WO2022219456A1 - 二次電池、電子機器および車両 - Google Patents
二次電池、電子機器および車両 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022219456A1 WO2022219456A1 PCT/IB2022/053134 IB2022053134W WO2022219456A1 WO 2022219456 A1 WO2022219456 A1 WO 2022219456A1 IB 2022053134 W IB2022053134 W IB 2022053134W WO 2022219456 A1 WO2022219456 A1 WO 2022219456A1
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- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- secondary battery
- voltage
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/446—Initial charging measures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
- H01M50/109—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure of button or coin shape
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- One aspect of the present invention relates to an article, method, or manufacturing method.
- One aspect of the invention also relates to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter.
- Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device, a display device, a light-emitting device, a power storage device, a lighting device, an electronic device, or a manufacturing method thereof.
- electronic equipment refers to all devices having a secondary battery, and electro-optical devices having a secondary battery, information terminal devices having a secondary battery, and the like are all electronic equipment.
- a secondary battery may be referred to as a storage battery.
- lithium ion secondary batteries and the like used in mobile electronic devices are desired to have a large discharge capacity per unit weight and excellent cycle characteristics.
- efforts are being made to improve the positive electrode active material of the positive electrode of the secondary battery (see Patent Documents 1 to 3, for example).
- Positive electrode active materials used in secondary batteries have room for improvement in various aspects such as discharge capacity, cycle characteristics, reliability, safety, and cost.
- an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material with improved discharge capacity retention rate in cycle characteristics. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material with high discharge capacity. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a highly safe or reliable secondary battery, electronic device, or vehicle that includes the positive electrode active material.
- Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, a secondary battery, an electronic device, or a vehicle.
- the secondary battery satisfies the range of 35% or more and less than 100% of the maximum value of the discharge capacity during all 50 cycles.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode pressed at a linear pressure ranging from 100 kN/m to 3000 kN/m, and the positive electrode is used as a positive electrode of a test battery in which the negative electrode is made of lithium,
- the discharge capacity of the test battery is measured every 50 cycles, the value of the discharge capacity measured at the 50th cycle satisfies the range of 35% or more and less than 100% of the maximum value of the discharge capacity during all 50 cycles.
- Next battery is measured.
- the positive electrode preferably has an electrode density in the range of 2.5 g/cc or more and 4.5 g/cc or less.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode having an electrode density in the range of 2.5 g/cc to 4.5 g/cc and a negative electrode, and the positive electrode is used as a positive electrode of a test battery in which the negative electrode is made of lithium.
- Constant voltage charge until the charge rate reaches 0.05C at a voltage of 2.5V, then constant current discharge at a discharge rate of 0.5C until a voltage of 2.5V is repeated 50 times.
- the value of the discharge capacity measured at the 50th cycle satisfies the range of 35% or more and less than 100% of the maximum value of the discharge capacity in all 50 cycles. , is a secondary battery.
- the positive electrode preferably has a porosity ranging from 8% to 35%.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes a positive electrode having a porosity in the range of 8% to 35% and a negative electrode.
- a positive electrode having a porosity in the range of 8% to 35% and a negative electrode.
- the charging rate is 4.7V.
- a cycle test was performed in which a constant voltage charge was performed until the voltage reached 0.05 C, and then a constant current discharge was performed at a discharge rate of 0.5 C until the voltage reached 2.5 V. The charge and discharge cycle was repeated 50 times.
- a secondary battery in which, when the discharge capacity of the battery is measured, the value of the discharge capacity measured at the 50th cycle satisfies the range of 35% or more and less than 100% of the maximum value of the discharge capacity in all 50 cycles. .
- One aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode, the positive electrode is used as a positive electrode of a test battery in which the negative electrode is lithium, and the test battery is heated to 4.7 V in an environment of 25 ° C. or higher and 45 ° C. or lower.
- a cycle test in which a cycle of constant current discharge at a discharge rate of 0.5 C is repeated 50 times until a voltage of 0.5 V is reached, a cross-sectional STEM The percentage of the area of closed cracks observed in the secondary battery is 0.9% or less.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode pressed at a linear pressure of 100 kN/m or more and 3000 kN/m or less, and a negative electrode.
- a constant current discharge is performed at a discharge rate of 0.5 C until the voltage reaches 2.5 V.
- the charge and discharge cycle is repeated 50 times.
- the ratio of the area of closed cracks observed by cross-sectional STEM is 0.9% or less per one cross section of the positive electrode active material of the positive electrode of the test battery.
- the test battery preferably has an electrolyte.
- the test battery is preferably a coin-shaped half-cell.
- the positive electrode preferably has a layered rock salt-type positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material preferably contains lithium cobaltate.
- One embodiment of the present invention is an electronic device or a vehicle including the secondary battery.
- a positive electrode active material with improved discharge capacity retention in cycle characteristics can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a positive electrode active material whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a positive electrode active material with high discharge capacity can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a safe or highly reliable secondary battery, an electronic device, or a vehicle that includes a positive electrode active material can be provided.
- a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, a secondary battery, an electronic device, or a vehicle can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a cathode active material having defects.
- 2A and 2B are diagrams for explaining the correlation.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing a secondary battery.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a secondary battery manufacturing apparatus.
- 5A to 5C are diagrams illustrating a method of manufacturing a secondary battery.
- 6A to 6D are diagrams illustrating a method of manufacturing a secondary battery.
- 7A to 7C are diagrams illustrating a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material.
- 9A to 9C are diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material.
- 10A to 10C2 are diagrams illustrating positive electrode active materials.
- 11A to 11C2 are diagrams illustrating positive electrode active materials.
- 12A to 12C are diagrams for explaining the positive electrode mixture layer.
- 13A and 13B are diagrams illustrating an all-solid-state battery.
- 14A and 14B are diagrams illustrating a coin-shaped half-cell (test battery).
- FIG. 15 is a diagram explaining a method of assembling a test battery for a cycle test.
- 16A to 16C are diagrams illustrating examples of secondary batteries.
- 17A to 17D are diagrams illustrating examples of secondary batteries.
- 18A to 18C are diagrams illustrating an example of a vehicle.
- 19A to 19D are diagrams illustrating examples of electronic devices.
- 20A and 20B are graphs showing charge/discharge capacity of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- 21A and 21B are graphs showing charge/discharge capacity of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- 22A and 22B are graphs showing charge/discharge capacity of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- 23A and 23B are graphs showing charge/discharge curves of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- 24A and 24B are graphs showing charge/discharge curves of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- FIG. 25 is a graph showing charge/discharge curves of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- 26A and 26B are graphs showing charge/discharge curves of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- FIG. 27A and 27B are graphs showing charge/discharge curves of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- FIG. 28 is a graph showing charge/discharge curves of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- 29A and 29B are graphs showing charge/discharge curves of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- 30A and 30B are graphs showing charge/discharge curves of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- FIG. 31 is a graph showing charge/discharge curves of cycle characteristics (measured temperature and charge voltage are plotted).
- FIG. 32 is a graph showing the discharge capacity retention rate with respect to the measurement temperature.
- FIG. 33 is a graph showing charge depth versus measured temperature.
- 34A to 34C are STEM images explaining the positive electrode active material after the cycle test.
- 35A to 35C are STEM images explaining the positive electrode active material after the cycle test.
- FIG. 36 is a photograph explaining the positive electrode active material after the cycle test.
- FIG. 37 is a photograph explaining the positive electrode active material after the cycle test.
- FIG. 38 is a graph showing electrode density.
- Miller indices are sometimes used to indicate crystal planes and crystal orientations. Individual planes indicating crystal planes may be indicated using ( ). Crystal planes, crystal orientations, and space groups are indicated by a superscript bar on the number from the standpoint of crystallography. - (minus sign) may be attached and expressed.
- the theoretical capacity of a positive electrode active material refers to the amount of electricity when all the lithium that can be inserted and detached included in the positive electrode active material is desorbed.
- LiCoO 2 also called lithium cobalt oxide
- LiNiO 2 has a theoretical capacity of 274 mAh/g
- LiMn 2 O 4 has a theoretical capacity of 148 mAh/g.
- the depth of charge is a value that indicates how much capacity is charged based on the theoretical capacity of the positive electrode active material, in other words, how much lithium is desorbed from the positive electrode.
- a minimum value is indicated when all the lithium that can be intercalated and desorbed is inserted, and a maximum value is indicated when all the lithium that can be intercalated and desorbed is desorbed.
- the positive electrode active material may have defects immediately after production. In addition, even if there are no defects immediately after production, repeated charging and discharging may cause defects in the positive electrode active material. Repetition of charge and discharge includes repetition of charge and discharge in a cycle test using a half cell or a full cell, and repetition of charge and discharge is sometimes referred to as charge and discharge.
- the reason why defects occur due to charging and discharging is considered to be that chemical or electrochemical reactions occur between the positive electrode active material and the electrolytic solution present around the positive electrode active material. The reaction may erode the positive electrode active material. Deterioration of the positive electrode active material due to charging and discharging may also cause defects. Defects after charging and discharging do not occur uniformly in the positive electrode active material, but may occur locally. Further, the defect may progress. The present inventors considered that understanding or controlling such defects is important for improving the battery characteristics obtained from the cycle test, that is, the cycle characteristics.
- the occurrence or progression of defects is correlated with charge/discharge conditions, such as cycle test conditions.
- charge/discharge conditions such as cycle test conditions.
- a high charging depth condition such as charging at a high voltage of 4.5 V or more and a low charging depth condition.
- defect generation or defect progress between a high temperature condition of 45° C. or higher and a non-high temperature condition of 45° C. or higher. That is, defects are correlated with cycle test conditions.
- Defects include those that progress due to charging and discharging, and are sometimes referred to as pits in this specification and the like. It is believed that pits progress faster during charging and discharging under conditions such as high voltage or high temperature. As a result, it is considered that many pits are generated in the positive electrode active material that has undergone charging and discharging under the above conditions.
- cracks due to expansion and contraction of the positive electrode active material due to charging and discharging which are sometimes referred to as cracks in this specification and the like. It is believed that cracks progress faster during charging and discharging under conditions such as high voltage or high temperature. As a result, many cracks are thought to occur in the positive electrode active material that has undergone charging and discharging under the above conditions.
- crack closure In addition to expansion and contraction of the positive electrode active material, stress may concentrate on a part of the positive electrode active material during charging and discharging. Defects such as cracks are likely to occur at such stress concentration locations. The cracks may not be confirmed from the surface of the positive electrode active material. That is, the crack is inside the positive electrode active material. In this specification and the like, the crack is sometimes referred to as a closed crack (crack closure), and may be considered separately from the crack generated from the surface of the positive electrode active material. It is thought that closed cracks are likely to occur and progress more rapidly under charging/discharging conditions such as high voltage or high temperature. As a result, many closed cracks are thought to occur in the positive electrode active material that has undergone charging and discharging under the above conditions.
- the present inventors considered that the occurrence of such defects in the positive electrode active material leads to deterioration in cycle characteristics, for example, deterioration in discharge capacity retention rate.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a positive electrode active material 100 with defects.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is assumed to have a layered rock salt crystal structure, and in FIG. 1, the crystal plane 55 parallel to the arrangement of cations of the positive electrode active material 100 is also indicated by broken lines.
- Positive electrode active material 100 has pits 54 and pits 58 as defects. Although the pits 54 and 58 are illustrated as holes extending in a direction substantially parallel to the crystal plane 55, they are three-dimensionally deep and have groove-like shapes.
- the source of pits may be point defects. A phenomenon in which a point defect progresses and becomes a large hole is sometimes called pitting corrosion, and the hole generated by this phenomenon is also included in the pit.
- the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material 100 may collapse and have a crystal structure different from the layered rock salt type, such as a spinel structure. If the crystal structure collapses, diffusion and release of lithium ions, which are carrier ions, may be inhibited, and the pits 54 and 58 are considered to be factors of deterioration of cycle characteristics.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has cracks 57 as defects.
- a crack 57 is shown crossing the crystal plane 55 .
- Cracks 57 and the like are considered to be factors of deterioration of cycle characteristics.
- Cracks 57 can be considered a different type of defect than pits 54 and 58 .
- crack 57 progresses across crystal plane 55
- pits 54 and pits 58 differ in that they progress substantially parallel to crystal plane 55 .
- the cracks 57 may exist immediately after manufacturing the positive electrode active material, but the pits 54 and 58 may not exist immediately after manufacturing the positive electrode active material.
- the pits 54 and 58 that do not exist immediately after manufacturing the positive electrode active material can be considered as holes from which several layers of cobalt and oxygen of the positive electrode active material have escaped through the cycle test.
- the hole can be said to be a region where cobalt is eluted.
- the crack 57 can be considered to correspond to a new surface generated by applying physical pressure or a crack caused by a crystal grain boundary, and may be caused by pressing or the like. be.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has a closed crack 59 as a defect. Since closed cracks often occur inside the positive electrode active material, it is difficult to confirm them from the surface of the positive electrode active material, and they can be confirmed by cross-sectional observation of the positive electrode active material as shown in FIG. Closed cracks 59 and the like are considered to be factors of deterioration of cycle characteristics.
- the inventors of the present invention have made intensive studies on the defects described above, and found that there is a correlation between defects in the active material and the manufacturing conditions of the active material, as shown in FIG. 2A. I found
- the pressing conditions of the active material among the manufacturing conditions of the active material.
- the press condition to a line pressure of 100 kN/m or more and 3000 kN/m or less, preferably 150 kN/m or more and 1500 kN/m or less, more preferably 210 kN/m or more and 1467 kN/m or less.
- closed cracks are not generated. Suppressed. That is, in order to suppress the occurrence of closed cracks, it is preferable to press the active material with the above linear pressure.
- An active material in which the occurrence of closed cracks is suppressed has a high discharge capacity retention rate. That is, an active material with a high discharge capacity retention rate suppresses the occurrence of closed cracks. It is preferable that the number of closed cracks in the active material is 10 or less because the discharge capacity retention rate is high. Focusing on the defects of the active material immediately after production and after the cycle test and finding the correlation is very useful in improving the cycle characteristics.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments.
- step S100 shown in FIG. 3 a positive electrode active material is prepared.
- a method for manufacturing the positive electrode active material and the like will be described in detail in Embodiment 3 and the like. Materials that can be applied to the positive electrode active material will be described here.
- Positive electrode active material examples include lithium-containing oxides or lithium-containing composite oxides having an olivine-type crystal structure, a layered rock salt-type crystal structure, or a spinel-type crystal structure.
- a positive electrode active material having a layered rock salt crystal structure is preferably used as the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the element M is a metal element, preferably one or more selected from cobalt, manganese, nickel and iron. Further, element M is preferably a combination of, for example, one or more selected from cobalt, manganese, nickel, and iron, and one or more selected from aluminum, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, copper, and zinc.
- LiCoO 2 (also referred to as lithium cobaltate), LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 and the like can be given as the lithium-containing composite oxide represented by LiM x O y .
- a composite oxide having lithium represented by LiNixCo1 - xO2 ( 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) there is a NiCo system or the like
- a composite oxide having lithium represented by LiMxOy there are NiMn systems represented by LiNixMn1 - xO2 ( 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), and the like.
- a composite oxide having lithium represented by LiMO 2 a NiCoMn system (also called NCM series, nickel-cobalt-lithium manganate), and the like.
- lithium-containing composite oxides having a layered rocksalt crystal structure examples include Li2MnO3 or Li2MnO3 - LiMeO2 ( Me is Co, Ni, Mn).
