能形成的管道8，或是完全防止这种管道的出现。
因此，提供一种可以制造不具有平行于过渡部5延伸的贯通管道8的密封9的设备，并且同时材料幅1的材料层受到适当的处理。所述设备还具有在随后的冲压或切割操作中的精度以及在密封中的压力精度不必象现有技术要求得那么高的优点。
应当理解，本发明不局限于所示出的实施例。
例如，可以使密封工具10的接合面12作为区域25包括在图7中示出的工具18的型面17中，并且还包括在用于生产如图8所示出的容器坯的设备中。
在所示出的实施例中，所述设备的工具18设置为由图1所示出的延长材料幅1生产图8所示出的容器坯6，所述材料幅1包括由两个相对的且平行的侧壁幅20和在所述两个侧壁幅之间设置的折叠为双层壁形状的底壁幅21形成的材料层，所述材料幅1在横向上具有从第一层结构至第二层结构的过渡部5，其中第一层结构包括所述两个侧壁幅20和所述底壁幅21，第二层结构仅包括所述侧壁幅20。
由所述材料幅1制成的容器坯6可以具有两个相对的侧壁22和双层折叠的底壁23，容器坯6由各侧壁幅20得到其侧壁22并且由底壁幅21得到其底壁23。所述侧壁和底壁沿连结部24相互连结。
为了生产容器坯6，工具18的型面17作用于材料幅1以沿所述连结部24使材料幅1的侧壁幅20和底壁幅21的相对面连结。
在连结部24的部分7中，用于制造密封9的所述型面17的各区域25形成参考图3所示出的密封工具10如上所述的接合面12，连结部24的部分7具有一定宽度，其在材料幅1中贯穿所述类型的过渡部7。
因此，可以在部分7中生产具有可靠连结部24的容器坯6，所述部分7具有贯穿所述类型的过渡部5的宽度。特别是，凸部15和凹部16也形成在所述部分7中，其中所述凸部15和凹部16防止出现否则会形成与外部连通的容器坯的隔室的贯通管道8。
还应当理解，本发明并不局限于所示出的实施例。
因此可以理解，本发明的设备还可以设计为使其密封工具的型面不具有凹槽区域，而在支座中形成具有凹槽的区域，密封工具可施加在支座上，同时材料幅设置在密封工具和支座之间。
还可以对应于如图3、图4和图6所示出的密封工具来设计支座，因此具有如上所述类型的区域的两种型面合在一起，同时材料幅设置在两者之间。
本发明的设备的密封工具可以设置为在与材料幅同时移动的情况下与材料幅接合，以允许连续生产容器坯。还可以考虑将密封工具设置为与材料幅静止接合，从而在间歇操作中生产容器坯。
因此可以进行多种修改和变型，所以本发明的保护范围仅由所附的权利要求书限定。

Claims (15)

1.一种在塑性材料的材料幅(1)的一部分(7)中制造密封(9)的方法，
所述材料幅(1)包括具有第一数量材料层(20，21)的第一延长部(2)以及具有第二数量材料层(20)的第二延长部(3)，至少一个所述材料层(20)被包括在第一部(2)和第二部(3)两者中，
所述部分(7)具有贯穿从材料幅(1)的第一部(2)至第二部(3)的过渡部(5)的宽度，
所述方法包括在所述部分(7)中使材料幅(1)的材料层(20，21)的相对面相互连结，
其特征在于：
在所述部分(7)中通过材料的移动形成凸部(15)和凹部(16)，并且
定向所述凸部(15)和凹部(16)以使其具有贯穿所述过渡部(7)的宽度。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述凸部(15)和所述凹部(16)一体地形成，同时材料幅(1)的材料层(20，21)的相对面在所述部分(7)中相互连结。
3.如权利要求1和2所述的方法，其中所述材料幅(1)以塑性材料的形式供给。
4.如权利要求1-3所述的方法，其中各凸部(15)的截面被设定为三角形。
5.如权利要求1-3所述的方法，其中各凸部(15)的截面被设定为杯形。
6.如前述的权利要求中任一所述的方法，还包括使所述密封(9)构成容器坯(6)的连结部(24)的一部分的步骤。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法，还包括以两个相对且平行的侧壁幅(20)和设置在所述两个侧壁幅之间的折叠为双层壁形状的底壁幅(21)的形式提供材料幅(1)的材料层(20，21)的步骤，
容器坯(6)由所述侧壁幅(20)获得两个相对的侧壁(22)并且由所述底壁幅获得双层折叠的底壁(23)。
8.如前述的权利要求中任一所述的方法，其中材料幅(1)的材料层(20，21)的相对面通过热密封处理而在所述部分(7)中相互连结。
9.如权利要求1-8中任一所述的方法的使用，所述方法用于生产一种容器坯(6)，所述容器坯(6)具有：两个相对的侧壁(22)和双层折叠的底壁(23)，其侧壁(22)和底壁(23)沿上连结部(24)以及第一和第二下连结部(24)相互连结，其中侧壁(22)沿上连结部(24)相互连结，底壁(23)沿第一和第二下连结部(24)连结至相应侧壁(22)，第一和第二下连结部(24)分别在第一和第二过渡部(7)中变成上连结部(24)。
10.一种用于密封塑性材料的材料幅(1)的一部分(7)的设备，
所述部分(7)具有贯穿材料幅(1)的过渡部(5)的宽度，
材料幅(1)在过渡部(5)的第一侧具有第一数量材料层(20，21)以及在过渡部(5)的第二侧具有第二数量材料层(20)，
所述设备包括具有一区域(25)的密封工具(10)，该区域可与材料幅的所述部分(7)接合以连结材料幅(1)的材料层(20，21)的相对面，
其特征在于：
密封工具(10)的所述区域(25)具有至少一个凹槽(13)，当将所述区域(25)与所述部分(7)接合时，所述凹槽(13)设置为通过材料的移动提供具有贯穿所述过渡部(5)的宽度的凸部(25)。
11.如权利要求10所述的设备，其中所述凹槽(13)的截面为三角形。
12.如权利要求10所述的设备，其中所述凹槽(13)的截面为杯形。
13.如权利要求10-12中任一所述的设备，其中所述部分(25)具有至少又一凹槽(13)，相邻的凹槽(13)通过具有平坦的邻接面的中间面(14)相间隔。
14.如权利要求10-13中任一所述的设备，其中所述设备设置成由包含聚烯烃材料的粘合剂和矿物材料的填充剂的塑性材料来生产容器坯(6)。
15.如权利要求10-14中任一所述的设备，其中所述的密封工具(10)可适用于一支座(26)，所述材料幅(1)设置在所述密封工具(10)和所述支座(26)之间。
CN2005800187799A 2004-06-09 2005-06-03 用于制造密封的方法和设备以及该方法的使用 Active CN101098780B (zh)

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