WO2022243791A1 - 調光プログラム、発光装置、および照明装置 - Google Patents
調光プログラム、発光装置、および照明装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022243791A1 WO2022243791A1 PCT/IB2022/054356 IB2022054356W WO2022243791A1 WO 2022243791 A1 WO2022243791 A1 WO 2022243791A1 IB 2022054356 W IB2022054356 W IB 2022054356W WO 2022243791 A1 WO2022243791 A1 WO 2022243791A1
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- Prior art keywords
- light
- emitting device
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- phenyl
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- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 167
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 46
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- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 34
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 25
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 25
- XGCDBGRZEKYHNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)CP(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 XGCDBGRZEKYHNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- MILUBEOXRNEUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium(3+) Chemical compound [Ir+3] MILUBEOXRNEUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
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- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 21
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- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
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- TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K tri(quinolin-8-yloxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1 TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
- H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
- H05B47/165—Controlling the light source following a pre-assigned programmed sequence; Logic control [LC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/20—Controlling the colour of the light
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/02—Details
- H05B33/06—Electrode terminals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
- F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]
- F21Y2115/15—Organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/50—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED] responsive to malfunctions or undesirable behaviour of LEDs; responsive to LED life; Protective circuits
- H05B45/59—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED] responsive to malfunctions or undesirable behaviour of LEDs; responsive to LED life; Protective circuits for reducing or suppressing flicker or glow effects
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
- Y02B20/40—Control techniques providing energy savings, e.g. smart controller or presence detection
Definitions
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a dimming program, a light-emitting device, and a lighting device.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- a technical field of one embodiment of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to a product, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- one aspect of the invention relates to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter. Therefore, the technical fields of one embodiment of the present invention disclosed in this specification more specifically include semiconductor devices, display devices, light-emitting devices, power storage devices, memory devices, driving methods thereof, or manufacturing methods thereof; can be mentioned as an example.
- Patent Literature 1 discloses an illumination device that changes the light output of a light source based on data set by quantifying the brightness of a specific portion of a candle flame.
- An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel dimming program that can make people feel at ease. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel dimming program with a relaxing effect. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel light-emitting device that can make people feel at ease. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel light-emitting device that has a relaxing effect. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel lighting device that can make people feel at ease. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel lighting device with a relaxing effect.
- One aspect of the present invention generates first smoothed data and second smoothed data by performing moving average processing with different intervals on basic data having 1/f fluctuation characteristics,
- Light control which generates light control data by arithmetically processing first smoothed data and second smoothed data, and chronologically changes luminance of a light emitting device according to the light control data It's a program.
- the first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x are converted to The first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x are arithmetically processed according to the following formula to generate dimming data y, and the luminance of the light emitting device according to the dimming data y This is a dimming program that changes in time series.
- yi represents the i -th data of the dimming data y
- Xi represents the i -th data of the first smoothed data X
- xi represents the second smoothed data.
- X max represents the maximum value of X
- X min represents the minimum value of X
- UL represents a predetermined upper limit value of the X component
- LL represents the X component x max represents the maximum value of x
- x min represents the minimum value of x
- A represents a predetermined contribution rate.
- the moving average processing interval for generating the first smoothed data X is longer than the moving average processing interval for generating the second smoothed data x.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a light-emitting device including a light-emitting device and a light-adjusting unit, wherein the light-adjusting unit performs moving average processing in different intervals on basic data having 1/f fluctuation characteristics.
- the first smoothed data and the second smoothed data are generated, and the first smoothed data and the second smoothed data are arithmetically processed to generate the dimming data. and has a function of chronologically changing the luminance of the light emitting device in accordance with the dimming data.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a light-emitting device including a light-emitting device and a light-adjusting unit, wherein the light-adjusting unit performs moving average processing in different intervals on basic data having 1/f fluctuation characteristics.
- the first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x are generated, and the first smoothed data and the second smoothed data are arithmetically processed according to the following formulas, thereby performing light control.
- the light emitting device has a function of generating data y and chronologically changing the brightness of the light emitting device according to the dimming data y.
- yi represents the i -th data of the dimming data y
- Xi represents the i -th data of the first smoothed data X
- xi represents the second smoothed data.
- X max represents the maximum value of X
- X min represents the minimum value of X
- UL represents a predetermined upper limit value of the X component
- LL represents the X component x max represents the maximum value of x
- x min represents the minimum value of x
- A represents a predetermined contribution rate.
- the interval of the moving average processing for generating the first smoothed data is longer than the interval of the moving average processing for generating the second smoothed data.
- the light-emitting device preferably includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an EL layer.
- the emission intensity at 495 nm or less in the electroluminescence spectrum of the light-emitting device is preferably 1% or less of the emission intensity at the maximum peak wavelength.
- the peak wavelength of the electroluminescence spectrum of the light-emitting device is preferably in the range of 590 nm to 625 nm, more preferably in the range of 590 nm to 620 nm. Further, the maximum peak wavelength is more preferably 590 nm or more and 625 nm or less, more preferably 590 nm or more and 620 nm or less.
- the half width of the electroluminescence spectrum of the light-emitting device is preferably 70 nm or more and 120 nm or less. It is more preferably 75 nm or more and 120 nm or less, more preferably 80 nm or more and 120 nm or less, still more preferably 85 nm or more and 120 nm or less, still more preferably 90 nm or more and 120 nm or less.
- x in the CIE chromaticity (x, y) of the light-emitting device is 0.58 or more and 0.63 or less, and y is 0.37 or more and 0.42 or less. More preferably, x is 0.59 or more and 0.63 or less, and y is 0.37 or more and 0.41 or less. More preferably, x is 0.59 or more and 0.62 or less, and y is 0.38 or more and 0.41 or less.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a lighting device including the light-emitting device having any of the above structures and a shade, and the shade includes a light-transmitting material.
- a light-emitting device in this specification refers to an image display device or a light source (including a lighting device).
- the light-emitting device may be a module in which a connector such as FPC (Flexible printed circuit) or TCP (Tape Carrier Package) is attached, a module in which a printed wiring board is provided at the end of TCP, or a COG (Chip-On) to the light-emitting device. All modules in which an IC (integrated circuit) is directly mounted by the Glass method are included in the light emitting device.
- the terms "source” and “drain” of a transistor interchange with each other depending on the polarity of the transistor and the level of the potential applied to each terminal.
- a terminal to which a low potential is applied is called a source
- a terminal to which a high potential is applied is called a drain
- a terminal to which a high potential is applied is called a source.
- the connection relationship of transistors may be described on the assumption that the source and the drain are fixed. .
- the source of a transistor means a source region which is part of a semiconductor film that functions as an active layer, or a source electrode connected to the semiconductor film.
- the drain of a transistor means a drain region that is part of the semiconductor film or a drain electrode connected to the semiconductor film.
- a gate means a gate electrode.
- a state in which transistors are connected in series means, for example, a state in which only one of the source and drain of the first transistor is connected to only one of the source and drain of the second transistor. do.
- a state in which transistors are connected in parallel means that one of the source and drain of the first transistor is connected to one of the source and drain of the second transistor, and the other of the source and drain of the first transistor is connected to It means the state of being connected to the other of the source and the drain of the second transistor.
- connection means electrical connection, and corresponds to a state in which current, voltage or potential can be supplied or transmitted. Therefore, the state of being connected does not necessarily refer to the state of being directly connected, but rather the state of wiring, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc., so that current, voltage or potential can be supplied or transmitted.
- a state of being indirectly connected via a circuit element is also included in this category.
- connection includes such a case where one conductive film has the functions of a plurality of constituent elements.
- a novel dimming program that makes people feel at ease. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to provide a novel dimming program with a relaxing effect. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a novel light-emitting device that can make people feel comfortable can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a novel light-emitting device with a relaxing effect can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a novel lighting device that can make people feel at ease can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a novel lighting device with a relaxing effect can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a flow chart explaining a light control program and a light emitting device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D are diagrams illustrating data processed by the light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- 3A and 3B are diagrams illustrating a light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- 4A and 4B are diagrams illustrating a lighting device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, and 5E are diagrams illustrating the configuration of the light emitting device according to the embodiment.
- 6A and 6B are diagrams for explaining the electronic device according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment;
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment; FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a photograph of the appearance of the light emitting device 1.
- FIG. FIG. 9 is a graph of basic data having 1/f fluctuation characteristics in the light emitting device 1.
- FIG. 10 is a graph of first smoothed data and second smoothed data in light emitting device 1.
- FIG. 11 is a graph of light control data in the light emitting device 1.
- FIG. FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating the configuration of a light-emitting device according to an example.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing luminance-current density characteristics of light-emitting device 1 and light-emitting device 2.
- FIG. FIG. 14 is a diagram showing current efficiency-luminance characteristics of light-emitting device 1 and light-emitting device 2.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing luminance-voltage characteristics of light-emitting device 1 and light-emitting device 2.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing current-voltage characteristics of light-emitting device 1 and light-emitting device 2.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing the external quantum efficiency-luminance characteristics of Light-Emitting Device 1 and Light-Emitting Device 2.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing emission spectra of light-emitting device 1 and light-emitting device 2.
- FIG. FIG. 19 is a diagram showing luminance-current density characteristics of the light-emitting device 3.
- FIG. FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the current efficiency-luminance characteristics of the light-emitting device 3.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing luminance-voltage characteristics of the light-emitting device 3.
- FIG. FIG. 22 is a diagram showing current-voltage characteristics of the light-emitting device 3.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing the external quantum efficiency-luminance characteristics of the light-emitting device 3.
- FIG. 24 is a diagram showing the emission spectrum of the light emitting device 3.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram showing luminance-current density characteristics of the light-emitting device 4.
- FIG. FIG. 26 is a diagram showing the current efficiency-luminance characteristics of the light-emitting device 4.
- FIG. FIG. 27 is a diagram showing luminance-voltage characteristics of the light-emitting device 4.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing current-voltage characteristics of the light-emitting device 4.
- FIG. FIG. 29 is a diagram showing external quantum efficiency-luminance characteristics of light-emitting device 4.
- FIG. FIG. 30 is a diagram showing the emission spectrum of the light emitting device 4.
- FIG. 31 is a diagram showing luminance-current density characteristics of light-emitting device 5 and light-emitting device 6.
- FIG. 32 is a diagram showing current efficiency-luminance characteristics of light-emitting device 5 and light-emitting device 6.
- FIG. FIG. 33 is a diagram showing luminance-voltage characteristics of light-emitting device 5 and light-emitting device 6.
- FIG. 34 is a diagram showing current-voltage characteristics of light-emitting device 5 and light-emitting device 6.
- FIG. 35 is a diagram showing the external quantum efficiency-luminance characteristics of Light-Emitting Device 5 and Light-Emitting Device 6.
- FIG. 36 is a diagram showing emission spectra of light-emitting device 5 and light-emitting device 6.
- FIG. 37 is a diagram showing luminance-current density characteristics of the light-emitting device 7.
- FIG. 38 is a diagram showing current efficiency-luminance characteristics of the light-emitting device 7.
- FIG. 39 is a diagram showing luminance-voltage characteristics of the light-emitting device 7.
- FIG. 40 is a diagram showing current-voltage characteristics of the light-emitting device 7.
- FIG. 41 is a diagram showing external quantum efficiency-luminance characteristics of light-emitting device 7.
- FIG. 42 is a diagram showing the emission spectrum of the light emitting device 7.
- FIG. 43 is a 1 H NMR chart of [Ir(pqn) 2 (dppm)].
- FIG. 44 shows absorption and emission spectra of [Ir(pqn) 2 (dppm)] in a dichloromethane solution.
- FIG. 1 shows a flowchart illustrating a light control program and a method of operating a light emitting device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Step S1 First, the basic data f having the 1/f fluctuation characteristic is subjected to moving average processing in different intervals to generate the first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x.
- 1/f fluctuation indicates fluctuation in which the distribution of power spectral density of data is inversely proportional to frequency f (f>0).
- a method for obtaining the basic data f having the 1/f fluctuation characteristic is not particularly limited.
- the basic data having the 1/f fluctuation characteristic may be data generated by quantifying the movement of natural objects, or data artificially created using calculation software.
- data that has been generated and stored in advance may be used, or may be used at the same time as the data is generated.
- a detection device As data generated by quantifying the movement of natural objects, it is possible to use, for example, data generated by quantifying the strength of wind, the brightness of flames, the movement of waves, etc. using a detection device.
- a detection device can.
- an acceleration sensor, a camera, an illuminance sensor, or a microphone can be used as the detection device.
- Methods such as cellular automaton, intermittent chaos, or 1/2th order integration can be used as methods of making using calculation software.
- the moving average processing for generating the first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x includes, for example, a simple moving average, a weighted moving average, an exponential moving average, a modified moving average, and a triangular moving average. etc. can be used, but it is convenient and preferable to use a simple moving average.
- the first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x can be calculated according to the following formulas (1) and (2).
- f i indicates the i-th data of the basic data f having the 1/f fluctuation characteristic
- Xi indicates the i -th data of the first smoothed data X. data
- x i represents the i-th data of the second smoothed data x.
- d1 represents the interval (natural number) of moving average processing for generating the first smoothed data
- d2 represents the interval (natural number different from d1) of moving average processing for generating the second smoothed data.
- a natural number represents an integer of 1 or more.
- d1 is preferably greater than d2.
- d2 is preferably a value of 5 % or more and 50% or less of d1, and more preferably a value of 10 % or more and 30% or less of d1.
- the waveform of the first smoothed data X is smoother than the waveform of the second smoothed data x and has a dominant long-cycle component.
- two or more pieces of smoothed data (data with different periodic components) subjected to moving average processing in different intervals are used to generate dimming data in the subsequent step S3, thereby making people feel at ease. It is also possible to generate dimming data having a new 1/f fluctuation characteristic that has a relaxing effect.
- Step S2 light adjustment data y is generated by arithmetically processing the first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x.
- step S2 The arithmetic processing in step S2 can be performed, for example, according to the following formula (3).
- y i represents the i-th data of the dimming data y
- X i represents the i-th data of the first smoothed data X (hereinafter simply referred to as X).
- x i represent the i-th data of the second smoothed data x (hereinafter simply referred to as x).
- X max represents the maximum value of X
- X min represents the minimum value of X
- UL represents a predetermined upper limit value (0 or more and 1 or less) of the X component
- LL represents a predetermined value of the X component. represents the lower limit value of (0 or more and less than UL).
- x max represents the maximum value of x
- x min represents the minimum value of x.
- A represents a predetermined contribution rate (0 or more and 1 or less, preferably 0 or more and 0.5 or less). Note that each A may be a different value.
- Equation (4) differs from Equation (3) in that one of the plurality of A's in the equation is A'.
- y i represents the i-th data of the dimming data y
- X i represents the i-th data of the first smoothed data X (hereinafter simply referred to as X).
- x i represent the i-th data of the second smoothed data x (hereinafter simply referred to as x).
- X max represents the maximum value of the first smoothed data X
- X min represents the minimum value of the first smoothed data X
- UL is the predetermined value of the first smoothed data X component.
