WO2022239614A1 - 硫化物固体電解質、硫化物固体電解質の製造方法、蓄電素子、電子機器及び自動車 - Google Patents
硫化物固体電解質、硫化物固体電解質の製造方法、蓄電素子、電子機器及び自動車 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022239614A1 WO2022239614A1 PCT/JP2022/018190 JP2022018190W WO2022239614A1 WO 2022239614 A1 WO2022239614 A1 WO 2022239614A1 JP 2022018190 W JP2022018190 W JP 2022018190W WO 2022239614 A1 WO2022239614 A1 WO 2022239614A1
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- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052586 apatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052789 astatine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- OYLGJCQECKOTOL-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ba+2] OYLGJCQECKOTOL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001632 barium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);methylsulfanylmethane;bromide Chemical compound Br[Cu].CSC PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001973 fluoroelastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N h2o hydrate Chemical class O.O JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002847 impedance measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
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- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000011987 methylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007069 methylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012806 monitoring device Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;fluoride;triphosphate Chemical compound [F-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010532 solid phase synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005987 sulfurization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium disulfide Chemical compound S=[Ti]=S CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005428 wave function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910009156 xLiI Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B17/00—Sulfur; Compounds thereof
- C01B17/22—Alkali metal sulfides or polysulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/14—Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds of phosphorus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/10—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances sulfides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sulfide solid electrolyte, a method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte, a storage device, an electronic device, and an automobile.
- lithium-ion secondary batteries Due to their high energy density, lithium-ion secondary batteries are widely used in personal computers, electronic devices such as communication terminals, and automobiles.
- the lithium ion secondary battery generally has a pair of electrodes electrically isolated by a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte interposed between the electrodes, and delivers lithium ions between the electrodes. It is configured to be charged and discharged by Capacitors such as lithium ion capacitors are also widely used as storage elements other than lithium ion secondary batteries.
- Patent Document 1 a sulfide solid electrolyte having a composition specifically represented by xLiI ⁇ (100 ⁇ x)(0.75Li 2 S ⁇ 0.25P 2 S 5 ) was synthesized, and ionic conductivity and the like were evaluated. It is
- the sulfide solid electrolyte has the disadvantage that it has low water resistance and reacts with water in the atmosphere. Therefore, even when the sulfide solid electrolyte is left in a dry air atmosphere with a small amount of water, the ionic conductivity is lowered by reacting with a trace amount of water contained in the dry air. The ionic conductivity of the sulfide solid electrolyte, which has been lowered by being left in the air atmosphere once, does not fully recover to the state before being left in the air atmosphere even if it is re-dried.
- the present invention has been made based on the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a high recovery rate of ionic conductivity by re-drying when the ionic conductivity is reduced by being left in an air atmosphere.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a sulfide solid electrolyte, a method for producing such a sulfide solid electrolyte, and an electric storage device using such a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte according to one aspect of the present invention has a crystal structure, and includes, as constituent elements, one or more divalent element A, one or more halogen elements X, and a nitrogen element. and the above divalent element A and the above halogen element X are a combination in which the hydration energy of compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements is greater than the hydration energy of LiI.
- a method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte according to another aspect of the present invention comprises, as constituent elements, one or more divalent element A, one or more halogen elements X, and nitrogen element. wherein the divalent element A and the halogen element X are combined so that the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X consisting of these elements is greater than the hydration energy of LiI be.
- a power storage device is a power storage device containing the sulfide solid electrolyte according to one aspect of the present invention.
- An electronic device is an electronic device including the power storage element according to one aspect of the present invention.
- a vehicle according to another aspect of the present invention is a vehicle equipped with a power storage device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte having a high recovery rate of ionic conductivity by re-drying when left in an air atmosphere and having a reduced ionic conductivity, such a sulfide solid It is possible to provide a method for producing an electrolyte, an electric storage element using such a sulfide solid electrolyte, an electronic device using such an electric storage element, and an automobile using such an electric storage element.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an all-solid-state battery that is an embodiment of the storage device of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a power storage device configured by assembling a plurality of power storage elements according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 3 is an X-ray diffraction diagram of each sulfide solid electrolyte of Examples 2 to 5 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is an X-ray diffraction diagram of each of the sulfide solid electrolytes of Examples 3 and 12-18.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides aspects of the following items.
- Section 1 having a crystalline structure, Containing, as constituent elements, one or more divalent elements A, one or more halogen elements X, and a nitrogen element, A sulfide solid electrolyte wherein the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination in which the hydration energy of a compound A 0.5 X comprising these elements is greater than the hydration energy of LiI.
- Section 2. The sulfide solid electrolyte according to Item 1, wherein the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination such that a compound A 0.5 X comprising these elements has a hydration energy of ⁇ 4 meV/atom or more.
- Item 3 The sulfide solid electrolyte according to Item 2, wherein the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination such that a compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements has a hydration energy of 0 meV/atom or more.
- Item 4 The sulfide solid electrolyte according to Item 3, wherein the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination such that a compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements has a hydration energy of 2 meV/atom or more.
- Item 5 The sulfide solid electrolyte according to Item 4, wherein the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination such that a compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements has a hydration energy of 4 meV/atom or more.
- Item 6. Item 6. Item 6. Item 6. Item 6, wherein the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination such that the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X made of these elements is 200 meV/atom or less. Sulfide solid electrolyte.
- Item 7. The sulfide solid electrolyte according to any one of items 1 to 6, which satisfies any one of the following items a to c.
- the divalent element A is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of calcium, strontium, barium, manganese and zinc, and the halogen element X is a group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. It is one or more elements selected from.
- b The divalent element A is magnesium, and the halogen element X is fluorine.
- the divalent element A is copper, and the halogen element X is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
- Item 8. The sulfide solid electrolyte according to Item 7, which satisfies either a1 or a2 below.
- Item 9. The sulfide solid electrolyte according to any one of items 1 to 8, wherein the halogen element X contains iodine.
- Item 10. The sulfide solid electrolyte according to any one of items 1 to 9, wherein the divalent element A is zinc.
- Item 11 Further containing a phosphorus element as a constituent element, 11.
- Item 12 Further containing a phosphorus element and a lithium element as constituent elements, 12.
- Item 13 Further containing phosphorus element and sulfur element as constituent elements, 13.
- Item 14 Further containing a phosphorus element as a constituent element, 14.
- Item 15. The sulfide solid electrolyte according to any one of items 1 to 14, which has an ionic conductivity of 1 mS/cm or more at 25°C.
- Item 16. According to any one of items 1 to 15, having diffraction peaks in the range of 19.9° ⁇ 0.5° and in the range of 29.3° ⁇ 0.5° in an X-ray diffraction diagram using CuK ⁇ rays. Sulfide solid electrolyte.
- Item 17 The diffraction peak located in the range of 19.9 ° ⁇ 0.5 ° in the X-ray diffraction diagram using CuK ⁇ rays is the diffraction peak with the highest diffraction intensity, the diffraction peak with the second highest diffraction intensity, and the third highest diffraction intensity.
- Item 16 The sulfide solid electrolyte according to Item 16, which has a diffraction peak with a strong diffraction peak, or a diffraction peak with the fourth strongest diffraction intensity.
- Item 18 Further containing the element M as a constituent element, Item 1, wherein the element M is an element other than the divalent element A and is at least one selected from the group consisting of aluminum, tantalum, silicon, scandium, magnesium, niobium, boron, hafnium, carbon, zirconium and titanium. 18. The sulfide solid electrolyte according to any one of items 17 to 17.
- Item 19. The sulfide solid electrolyte according to any one of items 1 to 18, represented by the following formula 1.
- A is the divalent element A above.
- X is the halogen element X described above.
- X' is a halogen element other than I;
- M is an element other than the divalent element A, and is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ta, Si, Sc, Mg, Nb, B, Hf, C, Zr and Ti.
- ⁇ and ⁇ are numbers that give the stoichiometric ratio, depending on the type of element M.
- Y is one or more elements other than Li, S, P, N, I, A, M, X and X'.
- x is a number of 0.5 or more and 0.8 or less.
- y is a number of 0.2 or more and 0.5 or less.
- z is a number greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.5.
- u is a number greater than 0 and less than or equal to 30;
- v is a number from 0 to 30;
- v' is a number of 0 or more and 30 or less.
- w is a number from 0 to 20;
- Item 20 Further contains one or more divalent elements B other than the divalent element A as constituent elements, 20. Sulfurization according to any one of items 1 to 19, wherein the molar ratio of the content of the divalent element B to the total content of the divalent element A and the divalent element B is less than 0.5. material solid electrolyte.
- Item 22 Processing a composition containing, as constituent elements, one or more divalent elements A, one or more halogen elements X, and a nitrogen element; The method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte, wherein the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination in which the hydration energy of a compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements is greater than the hydration energy of LiI.
- Item 23 Item 22. An electricity storage device containing the sulfide solid electrolyte according to any one of Items 1 to 21.
- Item 24 An electronic device comprising the power storage device according to item 23.
- Item 25 Item 24. An automobile comprising the power storage device according to Item 23.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte according to one aspect of the present invention has a crystal structure, and includes, as constituent elements, one or more divalent element A, one or more halogen elements X, and a nitrogen element. and the above divalent element A and the above halogen element X are a combination in which the hydration energy of compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements is greater than the hydration energy of LiI.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte has a high recovery rate of ionic conductivity by re-drying when the ionic conductivity is lowered by being left in an air atmosphere.
- recovery rate the recovery rate of ionic conductivity by re-drying when the sulfide solid electrolyte is left in an air atmosphere and the ionic conductivity is lowered.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte contains a divalent element A and a halogen element X that are combined so that the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X is greater than that of LiI. For this reason, it is presumed that the reversibility of the hydration reaction is improved in the sulfide solid electrolyte, and a high recovery rate is exhibited.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte since the sulfide solid electrolyte further contains nitrogen element, it can exhibit a high recovery rate. The reason for this is that the nitrogen element itself has the effect of suppressing the hydration reaction with low reversibility, and the coexistence of the divalent element A, the halogen element X, and the nitrogen element enhances the reversibility of the hydration reaction described above. It is assumed that it will improve.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte is not limited to a sulfide solid electrolyte using compound A 0.5 X as a raw material.
- having a crystal structure can be confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction measurement. That is, "having a crystal structure” means that a peak derived from the crystal structure of the solid electrolyte is observed in the X-ray diffraction diagram in powder X-ray diffraction measurement.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may contain an amorphous portion.
- Powder X-ray diffraction measurement is performed according to the following procedure. A sulfide solid electrolyte powder to be measured is filled in an airtight sample holder for X-ray diffraction measurement under an argon atmosphere with a dew point of -50°C or less.
- Powder X-ray diffraction measurement is performed using an X-ray diffractometer ("MiniFlex II" manufactured by Rigaku).
- the radiation source is CuK ⁇ rays
- the tube voltage is 30 kV
- the tube current is 15 mA
- the diffracted X-rays are detected by a high-speed one-dimensional detector (model number: D/teX Ultra 2) through a K ⁇ filter with a thickness of 30 ⁇ m.
- the sampling width is 0.01°
- the scanning speed is 5°/min
- the divergence slit width is 0.625°
- the light receiving slit width is 13 mm (OPEN)
- the scattering slit width is 8 mm.
- a “divalent element” refers to an element that can become a divalent cation.
- the divalent element may be an element capable of forming ions of other valences as long as it can become a divalent cation.
- the “hydration energies” of compounds A 0.5 X and LiI are values obtained by first-principles calculations, which will be described later.
- the divalent element A and the halogen element X are preferably a combination such that the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements is ⁇ 4 meV/atom or more.
- the divalent element A and the halogen element X are preferably a combination such that the compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements has a hydration energy of 0 meV/atom or more.
- the divalent element A and the halogen element X are preferably a combination such that the compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements has a hydration energy of 2 meV/atom or more.
- the divalent element A and the halogen element X are preferably a combination such that the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements is 4 meV/atom or more.
- the divalent element A and the halogen element X may be a combination such that the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements is 200 meV/atom or less.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte preferably satisfies any one of the following a to c.
- the divalent element A is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of calcium, strontium, barium, manganese and zinc, and the halogen element X is a group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. It is one or more elements selected from.
- b The divalent element A is magnesium, and the halogen element X is fluorine.
- the divalent element A is copper, and the halogen element X is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
- the above a to c are combinations of a divalent element A and a halogen element X in which the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X determined by the first-principles calculation described later is greater than the hydration energy of LiI. Therefore, when the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination of these so that the sulfide solid electrolyte satisfies any one of the above a to c, the recovery rate of the sulfide solid electrolyte becomes better. .
- the sulfide solid electrolyte preferably satisfies either a1 or a2 below.
- a1 The divalent element A is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of calcium, barium, manganese and zinc, and the halogen element X is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. is one or more elements that a2: The divalent element A is strontium, and the halogen element X is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
- a1 and a2 are combinations of a divalent element A and a halogen element X in which the compound A 0.5 X has a hydration energy of 0 meV/atom or more determined by first-principles calculation (see Table 3). Therefore, when the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination of these so that the sulfide solid electrolyte satisfies either a1 or a2 above, the recovery rate of the sulfide solid electrolyte becomes better. .
- the halogen element X preferably contains iodine.
- the halogen element X containing iodine facilitates deposition of a crystal structure with high ion conductivity.
- the divalent element A is preferably zinc. In such a case, in addition to the recovery rate, the ionic conductivity before being left in an air atmosphere also increases.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte further contains a phosphorus element as a constituent element, and the molar ratio of the content of the divalent element A to the content of the phosphorus element is 0.01 or more and 0.4 or less. .