- a positive electrode active material having a layered rock salt crystal structure as typified by the above lithium-containing composite oxide, has a high lithium content per volume and a secondary battery with a high capacity per volume. can.
- LiMn 2 O 4 or the like having a spinel-type crystal structure containing manganese is available as a positive electrode active material.
- a lithium- manganese composite oxide represented by LiaMnbMcOd can be used as the positive electrode active material .
- the element M is preferably one or two or more metal elements other than lithium and manganese, or silicon or phosphorus, and more preferably nickel is included in the above metal elements.
- the lithium-manganese composite oxide refers to an oxide containing at least lithium and manganese, including LiMn 2 O 4 described above.
- Lithium-manganese composite oxide in addition to the elements represented by the chemical formula, selected from chromium, cobalt, aluminum, nickel, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, zinc, indium, gallium, copper, titanium, niobium, silicon, phosphorus, etc. It may contain one or more elements.
- V 2 O 5 or Cr 3 O 8 that does not contain lithium ions may be used as the positive electrode active material.
- the ratio of metal elements, silicon, phosphorus, or the like in the entire lithium-containing composite oxide can be measured using, for example, ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer). Also, the oxygen ratio in the entire lithium-containing composite oxide can be measured using, for example, EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). Further, the oxygen ratio can be obtained by using valence evaluation of molten gas analysis and XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) analysis in combination with ICPMS analysis.
- Two or more of the above positive electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- step S101 shown in FIG. 3 a slurry containing a positive electrode active material is prepared.
- a slurry is a mixture of at least an active material in a solvent.
- a mixture of the positive electrode active material is sometimes referred to as positive electrode slurry, and a mixture of the negative electrode active material is sometimes referred to as negative electrode slurry.
- the slurry may be mixed with a conductive aid and a binder (also referred to as a binder).
- the ratio of the positive electrode active material or the negative electrode active material in the slurry is preferably in the range of 85 wt % or more and 98 wt % or less, preferably 90 wt % or more and 98 wt % or less.
- particles such as an active material may aggregate, and in order to improve the dispersibility of the particles, it is preferable to improve the affinity between the particles such as the active material and the solvent. Therefore, the slurry may be mixed with a dispersant in addition to the active material and the like.
- solvent one or more selected from ketones such as acetone, alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, ethers, dioxane, acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and the like can be used. It is preferable to use an aprotic solvent that is less likely to react with lithium.
- the solvent may be used in combination of two or more of the above.
- the conductive aid is also called a conductive agent or a conductive material, and carbon materials are often used.
- a conductive aid may be positioned between multiple active materials or between an active material and a current collector.
- Carbon black includes furnace black, acetylene black, or graphite.
- graphene or a graphene compound may be used as the carbon material of the conductive aid.
- Graphene (sometimes referred to as G) has a two-dimensional structure containing carbon and a 6-membered ring of the carbon. Since the two-dimensional structure formed by the carbon six-membered ring forms a sheet shape, it may be called a carbon sheet.
- the graphene compound includes graphene oxide (sometimes referred to as GO) or reduced graphene oxide (sometimes referred to as RGO).
- Graphene oxide is graphene to which a functional group is bonded, and the functional group has oxygen.
- Reduced graphene oxide is reduced graphene oxide obtained by reducing graphene oxide, and may not have oxygen depending on the degree of reduction.
- Such a graphene compound also has a two-dimensional structure formed by six-membered carbon rings.
- a graphene compound has a sheet shape or a net shape.
- a net-like graphene compound is sometimes referred to as a graphene net.
- the graphene net can cover part or all of the active material, and when covered, can have a region along the active material to form an efficient conductive path.
- the graphene net can also function as a binder that binds active materials together. Therefore, the amount of binder can be reduced or not used, and the ratio of the active material to the electrode volume and electrode weight
- multilayer graphene may be used as the carbon material of the conductive aid.
- the multilayer graphene may have a curved shape including graphene laminated in the range of 2 to 300 layers, preferably 80 to 200 layers.
- the graphene or graphene compound preferably has holes to allow carrier ions to pass through. Holes include defects in graphene or graphene compounds.
- a network graphene or a network graphene compound can be formed by bonding a plurality of graphenes or a plurality of graphene compounds to each other. The network graphene or network graphene compound can have holes.
- the carbon material of the conductive aid a material that can previously cover the surface of the active material using a spray drying apparatus may be used. Active materials whose surfaces are previously covered with a carbon material can form an efficient conductive path.
- the carbon material of the conductive aid needle-like materials such as carbon nanotubes (sometimes referred to as CNT) or VGCF (registered trademark) may be used.
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- VGCF registered trademark
- binder it is preferable to use rubber materials such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene-isoprene-styrene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, and ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- a fluororubber can also be used as a binder.
- the binder it is preferable to use, for example, a water-soluble polymer.
- Polysaccharides for example, can be used as the water-soluble polymer.
- the polysaccharide one or more selected from cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, starch, and the like can be used. Further, it is more preferable to use these water-soluble polymers in combination with the aforementioned rubber material.
- Binders include polystyrene, polymethyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate (polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA), sodium polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide, polyimide, and polyvinyl chloride. , polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ethylene propylene diene polymer, polyvinyl acetate, nitrocellulose, etc. It is preferable to use one or more.
- step S102 shown in FIG. 3 the positive electrode slurry is applied to a current collector for positive electrode (sometimes referred to as a positive electrode current collector). Coating on one side of the positive electrode current collector may be referred to as single-sided coating, and coating on both sides of the positive electrode current collector may be referred to as double-sided coating.
- the positive electrode current collector a highly conductive material such as a metal such as stainless steel, gold, platinum, aluminum, or titanium, or an alloy thereof can be used. Further, for the positive electrode current collector, it is preferable to use a material that does not elute at the potential of the positive electrode in the secondary battery. Alternatively, an aluminum alloy to which an element that improves heat resistance, such as silicon, titanium, neodymium, scandium, or molybdenum, is added can be used for the positive electrode current collector. Further, the positive electrode current collector may contain a metal element that reacts with silicon to form silicide. Metal elements that react with silicon to form silicide include zirconium, titanium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, and the like.
- the shape of the positive electrode current collector can be appropriately used such as a foil shape, a plate shape, a sheet shape, a net shape, a punching metal shape, or an expanded metal shape.
- the positive electrode current collector preferably has a thickness of 5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- FIG. 4 is used to exemplify a manufacturing apparatus and the like for applying the positive electrode slurry to the positive electrode current collector.
- FIG. 4 shows the case where the roll-to-roll method is used in step S102.
- a delivery mechanism 312 (sometimes referred to as an unwinder) is shown in FIG.
- the delivery mechanism 312 is provided with a first bobbin 311 around which a sheet-like positive electrode current collector 321 is wound.
- the positive electrode current collector 321 can be moved in the direction of the arrow using the rotation of the roller 313 or the like.
- the positive electrode slurry can be applied to one surface (corresponding to the surface, for example) of the positive electrode current collector 321 using the first slurry applying means 314a.
- a slot die coater, a lip coater, a blade coater, a reverse coater, a gravure coater, or the like can be used as the slurry application means, for example.
- the number of rollers may be increased for inverting the positive electrode current collector 321 .
- a technique such as a dipping method or a spraying method can also be used as the slurry application means.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a case where intermittent coating is used for coating the positive electrode slurry. Intermittent coating is to apply the positive electrode slurry to selective regions, and the positive electrode current collector 321 is exposed between a plurality of positive electrode slurry-coated regions.
- Drying means 315 is used to dry the positive electrode slurry after coating.
- a loading port 316 is provided in the drying means 315 . Note that the carry-in port 316 is paired, and the other is sometimes referred to as the carry-out port.
- a heat source 318 is provided within the drying means 315 .
- the positive electrode current collector 321 carried in from the carry-in port 316 is exposed to the heat source 318, and the positive electrode slurry can be dried. At least the solvent is removed from the dried positive electrode slurry.
- the temperature for drying that is, the temperature of the heat source 318 is preferably in the range of 80° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower, preferably 100° C. or higher and 130° C. or lower.
- the heat source 318 one or a combination of two or more methods selected from hot air heating, lamp heating, induction heating, air blowing, and the like can be used.
- the heat source 318 may be provided at a plurality of locations so that the positive electrode current collector 321 can be sandwiched therebetween.
- a distance between the heat source 318 and the positive electrode current collector 321 is preferably 5 cm or more and 30 cm or less, preferably 10 cm or more and 20 cm or less.
- the drying means 315 is provided with a control section 317, which can control the drying conditions described above.
- the drying means 315 may be provided with an exhaust port.
- the exhaust port is preferably provided above the drying means 315, for example, on the ceiling.
- the positive electrode slurry on one surface of the positive electrode current collector 321 is dried to complete the coating.
- the positive electrode slurry that has been dried and from which at least the solvent has been removed is sometimes referred to as a positive electrode mixture.
- slurry is applied to the other surface (corresponding to the back surface, for example) of the positive electrode current collector 321 by the second slurry applying means 314b after being discharged from the drying means 315 .
- a roller 319 is used to cause the other surface of the positive electrode current collector 321 to face the second slurry adhering means 314b. Rotation of the roller 319 can move the positive electrode current collector 321 in the direction of the arrow.
- One surface of the positive electrode current collector 321 is provided with the previously applied positive electrode mixture, but the positive electrode mixture may come into contact with the roller 319 because the drying process has been performed.
- Drying means 315 is used to dry the positive electrode slurry applied to the other surface of the positive electrode current collector 321 .
- a loading port 320 is provided in the drying means 315 . Note that the carry-in port 320 is paired, and the other is sometimes referred to as the carry-out port.
- the positive electrode current collector 321 carried in from the carry-in port 320 is exposed to the heat source 318, and the positive electrode slurry can be dried.
- the carry-in port 320 can also serve as the previous carry-in port 316, in which case the carry-in port 320 can be omitted. Coating onto the current collector is completed through such steps.
- step S103 shown in FIG. 3 the positive electrode mixture and the positive electrode current collector 321 are pressed (also referred to as pressurization).
- a roll press method, a plate press method, or the like can be used for pressing.
- the positive electrode mixture and the positive electrode current collector 321 are pressed using a roll press method.
- the pressurizing means 325 that can be used in the roll press method will be described.
- the pressurizing means may be referred to as a roll press device.
- a loading port 326 is provided in the pressurizing means 325 .
- the carry-in port 326 is paired, and the other is sometimes referred to as the carry-out port.
- a set of rollers 328 are provided within the pressure means 325 . Pressing is accomplished by passing between a set of rollers 328 .
- a set of rollers having a load of 100 kg or more and 200 tons or less, a roll width of 100 mm or more and 3000 mm or less, and a roll diameter ( ⁇ ) of 30 mm or more and 5000 mm or less can be used for the pressing means 325 .
- the pressurizing means 325 can use an air cylinder or hydraulic pressure as a pressurizing method, and it is also possible to pressurize manually.
- the pair of rollers 328 each have a heat source 329, because it is possible to press while heating.
- the positive electrode current collector 321 carried in from the carry-in port 326 is pressed while being exposed to the heat source 329 .
- the heat source 329 need not be provided inside the set of rollers 328 .
- the heat source 329 can generate heat by steam heat or electric heat, and specifically, one or a combination of two or more selected from hot air heating, lamp heating, induction heating, air blowing, and the like can be used.
- a cooling source may be provided in addition to the heat source, and cooling water, for example, may be used as the cooling source.
- the pressing means 325 can also press at room temperature.
- the pressurizing means 325 may be provided with an exhaust port.
- the exhaust port is preferably provided above the pressurizing means 325, for example, on the ceiling.
- the pressure during pressing (sometimes referred to as press pressure) is a linear pressure of 100 kN/m or more and 3000 kN/m or less, preferably 150 kN/m or more and 1500 kN/m or less, more preferably 210 kN/m or more and 1467 kN/m or less. A range is preferred.
- a line pressure of 210 kN/m is a surface pressure of 1 MPa
- a line pressure of 461 kN/m is a surface pressure of 2 MPa
- a line pressure of 964 kN/m is a surface pressure of 4 MPa
- a line pressure of 1467 kN/m is a surface pressure of 4 MPa. 6 MPa.
- the pressing pressure is preferably 1 MPa or more and 6 MPa or less in terms of surface pressure. Defects that can occur in the positive electrode active material can be considered as a cause of deterioration of the cycle characteristics, but the defects can be suppressed by pressing with the above linear pressure.
- the number of times of pressing can be one or two or more.
- the initial press pressure should be lower than the final press pressure.
- the heating temperature for pressing that is, the temperature of the heat source 329 should be in the range of 90° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower, preferably 120° C. or lower.
- the binder for example, PVDF
- the electrode density in the positive electrode can be increased.
- the electrode density of the positive electrode becomes 2.5 g/cc or more and 4.5 g/cc or less, preferably 3.3 g/cc or more and 4.1 g/cc or less, and defects of the positive electrode are eliminated. It is preferable because it can be suppressed and the electrode density of the positive electrode can be increased.
- the porosity of the positive electrode becomes 8% or more and 35% or less, preferably 12% or more and 29% or less, suppressing defects of the positive electrode and increasing the electrode density of the positive electrode. It is possible and preferable.
- the porosity of the positive electrode is the ratio of the region not filled with the positive electrode active material, conductive aid and binder.
- the electrolyte may be located in the unfilled region, but the porosity of the positive electrode is a value that is not affected by the electrolyte.
- the porosity of the positive electrode can be obtained from the filling rate of the positive electrode.
- the porosity can be confirmed by observing the cross section of the electrode.
- the cross section of the sample is processed by a focused ion beam (FIB), and the porosity can be observed using an observation device such as an SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) or a TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). Since the FIB can continuously process the sample and enable continuous observation, it is also possible to observe the porosity three-dimensionally. Continuous processing and observation may be referred to as Slice & View.
- the pressurizing means 325 is provided with a control section 327, which can control the press conditions. Pressing conditions include roller rotation speed in addition to pressure and temperature.
- step S104 shown in FIG. 3 the positive electrode obtained as described above is prepared.
- a rolled positive electrode 339 wound around a second bobbin 338 installed in a winding mechanism 337 (may be referred to as a winder) can be obtained. .
- the rolled positive electrode 339 can be used as a positive electrode of a wound secondary battery.
- the long side of the positive electrode is preferably 30 cm or more and 100 cm or less, and the rolled positive electrode 339 is preferably cut so as to fill the long side.
- the long side is the length of the sheet-like positive electrode current collector 321 along the traveling direction.
- the roll-shaped positive electrode 339 can be used as a positive electrode of a stacked secondary battery.
- the long side of the positive electrode is preferably in the range of 5 cm or more and 20 cm or less, and the roll-shaped positive electrode 339 is preferably cut so as to fill the long side. You may cut
- the long side is the length of the sheet-like positive electrode current collector 321 in the direction intersecting with the traveling direction.
- a separator is prepared.
- separator for example, paper, non-woven fabric, glass fiber, ceramics, nylon (polyamide), vinylon (polyvinyl alcohol fiber), polyester, acrylic, polyolefin, synthetic fiber using polyurethane, etc. can be used. can be done. It is preferable that the separator is processed into an envelope shape and arranged so as to enclose either the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- the separator may have a multilayer structure.
- an organic material film such as polypropylene or polyethylene can be coated with a ceramic material, a fluorine material, a polyamide material, or a mixture thereof.
- the ceramic material for example, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, or the like can be used.