- x max represents the maximum value of the second smoothed data x
- x min represents the minimum value of the second smoothed data x.
- A represents an arbitrary value of 0 or more and 1 or less, preferably 0 or more and 0.5 or less
- A' represents an arbitrary value of 0 or more and A or less.
- step S2 can also be performed according to the following formula (5).
- Equation (5) y i represents the i-th data of the dimming data y, and X i represents the i-th data of the first smoothed data X (hereinafter simply referred to as X).
- X i represent the i-th data of the second smoothed data x (hereinafter simply referred to as x).
- X max represents the maximum value of the first smoothed data X
- X min represents the minimum value of the first smoothed data X.
- x max represents the maximum value of the second smoothed data x
- x min represents the minimum value of the second smoothed data x.
- A represents an arbitrary value of 0 or more and 1 or less, preferably 0 or more and 0.5 or less.
- UL represents a predetermined upper limit value (0 or more and 1 or less) of yi
- LL represents a predetermined lower limit value (0 or more and less than UL) of yi.
- a and A' determine the contribution of the second smoothed data x to the dimming data y. That is, when d1 is greater than d2, in other words, when the first smoothed data X is smoother than the smoothed data x of 2 and has a dominant long-cycle component, A and A' By setting it large, the short period component of the fluctuation of the light control data y becomes large, and by setting A and A' small, the short period component of the fluctuation of the light control data becomes smaller.
- the dimming data y is optimized, and the dimming has a new 1/f fluctuation characteristic that makes people feel at ease or has a relaxing effect. data can be generated.
- the dimming data y is generated by arithmetically processing two smoothed data (the first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x).
- the aspect is not limited to this.
- light adjustment data may be generated by arithmetically processing three or more pieces of smoothed data.
- Step S3 the brightness of the light emitting device is changed in time series according to the dimming data y.
- the light-emitting device used for the light control program and the light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- light-emitting devices such as fluorescent lamps, incandescent lamps, LEDs, or organic EL elements can be used in the dimming program and light-emitting device of one aspect of the present invention.
- An appropriate method for changing the brightness of the light emitting device according to the dimming data may be selected depending on the light emitting device to be used. For example, phase control dimming, current amplitude dimming, or PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control method can be used.
- phase control dimming current amplitude dimming
- PWM Pulse Width Modulation
- the brightness of the light emitting device is controlled by directly adjusting the power to the light emitting device. Since dimming control can be performed only with a power supply line, wiring between the dimming unit and the light emitting device can be reduced to only two wires, and manufacturing of the light emitting device can be simplified.
- the brightness of the light emitting device is controlled by changing the temporal ratio (duty ratio) of lighting and extinguishing.
- two signal lines are required as wiring, but compared to the phase control method, it is less susceptible to power supply fluctuations, so stable dimming is possible.
- the PWM control method compared with the current amplitude dimming, the current flowing through the light emitting device is constant, so that the emitted light color can also be constant. A wider dynamic range can be ensured by the PWM control method.
- the PWM control method by setting a higher frequency, it is possible to suppress flickering of the light emission of the light emitting device. For example, if the frequency is about 100 Hz or higher, it is possible to suppress flickering in light emission of the light emitting device.
- a and b each independently represent an arbitrary value.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating data acquired or generated by the light control program and the light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the vertical axis represents the intensity of each data, and the horizontal axis represents the data number.
- FIG. 2A shows an example of basic data f having 1/f fluctuation characteristics acquired by a light control program and a light emitting device.
- FIG. 2B shows an example of the first smoothed data X generated by the dimming program and the light emitting device.
- FIG. 2C shows an example of the second smoothed data x generated by the dimming program and the light emitting device.
- FIG. 2D shows an example of dimming data y generated by the dimming program and the light emitting device.
- the first smoothed data X (FIG. 2B) and the second smoothed data x (FIG. 2C) are smoothed compared to the base data f (FIG. 2A). has been made Also, as shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, the first smoothed data X (FIG. 2B is smoothed more strongly than the second smoothed data x (FIG. 2C)).
- the light control program and light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention can generate light control data y shown in FIG. 2D by combining two types of smoothed data in this way.
- FIG. 3A shows a block diagram illustrating a light emitting device 300 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the light-emitting device 300 has at least a power source 301, a light control section 302, and a light-emitting device 303.
- the light-emitting device 300 has at least a power source 301, a light control section 302, and a light-emitting device 303.
- FIG. 3A shows a block diagram illustrating a light emitting device 300 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the light-emitting device 300 has at least a power source 301, a light control section 302, and a light-emitting device 303.
- the light control unit 302 has a function of chronologically changing the luminance of the light emitting device 303 according to the light control data y generated in steps S1 to S3 described above.
- the dimming unit 302 has, for example, a storage unit.
- the storage unit can store the light control program of one embodiment of the present invention. Alternatively, it is possible to store pre-generated dimming data y in the storage unit.
- FIG. 3B shows a diagram illustrating a lighting device 310 of one embodiment of the present invention.
- lighting device 310 has shade 311 , light emitting device 300 , base 312 , and operation button 313 .
- Light emitting device 300 is covered with shade 311 .
- the shade 311 is made of translucent material. Since the light emitted by the light emitting device 300 is scattered by the shade 311, the light emitted by the lighting device 310 can be made softer, and the relaxation effect can be enhanced.
- Translucent materials used for the shade 311 include, for example, a transparent resin material, a milky-white resin material, a resin material mixed with a diffusing agent, glass, paper, cloth, wood, thinly processed metal, or ceramics. etc. can be used. Note that materials that can be used for the shade 311 are not limited to these. A light-transmitting material that can be molded into a shape that covers the light-emitting device 300 can be used for the shade 311 .
- translucency means a property of transmitting at least light in the wavelength region of visible light (light having a wavelength of 400 nm or more and 750 nm or less).
- FIG. 4A shows an illumination device 310A that is a modification of illumination device 310.
- lighting device 310A has cylindrical shade 311 .
- the shade 311 is made of a transparent resin material, and the light emitted from the light emitting device 300 passes through the shade 311 while undergoing total reflection, and emits light 320 above the illumination device 310A. . With such a configuration, the direction of light emission can be controlled.
- FIG. 4B also shows a lighting device 310B that is a modification of the lighting device 310A.
- the illumination device 310B has a cylindrical shade 311a made of a transparent resin material, and further has a shade 311b that covers both the shade 311a and the light emitting device 300.
- light emitted from the light emitting device 300 passes through the shade 311a while undergoing total internal reflection, and emits light 320 above the shade 311a.
- the light 320 passes through the shade 311b and emits the light 321.
- the lighting device of one embodiment of the present invention can be operated not only by the operation button 313 provided in the base 312 but also by a remote controller.
- the remote controller 330 is shown in FIG. 4B.
- the remote controller 330 may be provided with a plurality of buttons so that the type of fluctuation mode can be selected in addition to turning on/off the lighting device 310B.
- Specific examples of the fluctuation mode include fluctuation and sine wave that can be generated by the dimming program of one embodiment of the present invention. Alternatively, a light emission mode without fluctuation may be selected.
- by using different variables for a plurality of dimming programs of one aspect of the present invention it is possible to select a user's favorite one from among a plurality of 1/f fluctuations in which fluctuations are changed. may
- the light emitting device 303 it is preferable to use a light emitting device (organic EL element) having a first electrode, a second electrode, and an EL layer. Since such a light-emitting device has surface light emission, the light emitted by the light-emitting device 300 can be even and soft light compared to the case of using a light-emitting device having point light emission. Therefore, the relaxation effect of the light emitting device 300 can be enhanced. Note that an example of a light-emitting device including a first electrode, a second electrode, and an EL layer that can be used for the light-emitting device 300 will be described in detail in Embodiment 2.
- the half width of the electroluminescence spectrum of the light-emitting device is preferably 70 nm or more, more preferably 75 nm. It is more preferable that it is above. Thereby, the color rendering property of the light emitting device 300 can be improved, and light emission closer to natural light can be obtained. Moreover, it is preferable that the half width of the electroluminescence spectrum of the light emitting device is 120 nm or less. Thereby, as will be described later, it is possible to obtain light emission with suppressed blue light.
- the half width of the electroluminescent spectrum of the light emitting device is preferably 70 nm or more and 120 nm or less. It is more preferably 75 nm or more and 120 nm or less, more preferably 80 nm or more and 120 nm or less, still more preferably 85 nm or more and 120 nm or less, and still more preferably 90 nm or more and 120 nm or less.
- the peak wavelength of the electroluminescence spectrum of the light-emitting device is located at 590 nm or more and 625 nm or less. Then, it is preferably 590 nm or more and 620 nm or less, more preferably. As a result, it is possible to obtain a light-emitting device that emits warm-colored light that is closer to natural light such as sunset, bonfire, and candle light, and light from an incandescent light bulb.
- a light-emitting device whose electroluminescence spectrum has a peak wavelength of 590 nm or more and 625 nm or less (more preferably 590 nm or more and 620 nm or less), the light-emitting device can provide a relaxing effect to the user.
- the maximum peak wavelength of the electroluminescence spectrum of the light emitting device is within the above range. That is, when a light-emitting device having a first electrode, a second electrode, and an EL layer is used as the light-emitting device 303, the maximum peak wavelength of the electroluminescence spectrum of the light-emitting device is 590 nm or more and 625 nm or less. It is particularly preferable if there is, and more preferably 590 nm or more and 620 nm or less. As a result, it is possible to obtain a light-emitting device that emits warm-colored light that is very close to natural light such as sunset, bonfire, and candle light, and light from an incandescent lamp.
- a light-emitting device that is inexpensive and suitable for mass production.
- warm-colored light emitted by the setting sun, bonfires, candle flames, and incandescent light bulbs stimulates the human parasympathetic nerves and provides a relaxing effect. Therefore, by using a light-emitting device whose electroluminescence spectrum has a maximum peak wavelength of 590 nm or more and 625 nm or less (more preferably 590 nm or more and 620 nm or less), the light-emitting device can provide a great relaxing effect to the user.
- the electroluminescence spectrum of the light-emitting device should contain almost no blue light.
- the emission intensity of visible light components of 495 nm or less is more preferably 1/100 or less of the emission intensity at the maximum peak wavelength.
- Blue light refers to blue light (wavelength 360-495 nm) with high energy among visible rays. Since blue light reaches the retina without being absorbed by the membrane and lens, damage to the retina and optic nerve is said to be a problem. There is also the problem of disruption of the circadian rhythm due to exposure to blue light in the middle of the night. The danger of blue light lies in the low sensitivity of the human eye to light in that wavelength range. Therefore, even if exposed to strong blue light, people are not aware of it, so damage is likely to accumulate.
- the half width of the electroluminescence spectrum of the light emitting device is preferably 120 nm or less in order to suppress the blue light component.
- the light-emitting device 300 having the above light-emitting device configuration can be used as a light therapy light-emitting device that exhibits a relaxing effect and an effect of improving the quality of sleep. That is, in another aspect of the present invention, the peak wavelength (or maximum peak wavelength) of the electroluminescence spectrum is 590 nm or more and 625 nm or less (more preferably 590 nm or more and 620 nm or less), and the half width of the electroluminescence spectrum is 70 nm or more and 120 nm.
- the emission intensity of the visible light component of 495 nm or less is 1/100 or less of the emission intensity at the maximum peak wavelength of the electroluminescence spectrum.
- the range of the half width is more preferably 80 nm or more and 120 nm or less, more preferably 85 nm or more and 120 nm or less, and still more preferably 90 nm or more and 120 nm or less.
- the warm-color light emitted from the light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention which stimulates the human parasympathetic nerve and has a relaxing effect, preferably has a specific emission color range. That is, in the above light-emitting device, it is preferable that x in the CIE chromaticity (x, y) is 0.58 or more and 0.63 or less, and y is 0.37 or more and 0.42 or less. More preferably, x is 0.59 or more and 0.63 or less, and y is 0.37 or more and 0.41 or less. More preferably, x is 0.59 or more and 0.62 or less, and y is 0.38 or more and 0.41 or less.
- FIG. 5A shows a light-emitting device having an EL layer that includes a light-emitting layer between a pair of electrodes. Specifically, it has a structure in which an EL layer 103 is sandwiched between a first electrode 101 and a second electrode 102 .
- FIG. 5B shows a laminated structure (tandem structure) having a plurality of (two layers in FIG. 5B) EL layers (103a and 103b) between a pair of electrodes and a charge generation layer 106 between the EL layers. of the light emitting device.
- the charge generation layer 106 injects electrons into one EL layer (103a or 103b) and injects electrons into the other EL layer (103b or 103a) has a function of injecting holes. Therefore, in FIG. 5B, when a voltage is applied to the first electrode 101 so that the potential is higher than that of the second electrode 102, electrons are injected from the charge generation layer 106 into the EL layer 103a, and the EL layer 103b is positively charged. A hole is to be injected.
- the charge generation layer 106 may have a property of transmitting visible light (specifically, the visible light transmittance of the charge generation layer 106 is 40% or more). preferable. Also, the charge generation layer 106 functions even with a lower conductivity than the first electrode 101 and the second electrode 102 .
- FIG. 5C shows a layered structure of the EL layer 103 of the light-emitting device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- the first electrode 101 functions as an anode and the second electrode 102 functions as a cathode.
- the EL layer 103 has a structure in which a hole-injection layer 111, a hole-transport layer 112, a light-emitting layer 113, an electron-transport layer 114, and an electron-injection layer 115 are sequentially stacked over the first electrode 101.
- the light-emitting layer 113 may have a structure in which a plurality of light-emitting layers emitting light of different colors are stacked.
- a structure in which a light-emitting layer containing a light-emitting substance that emits red light and a light-emitting layer containing a light-emitting substance that emits green light are stacked or stacked with a layer containing a carrier-transporting material interposed therebetween may be employed.
- the laminated structure of the light-emitting layer 113 is not limited to the above.
- the light-emitting layer 113 may have a structure in which a plurality of light-emitting layers emitting light of the same color are stacked.
- a structure in which a first light-emitting layer containing a light-emitting substance that emits red light and a second light-emitting layer containing a light-emitting substance that emits red light are stacked or stacked with a layer containing a carrier-transporting material interposed therebetween. It can be.
- a structure in which a plurality of light-emitting layers emitting light of the same color are stacked reliability may be improved as compared with a single-layer structure.
- each EL layer is stacked sequentially from the anode side as described above.
- the stacking order of the EL layers 103 is reversed.
- 111 on the first electrode 101 which is a cathode is an electron injection layer
- 112 is an electron transport layer
- 113 is a light emitting layer
- 114 is a hole transport layer
- 115 is a hole. It has a structure called an injection layer.
- Each of the light-emitting layers 113 included in the EL layers (103, 103a, and 103b) includes an appropriate combination of a plurality of substances such as light-emitting substances, and has a structure in which fluorescence or phosphorescence with a desired emission color can be obtained. can do.
- the light-emitting layer 113 may have a stacked structure in which light-emitting layers emitting light of different colors are stacked.