- the sulfide solid electrolyte further contains elemental phosphorus and elemental lithium as constituent elements, and the molar ratio of the content of elemental lithium to the content of elemental phosphorus is preferably 1 or more and 5 or less.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte further contains elemental phosphorus and elemental sulfur as constituent elements, and the molar ratio of the content of elemental sulfur to the content of elemental phosphorus is preferably 2 or more and 6 or less.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte further contains phosphorus element as a constituent element, and the molar ratio of the content of the halogen element X to the content of the phosphorus element is 0.1 or more and 2 or less.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte preferably has an ionic conductivity of 1 mS/cm or more at 25°C.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte preferably has diffraction peaks in the range of 19.9° ⁇ 0.5° and the range of 29.3° ⁇ 0.5° in an X-ray diffraction pattern using CuK ⁇ rays.
- a specific crystal structure having diffraction peaks in the range of 19.9 ° ⁇ 0.5 ° and 29.3 ° ⁇ 0.5 ° is a phase with high ionic conductivity (HICP: High Ion Conduction Phase). Therefore, in the sulfide solid electrolyte, when a diffraction peak appears in the above range, it can be said that HICP is formed, and good ionic conductivity can be exhibited.
- the "X-ray diffractogram using CuK ⁇ rays" is obtained by the powder X-ray diffraction measurement described above.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte has a diffraction peak with the highest diffraction intensity, a diffraction peak with the second highest diffraction intensity, a diffraction peak with the third highest diffraction intensity, or a diffraction peak with a diffraction intensity of Any of the fourth strongest diffraction peaks are preferably located in the range of 19.9° ⁇ 0.5°. As noted above, the diffraction peaks in the range 19.9° ⁇ 0.5° originate from HICP. Therefore, in such a case, it can be said that HICP is sufficiently formed in the sulfide solid electrolyte, and higher ion conductivity can be exhibited.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte further contains an element M as a constituent element, the element M being an element other than the divalent element A, aluminum, tantalum, silicon, scandium, magnesium, niobium, boron, hafnium, It is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon, zirconium and titanium.
- the nitrogen element which is an element that has the effect of suppressing the hydration reaction with low reversibility, is suppressed from being discharged out of the system, so the sulfide solid electrolyte is left in an air atmosphere.
- the element M is a compound represented by L ⁇ M ⁇ N (L is at least one element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium and potassium, which is calculated by the first principle calculation described later.
- L is at least one element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium and potassium, which is calculated by the first principle calculation described later.
- M is the above element M.
- ⁇ and ⁇ are numbers that give a stoichiometric ratio according to the type of element M.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte is preferably represented by Formula 1 below.
- A is the divalent element A above.
- X is the halogen element X described above.
- X' is a halogen element other than I;
- M is an element other than the divalent element A, and is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ta, Si, Sc, Mg, Nb, B, Hf, C, Zr and Ti.
- ⁇ and ⁇ are numbers that give the stoichiometric ratio, depending on the type of element M.
- Y is one or more elements other than Li, S, P, N, I, A, M, X and X'.
- x is a number of 0.5 or more and 0.8 or less.
- y is a number of 0.2 or more and 0.5 or less.
- z is a number greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.5.
- u is a number greater than 0 and less than or equal to 30;
- v is a number from 0 to 30;
- v' is a number of 0 or more and 30 or less.
- w is a number from 0 to 20;
- the recovery rate is further increased.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte further contains one or more divalent elements B other than the divalent element A as constituent elements, and the total content of the divalent element A and the divalent element B is preferably less than 0.5.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte preferably does not substantially contain a divalent element B other than the divalent element A as a constituent element.
- a method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte according to another aspect of the present invention comprises, as constituent elements, one or more divalent element A, one or more halogen elements X, and nitrogen element. wherein the divalent element A and the halogen element X are combined so that the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X consisting of these elements is greater than the hydration energy of LiI be.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte with a high recovery rate can be produced.
- composition means a mixture obtained by mixing two or more kinds of compounds or simple substances (compounds and simple substances are hereinafter collectively referred to as compounds, etc.). It is sufficient that the entire composition, that is, any compound or the like contained in the composition, contains the divalent element A, the halogen element X, and the nitrogen element.
- the composition may also contain a compound or the like that does not contain any of the divalent element A, the halogen element X, and the nitrogen element.
- a power storage device is a power storage device containing the sulfide solid electrolyte according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the electric storage device can sufficiently recover the ionic conductivity of the sulfide solid electrolyte by re-drying it, so that it is good.
- the power storage element performance is demonstrated.
- An electronic device is an electronic device including the power storage element according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the electronic device can exhibit good electronic device performance.
- a vehicle according to another aspect of the present invention is a vehicle equipped with a power storage device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the vehicle can exhibit good vehicle performance.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte, a method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte, an electric storage element, an electric storage device, and other embodiments according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described below in detail.
- the name of each component (each component) used in each embodiment may be different from the name of each component (each component) used in the background art.
- Element names may also be represented by element symbols.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte according to one embodiment of the present invention has a crystal structure.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte preferably contains HICP as a crystal structure. That is, the sulfide solid electrolyte has diffraction peaks in the range of diffraction angles 2 ⁇ of 19.9° ⁇ 0.5° and 29.3° ⁇ 0.5° in the X-ray diffraction diagram using CuK ⁇ rays. is preferred.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte has a peak derived from HICP, it can exhibit good ionic conductivity.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may have a crystal structure other than HICP.
- Other crystal structures include LGPS type, aldirodite type, Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Thio-LISICON system, and the like.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may have an amorphous portion.
- the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ is in the range of 21.0° ⁇ 0.5° and 28.0° ⁇ 0.5°. It is preferable that the amount of a phase with low ion conductivity (LICP: Low Ion Conduction Phase) having a diffraction peak is relatively small compared to HICP. In such a case, the ionic conductivity of the sulfide solid electrolyte is further increased.
- LCP Low Ion Conduction Phase
- the sulfide solid electrolyte has a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ derived from LICP that appears in the range of 21.0° ⁇ 0.5° and 28.0° ⁇ 0.5° in the X-ray diffraction diagram using CuK ⁇ rays. Low peaks are preferred. Further, in the X-ray diffraction diagram using CuK ⁇ rays, the diffraction peak intensity IL at the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ derived from LICP is 21.0° ⁇ 0.5°, and the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ derived from HICP is 19.9° ⁇ 0.5°.
- the lower limit of the intensity ratio IH / IL of the diffraction peak intensity IH at 5° is preferably 1, more preferably 2.
- the intensity ratio IH/IL is related to the abundance ratio of HICP and LICP contained in the sulfide solid electrolyte. That is, a large intensity ratio IH/IL indicates that the amount of LICP contained is relatively small compared to HICP .
- the upper limit of the intensity ratio IH / IL is not particularly limited. When I L is 0, the intensity ratio I H /I L is infinite and included in being 1 or more.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte has a diffraction peak with the highest diffraction intensity, a diffraction peak with the second highest diffraction intensity, a diffraction peak with the third highest diffraction intensity, or a diffraction peak with a diffraction intensity of Any of the fourth strongest diffraction peaks is preferably located in the range of 19.9 ° ⁇ 0.5 °, the diffraction peak with the strongest diffraction intensity, the diffraction peak with the second strongest diffraction intensity, or the diffraction intensity is It is more preferable that one of the third strongest diffraction peaks is located in the range of 19.9 ° ⁇ 0.5 °, and the diffraction peak with the strongest diffraction intensity or the diffraction peak with the second strongest diffraction intensity is at 19.9 ° More preferably, it is positioned within the range of ⁇ 0.5°.
- HICP is sufficiently formed in the sulfide solid electrolyte, and high ionic conductivity can be exhibited.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte according to an embodiment of the present invention contains, as constituent elements, one or more divalent elements A, one or more halogen elements X, and a nitrogen element.
- the divalent element A and the halogen element X are such that the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements is greater than the hydration energy of LiI. It's a combination.
- the hydration energies of compound A 0.5 X and LiI are determined by first-principles calculations, which will be detailed later, and the hydration energy of LiI is ⁇ 11.5 meV/atom. Therefore, a combination of a divalent element A and a halogen element X in which the hydration energy of compound A 0.5 X exceeds ⁇ 11.5 meV/atom is sufficient.
- the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X is ⁇ 4 meV/atom or more, 0 meV/atom or more, 2 meV/atom or more, and further 4 meV/atom or more. is preferred.
- the upper limit of hydration energy of compound A 0.5 X may be, for example, 200 meV/atom or 100 meV/atom.
- First-principles calculation is a calculation method that predicts physical properties non-empirically, and is a method that can calculate the total energy of a model containing atoms with known atomic numbers and spatial coordinates, and the energy band structure of electrons. is. Calculation methods can be broadly divided into two types: the "wave function theory” system and the "density functional theory” system. The calculation method used herein is based on density functional theory.
- VASP Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package
- the calculation conditions are as follows.
- the k point is set so that the value of k-resolution is 1000 ⁇ 200.
- the k-resolution is the product of the number of atoms in the unit cell and k points along the a, b, and c axes. If the substance to be calculated contains a transition metal element (a cation state with a stable valence, the 3d orbital is not a closed shell and an electron exists in the 3d orbital), the Hubbard Ueff value is set.
- the amount of change in total energy due to the hydration reaction of each halide from 1, 5 to 20, and 22 to 28 is the amount of change in energy due to the hydration reaction of LiI (hydration of LiI energy).
- divalent element A examples include Group 2 elements (alkaline earth metals) such as Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba, Mn, Cu and Zn.
- a group 2 element may be preferable, and a 4th period element (Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn, etc.) may be preferable.
- Ca, Mn and Zn are more preferable, and Zn is particularly preferable.
- a compound containing the monovalent element used as a raw material may remain, resulting in deterioration of the performance of the resulting sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the crystal structure of the compound containing the divalent element A is easily broken by, for example, mechanical milling treatment, the crystal structure of the compound containing the divalent element A used as a raw material is difficult to remain, and the obtained sulfide solid A decrease in electrolyte performance can be suppressed.
- the halogen element X includes F, Cl, Br, I, etc., with Br and I being preferred, and I being more preferred.
- the combination of the divalent element A and the halogen element X preferably satisfies any one of the following a to c.
- the divalent element A is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn and Zn
- the halogen element X is the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I It is one or more elements selected from.
- the divalent element A is Mg
- the halogen element X is F.
- the divalent element A is Cu
- the halogen element X is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br and I;
- the above a to c are divalent element A whose hydration energy of compound A 0.5 X obtained by first-principles calculation as described above is greater than the hydration energy of LiI ( ⁇ 11.5 meV/atom). It is a combination with the halogen element X (see Table 3).
- a1 the divalent element A is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ca, Ba, Mn and Zn, and the halogen element X is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I is one or more elements that a2:
- the divalent element A is Sr, and the halogen element X is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of F, Cl and Br.
- a1, a2, b and c are combinations of divalent element A and halogen element X in which the hydration energy of compound A 0.5 X obtained by first-principles calculation is 0 meV/atom or more (Table 3). Therefore, when the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination of these, the recovery rate of the sulfide solid electrolyte is further increased.
- the halogen element X preferably contains at least I.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte containing HICP tends to have high ionic conductivity when I is contained.
- the halogen element X preferably contains Br.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte containing HICP may have high ion conductivity when it contains Br.
- the halogen element X more preferably contains Br and I.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte containing HICP tends to have high ionic conductivity when Br and I are contained.
- the molar ratio (I/X) of the content of I to the content of halogen element X is preferably 0.1 or more and 1.0 or less, more preferably 0.2 or more and 0.9 or less, 0.3 or more and 0.8 or less is more preferable, and 0.4 or more and 0.7 or less is even more preferable in some cases.
- the molar ratio of the total content of Br and I to the content of halogen element X ((Br+I)/X) is preferably 0.5 or more and 1.0 or less, more preferably 0.6 or more and 1.0. The following is more preferable, 0.7 or more and 1.0 or less is still more preferable, and 0.8 or more and 1.0 or less is even more preferable in some cases.
- the molar ratio of Br to the total content of Br and I may be more than 0 and less than 1, and is 0.1 or more and 0.9 or less. is preferred, 0.2 to 0.8 is more preferred, and 0.3 to 0.7 is even more preferred in some cases.
- the halogen element X may be substantially free of Cl. “Substantially free of Cl” means at least not intentionally containing Cl.
- the halogen element may contain Cl, and in this case, the molar ratio of the Cl content to the halogen element X content (Cl/X) is more than 0 and 0.3 or less 0.01 or more and 0.2 or less, or 0.05 or more and 0.1 or less. By setting the molar ratio (Cl/X) in such a range, the water resistance may be improved.
- the halogen element X may be substantially free of F. “Substantially free of F” means that F is not contained intentionally at least. Further, in the sulfide solid electrolyte, the halogen element X may contain F, and in this case, the molar ratio (F/X) of the content of F to the content of the halogen element X is more than 0 and 0.3 or less. 0.01 or more and 0.2 or less, or 0.05 or more and 0.1 or less. By setting the molar ratio (F/X) in such a range, the water resistance may be improved.
- the halogen element X in the sulfide solid electrolyte preferably consists of I only, or Br and I only.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte preferably further contains a lithium element as a constituent element, and preferably has lithium ion conductivity.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte preferably further contains lithium element, phosphorus element and sulfur element as constituent elements.
- a preferred content ratio of each constituent element based on the content of phosphorus, which is one of the constituent elements, will be described.
- the molar ratio (A/P) of the content of the divalent element A to the content of the phosphorus element is preferably 0.01 or more and 0.4 or less, and is preferably 0.03 or more and 0.3 or less. It is more preferably 0.05 or more and 0.2 or less.
- the lower limit of the molar ratio (A/P) is more preferably 0.1 in some cases.
- the upper limit of the molar ratio (A/P) is more preferably 0.1, 0.07 or 0.05 in some cases.
- the molar ratio (X/P) of the halogen element X to the phosphorus element content is preferably 0.1 or more and 2 or less, more preferably 0.2 or more and 1.5 or less, and 0.3. More than 1 and less than 1 are more preferable.
- the molar ratio (X/P) is preferably 0.1 or more and 2 or less, more preferably 0.2 or more and 1.5 or less, and 0.3. More than 1 and less than 1 are more preferable.