- PVDF, polytetrafluoroethylene, or the like can be used as the fluorine-based material.
- polyamide materials that can be used include nylon and aramid (meta-aramid and para-aramid).
- Coating with a ceramic-based material improves oxidation resistance, so deterioration of the separator during high-voltage charging and discharging can be suppressed, and the reliability of the secondary battery can be improved.
- the separator and the electrode are more likely to adhere to each other, and the output characteristics can be improved.
- Coating with a polyamide-based material, particularly aramid improves the heat resistance, so that the safety of the secondary battery can be improved.
- both sides of a polypropylene film may be coated with a mixed material of aluminum oxide and aramid.
- a polypropylene film may be coated with a mixed material of aluminum oxide and aramid on the surface thereof in contact with the positive electrode, and coated with a fluorine-based material on the surface thereof in contact with the negative electrode.
- the safety of the secondary battery can be maintained even if the thickness of the entire separator is thin, so that the discharge capacity per unit volume of the secondary battery can be increased.
- a negative electrode is prepared.
- the negative electrode can be formed into a roll shape in the same manner as the positive electrode using the manufacturing apparatus shown in FIG. 4 and the like.
- the negative electrode has a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be referred to as a negative electrode mixture, and may contain a conductive aid and a binder. Materials and the like that can be applied to the negative electrode active material will be described.
- the negative electrode active material an element capable of performing charge-discharge reaction by alloying/dealloying reaction with lithium can be used.
- an element capable of performing charge-discharge reaction by alloying/dealloying reaction with lithium.
- Such an element has a larger capacity than carbon, and silicon in particular has a high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g. Therefore, it is preferable to use silicon for the negative electrode active material.
- Compounds containing these elements may also be used.
- elements capable of undergoing charge/discharge reactions by alloying/dealloying reactions with lithium, compounds containing such elements, and the like are sometimes referred to as alloy-based materials.
- SiO refers to silicon monoxide, for example.
- SiO can be represented as SiO x .
- x preferably has a value of 1 or close to 1.
- x is preferably 0.2 or more and 1.5 or less, and preferably 0.3 or more and 1.2 or less.
- Carbon materials used for the negative electrode include graphite, graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), carbon nanotube, graphene, carbon black, and the like.
- Examples of graphite include artificial graphite and natural graphite.
- Examples of artificial graphite include mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), coke-based artificial graphite, and pitch-based artificial graphite.
- MCMB mesocarbon microbeads
- Spherical graphite having a spherical shape can be used as the artificial graphite.
- MCMB may have a spherical shape and are preferred.
- MCMB is also relatively easy to reduce its surface area and may be preferred.
- Examples of natural graphite include flake graphite and spherical natural graphite.
- Graphite exhibits a potential as low as that of lithium metal when lithium ions are inserted into graphite (at the time of formation of a lithium-graphite intercalation compound) (0.05 V or more and 0.3 V or less vs. Li/Li + ). As a result, a secondary battery using graphite can exhibit a high operating voltage. Furthermore, graphite is preferable because it has advantages such as relatively high capacity per unit volume, relatively small volume expansion, low cost, and high safety compared to lithium metal.
- titanium dioxide TiO 2
- lithium titanium oxide Li 4 Ti 5 O 12
- lithium graphite intercalation compound Li x C 6
- niobium pentoxide Nb 2 O 5
- tungsten oxide WO 2
- MoO 2 molybdenum oxide
- Li 2.6 Co 0.4 N 3 exhibits a large capacity (900 mAh/g, 1890 mAh/cm 3 ) and is preferred.
- lithium ions are contained in the negative electrode active material, so that it can be combined with materials such as V 2 O 5 and Cr 3 O 8 that do not contain lithium ions as the positive electrode active material, which is preferable. .
- a material that causes a conversion reaction can also be used as the negative electrode active material.
- transition metal oxides that do not alloy with lithium such as cobalt oxide (CoO), nickel oxide (NiO), or iron oxide (FeO) may be used as the negative electrode active material.
- oxides such as Fe2O3 , CuO , Cu2O , RuO2 and Cr2O3 , sulfides such as CoS0.89 , NiS and CuS, and Zn3N2 , Cu3N , or Ge3N4 ; phosphides , such as NiP2 , FeP2 , or CoP3 ; and fluorides, such as FeF3 or BiF3.
- Lithium can also be used as the negative electrode active material.
- foil-shaped lithium can be provided on the negative electrode current collector.
- lithium may be provided on the negative electrode current collector by a vapor phase method such as a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method.
- lithium may be deposited on the negative electrode current collector by an electrochemical method in a solution containing lithium ions.
- the same materials as the conductive agent and binder that the positive electrode active material layer can have can be used.
- the current collector copper or the like can be used in addition to the same material as the positive electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector it is preferable to use a material that does not alloy with carrier ions such as lithium.
- a negative electrode without a negative electrode active material can be used.
- lithium can be deposited on the negative electrode current collector during charging, and lithium can be eluted from the negative electrode current collector during discharging. Therefore, in a state other than a fully discharged state, the negative electrode collector has lithium on it.
- a film for uniform deposition of lithium may be provided on the negative electrode current collector.
- a film for uniform deposition of lithium for example, a solid electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity can be used.
- the solid electrolyte one or more selected from sulfide-based solid electrolytes, oxide-based solid electrolytes, polymer-based solid electrolytes, and the like can be used.
- the polymer solid electrolyte is suitable as a film for uniform deposition of lithium because it is relatively easy to form a uniform film on the negative electrode current collector.
- a negative electrode current collector having unevenness can be used.
- the concave portions of the negative electrode current collector become cavities in which lithium contained in the negative electrode current collector easily deposits, so that the formation of dendrites and the deposition of lithium can be suppressed.
- step S130 of FIG. 3 the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the separator are enclosed in the package.
- Exterior body For example, one or more selected from metal materials such as aluminum and resin materials can be used as the exterior body.
- metal materials such as aluminum and resin materials
- an exterior body one or more selected from aluminum, stainless steel, copper, nickel, etc., on an organic film having one or more selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, ionomer, polyamide, etc.
- an insulating synthetic resin film such as a polyamide-based resin or a polyester-based resin is provided on the outside of the metal film as the outer surface of the exterior body.
- step S132 shown in FIG. 3 an electrolytic solution is injected into the exterior body.
- the electrolytic solution has a solvent and an electrolyte.
- aprotic organic solvents are preferred, such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4 - One or more selected from dioxane, dimethoxyethane (DME), dimethylsulfoxide, diethyl ether, methyldiglyme, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, sulf
- Ionic liquids have cations and anions.
- Cations used in the electrolytic solution include organic cations, including aliphatic onium cations such as quaternary ammonium cations, tertiary sulfonium cations and quaternary phosphonium cations, and aromatic cations such as imidazolium cations and pyridinium cations.
- Anions used in the electrolytic solution include monovalent amide anions, monovalent methide anions, fluorosulfonate anions, perfluoroalkylsulfonate anions, tetrafluoroborate anions, perfluoroalkylborate anions, and hexafluorophosphate anions. , or perfluoroalkyl phosphate anions.
- electrolytes dissolved in the above solvents include LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSCN, LiBr, LiI, Li 2 SO 4 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , Li 2 B 12 Cl12 , LiCF3SO3 , LiC4F9SO3, LiC ( CF3SO2 ) 3 , LiC ( C2F5SO2 ) 3 , LiN ( FSO2 ) 2 , LiN ( CF3SO2 ) 2 , LiN(C 4 F 9 SO 2 )(CF 3 SO 2 ), LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , and the like can be used in combination of one or more. When two or more types are combined, they can be used at any ratio.
- the electrolytic solution used in the secondary battery is preferably highly purified and has a low content of particulate matter or elements other than constituent elements of the electrolytic solution (hereinafter also simply referred to as “impurities”).
- the weight ratio of impurities to the electrolytic solution is preferably 1% or less, preferably 0.1% or less, and more preferably 0.01% or less.
- the electrolytic solution may contain dinitrile compounds such as vinylene carbonate, propane sultone (PS), tert-butylbenzene (TBB), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), succinonitrile, and adiponitrile.
- dinitrile compounds such as vinylene carbonate, propane sultone (PS), tert-butylbenzene (TBB), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), succinonitrile, and adiponitrile.
- Additives may be added.
- the additive concentration may be, for example, 0.1 wt % or more and 5 wt % or less with respect to the entire solvent.
- VC or LiBOB are particularly preferred because they tend to form good coatings.
- a polymer gel electrolyte obtained by swelling a polymer with an electrolytic solution may also be used.
- the safety against leakage and the like is enhanced. Also, the thickness and weight of the secondary battery can be reduced.
- silicone gel acrylic gel, acrylonitrile gel, polyethylene oxide gel, polypropylene oxide gel, fluorine polymer gel, and the like can be used.
- polymers examples include polymers having a polyalkylene oxide structure such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), PVDF, polyacrylonitrile, and copolymers containing them.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PVDF-HFP which is a copolymer of PVDF and hexafluoropropylene (HFP)
- the polymer formed may also have a porous geometry.
- a solid electrolyte containing an inorganic material such as a sulfide or oxide, or a solid electrolyte containing a polymeric material such as PEO (polyethylene oxide) can be used. If a solid electrolyte is used, no separator is required. In addition, since the entire secondary battery can be solidified, there is no risk of liquid leakage, and safety is dramatically improved.
- a secondary battery can be obtained according to the above-described steps and the like.
- FIG. 5 exemplifies the manufacturing process of a wound type secondary battery having steps S104, S121, S122, S130, S132, S133, and the like.
- the roll-shaped positive electrode 339 described in FIG. 4 can be used as the positive electrode prepared in step S104.
- the roll-shaped positive electrode is preferably prepared in a state wound around a second bobbin 338 installed on a winding mechanism 337 . Since the winding mechanism 337 has a function of sending out the positive electrode to the roller 366, it may also be referred to as a sending mechanism.
- a rolled separator wound around a bobbin 348 installed in a winding mechanism 347 can be used. Since the winding mechanism 347 has a function of sending out the separator to the roller 366, it may also be referred to as a sending mechanism.
- a roll-shaped negative electrode wound around a bobbin 358 installed in a winding mechanism 357 can be used as the negative electrode prepared in step S122. Since the winding mechanism 357 has a function of sending out the negative electrode to the roller 366, it is sometimes referred to as a sending mechanism.
- a sheet-like positive electrode 362, a sheet-like separator 363, and a sheet-like negative electrode 364 are sent out from each winding mechanism using the rotation of the roller 366 or the like, and these are superimposed on the roller 366 or its vicinity.
- the rotation direction of the winding mechanism 337 and the winding mechanism 347 and the rotation direction of the winding mechanism 357 may be reversed.
- the rollers 366 can be superimposed well.
- a tab 365a is preferably attached to the sheet-like positive electrode 362 carried out from the winding mechanism 337 by using an attaching means 354a. It is preferable that the tab 365a is first overlapped by the roller 366 so as to be positioned at the center of the wound secondary battery.
- a tab 365b is attached to the sheet-like negative electrode 364 carried out from the winding mechanism 357 using an attaching means 354b.
- the tab 365b is preferably located on the winding center side of the winding type secondary battery, and is preferably overlapped by the roller 366 first.
- a wound secondary battery in which a sheet-like separator 363 is positioned between a sheet-like positive electrode 362 and a sheet-like negative electrode 364 can be assembled.
- tabs 365a and 365b are positioned at the center of the wound secondary battery.
- FIG. 5C shows a state in which the positive electrode 362, the separator 363 and the negative electrode 364 assembled in FIG.
- the exterior body 370 preferably has slits 371a and 371b corresponding to the respective tabs, and an opening 375 for injecting the electrolytic solution.
- An electrolytic solution can be injected from the opening 375 by the electrolytic solution injection means 376 .
- a wound type secondary battery can be obtained according to the above steps.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a manufacturing process of a laminated secondary battery having steps S104, S121, S122, S130, S132, S133, and the like.
- a plurality of positive electrodes 340 are obtained by cutting the roll-shaped positive electrode 339 or the like shown in FIG. 4 into predetermined sizes.
- Each of the plurality of positive electrodes 340 can be cut to have a region of tabs 342a.
- a plurality of negative electrodes 341 are prepared in the same manner as the positive electrodes.
- the negative electrode 341 can also be obtained by cutting a roll-shaped negative electrode into a predetermined size.
- Anode 341 can be cut to have tab 342b.
- a separator 397 positioned between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is prepared and laminated.
- the positive electrodes 340 are stacked so that the positions of the tabs 342a are aligned.
- the negative electrodes 341 are stacked so that the tabs 342b are aligned.
- An electrode 343a may be attached to the stacked tab 342a, and an electrode 343b may be attached to the stacked tab 342b.
- the laminated positive electrode 340, separator 397, and negative electrode 341 are enclosed in an exterior body 399, and the periphery of the exterior body 399 is sealed. At least one side of the exterior body 399 is preferably sealed after the electrolyte is injected.
- a wound laminated secondary battery can be obtained.
- step S135 shown in FIG. 3 the secondary battery is aged.
- the aging condition it is stored in a constant temperature bath at 40° C. or higher and 60° C. or lower for at least one day. This is sometimes referred to as a first aging process.
- the voltage in the range where the SOC (State Of Charge) of the secondary battery is 50% or more and 100% or less (for example, 4.3 V) is set as the upper limit voltage
- the voltage in the range where the SOC is 0% or more and 20% or less (for example, 2 .5V) as the lower limit voltage
- the cycle test is performed 1 to 5 times, preferably 3 or 4 times. This is sometimes referred to as a second aging process.
- the aging process only the first aging process, only the second aging process, or the second aging process is performed following the first aging process.
- An appropriate coating can be formed on the negative electrode by the first aging treatment or the second aging treatment. Further, it is preferable to provide an opening in a part of the exterior body in order to remove unnecessary gas or the like generated by the first aging treatment or the second aging treatment.
- a secondary battery that is one embodiment of the present invention can be manufactured according to the steps described above.
- a secondary battery that is one embodiment of the present invention can suppress defects and improve cycle characteristics.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments.
- Step S11 a lithium source (denoted as Li source in the figure) and a transition metal source (denoted as M source in the figure) are prepared.
- a lithium source (Li source) and a transition metal source (M source) are sometimes referred to as starting materials.
- the lithium source it is preferable to use a compound containing lithium.
- a compound containing lithium for example, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, lithium fluoride, or the like can be used. It is preferable that the lithium source has a high purity, and for example, a material with a purity of 99.99% or higher is preferably used.
- the transition metal can be selected from elements listed in Groups 3 to 11 of the periodic table, and for example, at least one or more of manganese, cobalt, and nickel is used.
- the transition metal only cobalt is used, only nickel is used, two kinds of cobalt and manganese are used, two kinds of cobalt and nickel are used, or three kinds of cobalt, manganese and nickel are used. be.
- the resulting positive electrode active material has lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), and when cobalt, manganese, and nickel are used, the resulting positive electrode active material is nickel-cobalt-lithium manganate (NCM ).
- the two or more transition metal sources when two or more transition metal sources are used, it is preferable to prepare the two or more transition metal sources at a ratio (mixing ratio) such that the two or more transition metal sources can have a layered rock salt type crystal structure.
- the transition metal source it is preferable to use a compound containing the transition metal.
- oxides or hydroxides of the metals exemplified as the transition metals can be used.
- Cobalt oxide, cobalt hydroxide, or the like can be used as the cobalt source.
- Manganese oxide, manganese hydroxide, or the like can be used as a manganese source.