- one or both of the light-emitting substance and the other substance used in each of the stacked light-emitting layers may be made of different materials.
- a structure in which different emission colors are obtained from the plurality of EL layers (103a and 103b) shown in FIG. 5B may be employed.
- the light-emitting substance and the other substance used in each light-emitting layer may be made of different materials.
- the light-emitting layer 113 may have a stacked structure in which light-emitting layers emitting the same color are stacked.
- the light-emitting substance and other substances used in each of the stacked light-emitting layers may be different or the same.
- a structure in which the same emission color can be obtained from each of the plurality of EL layers (103a and 103b) shown in FIG. 5B may be employed.
- the light-emitting substance and other substances used in each light-emitting layer may be different or the same.
- light emitted from the light-emitting layer 113 included in the EL layer 103 can resonate between the two electrodes, and light emitted from the second electrode 102 can be enhanced.
- the film of the transparent conductive film Optical tuning can be achieved by controlling the thickness. Specifically, the optical distance between the first electrode 101 and the second electrode 102 (the product of the film thickness and the refractive index) is m ⁇ / It is preferable to adjust to 2 (where m is a natural number) or its vicinity.
- the optical distance from the first electrode 101 to the region (light-emitting region) of the light-emitting layer 113 from which desired light is obtained is set to (2m′+1) ⁇ /4 (where m′ is a natural number) or its vicinity. is preferably adjusted to Note that the light-emitting region here means a recombination region of holes and electrons in the light-emitting layer 113 .
- the spectrum of specific monochromatic light obtained from the light-emitting layer 113 can be narrowed, and light emission with good color purity can be obtained.
- the optical distance between the first electrode 101 and the second electrode 102 is the total thickness from the reflection area of the first electrode 101 to the reflection area of the second electrode 102. can.
- the optical distance between the first electrode 101 and the light-emitting layer from which desired light is obtained is the optical distance between the reflection region in the first electrode 101 and the light-emitting region in the light-emitting layer from which desired light is obtained. It can be said that it is the distance.
- an arbitrary position of the first electrode 101 can be set as the reflective region and the desired light.
- an arbitrary position of the light-emitting layer from which light is obtained is the light-emitting region, the above effects can be sufficiently obtained.
- the light-emitting device shown in FIG. 5D is an example of the tandem structure light-emitting device shown in FIG. have Note that the two EL layers (103a, 103b) each have a light-emitting layer (113a, 113b), and the light-emitting colors of the respective light-emitting layers can be freely combined.
- light-emitting layer 113a can be red
- light-emitting layer 113b can be red, green, or yellow.
- the light-emitting device shown in FIG. 5E is an example of the tandem structure light-emitting device shown in FIG. It has a structure in which it is sandwiched and laminated.
- the three EL layers (103a, 103b, 103c) each have a light-emitting layer (113a, 113b, 113c), and the emission colors of the respective light-emitting layers can be freely combined.
- the light emitting layer 113a can be red
- the light emitting layer 113b can be red, green or yellow
- the light emitting layer 113c can be red.
- the first electrode 101 and the second electrode 102 is a light-transmitting electrode (a transparent electrode, a semi-transmissive/semi-reflective electrode, or the like). do.
- the visible light transmittance of the transparent electrode is set to 40% or more.
- the visible light reflectance of the semi-transmissive/semi-reflective electrode should be 20% or more and 80% or less, preferably 40% or more and 70% or less.
- these electrodes preferably have a resistivity of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ cm or less.
- the reflective electrode when one of the first electrode 101 and the second electrode 102 is a reflective electrode (reflective electrode), the reflective electrode The light reflectance is 40% or more and 100% or less, preferably 70% or more and 100% or less. Moreover, the electrode preferably has a resistivity of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ cm or less.
- FIG. 5D having a tandem structure.
- the structure of the EL layer is the same for the single-structure light-emitting devices shown in FIGS. 5A and 5C.
- the first electrode 101 is formed as a reflective electrode
- the second electrode 102 is formed as a semi-transmissive/semi-reflective electrode. Therefore, a desired electrode material can be used singly or plurally to form a single layer or lamination.
- the second electrode 102 is formed by selecting a material in the same manner as described above after the EL layer 103b is formed.
- First electrode and second electrode> As materials for forming the first electrode 101 and the second electrode 102, the following materials can be used in appropriate combination as long as the above-described functions of both electrodes can be satisfied. For example, metals, alloys, electrically conductive compounds, mixtures thereof, and the like can be used as appropriate. Specifically, In--Sn oxide (also referred to as ITO), In--Si--Sn oxide (also referred to as ITSO), In--Zn oxide, and In--W--Zn oxide are given.
- ITO In--Sn oxide
- ITSO In--Si--Sn oxide
- ITSO In--Zn oxide
- In--W--Zn oxide In--W--Zn oxide
- elements belonging to Group 1 or Group 2 of the periodic table of elements not exemplified above e.g., lithium (Li), cesium (Cs), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr)), europium (Eu), ytterbium Rare earth metals such as (Yb), alloys containing an appropriate combination thereof, graphene, and the like can be used.
- the hole injection layer 111a and the hole transport layer 112a of the EL layer 103a are sequentially stacked on the first electrode 101 by vacuum deposition. be.
- hole injection layer 111b and hole transport layer 112b of EL layer 103b are sequentially laminated on charge generation layer 106 in the same manner.
- the hole injection layers (111, 111a, 111b) inject holes from the first electrode 101, which is an anode, or the charge generation layers (106, 106a, 106b) into the EL layers (103, 103a, 103b). It is a layer containing an organic acceptor material or a material having a high hole injection property.
- the organic acceptor material has a LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) level value and a HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) level value close to other organic compounds for charge separation. It is a material that can generate holes in the organic compound by causing the organic compound to generate holes. Accordingly, compounds having an electron-withdrawing group (halogen group, cyano group, etc.), such as quinodimethane derivatives, chloranyl derivatives, and hexaazatriphenylene derivatives, can be used as organic acceptor materials.
- halogen group, cyano group, etc. such as quinodimethane derivatives, chloranyl derivatives, and hexaazatriphenylene derivatives
- organic acceptor materials a compound in which an electron-withdrawing group is bound to a condensed aromatic ring having a plurality of heteroatoms, such as HAT-CN, is suitable because it has a high acceptor property and stable film quality against heat. is.
- the [3] radialene derivative having an electron-withdrawing group (especially a halogen group such as a fluoro group, a cyano group, etc.) is preferable because of its extremely high electron-accepting property, specifically ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ ''-1,2,3-cyclopropane triylidene tris[4-cyano-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzeneacetonitrile], ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ ''-1,2,3-cyclopropane triylidene tris[2,6-dichloro-3,5-difluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneacetonitrile], ⁇ , ⁇ ′, ⁇ ′′-1,2,3-cyclopropanetriylidene tris[2, 3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzeneacetonitrile] and the like can be used.
- a halogen group such as a fluoro group, a cyano group, etc
- Materials with high hole injection properties include oxides of metals belonging to groups 4 to 8 in the periodic table (molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, ruthenium oxide, tungsten oxide, manganese oxide, etc.). transition metal oxides, etc.) can be used. Specific examples include molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, chromium oxide, tungsten oxide, manganese oxide, and rhenium oxide. Among the above, molybdenum oxide is preferred because it is stable in the atmosphere, has low hygroscopicity, and is easy to handle. In addition, phthalocyanine compounds such as phthalocyanine (abbreviation: H 2 Pc) and copper phthalocyanine (abbreviation: CuPc) can be used.
- phthalocyanine compounds such as phthalocyanine (abbreviation: H 2 Pc) and copper phthalocyanine (abbreviation: CuPc) can be used.
- low-molecular-weight compounds such as 4,4′,4′′-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (abbreviation: TDATA) and 4,4′,4′′-tris [N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine (abbreviation: MTDATA), 4,4′-bis[N-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: DPAB), N,N'-bis ⁇ 4-[bis(3-methylphenyl)amino]phenyl ⁇ -N,N'-diphenyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (abbreviation: DNTPD), 1,3,5-tris[N-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-N-phenylamino]benzene (abbreviation: DPA3B), 3-
- poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (abbreviation: PVK)
- poly(4-vinyltriphenylamine) (abbreviation: PVTPA)
- PVTPA poly(4-vinyltriphenylamine)
- PTPDMA poly[N-(4 - ⁇ N'-[4-(4-diphenylamino)phenyl]phenyl-N'-phenylamino ⁇ phenyl)methacrylamide]
- PTPDMA poly[N,N'-bis(4-butylphenyl)- N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine]
- Poly-TPD poly(N-vinylcarbazole) or the like
- poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (abbreviation: PEDOT / PSS), polyaniline / poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PAni / PSS) or other acid-added polymer system compounds, etc. can also be used.
- PEDOT / PSS poly(styrene sulfonic acid)
- PAni / PSS polyaniline / poly (styrene sulfonic acid)
- other acid-added polymer system compounds etc.
- a mixed material containing a hole-transporting material and the above-described organic acceptor material can also be used.
- electrons are extracted from the hole-transporting material by the organic acceptor material, holes are generated in the hole-injection layer 111 , and holes are injected into the light-emitting layer 113 via the hole-transporting layer 112 .
- the hole injection layer 111 may be formed of a single layer made of a mixed material containing a hole-transporting material and an organic acceptor material (electron-accepting material). (electron-accepting material) may be laminated in separate layers.
- the hole-transporting material a substance having a hole mobility of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 /Vs or more at a square root of an electric field strength [V/cm] of 600 is preferable. Note that any substance other than these can be used as long as it has a higher hole-transport property than electron-transport property.
- hole-transporting materials include compounds having a ⁇ -electron-rich heteroaromatic ring (e.g., carbazole derivatives, furan derivatives, thiophene derivatives), aromatic amines (organic compounds having an aromatic amine skeleton), and the like. Materials with high toughness are preferred.
- carbazole derivatives organic compounds having a carbazole ring
- examples of the carbazole derivatives include bicarbazole derivatives (eg, 3,3'-bicarbazole derivatives) and aromatic amines having a carbazolyl group.
- bicarbazole derivative for example, 3,3′-bicarbazole derivative
- PCCP 3,3′-bis(9-phenyl-9H-carbazole)
- BisBPCz 9,9 '-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)-3,3'-bi-9H-carbazole
- BismBPCz 9,9'-bis(1,1'-biphenyl-3-yl)-3,3' -bi-9H-carbazole
- BismBPCz 9-(1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl)-9′-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-9H,9′H-3 ,3′-bicarbazole
- mBPCCBP 9,2-naphthyl)-9′-phenyl-9H,9′H-3,3′-bicarbazole
- ⁇ NCCP 9-(2-naphthyl)-9′-phenyl-9H,9′H-3,3′-bicarbazol
- aromatic amine having a carbazolyl group examples include 4-phenyl-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBA1BP), N-( 4-biphenyl)-N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine (abbreviation: PCBiF), N-(1,1'-biphenyl- 4-yl)-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene-2-amine (abbreviation: PCBBiF), 4,4′- Diphenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBBi1BP), 4-(1-naphthyl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H
- PCPPn 3-[4-(9-phenanthryl)-phenyl]-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole
- PCPN 3-[4-(1-naphthyl)- Phenyl]-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole
- mCP 1,3-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene
- CBP 4,4′-di(N-carbazolyl)biphenyl
- CzTP 3,6-bis(3,5-diphenylphenyl)-9-phenylcarbazole
- TCPB 1,3,5-tris[4-(N-carbazolyl)phenyl]benzene
- TCPB 9 -[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthracenyl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole
- furan derivative organic compound having a furan ring
- DBF3P- II 4,4′,4′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tri(dibenzofuran)
- mmDBFFLBi-II 4- ⁇ 3-[3-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl]phenyl ⁇ dibenzofuran
- thiophene derivative organic compound having a thiophene ring
- DBT3P 4,4′,4′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tri(dibenzothiophene)
- DBTFLP-III 2,8-diphenyl-4-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl]dibenzothiophene
- 4-[4-(9-phenyl- Examples thereof include organic compounds having a thiophene ring such as 9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl]-6-phenyldibenzothiophene (abbreviation: DBTFLP-IV).
- aromatic amine examples include 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: NPB or ⁇ -NPD), N,N′- Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (abbreviation: TPD), 4,4'-bis[N-(spiro-9, 9′-bifluoren-2-yl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: BSPB), 4-phenyl-4′-(9-phenylfluoren-9-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: BPAFLP), 4- Phenyl-3′-(9-phenylfluoren-9-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: mBPAFLP), N-(4-biphenyl)-N- ⁇ 4-
- PVK poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
- PVK poly(4-vinyltriphenylamine)
- PVK high molecular compounds
- PVTPA poly[N-(4- ⁇ N'-[4-(4-diphenylamino)phenyl]phenyl-N'-phenylamino ⁇ phenyl)methacrylamide]
- PTPDMA poly[N,N' -Bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine]
- Poly-TPD poly[N,N' -Bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine]
- poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (abbreviation: PEDOT / PSS), polyaniline / poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PAni / PSS) or other acid-added polymer system compounds, etc. can also be used.
- PEDOT / PSS poly(styrene sulfonic acid)
- PAni / PSS polyaniline / poly (styrene sulfonic acid)
- other acid-added polymer system compounds etc.
- the hole-transporting material is not limited to the above, and one or a combination of various known materials may be used as the hole-transporting material.
- the hole injection layers (111, 111a, 111b) can be formed using various known film forming methods, and for example, can be formed using a vacuum deposition method.
- the hole transport layers (112, 112a, 112b) transport holes injected from the first electrode 101 by the hole injection layers (111, 111a, 111b) to the light emitting layers (113, 113a, 113b). layer.
- the hole-transporting layers (112, 112a, 112b) are layers containing a hole-transporting material. Therefore, for the hole transport layers (112, 112a, 112b), a hole transport material that can be used for the hole injection layers (111, 111a, 111b) can be used.
- the same organic compound as that for the hole-transport layers (112, 112a, and 112b) can be used for the light-emitting layers (113, 113a, and 113b).
- the hole transport layers (112, 112a, 112b) and the light emitting layers (113, 113a, 113b) the same organic compound is used for the hole transport layers (112, 112a, 112b) and the light emitting layers (113, 113a, 113b)
- the hole transport layers (112, 112a, 112b) to the light emitting layers (113, 113a, 113b) It is more preferable because holes can be transported efficiently.
- the light-emitting layers (113, 113a, 113b) are layers containing light-emitting substances.
- a light-emitting substance that can be used for the light-emitting layers (113, 113a, and 113b) a substance that emits light such as green, yellowish green, yellow, orange, or red can be used as appropriate.
- different light-emitting substances can be used for the respective light-emitting layers, so that different emission colors can be obtained.
- a laminated structure in which one light-emitting layer contains different light-emitting substances may be employed.
- the light-emitting layers (113, 113a, 113b) may contain one or more organic compounds (host material, etc.) in addition to the light-emitting substance (guest material).
- the light-emitting layers 113, 113a, 113b
- a substance having an energy gap larger than that of the existing guest materials and the first host material is used as the newly added second host material.