- the molar ratio (N/P) of the nitrogen element to the phosphorus element content is preferably 0.01 or more and 1.2 or less, more preferably 0.1 or more and 1.0 or less. 2 or more and 0.6 or less is more preferable.
- the molar ratio (N/P) By setting the molar ratio (N/P) to the above lower limit or more, the decrease in ionic conductivity when the sulfide solid electrolyte is left in an air atmosphere is further suppressed, and the recovery rate is further increased. Also, by setting the molar ratio (N/P) to the above upper limit or less, the ionic conductivity may increase.
- the molar ratio of the lithium element content to the phosphorus element content is preferably 1 or more and 5 or less, more preferably 2 or more and 4.5 or less, and 2.5 or more and 4 The following may be more preferable.
- the molar ratio (Li/P) is preferably 1 or more and 5 or less, more preferably 2 or more and 4.5 or less, and 2.5 or more and 4 The following may be more preferable.
- the molar ratio (S/P) of the sulfur element content to the phosphorus element content is preferably 2 or more and 6 or less, more preferably 3 or more and 5 or less, and 3.5 or more and 4.5. More preferred are: By setting the molar ratio (S/P) within the above range, HICP is easily precipitated and the ionic conductivity is increased.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may further contain elements other than the divalent element A, the halogen element X, the nitrogen element, the lithium element, the phosphorus element and the sulfur element.
- Other elements include monovalent elements such as alkali metal elements other than the lithium element, oxygen elements, and the like.
- Other elements include a divalent element B other than the divalent element A (a divalent element in which the hydration energy of the compound B 0.5 X, which is composed together with the halogen element X, is smaller than the hydration energy of LiI) ) and halogen elements other than the above halogen element X are also included.
- the divalent element B may be one or more divalent elements.
- the molar ratio of the content of the other element to the content of the phosphorus element in the sulfide solid electrolyte may be preferably less than 0.1, more preferably less than 0.01, and substantially may not be contained in
- the sulfide solid electrolyte further contains one or more divalent elements B other than the divalent element A
- the total content of the divalent elements contained in the sulfide solid electrolyte (the divalent element
- the molar ratio of the content of the divalent element B to the total content of A and the divalent element B) may be, for example, 0 or more and less than 0.5.
- the molar ratio of the content of the divalent element B is preferably 0.4 or less, more preferably 0.3 or less, still more preferably 0.2 or less.
- the molar ratio of the content of the divalent element B may be 0.1 or less, and 0.05 or less (for example, 0.01 or less, typically 0.005 or less). There may be.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte disclosed herein can be preferably implemented in a mode in which the divalent element B is not substantially included.
- the fact that the sulfide solid electrolyte does not substantially contain the divalent element B means that the divalent element B is not contained at least intentionally.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte further contains an element M as a constituent element, the element M being an element other than the divalent element A, Al, Ta, Si, Sc, Mg, Nb, B, Hf, At least one selected from the group consisting of C, Zr and Ti may be preferred.
- the element M does not include the divalent element A.
- the nitrogen element which is an element that has the effect of suppressing the hydration reaction with low reversibility, is suppressed from being discharged out of the system. Therefore, the decrease in ionic conductivity when left in an air atmosphere is further suppressed, and the recovery rate is further increased.
- the element M Al is preferable among these.
- the crystal structure of the compound containing the monovalent element used as the raw material may remain depending on the manufacturing method. This may lead to deterioration of the performance of the sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the treatment time may be prolonged in order to eliminate the crystal structure of the compound containing the monovalent element. Therefore, it may be preferable that the sulfide solid electrolyte does not use a compound containing a monovalent element other than the lithium element as a raw material.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte tends to preferably contain substantially no monovalent elements other than the lithium element as constituent elements, and tends to preferably contain substantially no alkali metal elements other than the lithium element. It is in.
- the molar ratio of the content of the monovalent element other than the lithium element or the alkali metal element other than the lithium element to the content of the phosphorus element in the sulfide solid electrolyte may preferably be, for example, less than 0.1. Less than 01 may be more preferred, and 0 may be even more preferred.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may be represented by Formula 1 below.
- A is the divalent element A above.
- X is the halogen element X described above.
- X' is a halogen element other than I;
- M is an element other than the divalent element A, and is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ta, Si, Sc, Mg, Nb, B, Hf, C, Zr and Ti.
- ⁇ and ⁇ are numbers that give the stoichiometric ratio, depending on the type of element M.
- Y is one or more elements other than Li, S, P, N, I, A, M, X and X'.
- x is a number of 0.5 or more and 0.8 or less.
- y is a number of 0.2 or more and 0.5 or less.
- z is a number greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.5.
- u is a number greater than 0 and less than or equal to 30;
- v is a number from 0 to 30;
- v' is a number of 0 or more and 30 or less.
- w is a number from 0 to 20;
- the above formula 1 shows the content ratio of each element Li, S, P, N, I, A, M, X, X' and Y (composition formula), and specifies the compound to be the raw material.
- I in LiI and X' in LiX' in Formula 1 may be the same element as X. That is, I and X' may be a specific halogen element X that satisfies the condition that the hydration energy of A 0.5 X is greater than the hydration energy of LiI.
- Examples of A include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Cu, Zn, etc. Ca, Mn and Zn are preferred, and Zn is more preferred.
- M Al is preferable.
- Examples of X include F, Cl, Br, and I, with Br and I being preferred, and I being more preferred.
- Examples of X' include F, Cl, and Br, and Br is preferable.
- Examples of Y include Na, O, and the like.
- the above x is preferably 0.6 or more and 0.78 or less, more preferably 0.65 or more and 0.76 or less.
- the above y is preferably 0.22 or more and 0.4 or less, more preferably 0.24 or more and 0.35 or less.
- the sum (x+y) of x and y is preferably 0.9 or more and 1.1 or less, and the lower limit thereof is more preferably 0.95.
- the above z is preferably 0.05 or more and 0.4 or less, more preferably 0.1 or more and 0.3 or less.
- the u is preferably 1 or more and 30 or less, more preferably 2 or more and 25 or less, and still more preferably 3 or more and 20 or less.
- the lower limit of u is more preferably 4 or 6 in some cases.
- the upper limit of u is more preferably 10, 8 or 6 in some cases.
- the above v is preferably 0 or more and 20 or less.
- the upper limit of v is more preferably 15, more preferably 10, and even more preferably 5 in some cases.
- As for the lower limit of said v, 1 or 4 may be preferable.
- the sum (u+v) of u and v is preferably 1 or more and 30 or less, more preferably 3 or more and 25 or less, and even more preferably 5 or more and 20 or less in some cases.
- the above v′ is preferably 0 or more and 25 or less, more preferably 5 or more and 20 or less, and the lower limit of 10 may be even more preferable.
- the sum (u+v+v') of u, v, and v' is preferably 5 or more and 40 or less, more preferably 10 or more and 35 or less, and even more preferably 15 or more and 30 or less in some cases.
- the w may be 0 or more and 10 or less, 0 or more and 5 or less, or 0.
- the ratio of v to u (v/u) is preferably 0 or more and 10 or less. In such a case, it can be said that the portion derived from or related to LiI, which is easily hydrated, is sufficiently replaced with the portion derived from or related to the compound A 0.5 X, which is difficult to hydrate, and the recovery rate and the like are further improved. There is a tendency.
- the lower limit of the ionic conductivity of the sulfide solid electrolyte at 25° C. is preferably 1 mS/cm, more preferably 2 mS/cm, still more preferably 3 mS/cm, and even more preferably 4 mS/cm.
- the ionic conductivity at 25° C. of the sulfide solid electrolyte is equal to or higher than the above lower limit, the charge/discharge performance of the electric storage device including the sulfide solid electrolyte can be further improved.
- the upper limit of the ionic conductivity is not particularly limited, it is, for example, 50 mS/cm, and may be 25 mS/cm.
- the ionic conductivity of the sulfide solid electrolyte is obtained by measuring AC impedance by the following method.
- 120 mg of the sample powder is put into a powder molding machine with an inner diameter of 10 mm, and then uniaxially pressurized at 50 MPa or less using a hydraulic press.
- 120 mg of SUS316L powder as a current collector is put on the top surface of the sample, and then the hydraulic press is used again to carry out uniaxial pressure molding at 50 MPa or less.
- the upper limit of the electron conductivity at 25° C. of the sulfide solid electrolyte is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 S/cm, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 S/cm, and further preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 S/cm. preferable.
- the electronic conductivity of the sulfide solid electrolyte is equal to or less than the above upper limit, the charge/discharge performance of the electric storage device including the sulfide solid electrolyte can be further improved.
- the shape of the sulfide solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, and is usually granular, massive, or the like.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte can be suitably used as an electrolyte for a storage element such as a lithium ion secondary battery, particularly a lithium ion storage element. Among them, it can be particularly preferably used as an electrolyte for an all-solid-state battery.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte can be used for any of the positive electrode layer, isolation layer, negative electrode layer, and the like in the electric storage element.
- a method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises, as constituent elements, one or more divalent elements A, one or more halogen elements X, and a nitrogen element.
- the divalent element A and the halogen element X are a combination in which the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X composed of these elements is greater than the hydration energy of LiI. .
- composition The composition used as a raw material in the production method usually contains lithium element, phosphorus element and sulfur element in addition to divalent element A, halogen element X and nitrogen element.
- the composition is usually a mixture of two or more compounds containing at least one element selected from lithium element, phosphorus element, sulfur element, divalent element A, halogen element X and nitrogen element.
- Lithium element, phosphorus element, sulfur element, divalent element A, halogen element X and nitrogen element may be contained in any one of the compounds contained in the composition (mixture).
- Two or more elements selected from lithium element, phosphorus element, sulfur element, divalent element A, halogen element X and nitrogen element may be contained in one compound.
- the composition may contain a compound or the like that does not contain any of the lithium element, phosphorus element, sulfur element, divalent element A, halogen element X and nitrogen element.
- the composition may contain compound A 0.5 X or may not contain compound A 0.5 X.
- Examples of the compound or the like containing a lithium element include Li 2 S, Li 2 O, Li 3 N, Li 2 CO 3 and metallic lithium. In addition, it may be lithium halide, Li 1.5 Al 0.5 N, or the like, which will be described later. Among these, Li 2 S, lithium halide and Li 1.5 Al 0.5 N are preferred.
- the compound or the like containing lithium element may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of compounds containing phosphorus include P 2 S 3 , P 2 S 5 , P 2 O 5 , P 3 N 5 , elemental phosphorus, and the like. Among these, P 2 S 3 and P 2 S 5 are preferred, and P 2 S 5 is more preferred.
- the compounds and the like containing elemental phosphorus may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of compounds containing sulfur include Li 2 S, P 2 S 3 , P 2 S 5 , Al 2 S 3 , MgS, SiS 2 , elemental sulfur, and the like. Among these, Li 2 S, P 2 S 3 and P 2 S 5 are preferred, and Li 2 S and P 2 S 5 are more preferred.
- Compounds containing elemental sulfur may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- Compounds containing the divalent element A include halides (A 0.5 X), oxides, and nitrides of the divalent element A, with halides being preferred.
- the compounds and the like containing the divalent element A may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of the compound or the like containing a halogen element include the halide of the divalent element A (A 0.5 X) as well as LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, Br 2 and I 2 . Among these, halides of divalent element A, LiI and LiBr are preferred. Compounds and the like containing halogen elements may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the compound or the like containing nitrogen element is preferably a compound containing nitrogen element and element M, and a compound represented by L ⁇ M ⁇ N (L is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Na and K M is the above element M.
- ⁇ and ⁇ are numerical values that give a stoichiometric ratio according to the type of element M).
- Examples of such compounds include raw material compounds containing lithium element, nitrogen element and element M (hereinafter also referred to as Li--M--N-containing compounds).
- a Li—M—N-containing compound can be produced by the following procedure. First, Li 3 N and a nitride of element M are prepared and mixed in a mortar or the like. Next, pellets of the mixed raw material compounds are produced.
- the Li—M—N-containing compound is produced by heat-treating the pellets.
- the means for preparing the Li—M—N-containing compound is not limited to this, and other methods may be used.
- the raw material of the Li—M—N-containing compound may be two or more kinds of compounds containing any one of lithium element, element M and nitrogen element.
- the Li—M—N containing compound may be made by mechanical milling.
- As the Li—M—N-containing compound one that is industrially produced and sold may be prepared.
- a lithium composite nitride of the element M is preferably used as the Li—M—N-containing compound.
- Lithium composite nitrides of element M include, for example, Li 1.5 Al 0.5 N, Li 1.5 B 0.5 N, Li 5/3 Si 1/3 N, Li 9/5 Si 3/10 N, LiMgN , LiHf0.5N , Li1.5Sc0.5N , LiZr0.5N , Li5 / 3Ti1 /3N, Li4 /3Ta1/3N, Li7 / 4 Lithium composite nitrides such as Ta 1/4 N, Li 7/4 Nb 1/4 N, LiC 0.5 N, and the like.
- Li 1.5 Al 0.5 N, Li 1.5 B 0.5 N, and Li 5/3 Si 1/3 N are preferable because they are readily available.
- Li 1.5 Al 0.5 N is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing precipitation of Li 2 S, and Li 1.5 B 0.5 N and Li 5 from the viewpoint of improving the thermal stability of HICP. / 3Si1 /3N is particularly preferred.
- Li 1.5 Al 0.5 N and Li 1.5 B 0.5 N are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing the discharge of the nitrogen element to the outside of the system in the manufacturing process of the sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the composition may contain a compound containing element M and a compound containing nitrogen element.
- the compound containing the element M includes an oxide of the element M, a sulfide of the element M, a nitride of the element M, an alloy of the element M and lithium, and the like.
- sulfides of element M include Al 2 S 3 and SiS 2 .
- Nitrides of the element M include, for example, AlN, Si 3 N 4 , BN, Mg 3 N 2 and the like.
