CH682240A5 - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- CH682240A5 CH682240A5 CH3514/90A CH351490A CH682240A5 CH 682240 A5 CH682240 A5 CH 682240A5 CH 3514/90 A CH3514/90 A CH 3514/90A CH 351490 A CH351490 A CH 351490A CH 682240 A5 CH682240 A5 CH 682240A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- solution
- acid
- aluminum
- workpiece
- electrolytic
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 48
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 45
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000007743 anodising Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010407 anodic oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- FAKFSJNVVCGEEI-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(4+);disulfate Chemical compound [Sn+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O FAKFSJNVVCGEEI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930194542 Keto Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000468 ketone group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 15
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000002048 anodisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004043 dyeing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 7
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 6
- MCSXGCZMEPXKIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-4-[(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]-N-(3-nitrophenyl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound Cc1ccc(N=Nc2c(O)c(cc3ccccc23)C(=O)Nc2cccc(c2)[N+]([O-])=O)c(c1)[N+]([O-])=O MCSXGCZMEPXKIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyruvic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)C(O)=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019801 trisodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5H-isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline Chemical compound C1CN2CC(C(=C(OC)C=C3)OC)=C3CC2C2=C1C=C(OC)C(OC)=C2 AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000974482 Aricia saepiolus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ALQSHHUCVQOPAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane-1,5-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCO ALQSHHUCVQOPAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trichloroethylene Chemical group ClC=C(Cl)Cl XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- -1 aromatic sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 1
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019646 color tone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002449 glycine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013905 glycine and its sodium salt Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003840 hydrochlorides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000014451 palmoplantar keratoderma and congenital alopecia 2 Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940107700 pyruvic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940065287 selenium compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003343 selenium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000176 sodium gluconate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012207 sodium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940005574 sodium gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000446 sulfanediyl group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003892 tartrate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/06—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon characterised by the electrolytes used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/12—Anodising more than once, e.g. in different baths
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/18—After-treatment, e.g. pore-sealing
- C25D11/20—Electrolytic after-treatment
- C25D11/22—Electrolytic after-treatment for colouring layers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US43349889A | 1989-11-08 | 1989-11-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CH682240A5 true CH682240A5 (fr) | 1993-08-13 |
Family
ID=23720344
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH3514/90A CH682240A5 (fr) | 1989-11-08 | 1990-11-06 |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2953474B2 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2029438C (fr) |
| CH (1) | CH682240A5 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE4034854C2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2654118B1 (fr) |
| GB (1) | GB2237817B (fr) |
| HK (1) | HK100696A (fr) |
| IT (1) | IT1242327B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1200146C (zh) * | 1999-06-25 | 2005-05-04 | 日本轻金属株式会社 | 铝材的电解着色法 |
| DE19938180C1 (de) * | 1999-08-17 | 2001-01-11 | Erbsloeh Ag | Verfahren zum elektrolytischen Färben von Werkstücken aus Aluminium oder Aluminiumlegierungen |
| JP4660760B2 (ja) * | 2005-06-02 | 2011-03-30 | 国立大学法人広島大学 | アルミニウム又は／及びアルミニウム合金の陽極酸化皮膜の形成方法およびその方法により形成される陽極酸化皮膜 |
| PL241203B1 (pl) * | 2020-07-29 | 2022-08-22 | Canpack Spolka Akcyjna | Sposób wytwarzania powłoki interferencyjnej |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1948552B2 (de) * | 1968-09-26 | 1971-04-22 | Verfahren zur elektrolytischen herstellung von gefaerbten oxidschichten auf aluminium | |
| US3773631A (en) * | 1970-10-16 | 1973-11-20 | Blasberg Gmbh & Co Kg Friedr | Aqueous electrolytic bath for coloring anodic oxide layers on aluminum and aluminum alloy substrates and process for coloring said substrates |
| FR2178820A2 (en) * | 1972-04-04 | 1973-11-16 | Keller Eberhard | Colouring anodised aluminium - or alloys by electrolysing in modified tin salts soln |
| DE2548177A1 (de) * | 1975-10-28 | 1977-05-12 | Alcan Res & Dev | Elektrolytisches faerben von anodisch behandeltem aluminium |
| US4251330A (en) * | 1978-01-17 | 1981-02-17 | Alcan Research And Development Limited | Electrolytic coloring of anodized aluminium by means of optical interference effects |
| US4180443A (en) * | 1978-06-28 | 1979-12-25 | Reynolds Metals Company | Method for coloring aluminum |
| US4179342A (en) * | 1978-06-28 | 1979-12-18 | Reynolds Metals Company | Coating system method for coloring aluminum |
| ES498578A0 (es) * | 1981-01-16 | 1981-12-01 | Ronain Sa | Procedimiento de coloracion por via electrolitica de una pieza de aluminio o de aleacion de aluminio |
| DE3265804D1 (en) * | 1981-05-19 | 1985-10-03 | Sankyo Alu Ind | Method of treating a surface of an aluminum to form a pattern thereon |
| IT1153213B (it) * | 1982-10-07 | 1987-01-14 | Grace Italiana Spa | Procedimento di elettrocolorazione dell'alluminio e delle sue leghe in tonalita' giallo-arancione |
| DE3530934C1 (de) * | 1985-08-29 | 1987-04-16 | Chemal Gmbh & Co Kg | Verfahren zur gleichmaessigen elektrolytischen Einfaerbung von eloxiertem Aluminium bzw. Aluminiumlegierungen |
-
1990
- 1990-11-02 DE DE4034854A patent/DE4034854C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-11-05 GB GB9023974A patent/GB2237817B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-11-06 CH CH3514/90A patent/CH682240A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-11-06 IT IT48443A patent/IT1242327B/it active IP Right Grant
- 1990-11-07 CA CA002029438A patent/CA2029438C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-11-07 JP JP2300018A patent/JP2953474B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-11-07 FR FR9013826A patent/FR2654118B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-06-13 HK HK100696A patent/HK100696A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT9048443A1 (it) | 1992-05-06 |
| FR2654118A1 (fr) | 1991-05-10 |
| GB2237817A (en) | 1991-05-15 |
| GB9023974D0 (en) | 1990-12-19 |
| CA2029438C (fr) | 2001-10-02 |
| DE4034854C2 (de) | 2000-08-17 |
| DE4034854A1 (de) | 1991-05-16 |
| JP2953474B2 (ja) | 1999-09-27 |
| JPH03207895A (ja) | 1991-09-11 |
| FR2654118B1 (fr) | 1993-06-25 |
| GB2237817B (en) | 1994-03-02 |
| IT1242327B (it) | 1994-03-04 |
| HK100696A (en) | 1996-06-21 |
| CA2029438A1 (fr) | 1991-05-09 |
| IT9048443A0 (it) | 1990-11-06 |
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