- the lowest singlet excitation energy level (S1 level) of the second host material 3 is higher than the S1 level of the first host material
- the lowest triplet excitation energy level ( T1 level) is preferably higher than the T1 level of the guest material.
- the lowest triplet excitation energy level (T1 level) of the second host material is preferably higher than the T1 level of the first host material.
- the organic compound used as the above host material may be selected from the above-described hole transport layer (112, 112a, 112b), and an electron-transporting material that can be used in the electron-transporting layers (114, 114a, 114b) described below.
- An exciplex composed of (the first host material and the second host material described above) may be used. Note that an exciplex (also referred to as an exciplex, or an exciplex) that forms an excited state with a plurality of kinds of organic compounds has an extremely small difference between the S1 level and the T1 level, and the triplet excitation energy is reduced to the singlet excitation energy. It has a function as a TADF material that can be converted into energy.
- an organometallic complex based on iridium, rhodium, or platinum, or a phosphorescent substance such as a metal complex may be used for one side.
- the light-emitting substance that can be used in the light-emitting layers (113, 113a, 113b) is not particularly limited, and a light-emitting substance that converts singlet excitation energy into light emission in the visible light region, or a light-emitting substance that converts triplet excitation energy into light emission in the visible light region. Altering luminescent materials can be used.
- ⁇ Luminescent substances that convert singlet excitation energy into luminescence As a light-emitting substance that converts singlet excitation energy into light emission and that can be used for the light-emitting layers (113, 113a, and 113b), the following substances that emit fluorescence (fluorescent light-emitting substances) are listed. Examples include pyrene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, triphenylene derivatives, fluorene derivatives, carbazole derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, dibenzofuran derivatives, dibenzoquinoxaline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, pyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, phenanthrene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives and the like.
- Pyrene derivatives are particularly preferred because they have a high emission quantum yield.
- Specific examples of pyrene derivatives include N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis[3-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl]pyrene-1,6 -Diamine (abbreviation: 1,6mMemFLPAPrn), (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis[4-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl]pyrene-1,6-diamine) (abbreviation: 1,6FLPAPrn), N,N'-bis(dibenzofuran-2-yl)-N,N'-diphenylpyrene-1,6-diamine (abbreviation: 1,6FrAPrn), N,N'-bis( dibenzothiophen-2-yl)-N,N'-diphenylpyrene-1,
- N-[9,10-bis(1,1′-biphenyl-2-yl)-2-anthryl]-N,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine abbreviation: 2PCABPhA
- N-( 9,10-diphenyl-2-anthryl)-N,N',N'-triphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine abbreviation: 2DPAPA
- N-[9,10-bis(1,1'-biphenyl- 2-yl)-2-anthryl]-N,N',N'-triphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine abbreviation: 2DPABPhA
- 9,10-bis(1,1'-biphenyl-2-yl) -N-[4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]-N-phenylanthracen-2-amine abbreviation: 2YGABPhA
- N,N,9-triphenylanth abbre
- pyrenediamine compounds such as 1,6FLPAPrn, 1,6mMemFLPAPrn, 1,6BnfAPrn-03, and the like can be used.
- the propanedinitrile compound is particularly suitable for obtaining electroluminescence having a peak wavelength of 590 nm to 620 nm.
- Examples of light-emitting substances that convert triplet excitation energy into light emission that can be used in the light-emitting layer 113 include substances that emit phosphorescence (phosphorescent light-emitting substances) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence that exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence (thermly activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials.
- phosphorescence phosphorescent light-emitting substances
- TADF thermally activated delayed fluorescence
- a phosphorescent substance is a compound that exhibits phosphorescence and does not exhibit fluorescence in a temperature range from a low temperature (for example, 77 K) to room temperature (that is, from 77 K to 313 K).
- the phosphorescent substance preferably contains a metal element having a large spin-orbit interaction, and examples thereof include organometallic complexes, metal complexes (platinum complexes), rare earth metal complexes, and the like.
- a transition metal element is preferred, and in particular a platinum group element (ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), or platinum (Pt)) may be included.
- iridium is preferable because the transition probability associated with the direct transition between the singlet ground state and the triplet excited state can be increased.
- phosphorescent substance (495 nm or more and 590 nm or less: green or yellow)>>>>> Examples of phosphorescent substances that exhibit green or yellow color and have an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength of 495 nm or more and 590 nm or less include the following substances.
- tris(4-methyl-6-phenylpyrimidinato)iridium(III) (abbreviation: [Ir(mppm) 3 ]), tris(4-t-butyl-6-phenylpyrimidinato)iridium(III) (abbreviation: [Ir(tBuppm) 3 ]), (acetylacetonato)bis(6-methyl-4-phenylpyrimidinato)iridium (III) (abbreviation: [Ir(mppm) 2 (acac)]), ( acetylacetonato)bis(6-tert-butyl-4-phenylpyrimidinato)iridium(III) (abbreviation: [Ir(tBuppm) 2 (acac)]), (acetylacetonato)bis[6-(2- norbornyl)-4-phenylpyrimidinato]iridium(III) (abbreviation: [Ir(nbppm
- phosphorescent substance (570 nm or more and 750 nm or less: yellow or red)>>>>>> Examples of phosphorescent substances that exhibit yellow or red color and have an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength of 570 nm or more and 750 nm or less include the following substances.
- an organometallic complex having either one or both of a pyrimidine ring and a pyrazine ring is suitable for obtaining electroluminescence having a peak wavelength of 590 nm to 620 nm.
- organometallic complexes having a pyridine ring an organometallic complex having a quinoline ring is particularly suitable for obtaining electroluminescence having a peak wavelength of 590 nm to 620 nm.
- an organometallic complex having both a ligand having a pyrimidine ring or a pyrazine ring and a ligand having a quinoline ring has a low emission intensity at 495 nm or less, and an electroluminescence having a half width of 90 nm or more and 120 nm or less. Suitable for obtaining spectra.
- the TADF material has a small difference between the S1 level and the T1 level (preferably 0.2 eV or less), and the triplet excited state is up-converted to the singlet excited state by a small amount of thermal energy (reverse intersystem crossing). It is a material that efficiently emits light (fluorescence) from a singlet excited state.
- the energy difference between the triplet excitation energy level and the singlet excitation energy level is 0 eV or more and 0.2 eV or less, preferably 0 eV or more and 0.1 eV or less. Things are mentioned.
- delayed fluorescence in the TADF material refers to light emission having a spectrum similar to that of normal fluorescence and having a significantly long lifetime. Its lifetime is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 seconds or more, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 seconds or more.
- TADF materials include fullerenes, fullerene derivatives, acridine derivatives such as proflavin, and eosin.
- metal-containing porphyrins include protoporphyrin-tin fluoride complex (abbreviation: SnF2 (Proto IX)), mesoporphyrin-tin fluoride complex (abbreviation: SnF2 (Meso IX)), and hematoporphyrin-tin fluoride.
- a substance in which a ⁇ -electron-rich heteroaromatic compound and a ⁇ -electron-deficient heteroaromatic compound are directly bonded has the donor property of the ⁇ -electron-rich heteroaromatic compound and the acceptor property of the ⁇ -electron-deficient heteroaromatic compound. becomes strong, and the energy difference between the singlet excited state and the triplet excited state becomes small, which is particularly preferable.
- a TADF material (TADF100) in which a singlet excited state and a triplet excited state are in thermal equilibrium may be used as the TADF material. Since such a TADF material has a short emission lifetime (excitation lifetime), it is possible to suppress a decrease in efficiency in a high-luminance region of the light-emitting element.
- examples of materials having a function of converting triplet excitation energy into light emission include nanostructures of transition metal compounds having a perovskite structure. Nanostructures of metal halide perovskites are particularly preferred. Nanoparticles and nanorods are preferred as the nanostructures.
- the organic compound (host material, etc.) used in combination with the above-described light-emitting substance (guest material) has an energy gap larger than that of the light-emitting substance (guest material).
- One or a plurality of substances may be selected and used.
- the light-emitting substance used in the light-emitting layers (113, 113a, 113b, 113c) is a fluorescent light-emitting substance
- the combined organic compound (host material) has a large singlet excited state energy level and a triplet excited state energy level. It is preferable to use an organic compound with a small order or an organic compound with a high fluorescence quantum yield. Therefore, a hole-transporting material (described above), an electron-transporting material (described later), or the like described in this embodiment can be used as long as the organic compound satisfies such conditions.
- organic compounds include anthracene derivatives, tetracene derivatives, phenanthrene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, chrysene derivatives, condensed polycyclic aromatic compounds such as dibenzo[g,p]chrysene derivatives;
- a specific example of an organic compound (host material) that is preferably used in combination with a fluorescent light-emitting substance is 9-phenyl-3-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole (abbreviation : PCzPA), 3,6-diphenyl-9-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole (abbreviation: DPCzPA), 3-[4-(1-naphthyl)-phenyl]- 9-phenyl-9H-carbazole (abbreviation: PCPN), 9,10-diphenylanthracene (abbreviation: DPAnth), N,N-diphenyl-9-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H- Carbazol-3-amine (abbreviation: CzA1PA), 4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)triphenylamine (abbre
- the organic compound (host material) to be combined with the triplet excitation energy of the light-emitting substance ground state and triplet excited state
- the organic compound having a triplet excitation energy larger than the energy difference between it is sufficient to select an organic compound having a triplet excitation energy larger than the energy difference between ).
- a plurality of organic compounds for example, a first host material, a second host material (or an assist material), etc.
- these plurality of organic compounds is preferably mixed with a phosphorescent material.
- ExTET Extra Transmitter-Triplet Energy Transfer
- a compound that easily forms an exciplex is preferable, and a compound that easily accepts holes (hole-transporting material) and a compound that easily accepts electrons (electron-transporting material) are combined. is particularly preferred.
- a light-emitting substance fluorescent substance
- an organic compound host material, assist material
- an aromatic amine having an aromatic amine skeleton
- carbazole derivatives organic compounds having a carbazole ring
- dibenzothiophene derivatives organic compounds having a dibenzothiophene ring
- dibenzofuran derivatives organic compounds having a dibenzofuran ring
- oxadiazole derivatives having an oxadiazole ring organic compounds
- triazole derivatives organic compounds having a triazole ring
- benzimidazole derivatives organic compounds having a benzimidazole ring
- quinoxaline organic compounds having a quinoxaline ring
- dibenzoquinoxaline derivatives organic compounds having a dibenzoquinoxaline ring
- pyrimidine derivatives organic compound having a carbazole ring
- dibenzothiophene derivatives organic compounds having a dibenzothiophene ring
- dibenzofuran derivatives organic
- aromatic amines and carbazole derivatives which are highly hole-transporting organic compounds, include the same specific examples as the hole-transporting materials described above. All of these are preferable as host materials.
- dibenzothiophene derivative and the dibenzofuran derivative which are highly hole-transporting organic compounds, include 4- ⁇ 3-[3-(9-phenyl-9H-fluorene- 9-yl)phenyl]phenyl ⁇ dibenzofuran (abbreviation: mmDBFFLBi-II), 4,4′,4′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tri(dibenzofuran) (abbreviation: DBF3P-II), DBT3P -II, 2,8-diphenyl-4-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl]dibenzothiophene (abbreviation: DBTFLP-III), 4-[4-(9-phenyl-9H) -fluoren-9-yl)phenyl]-6-phenyldibenzothiophene (abbreviation: DBTFLP-IV),
- oxazoles such as bis[2-(2-benzoxazolyl)phenolato]zinc(II) (abbreviation: ZnPBO) and bis[2-(2-benzothiazolyl)phenolato]zinc(II) (abbreviation: ZnBTZ) , a metal complex having a thiazole-based ligand, and the like are also mentioned as preferred host materials.
- oxadiazole derivatives examples include: 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (abbreviation: PBD), 1,3-bis[5-(p-tert-butylphenyl) -1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]benzene (abbreviation: OXD-7), 9-[4-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl] -9H-carbazole (abbreviation: CO11), 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,
- pyridine derivatives examples include 4, 6 -bis[3-(phenanthren-9-yl)phenyl]pyrimidine (abbreviation: 4,6mPnP2Pm), 4,6-bis[3-(4-dibenzothienyl)phenyl]pyrimidine (abbreviation: 4,6mDBTP2Pm-II), 4,6-bis[3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]pyrimidine (abbreviation: 4,6mCzP2Pm), 2- ⁇ 4-[3-(N-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)- 9H-carbazol-9-yl]phenyl ⁇ -4,6-diphenyl-1,
- the metal complex which is an organic compound having a high electron transport property
- a specific example of the metal complex is a zinc-based or aluminum-based metal complex
- tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum (III) abbreviation : Alq
- tris(4-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum( III ) abbreviation: Almq3
- bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)beryllium(II) abbreviation: BeBq2
- bis( 2 -methyl-8-quinolinolato)(4-phenylphenolato)aluminum (III) abbreviation: BAlq
- bis(8-quinolinolato)zinc (II) abbreviation: Znq
- Metal complexes and the like can be mentioned, and any of these are preferable as the host material.
- poly(2,5-pyridinediyl) (abbreviation: PPy), poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)] (abbreviation: PF) -Py), poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-diyl)] (abbreviation: PF-BPy) Molecular compounds and the like are also preferred as host materials.
- PPy poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)]
- PF-BPy poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-diy
- the bipolar 9-phenyl-9′-(4-phenyl-2-quinazolinyl)-3,3′-bipolar compound which is an organic compound having a high hole-transporting property and a high electron-transporting property, -9H-carbazole (abbreviation: PCCzQz), 2-[4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3,1′-biphenyl-1-yl]dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline (abbreviation: PCCzQz) : 2mpPCBPDBq), 5-[3-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2yl)phenyl]-7,7-dimethyl-5H,7H-indeno[2,1-b]carbazole ( Abbreviations: mINc(II)PTzn), 11-(4-[1,1′-niphenyl]-4-yl-6-phenyl-1,3,5
- the electron transport layers (114, 114a, 114b) transfer electrons injected from the second electrode 102 and the charge generation layers (106, 106a, 106b) by the electron injection layers (115, 115a, 115b), which will be described later, into the light emitting layer ( 113, 113a, 113b).
- the electron transporting material used for the electron transporting layers (114, 114a, 114b) has an electron mobility of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 /Vs or more when the square root of the electric field strength [V/cm] is 600. A substance with a degree of hardness is preferred.
- the electron transport layers (114, 114a, 114b) function as a single layer, but may have a laminated structure of two or more layers. Since the above mixed material has heat resistance, the effect of the heat process on the device characteristics can be suppressed by performing a photolithography process on the electron transport layer using the mixed material.
- an organic compound having a high electron-transporting property can be used, and for example, a heteroaromatic compound can be used.
- a heteroaromatic compound is a cyclic compound containing at least two different elements in the ring.
- the ring structure includes a 3-membered ring, a 4-membered ring, a 5-membered ring, a 6-membered ring, etc., and a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring is particularly preferable.
- Heteroaromatic compounds containing any one or more of nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur are preferred.
- nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compounds nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compounds
- materials with high electron transport properties such as nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compounds or ⁇ -electron deficient heteroaromatic compounds containing these (electron transport properties material) is preferably used.
- a heteroaromatic compound is an organic compound having at least one heteroaromatic ring.
- the heteroaromatic ring has any one of a pyridine ring, a diazine ring, a triazine ring, a polyazole ring, an oxazole ring, a thiazole ring, and the like.
- heteroaromatic rings having a diazine ring include heteroaromatic rings having a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, a pyridazine ring, or the like.
- heteroaromatic rings having a polyazole ring include heteroaromatic rings having an imidazole ring, a triazole ring, and an oxadiazole ring.
- a heteroaromatic ring also includes a fused heteroaromatic ring having a fused ring structure.
- the condensed heteroaromatic ring includes quinoline ring, benzoquinoline ring, quinoxaline ring, dibenzoquinoxaline ring, quinazoline ring, benzoquinazoline ring, dibenzoquinazoline ring, phenanthroline ring, furodiazine ring, and benzimidazole ring.
- heteroaromatic compounds having a five-membered ring structure include: heteroaromatic compound having imidazole ring, heteroaromatic compound having triazole ring, heteroaromatic compound having oxazole ring, heteroaromatic compound having oxadiazole ring, heteroaromatic compound having thiazole ring, benzimidazole ring Heteroaromatic compounds having
- heteroaromatic compounds having a 6-membered ring structure include a pyridine ring, a diazine ring (pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, pyridazine ring, etc.), heteroaromatic compounds having heteroaromatic rings such as triazine ring and polyazole ring. It is included in heteroaromatic compounds having a structure in which pyridine rings are linked, and includes heteroaromatic compounds having a bipyridine structure and heteroaromatic compounds having a terpyridine structure.
- the heteroaromatic compound having a condensed ring structure partially including the six-membered ring structure includes a quinoline ring, a benzoquinoline ring, a quinoxaline ring, a dibenzoquinoxaline ring, a phenanthroline ring, and a (including structures in which aromatic rings are condensed), heteroaromatic compounds having condensed heteroaromatic rings such as benzimidazole rings, and the like.
- heteroaromatic compound having a five-membered ring structure include 2-( 4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (abbreviation: PBD), 1,3-bis[5-(p-tert-butylphenyl)-1, 3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]benzene (abbreviation: OXD-7), 9-[4-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl]-9H- Carbazole (abbreviation: CO11), 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole
- heteroaromatic compound having a six-membered ring structure including a heteroaromatic ring having a pyridine ring, a diazine ring, a triazine ring, etc.
- examples of the heteroaromatic compound having a six-membered ring structure include 3,5-bis[3-(9H-carbazole-9 -yl)phenyl]pyridine (abbreviation: 35DCzPPy), 1,3,5-tri[3-(3-pyridyl)phenyl]benzene (abbreviation: TmPyPB), and other heteroaromatics containing a heteroaromatic ring having a pyridine ring Compound, 2- ⁇ 4-[3-(N-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9H-carbazol-9-yl]phenyl ⁇ -4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine (abbreviation : PCCzPTzn), 9-[3-(
- 2,2′-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(4-phenylbenzo[h]quinazoline) (abbreviation: 2,6(P-Bqn)2Py)
- 2,2′-(2 ,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-diyl)bis(4-phenylbenzo[h]quinazoline) (abbreviation: 6,6′(P-Bqn)2BPy)
- 2,2′-(pyridine-2,6 -diyl)bis ⁇ 4-[4-(2-naphthyl)phenyl]-6-phenylpyrimidine ⁇ (abbreviation: 2,6(NP-PPm)2Py, 6-(1,1'-biphenyl-3-yl) -4-[3,5-bis(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]-2-phenylpyrimidine (abbreviation: 6mBP-4Cz2PPm), including a heteroaromatic
- heteroaromatic compound having a condensed ring structure partially including a six-membered ring structure include bathophenanthroline (abbreviation: Bphen) and bathocuproine (abbreviation: BCP).
- metal complexes shown below can be used in addition to the heteroaromatic compounds shown above.
- poly(2,5-pyridinediyl) (abbreviation: PPy), poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)] (abbreviation: PF -Py), poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-diyl)] (abbreviation: PF-BPy)
- PPy poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)]
- PF -BPy poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-diyl)]
- the electron transport layers (114, 114a, 114b) are not limited to a single layer, and may have a structure in which two or more layers made of the above substances are laminated.
- the electron injection layers (115, 115a, 115b) are layers containing substances with high electron injection properties. Further, the electron injection layers (115, 115a, 115b) are layers for increasing the injection efficiency of electrons from the second electrode 102. When comparing the LUMO level values of the materials used for the layers (115, 115a, 115b), it is preferable to use a material with a small difference (0.5 eV or less).
- the electron injection layer 115 includes lithium, cesium, lithium fluoride (LiF), cesium fluoride (CsF), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), 8-(quinolinolato)lithium (abbreviation: Liq), 2-( 2-pyridyl)phenoratritium (abbreviation: LiPP), 2-(2-pyridyl)-3-pyridinolatritium (abbreviation: LiPPy), 4-phenyl-2-(2-pyridyl)phenoratritium (abbreviation: LiPPP) ) Lithium oxide (LiO x ), alkali metals such as cesium carbonate, alkaline earth metals, or compounds thereof can be used.
- Liq lithium, cesium, lithium fluoride
- CsF cesium fluoride
- CaF 2 calcium fluoride
- Liq 8-(quinolinolato)lithium
- LiPP 2-( 2-pyridyl)phenoratritium
- rare earth metal compounds such as erbium fluoride (ErF 3 ) and ytterbium (Yb) can be used.
- the electron injection layers (115, 115a, 115b) may be formed by mixing plural kinds of the above materials, or may be formed by stacking plural kinds of the above materials.
- Electride may also be used for the electron injection layers (115, 115a, 115b). Examples of the electride include a mixed oxide of calcium and aluminum to which electrons are added at a high concentration.
- the substance which comprises the electron transport layer (114, 114a, 114b) mentioned above can also be used.
- a mixed material obtained by mixing an organic compound and an electron donor (donor) may be used for the electron injection layers (115, 115a, 115b).
- a mixed material has excellent electron injection properties and electron transport properties because electrons are generated in the organic compound by the electron donor.
- the organic compound is preferably a material excellent in transporting generated electrons.
- an electron-transporting material metal complex , heteroaromatic compounds, etc.
- the electron donor any substance can be used as long as it exhibits an electron donating property with respect to an organic compound.
- alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and rare earth metals are preferred, and examples include lithium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, erbium and ytterbium.
- alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides are preferred, and examples thereof include lithium oxide, calcium oxide and barium oxide.
- Lewis bases such as magnesium oxide can also be used.
- An organic compound such as tetrathiafulvalene (abbreviation: TTF) can also be used. Also, a plurality of these materials may be laminated and used.
- a mixed material obtained by mixing an organic compound and a metal may be used for the electron injection layers (115, 115a, 115b).
- the organic compound used here preferably has a LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) level of ⁇ 3.6 eV or more and ⁇ 2.3 eV or less. Also, a material having a lone pair of electrons is preferred.
- the mixed material obtained by mixing the heteroaromatic compound with the metal which can be used for the electron transport layer
- heteroaromatic compounds include heteroaromatic compounds having a 5-membered ring structure (imidazole ring, triazole ring, oxazole ring, oxadiazole ring, thiazole ring, benzimidazole ring, etc.), 6-membered ring structures (pyridine ring, diazine Heteroaromatic compounds having a ring (including pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, pyridazine ring, etc.), triazine ring, bipyridine ring, terpyridine ring, etc.; A material having a lone pair of electrons, such as a heteroaromatic compound having a ring, a quinoxaline ring, a dibenzoquinoxaline ring, a phenanthroline ring
- the metal used in the mixed material it is preferable to use a transition metal belonging to Group 5, 7, 9 or 11 in the periodic table, or a material belonging to Group 13. For example, Ag, Cu, Al, In, or the like. At this time, the organic compound forms a singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) with the transition metal.
- SOMO singly occupied molecular orbital
- the optical distance between the second electrode 102 and the light emitting layer 113b is less than 1/4 of the wavelength ⁇ of the light emitted by the light emitting layer 113b. It is preferable to form In this case, it can be adjusted by changing the film thickness of the electron transport layer 114b or the electron injection layer 115b.
- a structure in which a plurality of EL layers are laminated between a pair of electrodes can also be used.
- the charge generation layer 106 injects electrons into the EL layer 103a and injects holes into the EL layer 103b. It has the function of injecting.
- the charge generation layer 106 may have a structure in which an electron acceptor (acceptor) is added to the hole-transporting material or a structure in which an electron donor (donor) is added to the electron-transporting material. good. Also, both of these configurations may be laminated. Note that by forming the charge-generating layer 106 using the above materials, an increase in driving voltage in the case where EL layers are stacked can be suppressed.
- the material described in this embodiment can be used as the hole-transporting material.
- electron acceptors include 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroquinodimethane (abbreviation: F4 - TCNQ), chloranil, and the like.
- oxides of metals belonging to groups 4 to 8 in the periodic table can be mentioned. Specific examples include vanadium oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, manganese oxide, and rhenium oxide.
- the materials described in this embodiment can be used as the electron-transporting material.
- the electron donor alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, rare earth metals, metals belonging to Groups 2 and 13 in the periodic table, and oxides and carbonates thereof can be used.
- an organic compound such as tetrathianaphthacene may be used as an electron donor.
- FIG. 5D shows a structure in which two EL layers 103 are stacked, but a stacked structure of three or more EL layers may be employed by providing a charge generation layer between different EL layers.
- the light-emitting device described in this embodiment can be formed over various substrates.
- the type of substrate is not limited to a specific one.
- substrates include semiconductor substrates (e.g. single crystal substrates or silicon substrates), SOI substrates, glass substrates, quartz substrates, plastic substrates, metal substrates, stainless steel substrates, substrates with stainless steel foil, tungsten substrates, Substrates with tungsten foils, flexible substrates, laminated films, papers containing fibrous materials, or substrate films may be mentioned.
- glass substrates include barium borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, soda lime glass, and the like.
- flexible substrates, laminated films, base films, etc. include plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polyether sulfone (PES), synthesis of acrylic and the like.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- PES polyether sulfone
- Resin polypropylene, polyester, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, polyimide, aramid, epoxy resin, inorganic deposition film, paper, and the like.
- a vapor phase method such as an evaporation method, a liquid phase method such as a spin coating method, or an inkjet method can be used for manufacturing the light-emitting device described in this embodiment mode.
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- sputtering ion plating
- ion beam vapor deposition molecular beam vapor deposition
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- the layers having various functions included in the EL layer of the light emitting device are formed by a vapor deposition method (vacuum vapor deposition). method, etc.), coating method (dip coating method, die coating method, bar coating method, spin coating method, spray coating method, etc.), printing method (inkjet method, screen (stencil printing) method, offset (lithographic printing) method, flexo ( It can be formed by a method such as letterpress printing) method, gravure method, microcontact method, etc.).
- high molecular compounds oligomers, dendrimers, polymers, etc.
- middle molecular compounds compounds in the intermediate region between low molecular weight and high molecular weight: molecular weight 400 to 4000 below
- inorganic compounds quantum dot materials, etc.
- quantum dot material a colloidal quantum dot material, an alloy quantum dot material, a core-shell quantum dot material, a core quantum dot material, or the like can be used.
- Each layer (the hole-injection layer 111, the hole-transport layer 112, the light-emitting layer 113, the electron-transport layer 114, and the electron-injection layer 115) constituting the EL layer 103 of the light-emitting device described in this embodiment is
- the materials are not limited to those shown, and other materials can be used in combination as long as they can satisfy the functions of each layer.
- FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view taken along line ef in the top view of the lighting device shown in FIG. 6B.
- a first electrode 401 is formed over a light-transmitting substrate 400 which is a support.
- a first electrode 401 corresponds to the first electrode 101 in the second embodiment.
- the first electrode 401 is formed using a light-transmitting material.
- a pad 412 is formed on the substrate 400 for supplying voltage to the second electrode 404 .
- An EL layer 403 is formed over the first electrode 401 .
- the EL layer 403 corresponds to the structure of the EL layer 103 in Embodiment Mode 2.
- FIG. please refer to the said description about these structures.
- a second electrode 404 is formed to cover the EL layer 403 .
- a second electrode 404 corresponds to the second electrode 102 in the second embodiment.
- the second electrode 404 is made of a highly reflective material.
- a voltage is supplied to the second electrode 404 by connecting it to the pad 412 .
- the light-emitting device described in this embodiment includes the light-emitting device including the first electrode 401, the EL layer 403, and the second electrode 404.
- the substrate 400 on which the light-emitting device having the above structure is formed and the sealing substrate 407 are fixed and sealed using the sealing materials 405 and 406 to complete the lighting device. Either one of the sealing materials 405 and 406 may be used.
- the inner sealing material 406 (not shown in FIG. 6B) can be mixed with a desiccant, which can absorb moisture, leading to improved reliability.
- an external input terminal can be formed.
- an IC chip 420 or the like having a converter or the like mounted thereon may be provided thereon.
- the ceiling light 8001 includes a type directly attached to the ceiling, a type embedded in the ceiling, and the like. Such a lighting device is constructed by combining a light emitting device with a shade, a housing or a cover.
- a cord pendant type (a cord hanging type from the ceiling) is also possible.
- the foot light 8002 can illuminate the floor surface to enhance the safety of the foot. For example, it is effective for use in bedrooms, stairs, corridors, and the like. In that case, the size and shape can be changed as appropriate according to the size and structure of the room.
- a stationary lighting device configured by combining a light emitting device and a support base is also possible.
- the sheet-like lighting 8003 is a thin sheet-like lighting device. Since it is attached to the wall, it does not take up much space and can be used for a wide range of purposes. In addition, it is easy to increase the area. In addition, it can also be used for a wall surface having a curved surface.
- a lighting device 8004 in which light from a light source is controlled only in a desired direction can also be used.
- the desk lamp 8005 includes a light source 8006, and as the light source 8006, a light-emitting device that is one embodiment of the present invention or a light-emitting device that is part thereof can be applied.
- a lighting device having a function as furniture can be obtained. can do.
- Example 1 In this example, the results of examining the operation characteristics of the light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention, which is described in Embodiment 1, were actually manufactured will be described.
- FIG. 8 shows an appearance photograph of the light-emitting device 1 actually manufactured.
- FIG. 9 shows a graph of basic data f having 1/f fluctuation characteristics in the light emitting device 1.
- FIG. 10 shows graphs of the first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x in the light emitting device 1.
- FIG. 11 shows a graph of light control data y in the light emitting device 1.
- the vertical axis represents the intensity of each data
- the horizontal axis represents the data number.
- the light-emitting device 1 has a light-emitting device and a housing.
- a light emitting device an organic EL element having a light emitting portion area of 1142.75 mm 2 (35 mm ⁇ 32.65 mm) was used.
- the configuration of the light-emitting device used in this example will be described in Example 2.