- the compounds containing the element M may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the element M in the production method is not particularly limited as long as it is at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, tantalum, silicon, scandium, magnesium, niobium, boron, hafnium, carbon, zirconium and titanium.
- the element M is aluminum, tantalum, silicon, scandium, magnesium, niobium, boron, hafnium and carbon from the viewpoint of more reliably suppressing the discharge of nitrogen elements to the outside of the system in the manufacturing process of the sulfide solid electrolyte. Any one is preferred, and any one of aluminum, tantalum, silicon, scandium, magnesium, niobium and boron is more preferred.
- the element M is more preferably any one of aluminum, silicon and boron because of its easy availability.
- element M may be aluminum.
- Examples of compounds containing a nitrogen element include Li 3 N, PN, P 3 N 5 , S 4 N 4 , S 2 N 2 , S 4 N 2 , Li—MN-containing compounds, and the like. Among these, Li 3 N is preferred.
- a compound containing a nitrogen element may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the composition is a composition containing Li 2 S, P 2 S 5 , Li 1.5 Al 0.5 N, A 0.5 X, and lithium halide (LiI, LiBr, etc.) can be
- the molar ratio of A 0.5 X to the total content of A 0.5 X and LiI is preferably 0.01 or more and 1 or less, and the lower limit is more preferably 0.1. 0.3 is more preferred. In such a case, it becomes easy to obtain a sulfide solid electrolyte in which LiI, which is easily hydrated, is sufficiently substituted with A 0.5 X.
- the preferred content of each element in the above composition is the same as the preferred content of each element in the sulfide solid electrolyte according to one embodiment of the present invention described above.
- the composition is treated to obtain a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the treatment include a method of obtaining an intermediate by mechanical milling or the like and heating the intermediate.
- the means for obtaining the intermediate is not limited to this, and a method other than mechanical milling, such as a melt quenching method, may be used.
- Mechanical milling may be either dry or wet, but wet is preferred because it allows the raw material compounds, etc., to be mixed more uniformly.
- Mechanical milling includes, for example, a container-driven mill, a medium agitating mill, milling using a high-speed rotary pulverizer, a roller mill, a jet mill, and the like.
- container-driven mills include rotary mills, vibratory mills, planetary mills, and the like.
- medium agitation mills include attritors and bead mills.
- milling using a high-speed rotary pulverizer include hammer mills and pin mills.
- container-driven mills are preferred, and planetary mills are particularly preferred.
- the intermediate obtained through mechanical milling or the like may have a crystal structure, but is preferably so-called sulfide glass.
- "Sulfide glass” means a sulfide solid electrolyte containing an amorphous structure.
- the intermediate is a sulfide glass, it is possible to obtain a sulfide solid electrolyte in which each element is highly dispersed with less crystal phases having low stability such as Li 2 S.
- heating is performed on the intermediate obtained by mechanical milling or the like. This yields a sulfide solid electrolyte in which the intermediate is at least partially crystallized, preferably at least partially crystallized in the HICP phase.
- Heating (heat treatment) may be performed under a reduced pressure atmosphere or under an inert gas atmosphere.
- the heating temperature range is, for example, preferably 150° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower, more preferably 170° C. or higher and 270° C. or lower, and even more preferably 180° C. or higher and 260° C. or lower.
- Method for selecting raw material compound L ⁇ M ⁇ N As described above, by using a compound represented by L ⁇ M ⁇ N, which is an example of a compound containing nitrogen element and element M, as a raw material, nitrogen element is removed from the system during the production process of the sulfide solid electrolyte. Emission can be suppressed. A first-principles calculation can be used to select the element L and the element M that provide such an effect. A method for selecting the raw material compound L ⁇ M ⁇ N will be described below.
- the raw material compound is selected according to the procedure shown in (1) to (3).
- (1) Select a candidate material containing nitrogen, an element L', and an element M', wherein the first neighboring atom of the element L' and the element M' is nitrogen.
- (2) Using first-principles calculation, calculate the defect generation energy E Ndefect of nitrogen inside the candidate material.
- (3) When the E Ndefect is 4.00 eV or more, the candidate material is selected as the raw material compound.
- the nitrogen defect generation energy E Ndefect is the energy value required to desorb a nitrogen atom from the crystal structure to generate a defect.
- the defect generation energy of nitrogen is a value calculated using the total energy E perfect of a crystal structure containing no defects, the total energy E Nvacancy of a crystal structure containing nitrogen defects, and the chemical potential ⁇ N of nitrogen atoms. , defined by Equation 2 below.
- E Ndefect (E Nvacancy + ⁇ N ) ⁇ E perfect 2 That is, the procedure for calculating the defect generation energy ENdefect of nitrogen is as follows. (a) Obtaining the composition and crystal structure of the candidate material. (b) Calculate the chemical potential ⁇ N of nitrogen atoms to be detached as defects.
- the composition and crystal structure of the candidate material can be arbitrarily selected from those available from known publications, databases, and the like.
- the candidate material is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound containing nitrogen element, element L', and element M', but it is preferably a compound that is stable under normal temperature and normal pressure.
- the element L' is a metal element.
- the element M' is an element other than nitrogen belonging to any one of Groups 2 to 15 of the periodic table, and is different from the element L'.
- N is a nitrogen element.
- the element L′ is not particularly limited, it is preferably any one of an alkali metal element, an alkaline earth metal element and an aluminum element, and at least one element selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and aluminum. It is more preferable if it is, and it is even more preferable that it is a lithium element. This makes it easier to operate a power storage device to which the solid electrolyte is applied.
- the candidate material represented by Li ⁇ M′ ⁇ N (where ⁇ and ⁇ are numerical values that give a stoichiometric ratio depending on the type of element M) and Li 3 N, nitrogen defect generation Calculate energy. That is, the lithium element is selected as the element L'.
- Element M′ includes boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, calcium, strontium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, gallium, germanium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, indium, The elements tin, cerium, hafnium, tantalum and carbon are evaluated.
- VASP Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package
- the calculation conditions are as follows.
- the k point is set so that the value of k-resolution is 1000 ⁇ 200.
- the k-resolution is the product of the number of atoms in the model and the k points along the a, b, and c axes. If the substance to be calculated contains a transition metal element (a cation state with a stable valence, the 3d orbital is not a closed shell and an electron exists in the 3d orbital), the Hubbard Ueff value is set.
- the calculation model cell in order to reduce the interaction between nitrogen defects, is designed so that the lattice constants a, b, and c are all about 10 ⁇ within a range where the total number of atoms does not exceed 200.
- Table 5 shows the lattice constants used in the calculations for some candidate materials.
- Table 6 shows the element M', the chemical composition of each candidate material, and the defect generation energy E Ndefect of nitrogen.
- the defect generation energy E Ndefect of nitrogen in Li 3 N in which nitrogen defects are likely to occur is 2.94 eV.
- vanadium, yttrium, gallium, calcium, cerium, tin, zinc, germanium, chromium, manganese, strontium, indium, cobalt, nickel, and iron each have a nitrogen defect generation energy E Ndefect is as small as 3.88 eV or less. Therefore, candidate materials containing any of vanadium, yttrium, gallium, calcium, cerium, tin, zinc, germanium, chromium, manganese, strontium, indium, cobalt, nickel and iron as the element M′ have nitrogen defects.
- each element of aluminum, tantalum, silicon, scandium, magnesium, niobium, boron, hafnium, carbon, zirconium, and titanium has a nitrogen defect generation energy E Ndefect in Li ⁇ M′ ⁇ N that is as large as 4.00 eV or more. I understand.
- the candidate material contains any one of aluminum, tantalum, silicon, scandium, magnesium, niobium, boron, hafnium, carbon, zirconium and titanium as the element M', nitrogen defects are less likely to occur, and the sulfide solid electrolyte It is predicted that there is a high possibility that the effect of suppressing the discharge of nitrogen elements to the outside of the system in the manufacturing process of is exhibited.
- the defect generation energy ENdefect of nitrogen of the candidate material is 4.00 eV or more, preferably 4.10 eV or more, more preferably 4.20 eV or more, and 4.30 eV or more. is more preferable, and 4.35 eV or more is particularly preferable.
- the calculation is performed for the case where the element L' includes a lithium element. That is, first-principles calculations are performed using Li ⁇ M′ ⁇ N as a model.
- Element L ' is not particularly limited as long as it is a metal element.
- a candidate material containing any of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and aluminum is selected, and a raw material compound is used by first-principles calculation. may be selected.
- a power storage device 10 shown in FIG. 1 is an all-solid battery, and is a secondary battery in which a positive electrode layer 1 and a negative electrode layer 2 are arranged with an isolation layer 3 interposed therebetween.
- the positive electrode layer 1 has a positive electrode substrate 4 and a positive electrode active material layer 5 , and the positive electrode substrate 4 is the outermost layer of the positive electrode layer 1 .
- the negative electrode layer 2 has a negative electrode substrate 7 and a negative electrode active material layer 6 , and the negative electrode substrate 7 is the outermost layer of the negative electrode layer 2 .
- the negative electrode active material layer 6, the isolation layer 3, the positive electrode active material layer 5, and the positive electrode substrate 4 are laminated on the negative electrode substrate 7 in this order.
- the power storage element 10 contains the sulfide solid electrolyte according to one embodiment of the present invention in at least one of the positive electrode layer 1 , the negative electrode layer 2 and the isolation layer 3 . More specifically, at least one of the positive electrode active material layer 5, the negative electrode active material layer 6, and the isolation layer 3 contains the sulfide solid electrolyte according to one embodiment of the present invention. Since the power storage element 10 contains a sulfide solid electrolyte with a high recovery rate, even if the sulfide solid electrolyte is left in an air atmosphere during the manufacturing process, the ions of the sulfide solid electrolyte can be recovered by re-drying. The conductivity is fully recovered, and good charge/discharge performance can be exhibited.
- the power storage element 10 may also use solid electrolytes other than the sulfide solid electrolyte according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- solid electrolytes include sulfide solid electrolytes other than the sulfide solid electrolyte according to one embodiment of the present invention, oxide solid electrolytes, fluoride solid electrolytes, dry polymer electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes, pseudo-solid electrolytes, and the like. sulfide solid electrolytes are preferred.
- a plurality of different types of solid electrolytes may be contained in one layer in the electric storage element 10, and different solid electrolytes may be contained in each layer.
- Sulfide solid electrolytes other than the sulfide solid electrolyte include, for example, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -LiI, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 - LiCl, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 - LiBr, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 - Li 2 O, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 - Li 2 O- LiI, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 —Li 3 N, Li 2 S—SiS 2 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 —LiI, Li 2 S—SiS 2 —LiBr, Li 2 S—SiS 2 —LiCl, Li 2 S—SiS 2 —B 2 S 3 -LiI, Li 2 S-SiS 2 -P 2 S 5 -LiI, Li 2 S-B 2 S 3 , Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -Z m S 2n (where m and n are positive numbers, Z is one of Ge, Zn
- the positive electrode layer 1 includes a positive electrode substrate 4 and a positive electrode active material layer 5 laminated on the surface of the positive electrode substrate 4 .
- the positive electrode layer 1 may have an intermediate layer between the positive electrode substrate 4 and the positive electrode active material layer 5 .
- the positive electrode base material 4 has conductivity. Whether or not a material has “conductivity” is determined using a volume resistivity of 10 7 ⁇ cm as a threshold measured according to JIS-H-0505 (1975).
- the material of the positive electrode substrate 4 metals such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, or alloys thereof are used. Among these, aluminum or an aluminum alloy is preferable from the viewpoint of potential resistance, high conductivity, and cost.
- Examples of the positive electrode substrate 4 include foil, deposited film, mesh, porous material, and the like, and foil is preferable from the viewpoint of cost. Therefore, the positive electrode substrate 4 is preferably aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil. Examples of aluminum or aluminum alloy include A1085, A3003, A1N30, etc. defined in JIS-H-4000 (2014) or JIS-H-4160 (2006).
- the average thickness of the positive electrode substrate 4 is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the "average thickness" of the positive electrode base material 4 and the negative electrode base material 7, which will be described later, refers to a value obtained by dividing the mass of the base material in a predetermined area by the true density and area of the base material.
- the intermediate layer is a layer arranged between the positive electrode substrate 4 and the positive electrode active material layer 5 .
- the intermediate layer reduces the contact resistance between the positive electrode substrate 4 and the positive electrode active material layer 5 by containing a conductive agent such as carbon particles.
- the composition of the intermediate layer is not particularly limited, and includes, for example, a binder and a conductive agent.
- the positive electrode active material layer 5 contains a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material layer 5 can be formed from a so-called positive electrode mixture containing a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material layer 5 may contain a mixture or composite containing a positive electrode active material, a solid electrolyte, and the like.
- the positive electrode active material layer 5 contains optional components such as a conductive agent, a binder (binding agent), a thickener, a filler, etc., as required. One or more of these optional components may not be substantially contained in the positive electrode active material layer 5 .
- the positive electrode active material can be appropriately selected from known positive electrode active materials.
- a positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries a material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions is usually used.
- positive electrode active materials include lithium-transition metal composite oxides having an ⁇ -NaFeO 2 type crystal structure, lithium-transition metal composite oxides having a spinel-type crystal structure, polyanion compounds, chalcogen compounds, and sulfur.
- lithium transition metal composite oxides having an ⁇ -NaFeO 2 type crystal structure examples include Li[Li x Ni (1-x) ]O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5), Li[Li x Ni ⁇ Co ( 1-x- ⁇ ) ]O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ 1), Li[Li x Co (1-x) ]O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5), Li[ Li x Ni ⁇ Mn (1-x- ⁇ ) ]O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ 1), Li[Li x Ni ⁇ Mn ⁇ Co (1-x- ⁇ - ⁇ ) ] O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ , 0 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ + ⁇ 1), Li[Li x Ni ⁇ Co ⁇ Al (1-x- ⁇ - ⁇ ) ]O 2 ( 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ , 0 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ + ⁇ 1) and the like.