- nickel source nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide, or the like can be used.
- Aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, or the like can be used as long as it is not a transition metal but is an aluminum source.
- the transition metal source preferably has a high purity, for example, a purity of 3N (99.9%) or higher, preferably 4N (99.99%) or higher, more preferably 4N5 (99.995%) or higher, further preferably 5N ( 99.999%) or higher is preferably used.
- Impurities in the positive electrode active material can be controlled by using a high-purity material. As a result, the capacity of the secondary battery is increased and the reliability of the secondary battery is improved.
- the transition metal source be highly crystalline, eg, have single crystal grains.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- STEM scanning transmission electron microscope
- HAADF-STEM high angle scattering annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope
- ABF-STEM annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the method for evaluating the crystallinity described above can be applied not only to the transition metal source but also to the evaluation of other crystallinity.
- Step S12 the lithium source and the transition metal source are pulverized and mixed to produce a mixed material (sometimes referred to as a mixture). Grinding and mixing can be dry or wet. The wet method is preferred because it can be pulverized into smaller pieces. Prepare a solvent if the method is wet. Examples of solvents that can be used include ketones such as acetone, alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, ethers, dioxane, acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and the like. It is more preferable to use an aprotic solvent that is less likely to react with lithium.
- solvents that can be used include ketones such as acetone, alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, ethers, dioxane, acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and the like. It is more preferable to use an aprotic solvent that is less likely to react with lithium.
- dehydrated acetone with a purity of 99.5% or more is used as a solvent. It is preferable to mix the lithium source and the transition metal source with dehydrated acetone with a purity of 99.5% or more and with a water content of 10 ppm or less, followed by pulverization and mixing. By using dehydrated acetone with the above purity, possible impurities can be reduced.
- a ball mill, a bead mill, or the like can be used as means for mixing.
- a ball mill it is preferable to use alumina balls or zirconia balls as grinding media. Zirconia balls are preferable because they emit less impurities.
- the peripheral speed should be 100 mm/s or more and 2000 mm/s or less in order to suppress contamination from the media. In the present embodiment, mixing is performed at a peripheral speed of 838 mm/s (400 rpm of rotation, 40 mm of ball mill diameter).
- Step S13 the mixed material is heated.
- the heating temperature is preferably 800°C or higher and 1100°C or lower, more preferably 900°C or higher and 1000°C or lower, and still more preferably about 950°C. If the temperature is too low, decomposition and melting of the lithium source and transition metal source may be insufficient. On the other hand, if the temperature is too high, lithium may evaporate or sublimate from the lithium source and/or the metal used as the transition metal source may be excessively reduced, resulting in defects in the mixed material. For example, when cobalt is used as a transition metal, excessive reduction may cause cobalt to change from trivalent to divalent, thereby inducing oxygen defects and the like in the mixed material.
- the heating time is preferably 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less, preferably 2 hours or more and 20 hours or less.
- the heating rate is preferably 80° C./h or more and 250° C./h or less, although it depends on the reaching temperature of the heating temperature. For example, when heating at 1000° C. for 10 hours, the temperature should be raised at 200° C./h.
- the heating atmosphere is preferably an atmosphere with little water such as dry air, for example, an atmosphere with a dew point of -50°C or less, more preferably -80°C or less. In this embodiment mode, heating is performed in an atmosphere with a dew point of -93°C. Also, in order to suppress impurities that may be mixed into the mixed material, the concentrations of impurities such as CH 4 , CO, CO 2 and H 2 in the heating atmosphere should each be 5 ppb (parts per billion) or less.
- An atmosphere containing oxygen is preferable as the heating atmosphere.
- the heating atmosphere there is a method of continuously introducing dry air into the reaction chamber.
- the flow rate of dry air is preferably 10 L/min.
- O2 flow The process in which oxygen continues to be introduced into the reaction chamber and is flowing through the reaction chamber.
- the heating atmosphere is an atmosphere containing oxygen
- a method that does not flow may be used.
- the reaction chamber may be decompressed and then filled with oxygen to prevent the oxygen from entering and exiting the reaction chamber. This is sometimes referred to as O 2 purge.
- the pressure in the reaction chamber reduced to -970 hPa may be filled with oxygen until the pressure reaches 50 hPa.
- Cooling after heating may be natural cooling, but it is preferable that the cooling time from the specified temperature to room temperature is within 10 hours or more and 50 hours or less. However, cooling to room temperature is not necessarily required, and cooling to a temperature that the next step allows is sufficient.
- Heating in this step may be heating by a rotary kiln or a roller hearth kiln. Heating by a rotary kiln can be performed while stirring in either a continuous system or a batch system.
- the crucible used for heating is preferably an aluminum oxide (referred to as alumina) crucible.
- Alumina crucible is a material that does not easily release impurities. In this embodiment, an alumina crucible with a purity of 99.9% is used. It is preferable to place a lid on the crucible and heat it. Volatilization or sublimation of the material can be prevented.
- step S13 After the heating is finished, it may be pulverized or pulverized and sieved as necessary. When recovering the material after heating, it may be recovered after being moved from the crucible to a mortar. In addition, it is preferable to use an alumina mortar as the mortar.
- Alumina mortar is a material that does not easily release impurities. Specifically, an alumina mortar with a purity of 90% or higher, preferably 99% or higher is used. Note that the same heating conditions as in step S13 can be applied to the later-described heating process other than step S13.
- a complex oxide (LiMO 2 ) having a transition metal can be obtained in step S14 shown in FIG. 7A.
- cobalt is used as the transition metal, it is called a cobalt-containing composite oxide and represented by LiCoO 2 .
- steps S11 to S14 an example of producing the composite oxide by the solid-phase method is shown, but the composite oxide may be produced by the coprecipitation method. Alternatively, the composite oxide may be produced by a hydrothermal method.
- step S15 the composite oxide is heated. Since the composite oxide is first heated, the heating in step S15 may be called initial heating. After initial heating, the surface of the composite oxide becomes smooth.
- smooth surface means that the surface of the composite oxide has few irregularities, the composite oxide is rounded as a whole, and the corners are rounded. Furthermore, a state in which there are few foreign substances adhering to the surface of the composite oxide is called smooth. Foreign matter is considered to cause unevenness, and it is preferable not to adhere to the surface of the composite oxide.
- initial heating can reduce or suppress deterioration after charging and discharging.
- Initial heating to smooth the surface does not require a lithium source.
- the initial heating for smoothing the surface does not require the provision of an additive element source.
- the initial heating to smooth the surface does not require a fluxing agent.
- Initial heating is performed before step S20 described below, and is sometimes called preheating or pretreatment.
- Impurities may be mixed in the lithium source and/or transition metal source prepared in step S11 or the like, but the impurities can be reduced from the composite oxide completed in step 14 by initial heating.
- the heating conditions in this step may be any conditions as long as the surface of the composite oxide becomes smooth.
- the heating conditions described in step S13 can be selected and implemented.
- the heating temperature in this step should be lower than the temperature in step S13 in order to maintain the crystal structure of the composite oxide.
- the heating time in this step is preferably shorter than the time in step S13 in order to maintain the crystal structure of the composite oxide.
- the heating conditions in step S15 may be a temperature of 700° C. or higher and 1000° C. or lower, and heating for 2 hours or longer.
- Heating in step S13 may cause a temperature difference between the surface and the inside of the composite oxide. Differences in temperature can induce differential shrinkage. It is also considered that the difference in shrinkage occurs due to the difference in fluidity between the surface and the inside due to the temperature difference.
- the energy associated with the differential shrinkage gives differential internal stress to the composite oxide.
- the difference in internal stress is also called strain, and the energy is sometimes called strain energy. It is considered that the internal stress is removed or relaxed by the initial heating in step S15, and in other words, the strain energy is homogenized by the initial heating in step S15. When the strain energy is homogenized, the strain in the composite oxide is removed or relaxed. Therefore, the surface of the composite oxide may become smooth after step S15.
- the smoothness of the surface is also referred to as the improved surface. In other words, after step S15, the shrinkage difference generated in the composite oxide is removed or alleviated, and the surface of the composite oxide becomes smooth.
- the differential shrinkage may cause micro-shifts, such as crystal shifts, in the composite oxide.
- Heating in step S15 may be performed in order to reduce the deviation. Through this step, it is possible to uniform the misalignment of the composite oxide. If the deviation is made uniform, the surface of the composite oxide may become smooth. It is also called that the crystal grains are aligned. In other words, it is thought that after step S15, the deviation of crystals and the like generated in the composite oxide is removed or relaxed, and the surface of the composite oxide becomes smooth.
- a complex oxide having a smooth surface can be said to have a surface roughness of at least 10 nm or less when surface irregularity information is quantified from measurement data in one section of the complex oxide.
- One cross section is a cross section obtained, for example, when observing with a STEM (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope).
- step S14 a composite oxide containing lithium synthesized in advance and a transition metal may be used. In this case, steps S11 to S13 can be omitted.
- step S15 By performing step S15 on a complex oxide synthesized in advance, a complex oxide with a smooth surface can be obtained.
- initial heating may reduce the amount of lithium in the composite oxide.
- Lithium with reduced additive elements which will be described in the next step S20 and the like, may easily enter the composite oxide.
- the initial heating may be omitted.
- the initial heating can be omitted if the composite oxide is sufficiently smooth.
- the additive element X may be added to the composite oxide having a smooth surface within the range where a layered rock salt type crystal structure can be obtained.
- the additive element X can be added evenly. Therefore, it is preferable to add the additional elements after the initial heating.
- the step of adding the additive element X will be described with reference to FIGS. 7B and 7C.
- step S21 shown in FIG. 7B an additive element source (X source) to be added to the composite oxide is prepared.
- X source an additive element source
- an Mg source and an F source are prepared as X sources.
- a lithium source may be prepared together with the additive element source.
- the additive element X includes nickel, cobalt, magnesium, calcium, chlorine, fluorine, aluminum, manganese, titanium, zirconium, yttrium, vanadium, iron, chromium, niobium, lanthanum, hafnium, zinc, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, and arsenic can be used.
- As the additional element X one or more elements selected from bromine and beryllium can be used. However, since bromine and beryllium are elements that are toxic to living organisms, it is preferable to use the additive elements described above.
- the additive element source can be called a magnesium source.
- Magnesium fluoride, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, or the like can be used as the magnesium source.
- the additive element source can be called a fluorine source.
- the fluorine source include lithium fluoride (LiF), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), titanium fluoride (TiF 4 ), cobalt fluoride (CoF 2 , CoF 3 ) and fluorine.
- lithium fluoride is preferable because it has a relatively low melting point of 848° C. and is easily melted in a heating step to be described later.
- Magnesium fluoride can be used as both a fluorine source and a magnesium source. Lithium fluoride can also be used as a lithium source. Another lithium source that can be used in step S21 is lithium carbonate.
- the fluorine source may also be gaseous, such as fluorine ( F2), carbon fluoride, sulfur fluoride, or oxygen fluoride ( OF2 , O2F2 , O3F2 , O4F2 , O5F2 , O 6 F 2 , O 2 F) or the like may be used and mixed in the atmosphere in the heating step described later. Also, a plurality of fluorine sources as described above may be used.
- lithium fluoride (LiF) is prepared as a fluorine source
- magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) is prepared as a fluorine source and a magnesium source.
- LiF:MgF 2 65:35 (molar ratio)
- the effect of lowering the melting point is maximized.
- the amount of lithium fluoride increases, there is a concern that the amount of lithium becomes excessive and the cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- the term “near” means a value larger than 0.9 times and smaller than 1.1 times the value.
- step S22 shown in FIG. 7B the magnesium source and the fluorine source are pulverized and mixed. This step can be performed by selecting from the pulverization and mixing conditions described in step S12.
- a heating step may be performed after step S22, if necessary.
- the heating process after step S22 can be performed by selecting from the heating conditions described in step S13.
- the heating time after step S22 is preferably 2 hours or longer, and the heating temperature is preferably 800° C. or higher and 1100° C. or lower.
- step S23 shown in FIG. 7B the pulverized and mixed material can be collected to obtain an additive element source (X source).
- X source additive element source
- the additive element source shown in step S23 is manufactured from a plurality of starting materials and can be called a mixed material or a mixture.
- the median diameter (D50) is preferably 600 nm or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less. Even when one type of material is used as the additive element source (X source), the median diameter (D50) is preferably 600 nm or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the mixture when mixed with the composite oxide in step S14 in a later step, the mixture uniformly adheres to the surface of the composite oxide. easy to let It is preferable that the mixture is uniformly adhered to the surface of the composite oxide, because fluorine and magnesium are easily distributed or diffused uniformly in the surface layer of the composite oxide after heating. A region in which fluorine and magnesium are distributed can also be called a surface layer portion. It is not preferable if there is a region containing no fluorine or magnesium in the surface layer. Although fluorine is used in the explanation, fluorine may be chlorine, and it can be read as halogen as containing these.
- Step S21 A process different from that in FIG. 7B will be described with reference to FIG. 7C.
- step S21 shown in FIG. 7C four types of additive element sources to be added to the composite oxide are prepared. That is, FIG. 7C differs from FIG. 7B in the type of additive element source.
- a lithium source may be prepared in combination with the additive element source.
- a magnesium source Mg source
- a fluorine source F source
- a nickel source Ni source
- an aluminum source Al source
- the magnesium source and the fluorine source can be selected from the compounds and the like described with reference to FIG. 7B.
- Nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide, or the like can be used as the nickel source.
- Aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, or the like can be used as the aluminum source.
- Steps S22 and S23 shown in FIG. 7C are the same as the steps described in FIG. 7B.
- step S31 shown in FIG. 7A the composite oxide and the additive element source (X source) are mixed.
- the mixing in step S31 is preferably performed under milder conditions than the mixing in step S12 so as not to destroy the composite oxide.
- the number of revolutions is smaller or the time is shorter than the mixing in step S12.
- the conditions for the dry method are milder than those for the wet method.
- a ball mill, bead mill, or the like can be used for mixing.
- zirconia balls it is preferable to use, for example, zirconia balls as media.
- dry mixing is performed at 150 rpm for 1 hour using a ball mill using zirconia balls with a diameter of 1 mm.
- the mixing is performed in a dry room with a dew point of -100°C or higher and -10°C or lower.
- step S32 of FIG. 7A the mixed materials are recovered to obtain a mixture 903.
- FIG. When recovering, it may be pulverized as necessary, and sieving may be performed after pulverization.
- a method of adding lithium fluoride as a fluorine source and magnesium fluoride as a magnesium source to the composite oxide after the initial heating is described.
- the invention is not limited to the above method.
- a magnesium source, a fluorine source, and the like can be added to the lithium source and the transition metal source at the stage of step S11, that is, at the stage of the starting material of the composite oxide.
- heating is performed in step S13 to obtain LiMO 2 doped with magnesium and fluorine.
- Lithium cobaltate to which magnesium and fluorine are added in advance may also be used. If lithium cobaltate to which magnesium and fluorine are added is used, steps S11 to S32 and step S20 can be omitted. It can be said that it is a simple and highly productive method.
- a magnesium source and a fluorine source or a magnesium source, a fluorine source, a nickel source, and an aluminum source may be further added according to step S20 to lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium and fluorine have been added in advance.
- step S33 shown in FIG. 7A the mixture 903 is heated.
- the heating conditions described in step S13 can be selected and implemented.
- the heating time in step S33 is preferably two hours or longer.
- the heating temperature is supplemented here.