- FIG. 9 A light control method for the light emitting device 1 will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 to 11.
- FIG. 9 A light control method for the light emitting device 1 will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 to 11.
- the moving average processing interval d1 for generating the first smoothed data X is set to 30, and the moving average processing interval d2 for generating the second smoothed data x is set to 5.
- the first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x shown in FIG. 10 are arithmetically processed to generate the dimming data y shown in FIG. Arithmetic processing was performed according to the following formula.
- y i represents the i-th data (0 or more and 1 or less) of the dimming data y
- Xi represents the i-th data of the first smoothed data X
- x i is , represents the i-th data of the second smoothed data x.
- X max represents the maximum value of X
- X min represents the minimum value of X
- UL represents a predetermined upper limit value of the X component
- LL represents a predetermined lower limit value of the X component.
- x max represents the maximum value of x
- x min represents the minimum value of x.
- A represents a predetermined contribution rate. In this embodiment, calculation processing was performed with UL set to 0.9, LL set to 0.6, and A set to 0.1.
- the first smoothed data X and the second smoothed data x are combined to have a new 1/f fluctuation characteristic while having sufficient smoothness. It can be seen that the dimming data y could be generated.
- the light emitting device 1 employs a PWM control method (100 Hz), and changes the luminance of the light emitting device 1 in time series according to the dimming data thus generated.
- the structure and characteristics of the light-emitting device 1 to light-emitting device 3, which are organic EL elements that can be used in the light-emitting device described in the first embodiment, will be described.
- Specific configurations of the light-emitting devices 1 to 3 are shown in the table below. Chemical formulas of materials used in this example are shown below.
- the light-emitting device 1 to light-emitting device 3 shown in this embodiment have a light-emitting portion area of 4 mm 2 (2 mm ⁇ 2 mm). It can be produced by a similar method.
- a hole-injection layer 911, a hole-transport layer 912, a light-emitting layer 913, and an electron-transport layer 914 are formed on a first electrode 901 formed on a substrate 900 as shown in FIG. and an electron-injection layer 915 are sequentially stacked, and a second electrode 903 is stacked over the electron-injection layer 915 .
- a first electrode 901 was formed over a substrate 900 .
- the electrode area was 4 mm 2 (2 mm ⁇ 2 mm).
- a glass substrate was used as the substrate 900 .
- the first electrode 901 was formed by sputtering indium tin oxide containing silicon oxide (ITSO) to a thickness of 70 nm.
- ITSO indium tin oxide containing silicon oxide
- the surface of the substrate was washed with water, baked at 200° C. for 1 hour, and then subjected to UV ozone treatment for 370 seconds. After that, the substrate was introduced into a vacuum deposition apparatus whose interior was evacuated to about 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, vacuum baked at 170° C. for 60 minutes in a heating chamber in the vacuum deposition apparatus, and then exposed to heat for about 30 minutes. chilled.
- a hole-injection layer 911 was formed over the first electrode 901 .
- PCBBiF N-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-N-[4 -(9-Phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2
- a hole-transport layer 912 was formed over the hole-injection layer 911 .
- the hole-transport layer 912 uses PCBBiF and is vapor-deposited to a thickness of 140 nm.
- Phenyl]-bis(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)amine (abbreviation: PCBFF) was used and formed by vapor deposition to 85 nm.
- the electron transport layer 914 is composed of 2-[3′-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl]- represented by structural formula (v) above.
- an electron injection layer 915 was formed over the electron transport layer 914 .
- the electron injection layer 915 was formed by vapor deposition using Liq to a thickness of 1 nm.
- a second electrode 903 was formed over the electron injection layer 915 .
- the second electrode 903 was formed by vapor deposition of aluminum so as to have a thickness of 200 nm. Note that the second electrode 903 functions as a cathode in this embodiment.
- the light-emitting device 1 having the EL layer sandwiched between the pair of electrodes was formed on the substrate 900 .
- the hole-injection layer 911, the hole-transport layer 912, the light-emitting layer 913, the electron-transport layer 914, and the electron-injection layer 915 described in the above steps are functional layers forming the EL layer in one embodiment of the present invention.
- a vapor deposition method using a resistance heating method was used in all cases.
- the fabricated light-emitting device 1 was sealed in a glove box in a nitrogen atmosphere so as not to be exposed to the atmosphere (a sealant was applied around the device, and UV treatment and heat treatment at 80° C. for 1 hour were performed at the time of sealing).
- the light-emitting device 2 is a light-emitting device that differs from the light-emitting device 1 in the light-emitting material used for the light-emitting layer 913 and the mixing ratio of each material.
- the luminance-current density characteristics of the light-emitting device 1 and the light-emitting device 2 are shown in FIG. 13, the current efficiency-luminance characteristics are shown in FIG. 14, the luminance-voltage characteristics are shown in FIG. 15, the current-voltage characteristics are shown in FIG.
- the luminance characteristic is shown in FIG. 17, and the emission spectrum is shown in FIG. 19 shows the luminance-current density characteristics of the light emitting device 3
- FIG. 20 shows the current efficiency-luminance characteristics
- FIG. 21 shows the luminance-voltage characteristics
- FIG. 22 shows the current-voltage characteristics
- FIG. is shown in FIG. 23, and the emission spectrum is shown in FIG.
- SR-UL1R spectroradiometer
- the maximum peak wavelengths of the emission spectra of Light-Emitting Device 1 and Light-Emitting Device 2 were 614 nm and 614 nm, respectively.
- the emission intensity at 495 nm or less of the emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 1 was 1% or less of the emission intensity at the maximum peak wavelength.
- the emission intensity at 495 nm or less of the emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 2 was 1% or less of the emission intensity at the maximum peak wavelength.
- the half-value widths of the emission spectra of Light-Emitting Device 1 and Light-Emitting Device 2 were 91 nm and 90 nm, respectively.
- the maximum peak wavelength of the emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 3 was 612 nm.
- the emission intensity at 495 nm or less of the emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 3 was 1% or less of the emission intensity at the maximum peak wavelength.
- the half width of the emission spectrum of the light emitting device 3 was 79 nm.
- the light-emitting devices 1 to 3 emit light that is closer to natural light and suppresses blue light, thereby providing a relaxing effect to the user. Therefore, it was found that by using the light-emitting devices 1 to 3 in the light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention, the relaxing effect of the light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention can be enhanced.
- the structure and characteristics of the light-emitting devices 4 to 6, which are organic EL elements that can be used in the light-emitting device described in the first embodiment, will be described. Specific configurations of the light emitting devices 4 to 6 are shown in the table below. Chemical formulas of materials used in this example are shown below.
- the light-emitting device area of the light-emitting devices 4 to 6 shown in this embodiment is 4 mm 2 (2 mm ⁇ 2 mm). It can be produced by a similar method.
- the light-emitting device 4 is a light-emitting device different from the light-emitting device 1 shown in Example 2 in the light-emitting material used for the light-emitting layer 913 and the mixing ratio of each material.
- the light-emitting device 5 is a light-emitting device different from the light-emitting device 1 shown in Example 2 in the light-emitting materials used in the light-emitting layer 913 , the mixing ratio of each material, and the material used in the electron transport layer 914 .
- the electron-transport layer 914 2mDBTBPDBq-II was used instead of mFBPTzn.
- mPn-mDMePyPTzn and Liq are co-deposited, and 2,9-di(naphthalen-2-yl)-4,7-diphenyl- 1,10-phenanthroline (abbreviation: NBPhen) was evaporated. Otherwise, the light-emitting device 1 shown in Example 2 was fabricated.
- FIG. 25 shows the luminance-current density characteristics of the light emitting device 4
- FIG. 26 shows the current efficiency-luminance characteristics
- FIG. 27 shows the luminance-voltage characteristics
- FIG. 28 shows the current-voltage characteristics
- FIG. 28 shows the external quantum efficiency-luminance characteristics.
- 29 and the emission spectra are shown in FIG. 31
- the current efficiency-luminance characteristics of the light-emitting device 5 and the light-emitting device 6 are shown in FIG. 31
- the luminance-voltage characteristics are shown in FIG. 33
- the current-voltage characteristics are shown in FIG.
- Efficiency-luminance characteristics are shown in FIG. 35
- emission spectra are shown in FIG.
- SR-UL1R spectroradiometer
- the maximum peak wavelength of the emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 4 was 597 nm.
- the emission intensity at 495 nm or less of the emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 4 was 1% or less of the emission intensity at the maximum peak wavelength.
- the half width of the emission spectrum of the light emitting device 4 was 71 nm.
- the maximum peak wavelengths of the emission spectra of Light-Emitting Device 5 and Light-Emitting Device 6 were 597 nm and 600 nm, respectively.
- the emission intensity at 495 nm or less of the emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 5 and the light-emitting device 6 was 1% or less of the emission intensity at the maximum peak wavelength, respectively.
- the half widths of the emission spectra of the light emitting device 5 and the light emitting device 6 were 72 nm and 73 nm, respectively.
- the light-emitting devices 4 to 6 emit light that is closer to natural light and have reduced blue light, which can provide a relaxing effect to the user. Therefore, it was found that by using the light-emitting devices 4 to 6 in the light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention, the relaxing effect of the light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention can be enhanced.
- the element structure and characteristics of the light-emitting device 7, which is an organic EL element that can be used in the light-emitting device described in the first embodiment, will be described.
- Table 3 shows the specific configuration of the light emitting device 7 . Chemical formulas of materials used in this example are shown below.
- the structure of the light emitting device 7 is the same as that of the light emitting device 3 described in the second embodiment. Also, the light emitting portion area of the light emitting device 7 is 1142.75 mm 2 (35 mm ⁇ 32.65 mm).
- the light-emitting device 7 shown in this embodiment has the same laminated structure as the light-emitting device 3 shown in the second embodiment, but has a different area of the light-emitting portion. Specifically, the light-emitting device 7 was fabricated in the same manner as the light-emitting device 3 except that the first electrode 901 having an area of 1142.75 mm 2 (35 mm ⁇ 32.65 mm) was formed on the substrate 900 .
- FIG. 37 shows the luminance-current density characteristics of the light emitting device 7
- FIG. 38 shows the current efficiency-luminance characteristics
- FIG. 39 shows the luminance-voltage characteristics
- FIG. 40 shows the current-voltage characteristics
- FIG. 40 shows the external quantum efficiency-luminance characteristics. 41 and the emission spectra are shown in FIG. 42, respectively.
- the main characteristics of the light-emitting device 7 near 1000 cd/m 2 are shown in the table below.
- a spectroradiometer (SR-UL1R, manufactured by Topcon Corporation) was used to measure luminance, CIE chromaticity, and emission spectrum at room temperature.
- the maximum peak wavelength of the emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 7 was 610 nm.
- the emission intensity at 495 nm or less of the emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 7 was 1% or less of the emission intensity at the maximum peak wavelength.
- the half width of the emission spectrum of the light emitting device 7 was 78 nm.
- the light-emitting device 7 emits light that is closer to natural light and suppresses blue light, thereby providing a relaxing effect to the user.
- the light emitting device 7 has a light emitting portion area of 1142.75 mm 2 (35 mm ⁇ 32.65 mm), which is a large area of surface light emission, it can emit softer light. Therefore, it is expected that the relaxation effect will be enhanced.
- Step 1 Synthesis of 2-phenylquinoline (abbreviation: Hpqn)> 7.8 g (38 mmol) of 2-bromoquinoline, 5.5 g (45 mmol) of phenylboronic acid, 113 mL of 2M potassium carbonate aqueous solution, and 125 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) were placed in a 300 mL three-necked flask, and the inside of the flask was replaced with nitrogen. . 1.2 g (1.0 mmol) of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium was added to this mixture, and the mixture was heated under reflux at 90° C. for 3.5 hours.
- Hpqn 2-phenylquinoline
- step 1 A synthesis scheme of step 1 is shown in the following formula (a-1).
- Step 2 Synthesis of di- ⁇ -chloro-tetrakis[2-(2-quinolinyl- ⁇ N)phenyl- ⁇ C]diiridium(III) (abbreviation: [Ir(pqn) 2 Cl] 2 ])> 3 g (15 mmol) of Hpqn obtained by the synthesis method in step 1 above, 1.97 g (6.6 mmol) of IrCl 3 ⁇ H 2 O, 81 mL of 2-ethoxyethanol, and 27 mL of water were placed in a three-necked flask and the inside of the flask was replaced with argon. did. The mixture was irradiated with microwaves at 400 W and 100° C.
- step 2 A synthesis scheme of step 2 is shown in the following formula (a-2).
- Step 3 Bis[2-(2-quinolinyl- ⁇ N)phenyl- ⁇ C][2-(6-phenyl-4-pyrimidinyl- ⁇ N3)phenyl- ⁇ C]iridium( III ) (abbreviation: [Ir(pqn) 2 (dppm)])> 2.2 g (1.73 mmol) of [Ir(pqn) 2 Cl] 2 obtained in step 2 above and 200 mL of dichloromethane were placed in a three-necked flask, and 0.89 g (3.5 mmol) of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate and 15 mL of methanol were mixed. The mixed solution was added dropwise and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours.
- the obtained solid was washed with hexane to obtain 0.680 g of a red solid with a yield of 24%.
- 0.59 g of the obtained red solid was purified by sublimation twice by the train sublimation method.
- the sublimation purification conditions were a pressure of 1.5 to 1.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa, an argon flow rate of 0 mL/min, and heating of the solid at 285 to 295°C.
- the target red solid was obtained with a yield of 24%.
- a synthesis scheme of step 3 is shown in the following formula (a-3).
- an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum (hereinafter simply referred to as "absorption spectrum") and an emission spectrum of a dichloromethane solution of [Ir(pqn) 2 (dppm)] were measured.
- An ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (manufactured by JASCO Corporation, Model V550) was used to measure the absorption spectrum.
- a dichloromethane solution (0.0123 mmol/L) was placed in a quartz cell and measured at room temperature.
- the absorption spectrum was obtained by subtracting the absorption spectrum measured by putting only dichloromethane in a quartz cell from the absorption spectrum measured by putting a dichloromethane solution (0.0123 mmol/L) in a quartz cell.
- An absolute PL quantum yield measuring device (C11347-01, manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Ltd.) was used to measure the emission spectrum.
- a quartz cell was filled with a deoxygenated dichloromethane solution (0.0123 mmol/L) under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the cell was sealed and measured at room temperature.
- FIG. 44 shows the measurement results of the absorption spectrum and emission spectrum.
- the horizontal axis represents wavelength, and the vertical axis represents absorption intensity and emission intensity.
- [Ir(pqn) 2 (dppm)] has an emission peak at 606 nm, and reddish orange emission was observed from the dichloromethane solution.
- the half width of the emission spectrum of [Ir(pqn) 2 (dppm)] was 104 nm.
