CN100394550C - 经涂覆的半导体晶片、及制造该半导体晶片的方法及装置 - Google Patents

经涂覆的半导体晶片、及制造该半导体晶片的方法及装置 Download PDF

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CN100394550C
CN100394550C CNB2004100620301A CN200410062030A CN100394550C CN 100394550 C CN100394550 C CN 100394550C CN B2004100620301 A CNB2004100620301 A CN B2004100620301A CN 200410062030 A CN200410062030 A CN 200410062030A CN 100394550 C CN100394550 C CN 100394550C
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赖因哈德·绍尔
诺贝特·维尔纳
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种在半导体晶片正面上通过化学汽相沉积法(CVD)沉积层的过程中用以放置半导体晶片的基座,该基座的气体透过结构的孔隙率至少为15%,其密度为0.5-1.5克/立方厘米。本发明还涉及一种具有背面、经化学汽相沉积法(CVD)涂覆正面及抛光或蚀刻背面的半导体晶片,其中以高度波动峰谷(PV)表示,背面的纳米形貌低于5纳米,本发明再涉及的是一种制造半导体晶片的方法。

Description

经涂覆的半导体晶片、及制造该半导体晶片的方法及装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有背面、经化学汽相沉积法(CVD)涂覆的正面及经抛光或蚀刻的背面的半导体晶片,以及一种制造该半导体晶片的方法。本发明还涉及一种在用化学汽相沉积法(CVD)在半导体晶片正面上沉积一薄层的过程中用于半导体晶片的基座。
除了别的之外,化学汽相沉积法(CVD)、尤其于两面抛光的硅基片晶片上的外延层沉积,还包括面对所谓“自动掺杂”及“晕圈”两种现象。就“自动掺杂”而言,掺质自半导体晶片背面经由气相传入流经半导体晶片正面上方的沉积气体中。之后它们掺杂混入半导体晶片正面边缘区外延层内,因而导致外延层内传导度或多或少显著的、非所愿的径向波动。
应了解的是术语“晕圈”是指半导体晶片背面上光散射结构所引起的散射光效果,且是于用聚焦光束辐照半导体晶片背面时显现出来。此结构在半导体晶片背面上留下若干转变痕迹,在这些转变处,具有天然氧化物层的区域与无此类氧化物层的区域相邻。如果在实际沉积阶段未完成的称作“预焙”的预处理阶段中除去天然氧化物层,则会发生类似的不希望的转变。
为了避免自动掺杂的问题,US 6,129,047中建议在接受半导体晶片的基座的凹处的底部中提供切口,该切口配置在基座的外边缘处。由半导体晶片背面扩散出来的掺质可经由切口由反应器中除去,而不首先通到半导体晶片的正面。根据US 2001/0037761A1,在用于相同目的的接收器的整个底部有许多小孔洞。另外,通过用吹扫气体吹扫,除去由半导体晶片背面扩散出来的掺质。因为在溶解天然氧化物过程中形成的气态反应产物同样经由底部的孔洞并借助于吹扫气流而转移除去,从而促进天然氧化物层的除去,所以两种措施都不利于形成晕圈。
然而,所公开的基座的用途并不是完全没问题,因为孔洞对于半导体晶片的背面和正面的温度场有影响。如果基座底部的孔洞的直径超过一定尺寸,这就会对半导体晶片正面的纳米形貌(nanopography)有负面影响。术语“纳米形貌”用于描述纳米级的高度波动,在0.5-10mm的侧面积内测量。在沉积外延层在半导体晶片正面上的过程中,由孔洞引起的温度波动导致局部差异沉积速率,并完全导致上述的高度波动。为了避免此问题,US 2001/0037761A1中建议通过调整加热等的功率,限制孔洞的直径并使温度场更均匀。
然而,这些措施仅对半导体晶片的正面有效。如本发明的发明人所证实的,若所选基座内孔洞直径愈小,半导体晶片背面纳米形貌数值甚至变得愈差。这些孔洞的存在意谓半导体晶片背面的温度场保持相当不均匀,以致发生冲扫气体如氢所引起的局部蚀刻及到达半导体晶片背面的沉积气体所引起的局部沉积。该两种现象对背面纳米形貌具有不良影响,该不良影响不能忍受,因为在半导体晶片正面上制作电子元件过程中,即使半导体晶片背面上的不均匀也会引起步进器的聚焦问题。
发明内容
所以,本发明的目的是说明如何可适当避免自动掺杂、晕圈、及正面与背面的不良纳米形貌。
本发明涉及具有背面、经化学汽相沉积法(CVD)涂覆的正面及抛光或蚀刻背面的半导体晶片,其中以高度波动PV(峰至谷)表示的背面纳米形貌低于5纳米。
该半导体晶片优选是在正面上具有外延沉积层的硅基片晶片。经涂覆的半导体晶片的背面经抛光或蚀刻。该基片晶片优选为p-或n-掺杂的,更优选用硼作掺质的p-掺杂的,在该情况下,掺杂度可以是p-、p、p+及p++。其中特别优选对应于电导率约0.005至约0.03欧姆*厘米的掺杂度p+。外延层同样优选p-掺杂的,更优选用硼作为掺质,并且优选对应于电导率约1至20欧姆*厘米的掺杂度p。主要视预期用途而定,外延层的厚度优选为0.1微米至100微米。经涂覆的半导体晶片正面的纳米形貌(以标准表面积0.5毫米×0.5毫米、2毫米×2毫米或10毫米×10毫米的正方形测量部位为基准),优选低于10纳米,特别优选低于5纳米。优选以表面积10毫米×10毫米的测量窗为基准,该半导体晶片背面的纳米形貌优选低于10纳米,更优选低于5纳米。