- the lower limit of the heating temperature in step S33 needs to be higher than or equal to the temperature at which the reaction between the composite oxide (LiMO 2 ) and the additive element source proceeds.
- the temperature at which the reaction proceeds may be any temperature at which interdiffusion of elements possessed by LiMO 2 and the additive element source occurs, and may be lower than the melting temperature of these materials. Taking oxides as an example, it is known that solid-phase diffusion occurs from 0.757 times the melting temperature Tm (this is referred to as the Tammann temperature Td ). Therefore, the heating temperature in step S33 may be 500° C. or higher.
- the reaction proceeds more easily.
- the eutectic point of LiF and MgF2 is around 742°C, so the lower limit of the heating temperature in step S33 is preferably 742°C or higher.
- a mixture 903 obtained by mixing LiCoO 2 :LiF:MgF 2 100:0.33:1 (molar ratio) has an endothermic peak near 830° C. in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC measurement). is observed. Therefore, the lower limit of the heating temperature is more preferably 830° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the heating temperature is less than the decomposition temperature of LiMO 2 (the decomposition temperature of LiCoO 2 is 1130° C.). At temperatures near the decomposition temperature, there is concern that LiMO 2 will decompose, albeit in a very small amount. Therefore, it is more preferably 1000° C. or lower, more preferably 950° C. or lower, and even more preferably 900° C. or lower.
- the heating temperature in step S33 is preferably 500° C. or higher and 1130° C. or lower, more preferably 500° C. or higher and 1000° C. or lower, even more preferably 500° C. or higher and 950° C. or lower, and further preferably 500° C. or higher and 900° C. or lower. preferable.
- the temperature is preferably 742°C or higher and 1130°C or lower, more preferably 742°C or higher and 1000°C or lower, even more preferably 742°C or higher and 950°C or lower, and even more preferably 742°C or higher and 900°C or lower.
- the temperature is preferably 800°C or higher and 1100°C or lower, more preferably 830°C or higher and 1130°C or lower, even more preferably 830°C or higher and 1000°C or lower, even more preferably 830°C or higher and 950°C or lower, even more preferably 830°C or higher and 900°C or lower.
- the heating temperature in step S33 is preferably lower than that in step S13.
- some materials such as LiF, which is a fluorine source, may function as a flux.
- the heating temperature can be lowered to below the decomposition temperature of the composite oxide (LiMO 2 ), for example, 742 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower, and the additive element X including magnesium is distributed in the surface layer, and good characteristics are obtained.
- a positive electrode active material can be produced.
- LiF has a lower specific gravity than oxygen in a gaseous state
- LiF may volatilize or sublimate by heating, and the volatilization or sublimation reduces LiF in the mixture 903 .
- the function as a flux is weakened. Therefore, it is necessary to heat while suppressing volatilization or sublimation of LiF.
- LiF is not used as a fluorine source or the like, there is a possibility that Li on the surface of LiMO 2 reacts with F of the fluorine source to generate LiF, which volatilizes or sublimates. Therefore, even if a fluoride having a higher melting point than LiF is used, it is necessary to similarly suppress volatilization or sublimation.
- the mixture 903 in an atmosphere containing LiF, that is, to heat the mixture 903 in a state where the partial pressure of LiF in the heating furnace is high.
- Such heating can suppress volatilization or sublimation of LiF in the mixture 903 .
- the heating in this step is preferably performed so that the mixtures 903 do not adhere to each other. If the mixture 903 adheres to each other during heating, the contact area with oxygen in the atmosphere is reduced, and the diffusion path of the additive element (eg, fluorine) is blocked. distribution may deteriorate.
- the additive element eg, fluorine
- the additive element for example, fluorine
- a positive electrode active material that is smooth and has less unevenness can be obtained. Therefore, in order for the surface of the mixture that has undergone heating in step S15 to maintain a smooth state in this step or become even smoother, it is better not to stick.
- heating by a rotary kiln it is preferable to heat by controlling the flow rate of the oxygen-containing atmosphere in the kiln. For example, it is preferable to reduce the flow rate of the oxygen-containing atmosphere, or not to flow the oxygen after introducing the oxygen atmosphere into the kiln, that is, to purge the kiln with O2 . That is, flowing oxygen can evaporate or sublimate the fluorine source, and an O2 purge is preferred to maintain surface smoothness.
- the mixture 903 can be heated in an atmosphere containing LiF, for example, by placing a lid on the container containing the mixture 903 .
- the heating time in step S33 will be supplemented.
- the heating time varies depending on conditions such as the heating temperature, the size of LiMO 2 in step S14, and the composition. For smaller particle sizes, lower temperatures or shorter times may be preferred than for larger particle sizes.
- the heating temperature in step S33 is preferably 600° C. or higher and 950° C. or lower, for example.
- the heating time in step S33 is, for example, preferably 3 hours or longer, more preferably 10 hours or longer, and even more preferably 60 hours or longer.
- the cooling time after the heating in step S33 is, for example, 10 hours or more and 50 hours or less.
- the heating temperature in step S33 is preferably 600° C. or higher and 950° C. or lower.
- the heating time in step S33 is preferably, for example, 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less, more preferably about 2 hours.
- the cooling time after the heating in step S33 is, for example, 10 hours or more and 50 hours or less.
- step S34 shown in FIG. 7A the heated material is collected and, if necessary, pulverized to obtain positive electrode active material 100.
- FIG. At this time, it is preferable to further screen the collected particles.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention can be manufactured.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention has a smooth surface.
- steps S11 to S15 are performed in the same manner as in FIG. 7A to prepare a composite oxide (LiMO 2 ) with a smooth surface.
- Step S20a> the additive element X may be added to the composite oxide to the extent that the layered rock salt type crystal structure can be obtained. The steps are described with reference also to FIG. 9A.
- a first additive element source (X1 source) is prepared.
- the X1 source can be selected from the additional elements X described in step S21 shown in FIG. 7B and used.
- the additive element X1 one or more selected from magnesium, fluorine, and calcium can be preferably used.
- FIG. 9A illustrates a case where a magnesium source (Mg source) and a fluorine source (F source) are used as X1 sources.
- Steps S21 to S23 shown in FIG. 9A can be manufactured under the same conditions as steps S21 to S23 shown in FIG. 7B.
- an additive element source X1 source
- steps S31 to S33 shown in FIG. 8 can be manufactured by the same processes as steps S31 to S33 shown in FIG. 7A.
- Step S34a> the material heated in step S33 is recovered to produce a composite oxide containing the additive element X1. It is also called a second composite oxide to distinguish it from the composite oxide in step S14.
- Step S40 In step S40 shown in FIG. 8, a second additive element source (X2 source) is added. Description will also be made with reference to FIGS. 9B and 9C.
- a second additive element source (X2 source) is prepared.
- X2 source it is possible to select and use from the additional elements X described in step S21 shown in FIG. 7B.
- the additive element X2 one or more selected from nickel, titanium, boron, zirconium, and aluminum can be suitably used.
- FIG. 9B illustrates a case where nickel and aluminum are used as the additive element X2.
- Steps S41 to S43 shown in FIG. 9B can be manufactured under the same conditions as steps S21 to S23 shown in FIG. 7B.
- the additive element source (X2) can be obtained in step S43.
- FIG. 9C shows a modification using FIG. 9B.
- a nickel source (Ni source) and an aluminum source (Al source) are prepared in step S41 shown in FIG. 9C, and pulverized independently in step S42a.
- the step of FIG. 9C differs from FIG. 9B in that the additive elements are independently pulverized in step S42a.
- step S43 a plurality of second additive element sources are prepared.
- steps S51 to S53 shown in FIG. 8 can be manufactured under the same conditions as steps S31 to S34 shown in FIG. 7A.
- the mixture obtained at step S52 be the mixture 904.
- FIG. The conditions of step S53 regarding the heating process may be lower temperature and shorter time than those of step S33.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention can be manufactured.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention has a smooth surface.
- the additive element to the composite oxide is introduced separately into a first additive element X1 and a second additive element X2.
- the profile of each additive element in the depth direction can be changed. For example, it is possible to profile the first additive element so that the concentration is higher in the surface layer than in the inside, and to profile the second additive element so that the concentration is higher inside than in the surface layer. .
- a positive electrode active material with a smooth surface can be obtained through the initial heating described in this embodiment.
- the initial heating shown in this embodiment mode is performed on the composite oxide. Therefore, it is preferable that the initial heating is performed at a temperature lower than the heating temperature for obtaining the composite oxide and for a heating time shorter than the heating time for obtaining the composite oxide.
- the addition step can be divided into two or more times. It is preferable to follow such a process order because the smoothness of the surface obtained by the initial heating is maintained.
- the composite oxide contains cobalt as a transition metal, it can be read as a composite oxide containing cobalt.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments.
- FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of a positive electrode active material 100 that is one embodiment of the present invention. A state immediately after manufacturing according to the above embodiment and at least before pressing. Therefore, cracks, pits and closed cracks are omitted.
- FIGS. 10B1 and 10B2 show enlarged views of the vicinity of AB in FIG. 10A.
- FIGS. 10C1 and 10C2 show enlarged views of the vicinity of CD in FIG. 10A.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has a surface layer portion 100a and an inner portion 100b.
- the dashed line indicates the boundary between the surface layer portion 100a and the inner portion 100b.
- the surface layer portion 100a refers to a region of up to 10 nm from the surface of the positive electrode active material toward the inside.
- the surface may also include surfaces newly generated by cracks.
- the surface layer portion 100a may be referred to as a near-surface region, a near-surface region, or a shell.
- a region deeper than the surface layer portion 100a of the positive electrode active material is called an inner portion 100b.
- Interior 100b may be referred to as an interior region or core.
- part of the grain boundary 101 is indicated by a dashed line.
- the concentration of the additive element in the surface layer portion 100a is higher than that in the inner portion 100b. Further, it is preferable that the additive element has a concentration gradient. Further, when there are a plurality of additive elements, it is preferable that the depth of the concentration peak from the surface differs depending on the additive element.
- additive element A preferably has a concentration gradient that increases from the interior 100b toward the surface, as shown by the gradation in FIG. 10B1.
- additive element A that preferably has such a concentration gradient include magnesium, fluorine, titanium, silicon, phosphorus, boron and calcium.
- Another additive element B preferably has a concentration gradient and a concentration peak in a region deeper than that in FIG. 10B1, as shown by the gradation in FIG. 10B2.
- the concentration peak may exist in the surface layer portion 100a or may be deeper than the surface layer portion 100a. It is preferable to have a concentration peak in a region other than the outermost layer. For example, it preferably has a peak in a region of 5 nm or more and 30 nm or less from the surface toward the inside.
- Examples of additive element B that preferably has such a concentration gradient include aluminum and manganese.
- the crystal structure changes continuously from the inside 100b toward the surface due to the concentration gradient of the additive element as described above.
- the transition metal M of the positive electrode active material 100 When 75 atomic % or more, preferably 90 atomic % or more, and more preferably 95 atomic % or more of cobalt is used as the transition metal M of the positive electrode active material 100, synthesis is relatively easy, handling is easy, and excellent cycle characteristics are obtained. Many advantages. Further, if nickel is contained in addition to cobalt within the above range as the transition metal M, the deviation of the layered structure composed of octahedrons of cobalt and oxygen may be suppressed. Therefore, the crystal structure may become more stable particularly in a charged state at a high temperature, which is preferable.
- transition metal M does not necessarily have to contain manganese.
- the weight of manganese contained in positive electrode active material 100 is preferably, for example, 600 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less.
- the raw material becomes cheaper than when cobalt is abundant. It is preferable because it may increase the discharge capacity per weight.
- transition metal M does not necessarily contain nickel.
- the additive element included in the positive electrode active material 100 can be selected from those shown in the above embodiment.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention even if lithium is released from the positive electrode active material 100 by charging, the layered structure composed of the transition metal M and the octahedron of oxygen is not broken, so that the surface layer portion has a high concentration of the additive element. 100a, that is, the outer periphery of the grain is reinforced.
- the concentration gradient of the additive element is the same throughout the surface layer portion 100 a of the positive electrode active material 100 . It can be said that it is preferable that the reinforcement derived from the high impurity concentration exists uniformly in the surface layer portion 100a. Even if a part of the surface layer portion 100a is reinforced, if there is an unreinforced portion, stress may concentrate on the unreinforced portion. Concentration of stress on a portion of the particles may cause defects, leading to deterioration in cycle characteristics.
- the additive element does not necessarily have to have the same concentration gradient in the entire surface layer portion 100 a of the positive electrode active material 100 .
- the concentration gradients may be different as shown in FIGS. 10C1 and 10C2.
- the (001) oriented surface may have a different distribution of additive elements than other surfaces.
- the distribution of at least one of the additive element A and the additive element B may remain shallower than in other orientations.
- the (001) oriented surface and its surface layer portion 100a may have a lower concentration of at least one of the additive element A and the additive element B compared to other orientations.
- at least one of the additive element A and the additive element B on the (001) oriented surface and its surface layer portion 100a may be below the detection limit.
- the (001) plane on which the MO 2 layer exists is relatively stable, since the MO 2 layer consisting of transition metal M and oxygen octahedrons is relatively stable. No lithium ion diffusion path is exposed on the (001) plane.
- the surface other than the (001) orientation and the surface layer portion 100a are important regions for maintaining the diffusion path of lithium ions, and at the same time, they are the regions where lithium ions are first desorbed, so they tend to be unstable. Therefore, it is preferable to reinforce the surface other than the (001) orientation and the surface layer portion 100a in order to maintain the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material 100 as a whole.
- the manufacturing method in which the additive element is mixed later and heated is mainly because the additive element spreads through the diffusion path of lithium ions.
- (001) planes and the distribution of the additive element on the surface layer portion 100a thereof can easily be made within a preferable range.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 is smooth and has few irregularities.
- slip is likely to occur in a plane parallel to the (001) crystal plane, such as a plane in which lithium is arranged.
- slip may occur when the positive electrode mixture is pressed.
- the (001) plane is horizontal as shown in FIG. 11A, it may be deformed by slipping horizontally as indicated by arrows in FIG. 11B through a process such as pressing. Multiple presses may be performed.
- FIGS. 11C1 and 11C2 show enlarged views of the vicinity of E-F. 11C1 and 11C2, unlike FIGS. 10B1 to 10C2, there is no gradation of additive element A and additive element B.
- FIG. 11C1 and 11C2 show enlarged views of the vicinity of E-F. 11C1 and 11C2, unlike FIGS. 10B1 to 10C2, there is no gradation of additive element A and additive element B.
- the newly generated surface and its surface layer portion 100a have (001) orientation.
- the (001) plane does not expose the diffusion path of lithium ions and is relatively stable.
- cations are arranged parallel to the (001) plane.
- the luminance of the transition metal M having the highest atomic number among LiMO 2 is the highest. Therefore, in the HAADF-STEM image, the arrangement of atoms with high brightness can be considered as the arrangement of the transition metal M.
- the repetition of this high-brightness array may also be referred to as crystal fringes or lattice fringes.
- the crystal fringes or lattice fringes may be considered parallel to the (001) plane when the crystal structure is of the R-3m layered rock salt type.
- the positive electrode active material 100 may have defects, and repeated charging and discharging may cause elution of the transition metal M, collapse of the crystal structure, cracking of the main body, desorption of oxygen, and the like. However, if the embedding portion 102 shown in FIG. 10A exists so as to embed them, the elution of the transition metal M can be suppressed. Therefore, the positive electrode active material 100 can have excellent reliability and cycle characteristics.