- lithium transition metal composite oxides having a spinel crystal structure examples include Li x Mn 2 O 4 and Li x Ni ⁇ Mn (2- ⁇ ) O 4 .
- polyanion compounds include LiFePO4 , LiMnPO4 , LiNiPO4 , LiCoPO4, Li3V2(PO4)3 , Li2MnSiO4 , Li2CoPO4F and the like.
- chalcogen compounds include titanium disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, and molybdenum dioxide.
- the atoms or polyanions in these materials may be partially substituted with atoms or anionic species of other elements. These materials may be coated with other materials on their surfaces. In the positive electrode active material layer 5, one of these materials may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination.
- the positive electrode active material is usually particles (powder).
- the average particle size of the positive electrode active material is preferably, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. By making the average particle size of the positive electrode active material equal to or more than the above lower limit, manufacturing or handling of the positive electrode active material becomes easy. By setting the average particle size of the positive electrode active material to the upper limit or less, the electron conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer 5 is improved. Note that when a composite of a positive electrode active material and another material is used, the average particle size of the composite is taken as the average particle size of the positive electrode active material.
- Average particle size is based on JIS-Z-8825 (2013), based on the particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction / scattering method for a diluted solution in which particles are diluted with a solvent, JIS-Z-8819 -2 (2001) means a value at which the volume-based integrated distribution calculated according to 50%.
- Pulverizers, classifiers, etc. are used to obtain powder with a predetermined particle size.
- Pulverization methods include, for example, methods using a mortar, ball mill, sand mill, vibrating ball mill, planetary ball mill, jet mill, counter jet mill, whirling jet mill, or sieve.
- wet pulverization in which water or an organic solvent such as hexane is allowed to coexist can also be used.
- a sieve, an air classifier, or the like is used as necessary, both dry and wet.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer 5 is preferably 10% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, and the lower limit is 30% by mass, more preferably 50% by mass. By setting the content of the positive electrode active material within the above range, the electrical capacity of the storage element 10 can be further increased.
- the content of the solid electrolyte is preferably 5% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less, and the upper limit is 50% by mass. is more preferred in some cases.
- the content of the sulfide solid electrolyte according to one embodiment of the present invention with respect to the total solid electrolyte in the positive electrode active material layer 5 is , preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, still more preferably 90% by mass or more, and even more preferably substantially 100% by mass.
- the mixture of the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte etc. is a mixture produced by mixing the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte etc. by mechanical milling or the like.
- a mixture of a positive electrode active material and a solid electrolyte or the like can be obtained by mixing a particulate positive electrode active material and a particulate solid electrolyte or the like.
- the composite of the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte, etc. a composite having a chemical or physical bond between the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte, etc., a mechanical composite of the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte, etc. and the like.
- the composite has a positive electrode active material, a solid electrolyte, and the like in one particle.
- a film containing a solid electrolyte or the like is formed on at least a part thereof.
- the conductive agent is not particularly limited as long as it is a conductive material.
- Examples of such conductive agents include carbonaceous materials, metals, and conductive ceramics.
- Carbonaceous materials include graphite, non-graphitic carbon, graphene-based carbon, and the like.
- Examples of non-graphitic carbon include carbon nanofiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, and carbon black.
- Examples of carbon black include furnace black, acetylene black, and ketjen black.
- Graphene-based carbon includes graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), fullerene, and the like.
- the shape of the conductive agent may be powdery, fibrous, or the like.
- As the conductive agent one type of these materials may be used alone, or two or more types may be mixed and used. Also, these materials may be combined for use.
- a composite material of carbon black and CNT may be used.
- carbon black is preferable from the viewpoint of electron conductivity and coatability
- acetylene black is particularly preferable
- the content of the conductive agent in the positive electrode active material layer 5 is preferably 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less.
- Binders include, for example, fluorine resins (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc.), thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacryl, and polyimide; ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), sulfone Elastomers such as modified EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and fluororubber; polysaccharide polymers and the like.
- fluorine resins polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc.
- thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacryl, and polyimide
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene rubber
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- fluororubber polysaccharide polymers and the like.
- the binder content in the positive electrode active material layer 5 is preferably 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less. By setting the content of the binder within the above range, the active material can be stably retained.
- thickeners examples include polysaccharide polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and methylcellulose.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- methylcellulose examples include polysaccharide polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and methylcellulose.
- the functional group may be previously deactivated by methylation or the like.
- the filler is not particularly limited.
- Fillers include polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, inorganic oxides such as silicon dioxide, alumina, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide and aluminosilicate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, hydroxide Hydroxides such as aluminum, carbonates such as calcium carbonate, sparingly soluble ionic crystals such as calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, and barium sulfate, nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride, talc, montmorillonite, boehmite, zeolite, Mineral resource-derived substances such as apatite, kaolin, mullite, spinel, olivine, sericite, bentonite, and mica, or artificial products thereof may be used.
- the positive electrode active material layer 5 is composed of typical nonmetallic elements such as B, N, P, F, Cl, Br, I, Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Sr, Ba Typical metal elements such as Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zr, Nb, and W are used as positive electrode active materials, solid electrolytes, conductive agents, binders, and thickeners. You may contain as a component other than a sticky agent and a filler.
- the average thickness of the positive electrode active material layer 5 is preferably 30 ⁇ m or more and 1,000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 60 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. By setting the average thickness of the positive electrode active material layer 5 to the above lower limit or more, it is possible to obtain the electric storage device 10 having a high energy density. By making the average thickness of the positive electrode active material layer 5 equal to or less than the above upper limit, it is possible to reduce the size of the electric storage device 10 . Let the average thickness of the positive electrode active material layer 5 be the average value of the thickness measured at arbitrary five places. The same applies to the average thicknesses of the negative electrode active material layer 6 and the separation layer 3, which will be described later.
- the negative electrode layer 2 has a negative electrode base material 7 and a negative electrode active material layer 6 disposed on the negative electrode base material 7 directly or via an intermediate layer.
- the structure of the intermediate layer is not particularly limited, and can be selected from the structures exemplified for the positive electrode layer 1, for example.
- the negative electrode base material 7 has conductivity.
- materials for the negative electrode substrate 7 metals such as copper, nickel, stainless steel, nickel-plated steel, and aluminum, alloys thereof, carbonaceous materials, and the like are used. Among these, copper or a copper alloy is preferred.
- the negative electrode substrate 7 include foil, deposited film, mesh, porous material, and the like, and foil is preferable from the viewpoint of cost. Therefore, copper foil or copper alloy foil is preferable as the negative electrode substrate 7 .
- Examples of copper foil include rolled copper foil and electrolytic copper foil.
- the average thickness of the negative electrode substrate 7 is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 35 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 4 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the negative electrode active material layer 6 contains a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material layer 6 can be formed from a so-called negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material layer 6 may contain a mixture or composite containing a negative electrode active material, a solid electrolyte, and the like.
- the negative electrode active material layer 6 contains arbitrary components such as a conductive agent, a binder, a thickener, a filler, etc., as required.
- the types and suitable contents of these optional components in the negative electrode active material layer 6 are the same as those of the above-described optional components in the positive electrode active material layer 5 .
- One or more of these optional components may not be substantially contained in the negative electrode active material layer 6 .
- the negative electrode active material layer 6 is composed of typical nonmetallic elements such as B, N, P, F, Cl, Br, and I, Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Sr, and Ba.
- Typical metal elements such as Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zr, Ta, Hf, Nb, W, etc. are used as negative electrode active materials, solid electrolytes, and conductive agents. , a binder, a thickener, and a component other than a filler.
- the negative electrode active material can be appropriately selected from known negative electrode active materials. Materials capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions are usually used as negative electrode active materials for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the negative electrode active material include metal Li; metals or metalloids such as Si and Sn; metal oxides and metalloid oxides such as Si oxide, Ti oxide and Sn oxide; Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ; Titanium-containing oxides such as LiTiO 2 and TiNb 2 O 7 ; polyphosphate compounds; silicon carbide; carbon materials such as graphite and non-graphitizable carbon (easily graphitizable carbon or non-graphitizable carbon) be done. Among these materials, graphite and non-graphitic carbon are preferred. In the negative electrode active material layer 6, one kind of these materials may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be mixed and used.
- Graphite refers to a carbon material having an average lattice spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane of 0.33 nm or more and less than 0.34 nm as determined by X-ray diffraction before charging/discharging or in a discharged state.
- Graphite includes natural graphite and artificial graphite. Artificial graphite is preferable from the viewpoint that a material with stable physical properties can be obtained.
- Non-graphitic carbon refers to a carbon material having an average lattice spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane of 0.34 nm or more and 0.42 nm or less as determined by X-ray diffraction before charging/discharging or in a discharged state.
- Non-graphitizable carbon includes non-graphitizable carbon and graphitizable carbon. Examples of non-graphitic carbon include resin-derived materials, petroleum pitch or petroleum pitch-derived materials, petroleum coke or petroleum coke-derived materials, plant-derived materials, and alcohol-derived materials.
- the discharged state means a state in which the carbon material, which is the negative electrode active material, is discharged such that lithium ions that can be inserted and released are sufficiently released during charging and discharging.
- the open circuit voltage is 0.7 V or more.
- non-graphitizable carbon refers to a carbon material having a d 002 of 0.36 nm or more and 0.42 nm or less.
- Graphitizable carbon refers to a carbon material having a d 002 of 0.34 nm or more and less than 0.36 nm.
- the negative electrode active material is usually particles (powder).
- the average particle size of the negative electrode active material can be, for example, 1 nm or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the negative electrode active material is a carbon material, a titanium-containing oxide or a polyphosphate compound
- the average particle size may be 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the negative electrode active material is Si, Sn, Si oxide, Sn oxide, or the like
- the average particle size may be 1 nm or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the electron conductivity of the negative electrode active material layer 6 is improved.
- a pulverizer, a classifier, or the like is used to obtain powder having a predetermined particle size.
- the pulverization method and classification method can be selected from the methods exemplified for the positive electrode layer 1, for example.
- the negative electrode active material is metal such as metal Li
- the negative electrode active material may be foil-shaped.
- the content of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode active material layer 6 is preferably 10% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, and the lower limit is 30% by mass, more preferably 50% by mass. By setting the content of the negative electrode active material within the above range, the electrical capacity of the storage element 10 can be further increased.
- the content of the solid electrolyte is preferably 5% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less, and the upper limit is 50% by mass. is more preferred in some cases.
- the content of the sulfide solid electrolyte according to one embodiment of the present invention with respect to the total solid electrolyte in the negative electrode active material layer 6 is , preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, still more preferably 90% by mass or more, and even more preferably substantially 100% by mass.
- the mixture or composite of the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can be obtained by replacing the positive electrode active material with the negative electrode active material in the mixture or composite of the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte.
- the average thickness of the negative electrode active material layer 6 is preferably 30 ⁇ m or more and 1,000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 60 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. By setting the average thickness of the negative electrode active material layer 6 to the above lower limit or more, it is possible to obtain the electric storage device 10 having a high energy density. By making the average thickness of the negative electrode active material layer 6 equal to or less than the above upper limit, it is possible to reduce the size of the electric storage element 10 .
- Isolation layer 3 contains a solid electrolyte.
- various solid electrolytes can be used in addition to the sulfide solid electrolyte according to the embodiment of the present invention described above. Among them, it is preferable to use the sulfide solid electrolyte. .
- the content of the solid electrolyte in the isolation layer 3 is preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, still more preferably 99% by mass or more, and even more preferably substantially 100% by mass. be.
- the content of the sulfide solid electrolyte according to one embodiment of the present invention in the total solid electrolyte in the isolation layer 3 is It is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, still more preferably 90% by mass or more, and even more preferably substantially 100% by mass.
- the isolation layer 3 may contain optional components such as phosphoric acid compounds such as Li 3 PO 4 , oxides, halogen compounds, binders, thickeners and fillers.
- optional components such as binders, thickeners, and fillers can be selected from the materials exemplified for the positive electrode active material layer 5 .
- the average thickness of the isolation layer 3 is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. By setting the average thickness of the isolation layer 3 to the above lower limit or more, it is possible to reliably insulate the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2 from each other. By making the average thickness of isolation layer 3 equal to or less than the above upper limit, it is possible to increase the energy density of storage element 10 .
- the power storage device of the present embodiment is a power source for automobiles such as electric vehicles (EV), hybrid vehicles (HEV), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV), power sources for electronic devices such as personal computers and communication terminals, or power sources for power storage.
- EV electric vehicles
- HEV hybrid vehicles
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicles
- power sources for electronic devices such as personal computers and communication terminals
- power sources for power storage
- it can be mounted as a power storage unit (battery module) configured by assembling a plurality of power storage elements.
- the technology of the present invention may be applied to at least one power storage element included in the power storage unit.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a power storage device 30 in which power storage units 20 each including two or more electrically connected power storage elements 10 are assembled.
- the power storage device 30 may include a bus bar (not shown) that electrically connects two or more power storage elements 10, a bus bar (not shown) that electrically connects two or more power storage units 20, and the like.
- the power storage unit 20 or power storage device 30 may include a state monitoring device (not shown) that monitors the state of one or more power storage elements.
- a method for manufacturing an electric storage element according to an embodiment of the present invention includes the sulfide solid electrolyte according to an embodiment of the present invention as a part or all of the solid electrolyte in the production of at least one of the positive electrode layer, the isolation layer and the negative electrode layer. Except for using, it can be carried out by a generally known method. Specifically, the manufacturing method includes, for example, (1) preparing a positive electrode mixture, (2) preparing a separation layer material, (3) preparing a negative electrode mixture, and (4) a positive electrode. Laminating a layer, a separator layer and a negative electrode layer. Each step will be described in detail below.
- a positive electrode mixture for forming a positive electrode layer (positive electrode active material layer) is usually prepared.
- the method for producing the positive electrode mixture is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include mechanical milling of the material of the positive electrode mixture, compression molding of the positive electrode active material, and sputtering using a target material for the positive electrode active material.