本发明还涉及一种用以制造半导体晶片的方法,该半导体晶片具有通过化学汽相沉积法(CVD)而沉积在正面上的层及经抛光或蚀刻的背面,沉积该层时,半导体晶面放置在基座上,以便该半导体晶片的背面面向该基座的底部,其中气态物质是自半导体晶片上方的区域,基本上只经过基座内的孔洞而通入基座背面上方的区域内。
所以该方法与已知方法的差异特别在于使用具有多孔结构的基座,该多孔结构的气体穿透性足以达成预期气体输送。该基座的效果使早在预热阶段即感受到其存在,当时该基片晶片接受预热且暴露于冲扫气体(惰性气体或氮气)和/或还原气体(氢气),以便除去天然氧化物层。如同由基片晶片扩散出来的掺质,氧化物层溶解过程中所形成的气态反应生成物,经由基座的孔洞逃逸至基座的背面,在此用冲扫气体流动体将这些气态反应生成物带走并自反应器中移除。待氧化物层移除之后,冲扫气体中可添加氯化氢,最好在外延层沉积之前,以便使半导体晶片的正面平滑。为沉积外延层,将基片晶片提升至沉积温度,并使该基片晶片的正面接触沉积气体,而基片晶片的背面优选继续暴露于冲扫气体的影响范围内。该沉积气体含有的化合物,在经化学分解之后即提供形成薄层的物质。这些物质优选包含硅、锗及掺质,例如:硼。含有三氯硅烷、氢及二硼烷的沉积气体是特别优选的。外延层沉积之后,将涂覆的半导体晶片冷却,例如:在通过反应器的氢流动体内。
最后,本发明还涉及在用化学汽相沉积法(CVD)沉积一层在半导体晶片正面上的过程中放置半导体晶片的基座,该基座的气体透过结构的孔隙率(孔洞体积/总体积)至少为15%,优选至少为20%,其密度为0.5至1.5克/立方厘米,优选0.8至1.4克/立方厘米。该基座优选由具有上述特性的石墨或石墨纤维组成,更优选由具有上述特性的涂覆碳化硅的石墨或涂覆碳化硅的石墨纤维组成。
附图说明
图1所示是具有纤维结构的本发明基座的截面图。
图2是以同样图示方式显示具有颗粒结构的本发明基座截面图。
图3至图5所示为基座内孔洞的直径与纳米形貌关系的示意图。
具体实施方式
这些石墨纤维可以是有序结构(各向同性)或无序结构(各向异性)。若这些纤维是用碳化硅涂覆,优选基座表面的碳化硅层厚度较基座内部厚。在基座制造过程中,通过纤维或颗粒的适当压实可设定所需基座材料的孔隙率及密度。基座优选是具有容纳半导体晶片凹槽的盘状物,以便半导体晶片置于基座上之后,半导体晶片背面是面向基座底部。该底部优选是连续的且仅由于基座材料的多孔性而使气体可透过。然而,凹槽外缘也可存在切口状通道,基座底部内也可有供升降半导体晶片用的销的通道。然而,使用基座时,由于销的出现实际上将销的通道封闭。该基座优选用于单晶片反应器内,且是优选设计为容纳直径150毫米、200毫米、300毫米半导体晶片。特别优选使用与ASM及Applied Materials所提供的单晶片反应器结合的基座。
以实验例为基准,本发明与现有技术进行比较。为达成比较的目的,由涂覆碳化硅石墨所制的标准基座设置有不同直径的孔洞(比较例)。该材料的密度约为1.85克/立方厘米。另一同样形状的基座是由涂有碳化硅的石墨毡制成(实验例)。该基座材料的孔隙率约为25%,密度约为1.35克/立方厘米。
在单晶片反应器内,许多由p-掺杂、以硼为掺质的硅所制基片晶片具有p+-掺杂的(同样以硼为掺质)硅外延层,总是使用上述若干型基座中的一种基座。该外延层的沉积作用是依照现技术实施且包含常规预焙步骤。就所制半导体晶片测试其正面及背面的自动掺杂、晕圈及纳米形貌。此处,利用比较例的基座的经涂覆的半导体晶片,其纳米形貌值远较依照本发明所制半导体晶片差。以表面积为10×10毫米的测量窗为基准,所有比较例内半导体晶片所达成纳米形貌值都不低于5纳米。如图3至图5所示,基座内孔洞的直径愈小,可能测定的高度偏差愈大。通过比较,所有实验例内的半导体晶片,其背面上的纳米形貌值均低于5纳米。

Claims (7)

1.一种在通过化学汽相沉积法于半导体晶片正面上沉积层的过程中用以放置半导体晶片的基座,该基座的气体透过结构的孔隙率至少为15-25%,而密度为0.8-1.4克/立方厘米。
2.如权利要求1的基座,其中所述结构基本上含有石墨纤维。
3.如权利要求1的基座,其中所述结构基本上含有石墨颗粒。
4.如权利要求1-3之一的基座,其包括碳化硅涂层。
5.如权利要求4的基座,其中所述碳化硅涂层的厚度由基座表面向基座内部降低。
6.一种具有背面、经化学汽相沉积法涂覆的正面及抛光或蚀刻背面的半导体晶片,其中以高度波动表示的背面纳米形貌低于5纳米。
7.一种制造半导体晶片的方法,该半导体晶片具有通过化学汽相沉积法)沉积在正面上的层及经抛光或蚀刻的背面,其中为了沉积所述层,将半导体晶片置于基座上,使得该半导体晶片的背面面向该基座的底部,该方法的特征在于气态物质是由半导体晶片背面上方的区域,基本上仅经过基座内的孔洞通入基座背面上方的区域内。
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