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Abstract
Description
図2A、図2B、図2C、および図2Dは、本発明の一態様の発光装置が処理するデータを説明する図である。
図3Aおよび図3Bは、本発明の一態様の発光装置を説明する図である。
図4Aおよび図4Bは、本発明の一態様の照明装置を説明する図である。
図5A、図5B、図5C、図5D、図5Eは、実施の形態に係る発光デバイスの構成を説明する図である。
図6Aおよび図6Bは、実施の形態に係る電子機器を説明する図である。
図7は、実施の形態に係る電子機器を説明する図である。
図8は、発光装置1の外観写真である。
図9は、発光装置1における1/fゆらぎ特性を有する基本データのグラフである。
図10は、発光装置1における第1の平滑化データおよび第2の平滑化データのグラフである。
図11は、発光装置1における調光データのグラフである。
図12は、実施例に係る発光デバイスの構成を説明する図である。
図13は発光デバイス1および発光デバイス2の輝度−電流密度特性を示す図である。
図14は発光デバイス1および発光デバイス2の電流効率−輝度特性を示す図である。
図15は発光デバイス1および発光デバイス2の輝度−電圧特性を示す図である。
図16は発光デバイス1および発光デバイス2の電流−電圧特性を示す図である。
図17は発光デバイス1および発光デバイス2の外部量子効率−輝度特性を示す図である。
図18は発光デバイス1および発光デバイス2の発光スペクトルを示す図である。
図19は発光デバイス3の輝度−電流密度特性を示す図である。
図20は発光デバイス3の電流効率−輝度特性を示す図である。
図21は発光デバイス3の輝度−電圧特性を示す図である。
図22は発光デバイス3の電流−電圧特性を示す図である。
図23は発光デバイス3の外部量子効率−輝度特性を示す図である。
図24は発光デバイス3の発光スペクトルを示す図である。
図25は発光デバイス4の輝度−電流密度特性を示す図である。
図26は発光デバイス4の電流効率−輝度特性を示す図である。
図27は発光デバイス4の輝度−電圧特性を示す図である。
図28は発光デバイス4の電流−電圧特性を示す図である。
図29は発光デバイス4の外部量子効率−輝度特性を示す図である。
図30は発光デバイス4の発光スペクトルを示す図である。
図31は発光デバイス5および発光デバイス6の輝度−電流密度特性を示す図である。
図32は発光デバイス5および発光デバイス6の電流効率−輝度特性を示す図である。
図33は発光デバイス5および発光デバイス6の輝度−電圧特性を示す図である。
図34は発光デバイス5および発光デバイス6の電流−電圧特性を示す図である。
図35は発光デバイス5および発光デバイス6の外部量子効率−輝度特性を示す図である。
図36は発光デバイス5および発光デバイス6の発光スペクトルを示す図である。
図37は発光デバイス7の輝度−電流密度特性を示す図である。
図38は発光デバイス7の電流効率−輝度特性を示す図である。
図39は発光デバイス7の輝度−電圧特性を示す図である。
図40は発光デバイス7の電流−電圧特性を示す図である。
図41は発光デバイス7の外部量子効率−輝度特性を示す図である。
図42は発光デバイス7の発光スペクトルを示す図である。
図43は、[Ir(pqn)2(dppm)]の1H NMRチャートである。
図44は、[Ir(pqn)2(dppm)]のジクロロメタン溶液における吸収スペクトル及び発光スペクトルである。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の調光プログラム、発光装置、および照明装置について、図1乃至図3を用いて説明する。
まず、1/fゆらぎ特性を有する基本データfに対し、それぞれ区間の異なる移動平均処理を行うことで第1の平滑化データXと、第2の平滑化データxと、を生成する。
次に、第1の平滑化データXと、第2の平滑化データxと、を演算処理することで調光データyを生成する。
次に、調光データyに応じて、発光デバイスの輝度を時系列的に変化させる。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の発光装置に用いることのできる発光デバイスについて、図5A乃至図5Eを用いて説明する。
発光デバイスの基本的な構造について説明する。図5Aには、一対の電極間に発光層を含むEL層を有する発光デバイスを示す。具体的には、第1の電極101と第2の電極102との間にEL層103が挟まれた構造を有する。
次に、本発明の一態様である発光デバイスの具体的な構造について説明する。また、ここでは、タンデム構造を有する図5Dを用いて説明する。なお、図5Aおよび図5Cに示すシングル構造の発光デバイスについてもEL層の構成については同様とする。また、図5Dに示す発光デバイスがマイクロキャビティ構造を有する場合は、第1の電極101を反射電極として形成し、第2の電極102を半透過・半反射電極として形成する。従って、所望の電極材料を単数または複数用い、単層または積層して形成することができる。なお、第2の電極102は、EL層103bを形成した後、上記と同様に材料を選択して形成する。
第1の電極101および第2の電極102を形成する材料としては、上述した両電極の機能が満たせるのであれば、以下に示す材料を適宜組み合わせて用いることができる。例えば、金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物、およびこれらの混合物などを適宜用いることができる。具体的には、In−Sn酸化物(ITOともいう)、In−Si−Sn酸化物(ITSOともいう)、In−Zn酸化物、In−W−Zn酸化物が挙げられる。その他、アルミニウム(Al)、チタン(Ti)、クロム(Cr)、マンガン(Mn)、鉄(Fe)、コバルト(Co)、ニッケル(Ni)、銅(Cu)、ガリウム(Ga)、亜鉛(Zn)、インジウム(In)、スズ(Sn)、モリブデン(Mo)、タンタル(Ta)、タングステン(W)、パラジウム(Pd)、金(Au)、白金(Pt)、銀(Ag)、イットリウム(Y)、ネオジム(Nd)などの金属、およびこれらを適宜組み合わせて含む合金を用いることもできる。その他、上記例示のない元素周期表の第1族または第2族に属する元素(例えば、リチウム(Li)、セシウム(Cs)、カルシウム(Ca)、ストロンチウム(Sr))、ユウロピウム(Eu)、イッテルビウム(Yb)などの希土類金属およびこれらを適宜組み合わせて含む合金、その他グラフェン等を用いることができる。
正孔注入層(111、111a、111b)は、陽極である第1の電極101または電荷発生層(106、106a、106b)からEL層(103、103a、103b)に正孔(ホール)を注入する層であり、有機アクセプタ材料または正孔注入性の高い材料を含む層である。
正孔輸送層(112、112a、112b)は、正孔注入層(111、111a、111b)によって、第1の電極101から注入された正孔を発光層(113、113a、113b)に輸送する層である。なお、正孔輸送層(112、112a、112b)は、正孔輸送性材料を含む層である。従って、正孔輸送層(112、112a、112b)には、正孔注入層(111、111a、111b)に用いることができる正孔輸送性材料を用いることができる。
発光層(113、113a、113b)は、発光物質を含む層である。なお、発光層(113、113a、113b)に用いることができる発光物質としては、緑色、黄緑色、黄色、橙色、赤色などの発光色を呈する物質を適宜用いることができる。また、発光層を複数有する場合には、各発光層に異なる発光物質を用いることにより異なる発光色を呈する構成とすることができる。さらに、一つの発光層が異なる発光物質を有する積層構造としてもよい。
発光層(113、113a、113b)に用いることのできる、一重項励起エネルギーを発光に変える発光物質としては、以下に示す蛍光を発する物質(蛍光発光物質)が挙げられる。例えば、ピレン誘導体、アントラセン誘導体、トリフェニレン誘導体、フルオレン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体、ジベンゾチオフェン誘導体、ジベンゾフラン誘導体、ジベンゾキノキサリン誘導体、キノキサリン誘導体、ピリジン誘導体、ピリミジン誘導体、フェナントレン誘導体、ナフタレン誘導体などが挙げられる。特にピレン誘導体は発光量子収率が高いので好ましい。ピレン誘導体の具体例としては、N,N’−ビス(3−メチルフェニル)−N,N’−ビス[3−(9−フェニル−9H−フルオレン−9−イル)フェニル]ピレン−1,6−ジアミン(略称:1,6mMemFLPAPrn)、(N,N’−ジフェニル−N,N’−ビス[4−(9−フェニル−9H−フルオレン−9−イル)フェニル]ピレン−1,6−ジアミン)(略称:1,6FLPAPrn)、N,N’−ビス(ジベンゾフラン−2−イル)−N,N’−ジフェニルピレン−1,6−ジアミン(略称:1,6FrAPrn)、N,N’−ビス(ジベンゾチオフェン−2−イル)−N,N’−ジフェニルピレン−1,6−ジアミン(略称:1,6ThAPrn)、N,N’−(ピレン−1,6−ジイル)ビス[(N−フェニルベンゾ[b]ナフト[1,2−d]フラン)−6−アミン](略称:1,6BnfAPrn)、N,N’−(ピレン−1,6−ジイル)ビス[(N−フェニルベンゾ[b]ナフト[1,2−d]フラン)−8−アミン](略称:1,6BnfAPrn−02)、N,N’−(ピレン−1,6−ジイル)ビス[(6,N−ジフェニルベンゾ[b]ナフト[1,2−d]フラン)−8−アミン](略称:1,6BnfAPrn−03)などが挙げられる。
次に、発光層113に用いることのできる、三重項励起エネルギーを発光に変える発光物質としては、例えば、燐光を発する物質(燐光発光物質)および熱活性化遅延蛍光を示す熱活性化遅延蛍光(Thermally activated delayed fluorescence:TADF)材料が挙げられる。
緑色または黄色を呈し、発光スペクトルのピーク波長が495nm以上590nm以下である燐光発光物質としては、以下のような物質が挙げられる。
黄色または赤色を呈し、発光スペクトルのピーク波長が570nm以上750nm以下である燐光発光物質としては、以下のような物質が挙げられる。
また、TADF材料としては、以下に示す材料を用いることができる。TADF材料とは、S1準位とT1準位との差が小さく(好ましくは、0.2eV以下)、三重項励起状態をわずかな熱エネルギーによって一重項励起状態にアップコンバート(逆項間交差)が可能で、一重項励起状態からの発光(蛍光)を効率よく呈する材料のことである。また、熱活性化遅延蛍光が効率良く得られる条件としては、三重項励起エネルギー準位と一重項励起エネルギー準位のエネルギー差が0eV以上0.2eV以下、好ましくは0eV以上0.1eV以下であることが挙げられる。また、TADF材料における遅延蛍光とは、通常の蛍光と同様のスペクトルを持ちながら、寿命が著しく長い発光をいう。その寿命は、1×10−6秒以上、好ましくは1×10−3秒以上である。
発光層(113、113a、113b、113c)に用いる発光物質が蛍光発光物質である場合、組み合わせる有機化合物(ホスト材料)として、一重項励起状態のエネルギー準位が大きく、三重項励起状態のエネルギー準位が小さい有機化合物、または蛍光量子収率が高い有機化合物を用いるのが好ましい。したがって、このような条件を満たす有機化合物であれば、本実施の形態で示す、正孔輸送性材料(前述)、電子輸送性材料(後述)等を用いることができる。
また、発光層(113、113a、113b、113c)に用いる発光物質が燐光発光物質である場合、組み合わせる有機化合物(ホスト材料)として、発光物質の三重項励起エネルギー(基底状態と三重項励起状態とのエネルギー差)よりも三重項励起エネルギーの大きい有機化合物を選択すれば良い。なお、励起錯体を形成させるべく複数の有機化合物(例えば、第1のホスト材料、および第2のホスト材料(またはアシスト材料)等)を発光物質と組み合わせて用いる場合は、これらの複数の有機化合物を燐光発光物質と混合して用いることが好ましい。
電子輸送層(114、114a、114b)は、後述する電子注入層(115、115a、115b)によって第2の電極102および電荷発生層(106、106a、106b)から注入された電子を発光層(113、113a、113b)に輸送する層である。また、電子輸送層(114、114a、114b)に用いる電子輸送性材料は、電界強度[V/cm]の平方根が600における電子移動度が、1×10−6cm2/Vs以上の電子移動度を有する物質が好ましい。なお、正孔よりも電子の輸送性の高い物質であれば、これら以外のものを用いることができる。また、電子輸送層(114、114a、114b)は、単層でも機能するが、2層以上の積層構造としてもよい。なお、上記の混合材料は、耐熱性を有するため、これを用いた電子輸送層上でフォトリソ工程を行うことにより、熱工程によるデバイス特性への影響を抑制することができる。
電子輸送層(114、114a、114b)に用いることができる電子輸送性材料としては、電子輸送性の高い有機化合物を用いることができ、例えば複素芳香族化合物を用いることができる。なお、複素芳香族化合物とは、環の中に少なくとも2種類の異なる元素を含む環式化合物である。なお、環構造としては、3員環、4員環、5員環、6員環等が含まれるが、特に5員環、または、6員環が好ましく、含まれる元素としては、炭素の他に窒素、酸素、または硫黄などのいずれか一又は複数を含む複素芳香族化合物が好ましい。特に窒素を含む複素芳香族化合物(含窒素複素芳香族化合物)が好ましく、含窒素複素芳香族化合物、またはこれを含むπ電子不足型複素芳香族化合物等の電子輸送性の高い材料(電子輸送性材料)を用いることが好ましい。
電子注入層(115、115a、115b)は、電子注入性の高い物質を含む層である。また、電子注入層(115、115a、115b)は、第2の電極102からの電子の注入効率を高めるための層であり、第2の電極102に用いる材料の仕事関数の値と、電子注入層(115、115a、115b)に用いる材料のLUMO準位の値とを比較した際、その差が小さい(0.5eV以下)材料を用いることが好ましい。従って、電子注入層115には、リチウム、セシウム、フッ化リチウム(LiF)、フッ化セシウム(CsF)、フッ化カルシウム(CaF2)、8−(キノリノラト)リチウム(略称:Liq)、2−(2−ピリジル)フェノラトリチウム(略称:LiPP)、2−(2−ピリジル)−3−ピリジノラトリチウム(略称:LiPPy)、4−フェニル−2−(2−ピリジル)フェノラトリチウム(略称:LiPPP)リチウム酸化物(LiOx)、炭酸セシウム等のようなアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはこれらの化合物を用いることができる。また、フッ化エルビウム(ErF3)、イッテルビウム(Yb)のような希土類金属化合物を用いることができる。なお、電子注入層(115、115a、115b)には、上記の材料を複数種混合して形成しても良いし、上記の材料のうち複数種を積層させて形成しても良い。また、電子注入層(115、115a、115b)にエレクトライドを用いてもよい。エレクトライドとしては、例えば、カルシウムとアルミニウムの混合酸化物に電子を高濃度添加した物質等が挙げられる。なお、上述した電子輸送層(114、114a、114b)を構成する物質を用いることもできる。
電荷発生層106は、第1の電極(陽極)101と第2の電極(陰極)102との間に電圧を印加したときに、EL層103aに電子を注入し、EL層103bに正孔を注入する機能を有する。なお、電荷発生層106は、正孔輸送性材料に電子受容体(アクセプタ)が添加された構成であっても、電子輸送性材料に電子供与体(ドナー)が添加された構成であってもよい。また、これらの両方の構成が積層されていても良い。なお、上述した材料を用いて電荷発生層106を形成することにより、EL層が積層された場合における駆動電圧の上昇を抑制することができる。