- this step includes mixing the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte using, for example, a mechanical milling method or the like, and separating the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte. It can include making a mixture or composite with a solid electrolyte.
- an isolation layer material for forming an isolation layer is usually prepared.
- the isolation layer material can be a solid electrolyte.
- a solid electrolyte as the isolation layer material can be produced by a conventionally known method. For example, it can be obtained by processing a predetermined material by a mechanical milling method.
- the separation layer material may be produced by heating a predetermined material to a melting temperature or higher by a melt quenching method, melting and mixing the two in a predetermined ratio, and quenching.
- isolation layer material examples include, for example, a solid phase method in which the material is sealed under reduced pressure and fired, a liquid phase method such as dissolution precipitation, a vapor phase method (PLD), and firing in an argon atmosphere after mechanical milling. mentioned.
- Negative Mixture Preparing Step a negative electrode mixture for forming a negative electrode layer (negative electrode active material layer) is usually prepared.
- a specific method for preparing the negative electrode mixture is the same as that for the positive electrode mixture.
- this step includes mixing the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte using, for example, a mechanical milling method or the like, and mixing the negative electrode active material with the solid electrolyte. It can include making a mixture or composite with a solid electrolyte.
- a positive electrode layer having a positive electrode base material and a positive electrode active material layer, a separation layer, and a negative electrode layer having a negative electrode base material and a negative electrode active material layer are laminated.
- the positive electrode layer, the isolation layer, and the negative electrode layer may be formed in this order, or vice versa, and the order of forming each layer is not particularly limited.
- the positive electrode layer is formed, for example, by pressure-molding a positive electrode base material and a positive electrode mixture
- the separation layer is formed by pressure-molding a separation layer material
- the negative electrode layer is formed by pressure-molding a negative electrode base material. and pressure-molding the negative electrode mixture.
- the positive electrode layer, the separating layer and the negative electrode layer may be laminated by pressure-molding the positive electrode base material, the positive electrode mixture, the separation layer material, the negative electrode mixture and the negative electrode base material at once.
- the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer may be molded in advance, and laminated with the isolation layer by pressure molding.
- the electric storage device of the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications may be made without departing from the gist of the present invention.
- the configuration of another embodiment can be added to the configuration of one embodiment, and part of the configuration of one embodiment can be replaced with the configuration of another embodiment or a known technique.
- some of the configurations of certain embodiments can be deleted.
- well-known techniques can be added to the configuration of a certain embodiment.
- the electric storage element according to the present invention may include layers other than the positive electrode layer, the isolation layer, and the negative electrode layer.
- the electric storage element according to the present invention may contain a liquid.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an ionic liquid or the like is filled in the positive electrode active material layer 5, the isolation layer 3, the negative electrode active material layer 6, or the like in the electric storage element 10 described above. elements and the like.
- the storage element according to the present invention may be a storage element that is a secondary battery, or may be a capacitor or the like.
- Example 1 75[ 0.85 ( 0.715Li2S.0.27P2S5 ) .0.15Li1.5Al0.5N ] .5Ca0.5I.5LiI.15LiBr ( Li3 .72 Ca 0.07 PAl 0.16 S 3.82 N 0.33 Br 0.44 I 0.29 ) was synthesized. Li 3 N and AlN were weighed so that the molar ratio was 1.2:1, mixed in a mortar and pelletized. Next, heat treatment was performed at 750° C. for 1 hour to produce Li 1.5 Al 0.5 N. It was confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurement that the main phase of the produced Li 1.5 Al 0.5 N was Li 1.5 Al 0.5 N.
- the above composition was put into a sealed 80 mL zirconia pot containing 160 g of zirconia balls with a diameter of 4 mm.
- a planetary ball mill (manufactured by FRITSCH, model number Premium line P-7) was subjected to mechanical milling at a revolution speed of 510 rpm for 45 hours to obtain an intermediate.
- the above intermediate was heated (heat treated) at 190° C. for 2 hours to obtain a sulfide solid electrolyte of Example 1.
- the heating temperature was set to be in the vicinity of the crystallization temperature and within a range of ⁇ 50° C. of the crystallization temperature.
- the crystallization temperature was obtained by taking out a part of the intermediate after mechanical milling and subjecting it to DSC measurement. DSC measurement was performed under the following conditions. That is, using a DSC apparatus (Thermo Plus DSC8230 manufactured by Rigaku Corporation), the temperature was raised from room temperature to 400° C. at a rate of 10° C./min using a SUS sealed pan.
- Examples 2 to 11, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 Each sulfide solid electrolyte of Examples 2 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition and heating temperature (HT) of the sulfide solid electrolyte were as shown in Table 7. Obtained. Each heating temperature is within a range of ⁇ 50° C. of the crystallization temperature obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 above.
- Li1.5B0.5N was prepared by the following procedure. Li 3 N and BN were weighed in a molar ratio of 1.1:1, mixed in a mortar, and pelletized. Next, heat treatment was performed at 800° C. for 10 minutes to produce Li 1.5 B 0.5 N. It was confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurement that the main phase of the produced Li 1.5 B 0.5 N was Li 1.5 B 0.5 N.
- Example 12 to 18 Each sulfide solid electrolyte of Examples 12 to 18 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the heating temperature (HT) was set as shown in Table 8.
- Powder X-ray Diffraction Measurement Powder X-ray diffraction measurement of each of the sulfide solid electrolytes of Examples 1 to 18 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 was performed by the method described above.
- Rigaku's trade name "general-purpose atmosphere separator” was used.
- 2 ⁇ 19.9° ⁇ 0.5°
- 2 ⁇ 29.3° ⁇ 0.5° derived from HICP It was confirmed that it had a diffraction peak in the range and had a crystal structure.
- each of the sulfide solid electrolytes of Examples 1 to 11 has a high ion conductivity recovery rate ( ⁇ 25b / ⁇ 25a ) after being left in a dry air atmosphere and then re-dried.
- the hydration energy of Ca 0.5 I composed of Ca and I contained in the sulfide solid electrolyte of Example 1 was 9.3 meV/atom.
- the hydration energy of Zn 0.5 I consisting of Zn and I contained in the sulfide solid electrolytes of Examples 7 to 11 is 88.8 meV/atom, and from Mn and I contained in the sulfide solid electrolyte of Example 6,
- the hydration energy of Mn 0.5 I is 34.1 meV/atom, which is larger than that of LiI ( ⁇ 11.5 meV/atom).
- the recovery rate ( ⁇ 25b / ⁇ 25a ) in each of the sulfide solid electrolytes of Examples 1 to 11 is higher than the recovery rate ( ⁇ 25b / ⁇ 25a ) of the sulfide solid electrolyte of Comparative Example 1.
- the hydration energy of Mg 0.5 I composed of Mg and I contained in the sulfide solid electrolyte of Comparative Example 2 was ⁇ 17.2 meV/atom, and the hydration energy of Mg 0.5 Br composed of Mg and Br was ⁇ 17.2 meV/atom.
- the hydration energy is ⁇ 13.8 meV/atom, both of which are smaller than the hydration energy of LiI.
- the recovery rate ( ⁇ 25b / ⁇ 25a ) of the sulfide solid electrolyte of Comparative Example 2 is lower than that of the sulfide solid electrolyte of Comparative Example 1 ( ⁇ 25b / ⁇ 25a ).
- the magnitude of the hydration energy of the compound A 0.5 X which is a combination of the divalent element A and the halogen element X contained in the sulfide solid electrolyte, affects the recovery rate ( ⁇ 25b / ⁇ 25a ).
- the sulfide solid electrolyte of Comparative Example 3 contains Zn and I like the sulfide solid electrolyte of Example 2, etc., but does not contain N and has a low recovery rate ( ⁇ 25b / ⁇ 25a ).
- the recovery rate ( ⁇ 25b / ⁇ 25a ) is increased in each of the sulfide solid electrolytes of Examples 1 to 7 by containing the specific divalent element A, the halogen element X and the nitrogen element.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte containing zinc as the divalent element A has a particularly high ionic conductivity ( ⁇ 25a ) before being left in an air atmosphere. Recognize. As shown in Table 8, by adjusting the heating temperature (HT), the ionic conductivity ( ⁇ 25a ) before being left in the air atmosphere can be further increased.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte according to the present invention is suitably used as a solid electrolyte for power storage elements such as all-solid-state batteries.
- Positive electrode layer 1 Positive electrode layer 2 Negative electrode layer 3 Separation layer 4 Positive electrode substrate 5 Positive electrode active material layer 6 Negative electrode active material layer 7 Negative electrode substrate 10 Power storage element (all-solid battery) 20 power storage unit 30 power storage device