- the positive electrode active material 100 may have a convex portion 103 as a region where the additive element is unevenly distributed.
- the additive element included in the positive electrode active material 100 is excessive, it may adversely affect the insertion and extraction of lithium. Moreover, when used as a secondary battery, there is a risk of causing an increase in internal resistance, a decrease in discharge capacity, and the like. On the other hand, if it is insufficient, it may not be distributed over the entire surface layer portion 100a, and the effect of suppressing the deterioration of the crystal structure may be insufficient. As described above, the additive element needs to have an appropriate concentration in the positive electrode active material 100, but the adjustment is not easy.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has a region where the additive element is unevenly distributed, part of the excess additive element is removed from the inside 100b of the positive electrode active material 100, and the additive element concentration is adjusted appropriately in the inside 100b. can be done.
- This makes it possible to suppress an increase in internal resistance, a decrease in discharge capacity, and the like when used as a secondary battery.
- the ability to suppress an increase in the internal resistance of a secondary battery is an extremely favorable characteristic particularly in high-rate charging/discharging, for example, charging/discharging at 2C or higher.
- Magnesium which is one of the additive elements A, is divalent and is more stable at the lithium site than at the transition metal site in the layered rock salt type crystal structure, so it easily enters the lithium site.
- the layered rock salt crystal structure can be easily maintained.
- the presence of magnesium can suppress desorption of oxygen around magnesium when the charging depth is high.
- it can be expected that the presence of magnesium increases the density of the positive electrode active material.
- Magnesium is preferable because it does not adversely affect the insertion and extraction of lithium during charging and discharging if the concentration is appropriate. However, excess magnesium can adversely affect lithium insertion and extraction. Therefore, as will be described later, the surface layer portion 100a preferably has a higher concentration of the transition metal M than, for example, magnesium.
- Aluminum which is one of the additive elements B, is trivalent and can exist at transition metal sites in the layered rock salt crystal structure. Aluminum can suppress the elution of surrounding cobalt. In addition, since aluminum has a strong bonding force with oxygen, desorption of oxygen around aluminum can be suppressed. Therefore, when aluminum is included as an additive element, the positive electrode active material 100 whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging can be obtained.
- Fluorine is a monovalent anion, and if part of the oxygen in the surface layer portion 100a is substituted with fluorine, the lithium desorption energy is reduced. This is because the change in the valence of cobalt ions due to desorption of lithium changes from trivalent to tetravalent when fluorine is not present, and from divalent to trivalent when fluorine is present, resulting in different oxidation-reduction potentials. Therefore, it can be said that when a part of oxygen is substituted with fluorine in the surface layer portion 100a of the positive electrode active material 100, desorption and insertion of lithium ions in the vicinity of fluorine easily occur. Therefore, when used in a secondary battery, charge/discharge characteristics, rate characteristics, etc. are improved, which is preferable.
- Titanium oxide is known to have superhydrophilic properties. Therefore, by using the positive electrode active material 100 including titanium oxide in the surface layer portion 100a, wettability to a highly polar solvent may be improved. When used as a secondary battery, the interface between the positive electrode active material 100 and the highly polar electrolyte solution is in good contact, and an increase in internal resistance may be suppressed.
- a positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention has a stable crystal structure even at high voltage. Since the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material is stable in a charged state, it is possible to suppress a decrease in discharge capacity due to repeated charging and discharging.
- the short circuit of the secondary battery not only causes troubles in charging operation and/or discharging operation of the secondary battery, but also may cause heat generation and ignition.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention suppresses short-circuit current even at high charging voltage. Therefore, a secondary battery having both high discharge capacity and safety can be obtained.
- the concentration gradient of the additive element can be evaluated using, for example, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), EPMA (electron probe microanalysis), or the like.
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- EPMA electron probe microanalysis
- linear analysis measuring while linearly scanning and evaluating the distribution of the atomic concentration in the positive electrode active material particles.
- linear analysis measuring while linearly scanning and evaluating the distribution of the atomic concentration in the positive electrode active material particles.
- linear analysis the extraction of linear region data from EDX surface analysis is sometimes called line analysis.
- measuring a certain area without scanning is called point analysis.
- the concentration of additive elements in the surface layer portion 100a, the inner portion 100b, the vicinity of the crystal grain boundary 101, and the like of the positive electrode active material 100 can be quantitatively analyzed. Further, the concentration distribution and maximum value of additive elements can be analyzed by EDX-ray analysis.
- the magnesium concentration peak of the surface layer portion 100a preferably exists within a depth of 3 nm from the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 toward the center. It is more preferably present up to a depth of 1 nm, and even more preferably up to a depth of 0.5 nm.
- the distribution of fluorine preferably overlaps with the distribution of magnesium. Therefore, when EDX-ray analysis is performed, the fluorine concentration peak of the surface layer portion 100a preferably exists at a depth of 3 nm from the surface toward the center of the positive electrode active material 100, and more preferably at a depth of 1 nm. Preferably, it is more preferably present up to a depth of 0.5 nm.
- the positive electrode active material 100 contains aluminum as an additive element, it is preferable that the distribution is slightly different from that of magnesium and fluorine as described above.
- the magnesium concentration peak is closer to the surface than the aluminum concentration peak of the surface layer portion 100a.
- the aluminum concentration peak preferably exists at a depth of 0.5 nm or more and 50 nm or less, more preferably 5 nm or more and 30 nm or less, from the surface toward the center of the positive electrode active material 100 .
- it is preferably present at 0.5 nm or more and 30 nm or less.
- the atomic ratio (I/M) of the additive element I and the transition metal M in the surface layer portion 100a is preferably 0.05 or more and 1.00 or less.
- the additive element is titanium
- the atomic ratio (Ti/M) between titanium and the transition metal M is preferably 0.05 or more and 0.4 or less, more preferably 0.1 or more and 0.3 or less.
- the additive element is magnesium
- the atomic ratio (Mg/M) between magnesium and the transition metal M is preferably 0.4 or more and 1.5 or less, more preferably 0.45 or more and 1.00 or less.
- the impurity element is fluorine
- the atomic ratio (F/M) between fluorine and the transition metal M is preferably 0.05 or more and 1.5 or less, more preferably 0.3 or more and 1.00 or less.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 in the EDX-ray analysis result can be estimated as follows, for example.
- the surface is defined as the point at which the amount of an element uniformly present in the interior 100b of the positive electrode active material 100, such as oxygen or a transition metal M such as cobalt, is 1/2 of the amount detected in the interior 100b.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is a composite oxide, it is preferable to estimate the surface using the detected amount of oxygen. Specifically, first, the average value O ave of the oxygen concentration is obtained from the region where the detected amount of oxygen in the interior 100b is stable. At this time, if oxygen O background , which is considered to be due to chemisorption or background, is detected in a region that can be clearly determined to be outside the surface, O background can be subtracted from the measured value to obtain the average oxygen concentration O ave . can. It can be estimated that the measurement point showing the value of 1/2 of this average value O ave , that is, the measurement value closest to 1/2 O ave , is the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- the surface can also be estimated using the transition metal M included in the positive electrode active material 100 .
- the detected amount of cobalt can be used to estimate the surface in the same manner as described above.
- it can be similarly estimated using the sum of the detected amounts of a plurality of transition metals M.
- the detected amount of the transition metal M is suitable for estimating the surface because it is less susceptible to chemical adsorption.
- the atomic number ratio (I/M) between the additional element I and the transition metal M in the vicinity of the grain boundary 101 is preferably 0.020 or more and 0.50 or less. Furthermore, 0.025 or more and 0.30 or less are preferable. Furthermore, 0.030 or more and 0.20 or less are preferable. Alternatively, it is preferably 0.020 or more and 0.30 or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 0.020 or more and 0.20 or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 0.025 or more and 0.50 or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 0.025 or more and 0.20 or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 0.030 or more and 0.50 or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 0.030 or more and 0.30 or less.
- the atomic ratio (Mg/Co) of magnesium and cobalt is preferably 0.020 or more and 0.50 or less.
- 0.025 or more and 0.30 or less are preferable.
- 0.030 or more and 0.20 or less are preferable.
- it is preferably 0.020 or more and 0.30 or less.
- it is preferably 0.020 or more and 0.20 or less.
- it is preferably 0.025 or more and 0.50 or less.
- it is preferably 0.025 or more and 0.20 or less.
- it is preferably 0.030 or more and 0.50 or less.
- the positive electrode active material 100 may have a film on at least part of the surface. It is preferable that the film is formed by depositing decomposition products of the electrolytic solution due to charging and discharging, for example. In particular, in the case of repeating charging with a high charging depth, it is expected that the positive electrode active material 100 has a film derived from the electrolytic solution on its surface, thereby improving the cycle test characteristics. This is for the reason of suppressing an increase in impedance on the surface of the positive electrode active material, suppressing elution of the transition metal M, or the like.
- the coating preferably comprises carbon, oxygen and fluorine, for example.
- a good quality film can be easily obtained. Therefore, a film containing at least one of boron, nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine is preferable because it may be a good film. Moreover, the film does not have to cover all of the positive electrode active material 100 .
- the number of magnesium atoms in the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention is preferably 0.001 to 0.1 times the number of atoms of the transition metal M, and more preferably more than 0.01 times and less than 0.04 times. Preferably, about 0.02 times is more preferable. Alternatively, it is preferably 0.001 times or more and less than 0.04. Alternatively, it is preferably 0.01 times or more and 0.1 times or less.
- the concentration of magnesium shown here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particle of the positive electrode active material using ICP-MS or the like, or may be a value of the raw material blending value in the manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material. may be based.
- transition metals M including nickel and aluminum are preferably present on the cobalt sites, but a part of them may be present on the lithium sites. Also, magnesium is preferably present at the lithium site. Oxygen may be partially substituted with fluorine.
- the discharge capacity of the positive electrode active material may decrease. As a factor for this, for example, the amount of lithium that contributes to charge/discharge decreases due to the entry of magnesium into the lithium sites. Excess magnesium may also generate magnesium compounds that do not contribute to charging and discharging.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention contains nickel as the metal Z in addition to magnesium, the discharge capacity per weight and per volume can be increased in some cases.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention includes aluminum as the metal Z, whereby the discharge capacity per weight and per volume can be increased in some cases.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention contains nickel and aluminum in addition to magnesium, the discharge capacity per weight and per volume can be increased in some cases.
- the additive element included in the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention is more preferably partially segregated at and near the grain boundaries 101 as shown in FIG. 10A.
- the concentration of magnesium in the grain boundary 101 of the positive electrode active material 100 and its vicinity is higher than in other regions of the interior 100b. Also, it is preferable that the fluorine concentration in the grain boundary 101 and its vicinity is higher than that in other regions of the inner portion 100b.
- the grain boundary 101 is one of planar defects. Therefore, like the surface of the positive electrode active material 100, it tends to become unstable and the crystal structure tends to start changing. Therefore, if the magnesium concentration at and near grain boundaries 101 is high, the change in crystal structure can be more effectively suppressed.
- the magnesium concentration and the fluorine concentration at and near the grain boundary 101 are high, even if a crack occurs along the grain boundary 101, the magnesium concentration and the fluorine concentration increase near the surface caused by the crack. Therefore, the corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid can be improved even in the positive electrode active material after cracks have occurred.
- the vicinity of the grain boundary 101 means a region from the grain boundary to about 10 nm.
- the crystal grain boundary 101 means a plane with a change in the arrangement of atoms, and can be observed with an electron microscope image. Specifically, it refers to a portion where the angle formed by the repetition of bright lines and dark lines exceeds 5 degrees in an electron microscope image, or a portion where the crystal structure cannot be observed.
- the median diameter (D50) is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- it is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less.
- ⁇ XPS ⁇ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy can analyze a region from the surface to a depth of about 2 to 8 nm (usually 5 nm or less). In the surface layer portion 100a, the concentration of each element up to the depth region can be quantitatively analyzed. Also, the bonding state of elements can be analyzed by narrow scan analysis. The quantitative accuracy of XPS is often about ⁇ 1 atomic %, and the detection limit is about 1 atomic % although it depends on the element.
- the number of atoms of the additive element is preferably 1.6 to 6.0 times the number of atoms of the transition metal M, and 4.8 to 1.8 times the number of atoms of the transition metal M. Less than 0 times is more preferable.
- the additive is magnesium and the transition metal M is cobalt
- the number of magnesium atoms is preferably 1.6 to 6.0 times the number of cobalt atoms, more preferably 1.8 to less than 4.0 times.
- the number of atoms of halogen such as fluorine is preferably 0.2 times or more and 6.0 times or less, more preferably 1.2 times or more and 4.0 times or less, the number of atoms of the transition metal M.
- the take-out angle may be set to, for example, 45°.
- it can be measured using the following apparatus and conditions.
- the peak indicating the binding energy between fluorine and another element is preferably 682 eV or more and less than 685 eV, more preferably about 684.3 eV. .
- This value is different from both the 685 eV, which is the binding energy of lithium fluoride, and the 686 eV, which is the binding energy of magnesium fluoride. That is, in the case where the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention contains fluorine, it is preferably a bond other than lithium fluoride and magnesium fluoride.
- the peak indicating the binding energy between magnesium and another element is preferably 1302 eV or more and less than 1304 eV, more preferably about 1303 eV. This value is different from 1305 eV, which is the binding energy of magnesium fluoride, and is close to the binding energy of magnesium oxide. That is, in the case where the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention contains magnesium, it is preferably a bond other than magnesium fluoride.
- Additive elements such as magnesium and aluminum, which are preferably abundantly present in the surface layer portion 100a, have concentrations measured by XPS or the like by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) or GD-MS (glow discharge mass spectrometry). It is preferably higher than the concentration measured by Etc.
- magnesium and aluminum have a higher concentration in the surface layer portion 100a than in the inner portion 100b when the cross section is exposed by processing and the cross section is analyzed using TEM-EDX.
- concentration of magnesium attenuates to 60% or less of the peak at a depth of 1 nm from the peak top.
- the peak is attenuated to 30% or less at a point 2 nm deep from the peak top.
- Processing can be performed by FIB (Focused Ion Beam), for example.
- the number of magnesium atoms is preferably 0.4 to 1.5 times the number of cobalt atoms.
- the atomic ratio Mg/Co of magnesium by ICP-MS analysis is preferably 0.001 or more and 0.06 or less.
- nickel contained in the transition metal M is preferably distributed throughout the positive electrode active material 100 without being unevenly distributed in the surface layer portion 100a. However, this is not the case when there is a region where the additive element is unevenly distributed as described above.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention preferably has a smooth surface with few unevenness.
- a smooth surface with little unevenness is one of the factors indicating that the distribution of the additive element in the surface layer portion 100a is good.
- Whether the surface is smooth and has few irregularities can be determined from, for example, a cross-sectional SEM image or a cross-sectional TEM image of the positive electrode active material 100, the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material 100, or the like.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments.
- FIG. 12A shows a cross-sectional view of a positive electrode material mixture layer 571 applied on the current collector 550 .
- the positive electrode mixture layer 571 has a positive electrode active material 561 .
- the positive electrode mixture layer 571 preferably includes the positive electrode active materials 562 with different particle diameters because the electrode density can be improved.
- the positive electrode active material 561 with a large particle size preferably has a particle size of 6.5 to 8.5 times that of the positive electrode active material 562 with a small particle size.