本実施の形態で示した発光デバイスは、様々な基板上に形成することができる。なお、基板の種類は、特定のものに限定されることはない。基板の一例としては、半導体基板(例えば単結晶基板又はシリコン基板)、SOI基板、ガラス基板、石英基板、プラスチック基板、金属基板、ステンレス・スチル基板、ステンレス・スチル・ホイルを有する基板、タングステン基板、タングステン・ホイルを有する基板、可撓性基板、貼り合わせフィルム、繊維状の材料を含む紙、又は基材フィルムなどが挙げられる。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の照明装置における発光装置の構成について、図6により説明する。なお、図6Aは、図6Bに示す照明装置の上面図における線分e−fの断面図である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である発光装置または照明装置の応用例について、図7を用いて説明する。
本実施例で示す発光デバイス1は、図12に示すように基板900上に形成された第1の電極901上に正孔注入層911、正孔輸送層912、発光層913、電子輸送層914および電子注入層915が順次積層され、電子注入層915上に第2の電極903が積層された構造を有する。
発光デバイス2は、発光デバイス1とは発光層913における各材料の混合比が異なる発光デバイスである。すなわち、発光デバイス2は、発光層913として2mDBTBPDBq−IIと、PCBBiFと、Ir(pqn)2(dppm)とを、2mDBTBPDBq−II:PCBBiF:Ir(pqn)2(dppm)=0.8:0.2:0.2となるように共蒸着した他は、発光デバイス1と同様に作製した。
発光デバイス2は、発光デバイス1とは発光層913に用いた発光材料および各材料の混合比が異なる発光デバイスである。すなわち、発光デバイス3は、発光層913として2mDBTBPDBq−IIと、PCBBiFと、Ir(pqn)2(dppm)とを共蒸着する代わりに、2mDBTBPDBq−IIと、PCBBiFと、上記構造式(viii)で表される(ジイソブチリルメタノ)ビス(4,6−(ジ−5−メチルフェニルピリミジナト)イリジウム(III)(略称:Ir(5mdppm)2(dibm))とを、2mDBTBPDBq−II:PCBBiF:Ir(5mdppm)2(dibm)=0.8:0.2:0.1となるように共蒸着した他は、発光デバイス1と同様に作製した。
発光デバイス1および発光デバイス2の輝度−電流密度特性を図13に、電流効率−輝度特性を図14に、輝度−電圧特性を図15に、電流−電圧特性を図16に、外部量子効率−輝度特性を図17に、発光スペクトルを図18にそれぞれ示す。また、発光デバイス3の輝度−電流密度特性を図19に、電流効率−輝度特性を図20に、輝度−電圧特性を図21に、電流−電圧特性を図22に、外部量子効率−輝度特性を図23に、発光スペクトルを図24にそれぞれ示す。また、発光デバイス1乃至発光デバイス3の1000cd/m2付近における主な特性を下記表に示す。なお、輝度、CIE色度、及び発光スペクトルの測定には分光放射計(トプコン社製、SR−UL1R)を用い、常温で測定した。
発光デバイス4は、実施例2にて示した発光デバイス1とは発光層913に用いた発光材料および各材料の混合比が異なる発光デバイスである。すなわち、発光デバイス4は、発光層913として2mDBTBPDBq−IIと、PCBBiFと、Ir(pqn)2(dppm)とを共蒸着する代わりに、2mDBTBPDBq−IIと、PCBBiFと、上記構造式(ix)で表される(アセチルアセトナト)ビス(4,6−ジフェニルピリミジナト)イリジウム(III)(略称:Ir(dppm)2(acac))とを、2mDBTBPDBq−II:PCBBiF:Ir(dppm)2(acac)=0.8:0.2:0.2となるように共蒸着した他は、実施例2で示した発光デバイス1と同様に作製した。
発光デバイス5は、実施例2にて示した発光デバイス1と発光層913に用いた発光材料および各材料の混合比並びに電子輸送層914に用いた材料が異なる発光デバイスである。すなわち、発光デバイス5は、発光層913として2mDBTBPDBq−IIと、PCBBiFと、Ir(pqn)2(dppm)とを共蒸着する代わりに、2mDBTBPDBq−IIと、PCBBiFと、上記構造式(x)で表される(ジピバロイルメタノ)ビス(4,6−ジフェニルピリミジナト)イリジウム(III)(略称:Ir(dppm)2(dpm))とを、2mDBTBPDBq−II:PCBBiF:Ir(dppm)2(dpm)=0.8:0.2:0.1となるように共蒸着した。また、電子輸送層914として、mFBPTznの代わりに2mDBTBPDBq−IIを用いた。また、電子輸送層914として、mPn−mDMePyPTznとLiqとを共蒸着する代わりに、上記構造式(xi)で表される2,9−ジ(ナフタレン−2−イル)−4,7−ジフェニル−1,10−フェナントロリン(略称:NBPhen)を蒸着した。その他は、実施例2で示した発光デバイス1と同様に作製した。
発光デバイス6は、発光デバイス5とは発光層913における各材料の混合比が異なる発光デバイスである。すなわち、発光デバイス6は、発光層913として、2mDBTBPDBq−IIと、PCBBiFと、Ir(dppm)2(dpm)とを、2mDBTBPDBq−II:PCBBiF:Ir(dppm)2(dpm)=0.8:0.2:0.3となるように共蒸着した他は、発光デバイス5と同様に作製した。
発光デバイス4の輝度−電流密度特性を図25に、電流効率−輝度特性を図26に、輝度−電圧特性を図27に、電流−電圧特性を図28に、外部量子効率−輝度特性を図29に、発光スペクトルを図30にそれぞれ示す。また、発光デバイス5および発光デバイス6の輝度−電流密度特性を図31に、電流効率−輝度特性を図32に、輝度−電圧特性を図33に、電流−電圧特性を図34に、外部量子効率−輝度特性を図35に、発光スペクトルを図36にそれぞれ示す。また、発光デバイス4乃至発光デバイス6の1000cd/m2付近における主な特性を下記表に示す。なお、輝度、CIE色度、及び発光スペクトルの測定には分光放射計(トプコン社製、SR−UL1R)を用い、常温で測定した。
上述のとおり、本実施例で示す発光デバイス7は、実施例2にて示した発光デバイス3と同様の積層構造を有し、発光部の面積が異なる発光デバイスである。すなわち、発光デバイス7は、基板900上に、面積1142.75mm2(35mm×32.65mm)の第1の電極901を形成した他は、発光デバイス3と同様に作製した。
発光デバイス7の輝度−電流密度特性を図37に、電流効率−輝度特性を図38に、輝度−電圧特性を図39に、電流−電圧特性を図40に、外部量子効率−輝度特性を図41に、発光スペクトルを図42にそれぞれ示す。また、発光デバイス7の1000cd/m2付近における主な特性を下記表に示す。なお、輝度、CIE色度、及び発光スペクトルの測定には分光放射計(トプコン社製、SR−UL1R)を用い、常温で測定した。
本合成例では、実施例2において発光装置の一部に用いた金属錯体である、ビス[2−(2−キノリニル−κN)フェニル−κC][2−(6−フェニル−4−ピリミジニル−κN3)フェニル−κC]イリジウム(III)(略称:[Ir(pqn)2(dppm)])の合成方法について説明する。[Ir(pqn)2(dppm)]の構造式を以下に示す。
2−ブロモキノリン7.8g(38mmol)、フェニルボロン酸5.5g(45mmol)、2M炭酸カリウム水溶液113mL、1,2−ジメトキシエタン(DME)125mLを、300mL三口フラスコに入れフラスコ内を窒素置換した。この混合物にテトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム1.2g(1.0mmol)を加え、90℃で3.5時間加熱還流した。得られた反応溶液に水を加え、酢酸エチルで抽出した。得られた抽出溶液を飽和食塩水で洗浄し、有機層に無水硫酸マグネシウムを加えて乾燥させた。得られた混合物を自然ろ過してろ液を得た。このろ液を濃縮して固体を得た。この固体をトルエンに溶解し、セライト/アルミナ/セライトの順に積層したものに通して吸引ろ過した。ろ液を濃縮して固体を得た。この固体をシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーにより生成した。展開溶媒には、トルエンを用いた。得られたフラクションを濃縮して、白色固体を7.3g、収率95%で得た。ステップ1の合成スキームを下記式(a−1)に示す。
上記ステップ1の合成法で得られたHpqn 3g(15mmol)、IrCl3・H2O 1.97g(6.6mmol)、2−エトキシエタノール81mL、水27mLを、三口フラスコに入れフラスコ内をアルゴン置換した。この混合物に400W、100℃の条件でマイクロ波を1時間照射し、加熱することで反応を進行させた。所定時間経過後、得られた混合物を吸引ろ過し、固体を水、エタノールで洗浄した。得られたろ液は濃縮し、水、次いでエタノールで洗浄し固体を得た。二度の吸引ろ過で得られた固体を合わせてトルエンで洗浄し、橙色固体を2.2g、収率53%で得た。ステップ2の合成スキームを下記式(a−2)に示す。
上記ステップ2で得られた[Ir(pqn)2Cl]2 2.2g(1.73mmol)、ジクロロメタン200mLを三口フラスコに入れ、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸銀0.89g(3.5mmol)とメタノール15mLの混合溶液を滴下し、室温で16時間撹拌した。所定時間経過後、得られた混合物をセライトに通してろ過し、ろ液を濃縮して、深赤色固体2.32gを得た。得られた固体と2,6−ジフェニルピリミジン(略称:Hdppm)1.2g(5.19mmol)、エタノール130mLを三口フラスコに入れ、25時間加熱還流した。得られた混合物を濃縮し、エタノールを3mL加えて吸引ろ過した。得られた固体をシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製した。展開溶媒にはジクロロメタンを用いた。さらに得られた固体0.79gを高速液体クロマトグラフィーにより精製した。移動相の溶媒にはクロロホルムを用いた。得られた固体をヘキサンにて洗浄し、赤色固体を0.680g、収率24%で得た。得られた赤色固体0.59gを、トレインサブリメーション法により2回昇華精製した。昇華精製条件は、圧力1.5~1.7×10−3Paにて、アルゴン流量0mL/min、285~295℃で固体を加熱した。昇華精製後、目的物の赤色固体を収率24%で得た。ステップ3の合成スキームを下記式(a−3)に示す。
Claims (13)
- 1/fゆらぎ特性を有する基本データに対し、それぞれ区間の異なる移動平均処理を行うことで第1の平滑化データと、第2の平滑化データと、を生成し、
前記第1の平滑化データと、前記第2の平滑化データと、を演算処理することで調光データを生成し、
前記調光データに応じて、発光デバイスの輝度を時系列的に変化させる、調光プログラム。 - 1/fゆらぎ特性を有する基本データに対し、それぞれ区間の異なる移動平均処理を行うことで、第1の平滑化データXと、第2の平滑化データxを生成し、
前記第1の平滑化データXと、前記第2の平滑化データxと、を下記数式に従って演算処理することで調光データyを生成し、
(ただし、上記数式において、yiは、前記調光データyのi番目のデータを表し、Xiは、前記第1の平滑化データXのi番目のデータを示し、xiは、前記第2の平滑化データxのi番目のデータを表し、Xmaxは、Xの最大値を表し、Xminは、Xの最小値を表し、ULは、X成分の所定の上限値を表し、LLは、X成分の所定の下限値を表し、xmaxは、xの最大値を表し、xminは、xの最小値を表し、Aは、所定の寄与率を表す。) - 請求項2において、
前記第1の平滑化データXを生成する移動平均処理の区間は、前記第2の平滑化データxを生成する移動平均処理の区間より大きい、調光プログラム。 - 発光デバイスと、調光部を有する発光装置であって、
前記調光部は、1/fゆらぎ特性を有する基本データに対し、それぞれ区間の異なる移動平均処理を行うことで、第1の平滑化データと、第2の平滑化データと、を生成し、前記第1の平滑化データと、前記第2の平滑化データと、を演算処理することで調光データを生成し、前記調光データに応じて、前記発光デバイスの輝度を時系列的に変化させる機能を有する、発光装置。 - 発光デバイスと、調光部を有する発光装置であって、
前記調光部は、1/fゆらぎ特性を有する基本データに対し、それぞれ区間の異なる移動平均処理を行うことで、第1の平滑化データXと、第2の平滑化データxを生成し、前記第1の平滑化データXと、前記第2の平滑化データxと、を下記数式に従って演算処理することで調光データyを生成し、
(ただし、上記数式において、yiは、前記調光データyのi番目のデータを表し、Xiは、前記第1の平滑化データXのi番目のデータを示し、xiは、前記第2の平滑化データxのi番目のデータを表し、Xmaxは、Xの最大値を表し、Xminは、Xの最小値を表し、ULは、X成分の所定の上限値を表し、LLは、X成分の所定の下限値を表し、xmaxは、xの最大値を表し、xminは、xの最小値を表し、Aは、所定の寄与率を表す。) - 請求項5において、
前記第1の平滑化データXを生成する移動平均処理の区間は、前記第2の平滑化データxを生成する移動平均処理の区間より大きい、発光装置。 - 請求項4乃至請求項6のいずれか一において、
前記発光デバイスは、第1の電極と、第2の電極と、EL層と、を有する、発光装置。 - 請求項4乃至請求項7のいずれか一において、
前記発光デバイスの電界発光スペクトルの495nm以下における発光強度は、最大ピーク波長における発光強度の1%以下である、発光装置。 - 請求項4乃至請求項8のいずれか一において、
前記発光デバイスの電界発光スペクトルのピーク波長が、590nm以上625nm以下に位置する、発光装置。 - 請求項4乃至請求項8のいずれか一において、
前記発光デバイスの電界発光スペクトルの最大ピーク波長が、590nm以上625nm以下である、発光装置。 - 請求項4乃至請求項10のいずれか一において、
前記発光デバイスの電界発光スペクトルの半値幅が、75nm以上120nm以下である、発光装置。 - 請求項4乃至11のいずれか一において、
前記発光デバイスのCIE色度(x、y)のxが0.59以上0.63以下であり、yが0.37以上0.41以下である、発光装置。 - 請求項4乃至請求項12のいずれか一に記載の発光装置と、シェードと、を有し、
前記シェードは、透光性の材料を有する、照明装置。
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JP2009004329A (ja) * | 2007-06-25 | 2009-01-08 | Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd | 照明制御装置 |
JP2010003578A (ja) * | 2008-06-20 | 2010-01-07 | Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd | 照明制御システム |
JP2012212550A (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-11-01 | Institute Of National Colleges Of Technology Japan | Led発光制御装置 |
JP2020061969A (ja) * | 2018-10-16 | 2020-04-23 | 学校法人立命館 | 植物生産方法及び光源システム |
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JP2009004329A (ja) * | 2007-06-25 | 2009-01-08 | Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd | 照明制御装置 |
JP2010003578A (ja) * | 2008-06-20 | 2010-01-07 | Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd | 照明制御システム |
JP2012212550A (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-11-01 | Institute Of National Colleges Of Technology Japan | Led発光制御装置 |
JP2020061969A (ja) * | 2018-10-16 | 2020-04-23 | 学校法人立命館 | 植物生産方法及び光源システム |
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