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Abstract
Description
結晶構造を有し、
構成元素として、1種又は2種以上の2価元素Aと、1種又は2種以上のハロゲン元素Xと、窒素元素とを含有し、
上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーがLiIの水和エネルギーよりも大きい組み合わせである硫化物固体電解質。
上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーが-4meV/atom以上となる組み合わせである項1に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーが0meV/atom以上となる組み合わせである項2に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーが2meV/atom以上となる組み合わせである項3に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーが4meV/atom以上となる組み合わせである項4に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーが200meV/atom以下となる組み合わせである項1から項5のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
下記aからcのいずれかを満たす項1から項6のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
a:上記2価元素Aがカルシウム、ストロンチウム、バリウム、マンガン及び亜鉛からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素であり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素、塩素、臭素及びヨウ素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
b:上記2価元素Aがマグネシウムであり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素である。
c:上記2価元素Aが銅であり、上記ハロゲン元素Xが塩素、臭素及びヨウ素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
下記a1又はa2のいずれかを満たす項7に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
a1:上記2価元素Aがカルシウム、バリウム、マンガン及び亜鉛からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素であり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素、塩素、臭素及びヨウ素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
a2:上記2価元素Aがストロンチウムであり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素、塩素及び臭素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
上記ハロゲン元素Xがヨウ素を含有する項1から項8のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
上記2価元素Aが亜鉛である項1から項9のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
構成元素として、リン元素をさらに含有し、
上記リン元素の含有量に対する上記2価元素Aの含有量のモル比が0.01以上0.4以下である項1から項10のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
構成元素として、リン元素及びリチウム元素をさらに含有し、
上記リン元素の含有量に対する上記リチウム元素の含有量のモル比が1以上5以下である項1から項11のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
構成元素として、リン元素及び硫黄元素をさらに含有し、
上記リン元素の含有量に対する上記硫黄元素の含有量のモル比が2以上6以下である項1から項12のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
構成元素として、リン元素をさらに含有し、
上記リン元素の含有量に対する上記ハロゲン元素Xの含有量のモル比が0.1以上2以下である項1から項13のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
25℃におけるイオン伝導度が1mS/cm以上である項1から項14のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
CuKα線を用いたエックス線回折図において19.9°±0.5°の範囲及び29.3°±0.5°の範囲に回折ピークを有する項1から項15のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
CuKα線を用いたエックス線回折図における19.9°±0.5°の範囲に位置する回折ピークが、回折強度が最も強い回折ピーク、回折強度が2番目に強い回折ピーク、回折強度が3番目に強い回折ピーク、又は、回折強度が4番目に強い回折ピークである項16に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
構成元素として、元素Mをさらに含有し、
上記元素Mが上記2価元素A以外の元素であって、アルミニウム、タンタル、ケイ素、スカンジウム、マグネシウム、ニオブ、ホウ素、ハフニウム、炭素、ジルコニウム及びチタンからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種である項1から項17のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
下記式1で表される項1から項18のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
構成元素として、上記2価元素A以外の1種又は2種以上の2価元素Bをさらに含有し、
上記2価元素Aと上記2価元素Bとの合計含有量に対する上記2価元素Bの含有量のモル比が0.5未満である、項1から項19のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
構成元素として、上記2価元素A以外の2価元素Bを実質的に含有しない、項1から項19のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
構成元素として、1種又は2種以上の2価元素Aと、1種又は2種以上のハロゲン元素Xと、窒素元素とを含有する組成物を処理することを備え、
上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーがLiIの水和エネルギーよりも大きい組み合わせである、硫化物固体電解質の製造方法。
項1から項21のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質を含有する蓄電素子。
項23に記載の蓄電素子を備える電子機器。
項23に記載の蓄電素子を備える自動車。
「2価元素」とは、2価の陽イオンとなることができる元素をいう。2価元素は、2価の陽イオンとなることができれば、他の価数のイオンとなることができる元素であってもよい。
化合物A0.5X及びLiIの「水和エネルギー」は、後述する第一原理計算によって求められる値である。
a:上記2価元素Aがカルシウム、ストロンチウム、バリウム、マンガン及び亜鉛からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素であり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素、塩素、臭素及びヨウ素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
b:上記2価元素Aがマグネシウムであり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素である。
c:上記2価元素Aが銅であり、上記ハロゲン元素Xが塩素、臭素及びヨウ素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
a1:上記2価元素Aがカルシウム、バリウム、マンガン及び亜鉛からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素であり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素、塩素、臭素及びヨウ素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
a2:上記2価元素Aがストロンチウムであり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素、塩素及び臭素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
(結晶構造)
本発明の一実施形態に係る硫化物固体電解質は、結晶構造を有する。当該硫化物固体電解質は結晶構造としてHICPを含むことが好ましい。すなわち、当該硫化物固体電解質は、CuKα線を用いたエックス線回折図において回折角2θが19.9°±0.5°の範囲及び29.3°±0.5°の範囲に回折ピークを有することが好ましい。当該硫化物固体電解質がHICPに由来するピークを有する場合、良好なイオン伝導度を発揮することができる。
本発明の一実施形態に係る硫化物固体電解質は、構成元素として、1種又は2種以上の2価元素Aと、1種又は2種以上のハロゲン元素Xと、窒素元素とを含有する。
以下、第一原理計算による化合物A0.5X及びLiIの水和エネルギーの計算方法について詳説する。第一原理計算とは、非経験的に物性の予測を行う計算方法であり、原子番号と空間座標が既知の原子を含むモデルの全エネルギーと、電子のエネルギーバンド構造を計算することができる手法である。計算方法には、大きく分けると、「波動関数理論」系と「密度汎関数理論」系の二種類が存在する。本明細書において用いた計算方法は、密度汎関数理論に基づくものである。
平面波基底関数のカットオフエネルギー:520eV
交換相関相互作用の近似法:GGA+U
擬ポテンシャル:PAW(PBEsol)
k点:k-resolution=1000±200
エネルギーsmearing:ガウシアン法
後述の表3等に示した計算結果は、上記計算ソフトウェアを用い、上記条件に基づいたものである。
LiI +H2O→LiI・H2O ・・・i
A0.5X+H2O→A0.5X・H2O ・・・ii
(A=Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Mn、Cu、Zn X=F、Cl、Br、I)
上記式i又は式iiに基づく水和反応による全エネルギーの変化量を以下の手順(1)から(4)に沿って求める。すなわち、ハロゲン化物(LiI又はA0.5X)と水とが1:1のモル比で水和反応する場合の全エネルギー変化量を求め、これを水和エネルギーとする。
ハロゲン化物の固体の状態の全エネルギーを第一原理計算により計算する。ハロゲン化物の結晶構造は、結晶構造データベース「Materials Project」(https://materialsproject.org/#search/materials)に登録されている表1に記載のID番号の結晶構造を用いる。
同様に水の固体の状態の全エネルギーを第一原理計算により計算する。水の結晶構造は、「Materials Project」に登録されている水の結晶構造(ID番号:mp-697111)を用いる。
同様に水和物の固体の状態の全エネルギーを第一原理計算により計算する。水和物の結晶構造は、「Materials Project」に登録されている表2に記載のID番号の結晶構造を用いる。
上記(1)及び(2)で算出されたハロゲン化物の全エネルギー及び水の全エネルギーの和と、上記(3)で算出された水和物の全エネルギーとの差から、水和反応による全エネルギーの変化量、すなわち水和エネルギーを求める。計算結果を表3に示す。
a:上記2価元素AがCa、Sr、Ba、Mn及びZnからなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素であり、上記ハロゲン元素XがF、Cl、Br及びIからなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
b:上記2価元素AがMgであり、上記ハロゲン元素XがFである。
c:上記2価元素AがCuであり、上記ハロゲン元素XがCl、Br及びIからなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
a1:上記2価元素AがCa、Ba、Mn及びZnからなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素であり、上記ハロゲン元素XがF、Cl、Br及びIからなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
a2:上記2価元素AがSrであり、上記ハロゲン元素XがF、Cl及びBrからなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
また、当該硫化物固体電解質において、ハロゲン元素はClを含んでもよく、この場合、ハロゲン元素Xの含有量に対するClの含有量のモル比(Cl/X)は0超0.3以下であってもよく、0.01以上0.2以下であってもよく、0.05以上0.1以下であってもよい。上記モル比(Cl/X)をこのような範囲にすることで、耐水性がより良好になる場合がある。
また、当該硫化物固体電解質において、ハロゲン元素XはFを含んでもよく、この場合、ハロゲン元素Xの含有量に対するFの含有量のモル比(F/X)は0超0.3以下であってもよく、0.01以上0.2以下であってもよく、0.05以上0.1以下であってもよい。上記モル比(F/X)をこのような範囲にすることで、耐水性がより良好になる場合がある。
以下、構成元素の一つであるリン元素の含有量を基準にした各構成元素の好適な含有量の比について記載する。
上記Mとしては、Alが好ましい。
上記Xとしては、F、Cl、Br、I等が挙げられ、Br及びIが好ましく、Iがより好ましい。
上記X’としては、F、Cl、Br等が挙げられ、Brが好ましい。
上記Yとしては、Na、O等が挙げられる。
上記yは、0.22以上0.4以下が好ましく、0.24以上0.35以下がより好ましい。
上記xと上記yとの和(x+y)は、0.9以上1.1以下が好ましく、この下限は0.95がより好ましい。
上記zは、0.05以上0.4以下が好ましく、0.1以上0.3以下がより好ましい。
上記uは、1以上30以下が好ましく、2以上25以下がより好ましく、3以上20以下がさらに好ましい。上記uの下限は、4又は6がよりさらに好ましい場合もある。上記uの上限は、10、8又は6がよりさらに好ましい場合もある。
上記vは、0以上20以下が好ましい。上記vの上限は15がより好ましく、10がさらに好ましく、5がよりさらに好ましい場合もある。上記vの下限は、1又は4が好ましい場合もある。
上記uと上記vとの和(u+v)は、1以上30以下が好ましく、3以上25以下がより好ましく、5以上20以下がさらに好ましい場合もある。
上記v’は、0以上25以下が好ましく、5以上20以下がより好ましく、この下限は10がさらに好ましい場合もある。
上記uと上記vと上記v’との和(u+v+v’)は、5以上40以下が好ましく、10以上35以下がより好ましく、15以上30以下がさらに好ましい場合もある。
上記wは、0以上10以下であってよく、0以上5以下であってよく、0であってよい。
当該硫化物固体電解質がこのような組成からなる場合、回復率等がより向上する傾向にある。
当該硫化物固体電解質の25℃におけるイオン伝導度の下限としては、1mS/cmが好ましく、2mS/cmがより好ましく、3mS/cmがさらに好ましく、4mS/cmがよりさらに好ましい。当該硫化物固体電解質の25℃におけるイオン伝導度が上記下限以上であることで、当該硫化物固体電解質を備える蓄電素子の充放電性能をより改善することができる。上記イオン伝導度の上限は、特に限定されないが、例えば50mS/cmであり、25mS/cmであってよい。
本発明の一実施形態に係る硫化物固体電解質の製造方法は、構成元素として、1種又は2種以上の2価元素Aと、1種又は2種以上のハロゲン元素Xと、窒素元素とを含有する組成物を処理することを備え、上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーがLiIの水和エネルギーよりも大きい組み合わせである。
当該製造方法において原料として用いられる組成物は、2価元素A、ハロゲン元素X及び窒素元素に加え、通常、リチウム元素、リン元素及び硫黄元素を含む。上記組成物は、通常、リチウム元素、リン元素、硫黄元素、2価元素A、ハロゲン元素X及び窒素元素のうちの少なくとも1種の元素を含む2種以上の化合物等の混合物である。上記組成物(混合物)に含有されるいずれかの化合物等に、リチウム元素、リン元素、硫黄元素、2価元素A、ハロゲン元素X及び窒素元素が含まれていればよい。1種の化合物の中にリチウム元素、リン元素、硫黄元素、2価元素A、ハロゲン元素X及び窒素元素のうちの2種以上の元素が含まれていてもよい。例えばリチウム元素及び硫黄元素を含む化合物として後述するLi2S、リン元素及び硫黄元素を含む化合物として後述するP2S5、2価元素A及びハロゲン元素Xを含む化合物として後述する2価元素Aのハロゲン化物(A0.5X)等が挙げられる。上記組成物は、リチウム元素、リン元素、硫黄元素、2価元素A、ハロゲン元素X及び窒素元素のいずれの元素も含まない化合物等が含有されたものであってもよい。上記組成物は、化合物A0.5Xを含むものであってもよく、化合物A0.5Xを含まないものであってもよい。
当該製造方法においては、上記組成物に対して処理を行い、硫化物固体電解質を得る。上記処理としては、メカニカルミリング等により中間体を得て、この中間体に対して加熱する方法などが挙げられる。なお、中間体を得る手段はこれに限定されず、メカニカルミリング以外の方法、例えば溶融急冷法等を行ってもよい。
上述のように、窒素元素及び元素Mを含有する化合物の一例であるLαMβNで表される化合物を原料に用いることで、当該硫化物固体電解質の製造過程で窒素元素が系外に放出されることを抑制できる。このような効果が得られる元素L及び元素Mを選択するにあたっては、第一原理計算を用いることができる。以下、原料化合物LαMβNの選択方法について説明する。
(1)窒素、元素L’、及び元素M’を含有し、上記元素L’及び上記元素M’の第一近接原子が窒素である候補材料を選定する。
(2)第一原理計算を用いて、上記候補材料の内部における窒素の欠陥生成エネルギーENdefectを算出する。
(3)上記ENdefectが4.00eV以上である場合に、上記候補材料を上記原料化合物として選択する。
窒素の欠陥生成エネルギーとは、欠陥を含まない結晶構造の全エネルギーEperfectと、窒素欠陥を含む結晶構造の全エネルギーENvacancyと、窒素原子の化学ポテンシャルμNとを用いて算出される値であり、以下の式2によって定義される。
ENdefect=(ENvacancy+μN)-Eperfect ・・・2
即ち、窒素の欠陥生成エネルギーENdefectを算出する手順は次のとおりである。
(a)候補材料の組成、及び結晶構造を得る。
(b)欠陥として脱離させる窒素原子の化学ポテンシャルμNを計算する。
(c)欠陥を含まない結晶構造の全エネルギーEperfectを構造最適化計算によって算出する。
(d)窒素欠陥を含む結晶構造の全エネルギーENvacancyを構造最適化計算によって算出する。
(e)式2に従って窒素の欠陥生成エネルギーENdefectを算出する。
候補材料の結晶構造において窒素の占有サイトが複数存在する場合、それぞれの窒素の占有サイトごとにENdefectを算出し、最も値が低いものを当該候補材料のENdefectとして用いる。
候補材料の組成、及び結晶構造は、公知の刊行物やデータベース等から入手できるものから任意で選択できる。候補材料は、窒素元素、元素L’、及び元素M’を含む化合物であれば特に限定されないが、常温常圧下で安定な化合物であることが好ましい。
元素L’は特に限定されないが、アルカリ金属元素、アルカリ土類金属元素及びアルミニウム元素のいずれかであると好ましく、リチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、マグネシウム、カルシウム及びアルミニウムから選択される少なくとも1種の元素であるとより好ましく、リチウム元素であるとよりさらに好ましい。これにより、当該固体電解質を適用した蓄電素子を作動させることが容易になる。
平面波基底関数のカットオフエネルギー:520eV
交換相関相互作用の近似法:GGA+U
擬ポテンシャル:PAW(PBEsol)
k点:k-resolution=1000±200
SCF計算の収束条件:10-4eV
各原子サイトの占有率(Occ.) :1
一方、アルミニウム、タンタル、ケイ素、スカンジウム、マグネシウム、ニオブ、ホウ素、ハフニウム、炭素、ジルコニウム及びチタンの各元素は、LiαM’βNにおける窒素の欠陥生成エネルギーENdefectが4.00eV以上と大きいことが分かる。したがって元素M’としてアルミニウム、タンタル、ケイ素、スカンジウム、マグネシウム、ニオブ、ホウ素、ハフニウム、炭素、ジルコニウム及びチタンのいずれかの元素を含む候補材料であれば、窒素欠陥が生成しにくく、硫化物固体電解質の製造工程における窒素元素の系外への排出を抑制する効果が発揮される可能性が高いことが予測される。