- a positive electrode active material 562 having a median diameter (D50) of 3 ⁇ m and a positive electrode active material 561 having a median diameter (D50) of 21 ⁇ m are prepared.
- Such a positive electrode active material can be obtained by classifying with a classifier.
- the ratio of the positive electrode active material 561 having a large median diameter (D50) to the positive electrode active material 562 having a small median diameter (D50) is 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 0:
- FIG. 38 shows how the electrode density changes when varied by 10.
- the electrode density is high when the ratio of median diameter (large):median diameter (small) is 8:2. Furthermore, from samples A to E, it can be seen that the electrode density is high when the ratio of median diameter (large):median diameter (small) is 8:2 at any press pressure.
- the median diameter (large) is 6.5 times or more and 8.5 times or less, for example, 7 times the median diameter (small).
- a diameter (small) ratio of 8:2 is preferred.
- the positive electrode active material 561 or the positive electrode active material 562 can be manufactured according to the above embodiment or the like.
- FIG. 12A an example of the boundary between the inside and the surface layer portion 572 of the positive electrode active material 561 is indicated by a dotted line.
- the positive electrode active material 561 having the surface layer portion 572 can be considered that the surface layer portion corresponds to the shell and the inside corresponds to the core, and is sometimes referred to as a positive electrode active material having a core-shell structure.
- a core-shell structure may be applied to the positive electrode active material 562 .
- a positive electrode active material having a core-shell structure is preferable because it is less likely to deteriorate even when charged at a high voltage.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 571 has a conductive aid 553 .
- the conductive aid 553 is particulate, and carbon black or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 571 may further have a needle-like conductive aid 554, and carbon nanotubes or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 571 has a binder 555, and PVDF or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 571 has voids 556 .
- the ratio of voids can be expressed as the porosity of the positive electrode, and the porosity is preferably in the range of 8% or more and 35% or less, preferably 12% or more and 29% or less.
- the voids 556 are impregnated with the electrolytic solution, but this does not affect the porosity of the positive electrode.
- FIG. 12A shows the positive electrode active material 561 as particulate, it is not limited to being particulate.
- the cross-sectional shape of the positive electrode active material 561 may be elliptical, rectangular, trapezoidal, pyramidal, square with rounded corners, or asymmetrical. Note that the particulate positive electrode active material may be deformed into a shape as shown in FIG. 12B by pressing in the manufacturing process of the positive electrode.
- FIG. 12C exemplifies a case where the conductive aid 554 of FIG. 12B is omitted and only the conductive aid 553 is used.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments.
- a positive electrode 410 of one embodiment of the present invention can be used in an all-solid battery having a solid electrolyte layer 420 and a negative electrode 430 .
- the positive electrode 410 has a positive electrode current collector 413 and a positive electrode active material layer 414 .
- a positive electrode active material layer 414 includes a positive electrode active material 411 and a solid electrolyte 421 .
- As the positive electrode active material 411 a positive electrode active material manufactured using the manufacturing method described in the above embodiment is used. Further, the positive electrode active material layer 414 may contain a conductive aid and a binder.
- Solid electrolyte layer 420 has solid electrolyte 421 .
- Solid electrolyte layer 420 is a region located between positive electrode 410 and negative electrode 430 and having neither positive electrode active material 411 nor negative electrode active material 431 .
- the negative electrode 430 has a negative electrode current collector 433 and a negative electrode active material layer 434 .
- a negative electrode active material layer 434 includes a negative electrode active material 431 and a solid electrolyte 421 . Further, the negative electrode active material layer 434 may contain a conductive aid and a binder. Note that when metal lithium is used for the negative electrode 430, the negative electrode 430 can be formed without the solid electrolyte 421 as shown in FIG. 13B. The use of metallic lithium for the negative electrode 430 is preferable because the energy density of the secondary battery 400 can be improved.
- solid electrolyte 421 of solid electrolyte layer 420 for example, a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, an oxide-based solid electrolyte, a halide-based solid electrolyte, or the like can be used.
- Sulfide - based solid electrolytes include thiolysicone - based ( Li10GeP2S12 , Li3.25Ge0.25P0.75S4 , etc.), sulfide glass ( 70Li2S , 30P2S5 , 30Li2 S.26B2S3.44LiI , 63Li2S.36SiS2.1Li3PO4 , 57Li2S.38SiS2.5Li4SiO4 , 50Li2S.50GeS2 , etc. ) , sulfide crystallized glass ( Li7 P 3 S 11 , Li 3.25 P 0.95 S 4 etc.).
- a sulfide-based solid electrolyte has advantages such as being a material with high conductivity, being able to be synthesized at a low temperature, and being relatively soft so that a conductive path is easily maintained even after charging and discharging.
- oxide-based solid electrolytes examples include materials having a perovskite-type crystal structure (La2 /3- xLi3xTiO3 , etc.), materials having a NASICON-type crystal structure (Li1- xAlxTi2- x ( PO4 ) 3 , etc.), materials having a garnet - type crystal structure ( Li7La3Zr2O12 , etc.), materials having a LISICON - type crystal structure ( Li14ZnGe4O16 , etc.) , LLZO ( Li7La3Zr2O 12 ), oxide glass ( Li3PO4 - Li4SiO4 , 50Li4SiO4 , 50Li3BO3 , etc.), oxide crystallized glass ( Li1.07Al0.69Ti1.46 ( PO4 ) 3 , Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 etc.). Oxide-based solid electrolytes have the advantage of being stable in the atmosphere.
- Halide-based solid electrolytes include LiAlCl 4 , Li 3 InBr 6 , LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, and the like. Composite materials in which pores of porous aluminum oxide and/or porous silica are filled with these halide-based solid electrolytes can also be used as solid electrolytes.
- Li1 + xAlxTi2 -x ( PO4) 3 ( 0[x[1) (hereinafter referred to as LATP) having a NASICON-type crystal structure is aluminum and titanium in the secondary battery 400 of one embodiment of the present invention. Since it contains an element that may be contained in the positive electrode active material used in , a synergistic effect can be expected for improving cycle characteristics, which is preferable. Also, an improvement in productivity can be expected by reducing the number of processes.
- a NASICON-type crystal structure is a compound represented by M 2 (XO 4 ) 3 (M: transition metal, X: S, P, As, Mo, W, etc.), and MO 6 It has a structure in which octahedrons and XO 4 tetrahedrons share vertices and are three-dimensionally arranged.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments.
- FIG. 14A is an external view of a coin-shaped half-cell
- FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view thereof.
- a positive electrode can 301 that also serves as a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode can 302 that also serves as a negative electrode terminal are insulated and sealed with a gasket 303 made of polypropylene or the like.
- the positive electrode 304 is formed of a positive electrode current collector 305 and a positive electrode active material layer 306 provided so as to be in contact therewith.
- the negative electrode 307 is formed of a negative electrode current collector 308 and a negative electrode active material layer 309 provided so as to be in contact therewith.
- the active material layers of the positive electrode 304 and the negative electrode 307 used in the coin-shaped half-cell 300 may be formed only on one side of each current collector.
- the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 are made of metal such as nickel, aluminum, titanium, etc., or alloys thereof and/or alloys of these and other metals (for example, stainless steel), which are corrosion-resistant to the electrolyte. be able to. In addition, it is preferable to coat with nickel and/or aluminum in order to prevent corrosion due to the electrolytic solution.
- the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 are electrically connected to the positive electrode 304 and the negative electrode 307, respectively.
- negative electrode 307, positive electrode 304 and separator 310 are impregnated with an electrolytic solution, and as shown in FIG. A can 301 and a negative electrode can 302 are crimped via a gasket 303 to manufacture a coin-shaped half cell 300 .
- the coin-shaped half cell 300 with high discharge capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the positive electrode is removed from the secondary battery to obtain the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode is punched into a shape suitable for the coin-shaped half cell.
- the weight of the positive electrode mixture of the punched positive electrode is measured.
- the weight of the positive electrode is the sum of the positive electrode mixture and the positive electrode current collector. Therefore, a region of only the positive electrode current collector is also punched out in the same shape from the recovered positive electrode, and the weight thereof is measured. By subtracting the weight of the positive electrode current collector from the positive electrode, the weight of the punched positive electrode mixture can be obtained.
- a separator and a coin-shaped half cell having a negative electrode are prepared.
- the negative electrode of the coin-shaped half-cell is sometimes referred to as a counter electrode, and lithium metal can be used as the counter electrode.
- Such a coin-shaped half-cell is sometimes referred to as a test battery.
- a material other than lithium metal can be used for the counter electrode, it should be noted that the potential of the secondary battery and the potential of the positive electrode are different.
- a polypropylene porous film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m can be used as the separator.
- step S90 of FIG. 15 the positive electrode main electrical material and the positive electrode mixture are enclosed in the prepared coin-shaped half cell.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- VC 2 wt % vinylene carbonate
- the positive and negative electrode cans of the coin-shaped half-cell can be made of stainless steel (SUS).
- the coin-shaped half-cell manufactured under the above conditions is subjected to constant current charging at an arbitrary voltage (for example, 4.5 V or higher) and 0.5C, and then to constant voltage charging until the current reaches 0.05C.
- 1C can be 137 mA/g or 200 mA/g.
- the measurement temperature of the coin-shaped half-cell or the like is in the range of 0° C. or higher and 60° C. or lower, preferably 25° C. or higher and 45° C. or lower.
- the temperature can be managed as the temperature of the constant temperature bath in which the coin-shaped half-cell is placed.
- the coin-shaped half-cell After charging, the coin-shaped half-cell is dismantled in an argon atmosphere glove box and the positive electrode is taken out to obtain a positive electrode active material with a high charge depth.
- the initial charging of the coin-shaped half-cell is sometimes referred to as the initial charging.
- the initial charging is one type of charging in the state of being enclosed in the outer package, and is considered to be different from the charging before being enclosed in the outer package.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments.
- ⁇ Wound secondary battery 2> A wound secondary battery having portions different from those of the wound secondary battery described in the above embodiment will be described.
- a secondary battery 913 having a wound body 950a as shown in FIG. 16 may be used.
- a wound body 950 a illustrated in FIG. 16A includes a negative electrode 931 , a positive electrode 932 , and a separator 933 .
- the negative electrode 931 has a negative electrode mixture layer 931a.
- the positive electrode 932 has a positive electrode mixture layer 932a.
- the secondary battery 913 can have high capacity, high discharge capacity, and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the separator 933 has a width wider than that of the negative electrode mixture layer 931a and the positive electrode mixture layer 932a, and is wound so as to overlap with the negative electrode mixture layer 931a and the positive electrode mixture layer 932a.
- the width of the negative electrode mixture layer 931a is wider than that of the positive electrode mixture layer 932a.
- the wound body 950a having such a shape is preferable because of its good safety and productivity.
- the negative electrode 931 is electrically connected to the tab 951 as shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B.
- Tab 951 is electrically connected to terminal 911a.
- the positive electrode 932 is electrically connected to the tab 952 .
- Tab 952 is electrically connected to terminal 911b.
- the wound body 950 a and the electrolytic solution are housed in the exterior body 930 to form the secondary battery 913 .
- the safety valve is a valve that opens when the inside of the exterior body 930 reaches a predetermined pressure in order to prevent the battery from exploding.
- a cylindrical secondary battery 616 has a positive electrode cap (battery lid) 601 on its top surface and battery cans (armor cans) 602 on its side and bottom surfaces.
- the positive electrode cap 601 and the battery can (outer can) 602 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 610 .
- FIG. 17B is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of a cylindrical secondary battery.
- the cylindrical secondary battery shown in FIG. 17B has a positive electrode cap (battery lid) 601 on the top surface and battery cans (armor cans) 602 on the side and bottom surfaces.
- the positive electrode cap and the battery can (outer can) 602 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 610 .
- a battery element in which a strip-shaped positive electrode 604 and a strip-shaped negative electrode 606 are wound with a separator 605 interposed therebetween is provided inside a hollow columnar battery can 602 .
- the battery element is wound around the central axis.
- Battery can 602 is closed at one end and open at the other end.
- the battery can 602 can be made of metals such as nickel, aluminum, titanium, etc., which are corrosion resistant to the electrolyte, alloys thereof, or alloys of these and other metals (for example, stainless steel, etc.). .
- the battery element in which the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the separator are wound is sandwiched between a pair of insulating plates 608 and 609 facing each other. Also, an electrolytic solution (not shown) is filled inside the battery can 602 in which the battery element is provided.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode used in a cylindrical storage battery are wound, it is preferable to form the active material on both sides of the current collector.
- a positive electrode terminal (positive collector lead) 603 is connected to the positive electrode 604
- a negative electrode terminal (negative collector lead) 607 is connected to the negative electrode 606 .
- a metal material such as aluminum can be used for both the positive terminal 603 and the negative terminal 607 .
- the positive electrode terminal 603 and the negative electrode terminal 607 are resistance welded to the safety valve mechanism 613 and the bottom of the battery can 602, respectively.
- the safety valve mechanism 613 is electrically connected to the positive electrode cap 601 via a PTC element (Positive Temperature Coefficient) 611 .
- the safety valve mechanism 613 disconnects the electrical connection between the positive electrode cap 601 and the positive electrode 604 when the increase in internal pressure of the battery exceeds a predetermined threshold.
- the PTC element 611 is a thermal resistance element whose resistance increases when the temperature rises, and the increase in resistance limits the amount of current to prevent abnormal heat generation.
- Barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) semiconductor ceramics or the like can be used for the PTC element.
- FIG. 17C shows an example of a power storage system 615.
- FIG. A power storage system 615 includes a plurality of secondary batteries 616 .
- the positive electrode of each secondary battery contacts and is electrically connected to a conductor 624 separated by an insulator 625 .
- Conductor 624 is electrically connected to control circuit 620 via wiring 623 .
- a negative electrode of each secondary battery is electrically connected to the control circuit 620 through a wiring 626 .
- As the control circuit 620 a charge/discharge control circuit that performs charge/discharge or a protection circuit that prevents overcharge and overdischarge can be applied.
- FIG. 17D shows an example of a power storage system 615.
- FIG. Power storage system 615 includes a plurality of secondary batteries 616 sandwiched between conductive plates 628 and 614 .
- a plurality of secondary batteries 616 are electrically connected to conductive plate 628 and conductive plate 614 by wiring 627 .
- the plurality of secondary batteries 616 may be connected in parallel, may be connected in series, or may be connected in series after being connected in parallel.
- a plurality of secondary batteries 616 may be connected in series after being connected in parallel.
- a temperature control device may be provided between the secondary batteries 616 .
- the secondary battery 616 When the secondary battery 616 is overheated, it can be cooled by the temperature control device, and when the secondary battery 616 is too cold, it can be heated by the temperature control device. Therefore, the performance of power storage system 615 is less likely to be affected by the outside air temperature.
- the power storage system 615 is electrically connected to the control circuit 620 via wiring 621 and wiring 622 .
- the wiring 621 is electrically connected to the positive electrodes of the plurality of secondary batteries 616 through the conductive plate 628
- the wiring 622 is electrically connected to the negative electrodes of the plurality of secondary batteries 616 through the conductive plate 614 .
- a next-generation clean energy vehicle such as a hybrid vehicle (HV), an electric vehicle (EV), or a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV) can be realized.
- HV hybrid vehicle
- EV electric vehicle
- PSV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- FIG. 18 illustrates a vehicle using a secondary battery that is one embodiment of the present invention.