本発明の蓄電素子の一実施形態として、以下、全固体電池を具体例に挙げて説明する。図1に示す蓄電素子10は、全固体電池であり、正極層1と負極層2とが隔離層3を介して配置された二次電池である。正極層1は、正極基材4及び正極活物質層5を有し、正極基材4が正極層1の最外層となる。負極層2は、負極基材7及び負極活物質層6を有し、負極基材7が負極層2の最外層となる。図1に示す蓄電素子10においては、負極基材7上に、負極活物質層6、隔離層3、正極活物質層5及び正極基材4がこの順で積層されている。
正極層1は、正極基材4と、この正極基材4の表面に積層される正極活物質層5とを備える。正極層1は、正極基材4と正極活物質層5との間に中間層を有していてもよい。
正極基材4は、導電性を有する。「導電性」を有するか否かは、JIS-H-0505(1975年)に準拠して測定される体積抵抗率が107Ω・cmを閾値として判定する。正極基材4の材質としては、アルミニウム、チタン、タンタル、ステンレス鋼等の金属又はこれらの合金が用いられる。これらの中でも、耐電位性、導電性の高さ、及びコストの観点からアルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金が好ましい。正極基材4としては、箔、蒸着膜、メッシュ、多孔質材料等が挙げられ、コストの観点から箔が好ましい。したがって、正極基材4としてはアルミニウム箔又はアルミニウム合金箔が好ましい。アルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金としては、JIS-H-4000(2014年)又はJIS-H-4160(2006年)に規定されるA1085、A3003、A1N30等が例示できる。
正極活物質層5は、正極活物質を含む。正極活物質層5は、正極活物質を含むいわゆる正極合剤から形成することができる。正極活物質層5は、正極活物質と固体電解質等とを含む混合物又は複合体を含有してもよい。正極活物質層5は、必要に応じて、導電剤、バインダ(結着剤)、増粘剤、フィラー等の任意成分を含む。これらの各任意成分の1種又は2種以上は、正極活物質層5に実質的に含有されていなくてもよい。
負極層2は、負極基材7と、当該負極基材7に直接又は中間層を介して配される負極活物質層6とを有する。中間層の構成は特に限定されず、例えば正極層1で例示した構成から選択することができる。
負極基材7は、導電性を有する。負極基材7の材質としては、銅、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼、ニッケルメッキ鋼、アルミニウム等の金属又はこれらの合金、炭素質材料等が用いられる。これらの中でも銅又は銅合金が好ましい。負極基材7としては、箔、蒸着膜、メッシュ、多孔質材料等が挙げられ、コストの観点から箔が好ましい。したがって、負極基材7としては銅箔又は銅合金箔が好ましい。銅箔の例としては、圧延銅箔、電解銅箔等が挙げられる。
負極活物質層6は、負極活物質を含む。負極活物質層6は、負極活物質を含むいわゆる負極合剤から形成することができる。負極活物質層6は、負極活物質と固体電解質等とを含む混合物又は複合体を含有してもよい。負極活物質層6は、必要に応じて導電剤、バインダ、増粘剤、フィラー等の任意成分を含む。これらの負極活物質層6における任意成分の種類及び好適な含有量は、上述した正極活物質層5の各任意成分と同様である。これらの各任意成分の1種又は2種以上は、負極活物質層6に実質的に含有されていなくてもよい。
隔離層3は、固体電解質を含有する。隔離層3に含有される固体電解質としては、上述した本発明の一実施形態に係る硫化物固体電解質以外にも、各種固体電解質を用いることができ、中でも、硫化物固体電解質を用いることが好ましい。隔離層3における固体電解質の含有量としては、70質量%以上が好ましく、90質量以上%がより好ましく、99質量%以上がさらに好ましく、実質的に100質量%であることがよりさらに好ましいこともある。また、隔離層3に本発明の一実施形態に係る硫化物固体電解質を用いる場合、隔離層3中の全固体電解質に占める本発明の一実施形態に係る硫化物固体電解質の含有量としては、50質量%以上が好ましく、70質量以上%がより好ましく、90質量%以上がさらに好ましく、実質的に100質量%であることがよりさらに好ましい。
本発明の一実施形態に係る蓄電素子の製造方法は、正極層、隔離層及び負極層の少なくとも1つの作製に、固体電解質の一部又は全部として本発明の一実施形態に係る硫化物固体電解質を用いること以外は、通常公知の方法により行うことができる。当該製造方法は、具体的には、例えば(1)正極合剤を用意すること、(2)隔離層用材料を用意すること、(3)負極合剤を用意すること、及び(4)正極層、隔離層及び負極層を積層することを備える。以下、各工程について詳説する。
本工程では、通常、正極層(正極活物質層)を形成するための正極合剤が作製される。正極合剤の作製方法としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。例えば、正極合剤の材料のメカニカルミリング処理、正極活物質の圧縮成形、正極活物質のターゲット材料を用いたスパッタリング等が挙げられる。正極合剤が、正極活物質と固体電解質とを含む混合物又は複合体を含有する場合、本工程は、例えばメカニカルミリング法等を用いて正極活物質と固体電解質とを混合し、正極活物質と固体電解質との混合物又は複合体を作製することを含むことができる。
本工程では、通常、隔離層を形成するための隔離層用材料が作製される。蓄電素子が全固体電池である場合、隔離層用材料は、固体電解質とすることができる。隔離層用材料としての固体電解質は、従来公知の方法で作製することができる。例えば、所定の材料をメカニカルミリング法により処理して得ることができる。溶融急冷法により所定の材料を溶融温度以上に加熱して所定の比率で両者を溶融混合し、急冷することにより隔離層用材料を作製してもよい。その他の隔離層用材料の合成方法としては、例えば減圧封入して焼成する固相法、溶解析出などの液相法、気相法(PLD)、メカニカルミリング後にアルゴン雰囲気下で焼成することなどが挙げられる。
本工程では、通常、負極層(負極活物質層)を形成するための負極合剤が作製される。負極合剤の具体的作製方法は、正極合剤と同様である。負極合剤が、負極活物質と固体電解質とを含む混合物又は複合体を含有する場合、本工程は、例えばメカニカルミリング法等を用いて負極活物質と固体電解質とを混合し、負極活物質と固体電解質との混合物又は複合体を作製することを含むことができる。
本工程では、例えば、正極基材及び正極活物質層を有する正極層、隔離層、並びに負極基材及び負極活物質層を有する負極層が積層される。本工程では、正極層、隔離層及び負極層をこの順に順次形成してもよいし、この逆であってもよく、各層の形成の順序は特に問わない。上記正極層は、例えば正極基材及び正極合剤を加圧成型することにより形成され、上記隔離層は、隔離層用材料を加圧成型することにより形成され、上記負極層は、負極基材及び負極合剤を加圧成型することにより形成される。正極基材、正極合剤、隔離層材料、負極合剤及び負極基材を一度に加圧成型することにより、正極層、隔離層及び負極層が積層されてもよい。正極層及び負極層をそれぞれ予め成形し、隔離層と加圧成型して積層してもよい。
尚、本発明の蓄電素子は、上記実施形態に限定されるものではなく、本発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲内において種々変更を加えてもよい。例えば、ある実施形態の構成に他の実施形態の構成を追加することができ、また、ある実施形態の構成の一部を他の実施形態の構成又は周知技術に置き換えることができる。さらに、ある実施形態の構成の一部を削除することができる。また、ある実施形態の構成に対して周知技術を付加することができる。
以下、実施例によって本発明をさらに具体的に説明するが、本発明は以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
以下の処理により、75[0.85(0.715Li2S・0.27P2S5)・0.15Li1.5Al0.5N]・5Ca0.5I・5LiI・15LiBr(Li3.72Ca0.07PAl0.16S3.82N0.33Br0.44I0.29)で表される硫化物固体電解質を合成した。
Li3N及びAlNをモル比で1.2:1となるように秤量し、乳鉢で混合した後ペレット化した。次に、750℃で1時間熱処理してLi1.5Al0.5Nを作製した。作製したLi1.5Al0.5Nは、エックス線回折測定によって主相がLi1.5Al0.5Nであることを確認した。
露点-50℃以下のアルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス内でLi2S(99.98%、Aldrich)、P2S5(99%、Aldrich製)、Li1.5Al0.5N、LiBr(99.999%、Aldrich製)、LiI(99.999%、Aldrich製)及びCa0.5Iをモル比で45.58:17.21:11.25:15.00:5.00:5.00となるように秤量した後に、乳鉢で混合し、構成元素としてリチウム、カルシウム、リン、アルミニウム、硫黄、窒素、臭素及びヨウ素を含む組成物を準備した。
上記組成物を、直径4mmのジルコニアボールが160g入った密閉式の80mLジルコニアポットに投入した。遊星ボールミル(FRITSCH社製、型番Premium line P-7)によって公転回転数510rpmで45時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行い、中間体を得た。
上記中間体を190℃で2時間加熱(熱処理)して実施例1の硫化物固体電解質を得た。この加熱温度は、結晶化温度付近であって、結晶化温度の±50℃の範囲内になるように設定した。結晶化温度は、メカニカルミリング処理後の中間体の一部を取り出し、DSC測定に供することにより求めた。DSC測定は、以下の条件にて行った。即ち、DSC装置(リガク社製、Thermo Plus DSC8230)を用い、SUS製密閉パンを用い、室温から400℃まで10℃/minで昇温した。
硫化物固体電解質の組成及び加熱温度(HT)を表7に記載のとおりとしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例2から11及び比較例1から3の各硫化物固体電解質を得た。各加熱温度は、上記実施例1と同様に求めた結晶化温度の±50℃の範囲内の温度である。
Li1.5B0.5Nは次の手順で準備した。Li3N及びBNをモル比で1.1:1となるように秤量し、乳鉢で混合した後ペレット化した。次に、800℃で10分熱処理してLi1.5B0.5Nを作製した。作製したLi1.5B0.5Nは、エックス線回折測定によって主相がLi1.5B0.5Nであることを確認した。
加熱温度(HT)を表8に記載のとおりとしたこと以外は実施例3と同様にして、実施例12から18の各硫化物固体電解質を得た。
(1)粉末エックス線回折測定
上記の方法で、実施例1から18及び比較例1から3の各硫化物固体電解質の粉末エックス線回折測定を行った。なお、気密性のエックス線回折測定用試料ホルダーには、Rigaku社製、商品名「汎用雰囲気セパレータ」を用いた。実施例1から18の各硫化物固体電解質のエックス線回折図においては、いずれもHICPに由来する2θ=19.9°±0.5°の範囲及び2θ=29.3°±0.5°の範囲に回折ピークを有し、結晶構造を有することが確認できた。
実施例1から18及び比較例1から3の各硫化物固体電解質の25℃におけるイオン伝導度(σ25a)を、Bio-Logic社製「VMP-300」を用いて上記の方法で交流インピーダンスを測定し、求めた。測定結果を表7、8に示す。
実施例1から11及び比較例1から3の各硫化物固体電解質について、以下の手順でイオン伝導度の回復率を評価した。各硫化物固体電解質について、上記(2)の25℃におけるイオン伝導度(σ25a)を測定後、露点-35℃の乾燥空気雰囲気下に各固体電解質を6時間放置した。その後、各硫化物固体電解質を150℃で1時間再乾燥させ、再乾燥後の各固体電解質の25℃におけるイオン伝導度(σ25b)を上記(2)と同様に測定した。これらの測定結果を表7に示す。
乾燥空気雰囲気下に放置前のイオン伝導度(σ25a)に対する乾燥空気雰囲気下に放置後再乾燥させた後のイオン伝導度(σ25b)の比(回復率:σ25b/σ25a)を表7に示す。
表7における実施例1、3、6及び9の対比から2価元素Aとして亜鉛を含む硫化物固体電解質は、空気雰囲気下に放置される前のイオン伝導度(σ25a)が特に高いことがわかる。
表8に示されるように、加熱温度(HT)を調整することで、空気雰囲気下に放置される前のイオン伝導度(σ25a)をより高めることができることがわかる。
2 負極層
3 隔離層
4 正極基材
5 正極活物質層
6 負極活物質層
7 負極基材
10 蓄電素子(全固体電池)
20 蓄電ユニット
30 蓄電装置
Claims (25)
- 結晶構造を有し、
構成元素として、1種又は2種以上の2価元素Aと、1種又は2種以上のハロゲン元素Xと、窒素元素とを含有し、
上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーがLiIの水和エネルギーよりも大きい組み合わせである硫化物固体電解質。 - 上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーが-4meV/atom以上となる組み合わせである請求項1に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- 上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーが0meV/atom以上となる組み合わせである請求項2に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- 上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーが2meV/atom以上となる組み合わせである請求項3に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- 上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーが4meV/atom以上となる組み合わせである請求項4に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- 上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーが200meV/atom以下となる組み合わせである請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- 下記aからcのいずれかを満たす請求項1から請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
a:上記2価元素Aがカルシウム、ストロンチウム、バリウム、マンガン及び亜鉛からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素であり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素、塩素、臭素及びヨウ素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
b:上記2価元素Aがマグネシウムであり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素である。
c:上記2価元素Aが銅であり、上記ハロゲン元素Xが塩素、臭素及びヨウ素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。 - 下記a1又はa2のいずれかを満たす請求項7に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
a1:上記2価元素Aがカルシウム、バリウム、マンガン及び亜鉛からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素であり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素、塩素、臭素及びヨウ素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
a2:上記2価元素Aがストロンチウムであり、上記ハロゲン元素Xがフッ素、塩素及び臭素からなる群より選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。 - 上記ハロゲン元素Xがヨウ素を含有する請求項1から請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- 上記2価元素Aが亜鉛である請求項1から請求項9のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- 構成元素として、リン元素をさらに含有し、
上記リン元素の含有量に対する上記2価元素Aの含有量のモル比が0.01以上0.4以下である請求項1から請求項10のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。 - 構成元素として、リン元素及びリチウム元素をさらに含有し、
上記リン元素の含有量に対する上記リチウム元素の含有量のモル比が1以上5以下である請求項1から請求項11のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。 - 構成元素として、リン元素及び硫黄元素をさらに含有し、
上記リン元素の含有量に対する上記硫黄元素の含有量のモル比が2以上6以下である請求項1から請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。 - 構成元素として、リン元素をさらに含有し、
上記リン元素の含有量に対する上記ハロゲン元素Xの含有量のモル比が0.1以上2以下である請求項1から請求項13のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。 - 25℃におけるイオン伝導度が1mS/cm以上である請求項1から請求項14のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- CuKα線を用いたエックス線回折図において19.9°±0.5°の範囲及び29.3°±0.5°の範囲に回折ピークを有する請求項1から請求項15のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- CuKα線を用いたエックス線回折図において19.9°±0.5°の範囲に位置する回折ピークが、回折強度が最も強い回折ピーク、回折強度が2番目に強い回折ピーク、回折強度が3番目に強い回折ピーク、又は、回折強度が4番目に強い回折ピークである請求項16に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- 構成元素として、元素Mをさらに含有し、
上記元素Mが上記2価元素A以外の元素であって、アルミニウム、タンタル、ケイ素、スカンジウム、マグネシウム、ニオブ、ホウ素、ハフニウム、炭素、ジルコニウム及びチタンからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種である請求項1から請求項17のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。 - 下記式1で表される請求項1から請求項18のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- 構成元素として、上記2価元素A以外の1種又は2種以上の2価元素Bをさらに含有し、
上記2価元素Aと上記2価元素Bとの合計含有量に対する上記2価元素Bの含有量のモル比が0.5未満である、請求項1から請求項19のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。 - 構成元素として、上記2価元素A以外の2価元素Bを実質的に含有しない、請求項1から請求項19のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質。
- 構成元素として、1種又は2種以上の2価元素Aと、1種又は2種以上のハロゲン元素Xと、窒素元素とを含有する組成物を処理することを備え、
上記2価元素A及び上記ハロゲン元素Xは、これらの元素からなる化合物A0.5Xの水和エネルギーがLiIの水和エネルギーよりも大きい組み合わせである、硫化物固体電解質の製造方法。 - 請求項1から請求項21のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質を含有する蓄電素子。
- 請求項23に記載の蓄電素子を備える電子機器。
- 請求項23に記載の蓄電素子を備える自動車。
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WO2020045633A1 (ja) * | 2018-08-30 | 2020-03-05 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 硫化物固体電解質及び全固体電池 |
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WO2020184464A1 (ja) * | 2019-03-08 | 2020-09-17 | 国立大学法人豊橋技術科学大学 | 固体電解質、リチウムイオン電池用電極及びリチウムイオン電池 |
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JP2013016423A (ja) | 2011-07-06 | 2013-01-24 | Toyota Motor Corp | 硫化物固体電解質材料、リチウム固体電池、および、硫化物固体電解質材料の製造方法 |
WO2020045633A1 (ja) * | 2018-08-30 | 2020-03-05 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 硫化物固体電解質及び全固体電池 |
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