- a vehicle 8400 shown in FIG. 18A is an electric vehicle that uses an electric motor as a power source for running. Alternatively, it is a hybrid vehicle in which an electric motor and an engine can be appropriately selected and used as power sources for running. By using one aspect of the present invention, a vehicle with a long cruising range can be realized.
- automobile 8400 has a secondary battery.
- the secondary battery may be used by arranging the secondary battery modules shown in FIGS. 17C and 17D on the floor of the vehicle.
- the secondary battery can not only drive the electric motor 8406, but also power light emitting devices such as headlights 8401 and room lights (not shown).
- the secondary battery can supply power to display devices such as a speedometer and a tachometer of the automobile 8400 .
- the secondary battery can supply power to a semiconductor device such as a navigation system included in the automobile 8400 .
- a vehicle 8500 shown in FIG. 18B can be charged by receiving power from an external charging facility by a plug-in method and/or a contactless power supply method or the like to a secondary battery of the vehicle 8500 .
- FIG. 18B shows a state in which a secondary battery 8024 mounted on an automobile 8500 is being charged via a cable 8022 from a charging device 8021 installed on the ground.
- the charging method and the standard of the connector may be appropriately performed by a predetermined method such as CHAdeMO (registered trademark) or Combo.
- the charging device 8021 may be a charging station provided in a commercial facility, or may be a household power source.
- the plug-in technology can charge the secondary battery 8024 mounted on the automobile 8500 by power supply from the outside. Charging can be performed by converting AC power into DC power via a conversion device such as an ACDC converter.
- the power receiving device can be mounted on a vehicle, and power can be supplied from a power transmission device on the ground in a non-contact manner for charging.
- this non-contact power supply system by incorporating a power transmission device into the road and/or the outer wall, charging can be performed not only while the vehicle is stopped but also while it is running.
- electric power may be transmitted and received between vehicles using this contactless power supply method.
- a solar battery may be provided on the exterior of the vehicle, and the secondary battery may be charged while the vehicle is stopped and/or while the vehicle is running.
- An electromagnetic induction method and/or a magnetic resonance method can be used for such contactless power supply.
- FIG. 18C illustrates an example of a two-wheeled vehicle using the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention.
- a scooter 8600 shown in FIG. A secondary battery 8602 can supply electricity to the turn signal lights 8603 .
- the scooter 8600 shown in FIG. 18C can store a secondary battery 8602 in the underseat storage 8604 .
- the secondary battery 8602 can be stored in the underseat storage 8604 even if the underseat storage 8604 is small.
- the secondary battery 8602 is removable, and when charging, the secondary battery 8602 can be carried indoors, charged, and stored before traveling.
- the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved, and the discharge capacity of the secondary battery can be increased. Therefore, the size and weight of the secondary battery itself can be reduced. If the size and weight of the secondary battery itself can be reduced, the cruising distance can be improved because it contributes to the weight reduction of the vehicle.
- a secondary battery mounted on a vehicle can also be used as a power supply source other than the vehicle. In this case, it is possible to avoid using a commercial power source, for example, during peak power demand. If it is possible to avoid using a commercial power supply during peak power demand, it can contribute to energy conservation and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.
- the cycle characteristics are good, the secondary battery can be used for a long period of time, so the amount of rare metals such as cobalt used can be reduced.
- FIG. 19A shows an example of a cleaning robot.
- the cleaning robot 6300 has a display unit 6302 arranged on the top surface of a housing 6301, a plurality of cameras 6303 arranged on the side surfaces, a brush 6304, an operation button 6305, a secondary battery 6306, various sensors, and the like.
- the cleaning robot 6300 is provided with tires, a suction port, and the like.
- the cleaning robot 6300 can run by itself, detect dust 6310, and suck the dust from a suction port provided on the bottom surface.
- cleaning robot 6300 can analyze images captured by camera 6303 to determine the presence or absence of obstacles such as walls, furniture, or steps. Further, when an object such as wiring that is likely to get entangled in the brush 6304 is detected by image analysis, the rotation of the brush 6304 can be stopped.
- the cleaning robot 6300 includes therein a secondary battery 6306 according to one embodiment of the present invention and a semiconductor device or an electronic component. By using the secondary battery 6306 of one embodiment of the present invention in the cleaning robot 6300, the cleaning robot 6300 can be a highly reliable electronic device with a long operating time.
- FIG. 19B shows an example of a robot.
- a robot 6400 shown in FIG. 19B includes a secondary battery 6409, an illuminance sensor 6401, a microphone 6402, an upper camera 6403, a speaker 6404, a display unit 6405, a lower camera 6406, an obstacle sensor 6407, a moving mechanism 6408, an arithmetic device, and the like.
- a microphone 6402 has a function of detecting the user's speech, environmental sounds, and the like. Also, the speaker 6404 has a function of emitting sound. Robot 6400 can communicate with a user using microphone 6402 and speaker 6404 .
- the display unit 6405 has a function of displaying various information.
- the robot 6400 can display information desired by the user on the display unit 6405 .
- the display portion 6405 may include a touch panel. Further, the display unit 6405 may be a detachable information terminal, and by installing it at a fixed position of the robot 6400, charging and data transfer are possible.
- Upper camera 6403 and lower camera 6406 have the function of capturing images of the surroundings of robot 6400 .
- the obstacle sensor 6407 can detect the presence or absence of an obstacle in the direction in which the robot 6400 moves forward using the movement mechanism 6408 .
- Robot 6400 uses upper camera 6403, lower camera 6406, and obstacle sensor 6407 to recognize the surrounding environment and can move safely.
- a robot 6400 includes a secondary battery 6409 according to one embodiment of the present invention and a semiconductor device or an electronic component.
- the robot 6400 can be a highly reliable electronic device with a long operating time.
- FIG. 19C shows an example of an air vehicle.
- a flying object 6500 shown in FIG. 19C has a propeller 6501, a camera 6502, a secondary battery 6503, and the like, and has a function of autonomous flight.
- An aircraft 6500 includes a secondary battery 6503 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the flying object 6500 can be a highly reliable electronic device with a long operating time.
- a satellite 6800 has a body 6801 , a solar panel 6802 , an antenna 6803 and a secondary battery 6805 .
- Solar panel 6802 is irradiated with sunlight to generate power necessary for satellite 6800 to operate. However, less power is generated, for example, in situations where the solar panel is not illuminated by sunlight, or where the amount of sunlight illuminated by the solar panel is low. Thus, the power required for satellite 6800 to operate may not be generated.
- a secondary battery 6805 may be provided in the satellite 6800 so that the satellite 6800 can operate even when the generated power is low.
- Satellite 6800 may generate a signal.
- the signal is transmitted via antenna 6803 and can be received by, for example, a ground-based receiver or other satellite.
- the position of the receiver that received the signal can be determined.
- artificial satellite 6800 can constitute, for example, a satellite positioning system.
- satellite 6800 may be configured with sensors.
- artificial satellite 6800 can have a function of detecting sunlight that hits and is reflected by an object provided on the ground.
- the artificial satellite 6800 can have a function of detecting thermal infrared rays emitted from the earth's surface by adopting a configuration having a thermal infrared sensor.
- artificial satellite 6800 can function as an earth observation satellite, for example.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention was manufactured, and cycle characteristics were obtained.
- lithium cobaltate (Cellseed C-10N, manufactured by Nippon Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) having cobalt as the transition metal M and no additive elements was prepared as LiMO 2 in step S14 of FIG.
- this lithium cobalt oxide was placed in a crucible, covered, and heated at 850° C. for 2 hours in a muffle furnace. This heating corresponds to initial heating. After an oxygen atmosphere was created in the muffle furnace, no flow occurred (corresponding to O 2 purge). Impurities may be removed from the LCO after the initial heating.
- step S20a LiF was prepared as the F source, and MgF 2 was prepared as the Mg source. LiF:MgF 2 was weighed to be 1:3 (molar ratio). Next, LiF and MgF 2 were mixed in dehydrated acetone and stirred at a rotation speed of 400 rpm for 12 hours to prepare an additive element source.
- LiF and MgF 2 were then weighed such that the sum of Mg and F was 1 mol % of cobalt in the LCO and mixed dry. At this time, the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at a rotational speed of 150 rpm. This is a milder condition than the condition under which LiF and MgF 2 are mixed, and the condition under which the LCO after the initial heating does not collapse is preferable. Mixture A was thus obtained as mixture 903 .
- Mixture A was then heated.
- the heating conditions were 900° C. and 20 hours.
- the crucible containing the mixture A was covered with a lid and heated in a muffle furnace. After an oxygen atmosphere was created in the muffle furnace, no flow occurred (corresponding to O 2 purge).
- An LCO containing Mg and F (sometimes referred to as composite oxide A) was obtained by heating.
- step S41 shown in FIG. 9C nickel hydroxide was prepared as a Ni source, and aluminum hydroxide was prepared as an Al source.
- Nickel hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide were independently stirred at a rotation speed of 400 rpm for 12 hours and pulverized.
- the Ni source, the Al source, and the composite were weighed so that the nickel in the nickel hydroxide was 0.5 mol% of the cobalt in the LCO and the aluminum in the aluminum hydroxide was 0.5 mol% of the cobalt in the LCO.
- Oxide A was dry mixed. At this time, the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at a rotational speed of 150 rpm. This is a milder condition than the condition of mixing nickel hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide.
- the above conditions are preferably conditions under which the obtained composite oxide A does not collapse. Mixture B corresponding to mixture 904 was thus obtained.
- Mixture B was then heated.
- the heating conditions were 850° C. and 10 hours.
- the crucible containing the mixture B was covered with a lid and heated in a muffle furnace.
- An oxygen atmosphere was maintained in the muffle furnace. Additionally, oxygen was kept out of the muffle furnace (corresponding to an O2 purge). Fluorine can be prevented from evaporating by purging with O 2 .
- An LCO containing Mg, F, Ni, and Al (sometimes referred to as composite oxide B) was obtained by heating.
- the LCO containing Mg, F, Ni, and Al thus obtained was used as a positive electrode active material.
- LCO positive electrode active material
- AB acetylene black
- PVDF 95: 3: 2 (wt%).
- a slurry was prepared by proportioning and mixing at 1500 rpm.
- a rotation-revolution mixer (Awatori Mixer, manufactured by THINKY) was used for the mixing.
- NMP was used as a slurry solvent. After the slurry was applied to an aluminum current collector, the solvent was evaporated. After the solvent volatilized, the mixture on the current collector was pressed.
- Samples 1-1 to 1-5 were prepared with different press pressures.
- the table below summarizes the manufacturing conditions including the pressure of the press.
- the loading amount of the positive electrode active material of Samples 1-1 to 1-5 was all about 7 mg/cm 2 .
- the electrode density (may be referred to as density), electrode filling rate (may be referred to as filling rate), and electrode porosity (may be referred to as porosity) of Samples 1-1 to 1-5 are shown below. shown in the table.
- the density was calculated from (the weight of the positive electrode mixture layer/the volume of the positive electrode mixture layer) ⁇ 100, excluding the current collector from the positive electrode.
- the positive electrode mixture layer has a positive electrode active material, a conductive aid, and a binder.
- the filling rate was calculated from (density/sum of true densities of positive electrode active material, conductive aid, and binder) ⁇ 100.
- the respective true densities were 5.05 g/cc for LiCoO 2 , 1.95 g/cc for AB used as a conductive aid, and 1.78 g/cc for PVDF used as a binder.
- the porosity was calculated as (1-filling rate) ⁇ 100.
- test batteries were assembled using positive electrodes having Samples 1-1 through 1-5, respectively. A coin-shaped half-cell was used as the test battery, and lithium metal was prepared as the counter electrode or negative electrode.
- a separator was interposed between the positive electrode of each sample and the lithium metal that was the negative electrode, and the sample was housed in a coin-shaped package together with an electrolytic solution.
- Polypropylene was used for the separator.
- a coin-shaped half-cell was assembled as a test battery in this way, and a cycle test was performed using a charge/discharge measuring device (TOSCAT-3100) manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd. as a charging/discharging device.
- TOSCAT-3100 charge/discharge measuring device manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd.
- a cycle test using a coin-shaped half-cell that is, an evaluation of cycle characteristics, allows us to grasp the performance of a single positive electrode (Samples 1-1 to 1-5) in each coin-shaped half-cell.
- the discharge rate in the cycle test is called the discharge rate, which is the relative ratio of the current during discharge to the battery capacity, and is expressed in units of C.
- the current corresponding to 1C is X (A).
- the rate at the time of charging is called the charge rate.
- cycle characteristics Battery characteristics obtained from cycle test results are sometimes referred to as cycle characteristics, and cycle characteristics include charge/discharge curves, discharge capacity retention, and the like.
- Each sample was placed in a constant temperature bath at 25° C. or higher and 45° C. or lower, and a cycle test was performed at a charge/discharge rate of 0.5 C to obtain a charge/discharge curve, maximum discharge capacity, and discharge capacity retention rate.
- 0.5C (1C 200mA/g) until three voltages of 4.60V (denoted as 4.6V), 4.65V or 4.70V (denoted as 4.7V) at each temperature. ), then constant voltage charge until the charge rate reaches 0.05C at each voltage, and then constant current charge at a discharge rate of 0.5C until the voltage reaches 2.5V. Discharged.
- a rest period of 5 minutes or more and 15 minutes or less may be provided between charging and discharging, and a rest period of 10 minutes was provided in this example.
- the number of cycles was repeated 50 times, with repetition of charging and discharging as one cycle.
- the battery voltage and the current flowing through the battery are preferably measured by the four-terminal method.
- the charging current flows from the negative terminal through the charge/discharging instrument to the positive terminal.
- the discharge current flows from the positive terminal through the charge/discharging measuring instrument to the negative terminal.
- the charge current and discharge current are measured by an ammeter included in the charge/discharge measuring device, and the integrated amount of current flowing in one cycle of charge and one cycle of discharge is the charge capacity and discharge capacity, respectively.
- the integrated amount of the discharge current that flowed in the first cycle discharge can be called the first cycle discharge capacity
- the integrated amount of the discharge current that flowed in the 50th cycle discharge can be referred to as the 50th cycle discharge. can be called capacity.
- the discharge capacity was determined at 4.6 V, 4.65 V and 4.7 V under the environment of 25° C. and 45° C. respectively.
- the largest discharge capacity is described as maximum discharge capacity (mAh/g).
- the maximum discharge capacity of each sample is shown in the table below.
- the maximum discharge capacity range can be obtained from the table below.
- the discharge capacity retention rate of each sample was determined from the maximum discharge capacity.
- the discharge capacity retention rate (%) at the 50th cycle is obtained by repeating the number of cycles 50 times, with repetition of charging and discharging as one cycle, (discharge capacity at the 50th cycle/maximum discharge capacity during 50 cycles) ⁇ It was obtained as a value calculated by 100.
- the discharge capacity retention rate at the 50th cycle is a cycle test in which the charge and discharge cycle is repeated 50 times, and when the discharge capacity is measured for each cycle, the value of the discharge capacity measured at the 50th cycle is It is the percentage of the maximum discharge capacity (equal to the maximum discharge capacity) inside. In this specification and the like, unless otherwise specified, the discharge capacity retention rate was determined as the discharge capacity retention rate at the 50th cycle.
- the discharge capacity retention rate is shown in the table below.
- the range of the discharge capacity retention rate can be obtained from the table below.
- 20A to 22B are graphs showing the results of the discharge capacity retention rate for each number of cycles.
- the X-axis of each graph indicates the number of cycles (times), and the Y-axis indicates the discharge capacity retention rate (%).
- the value on the Y-axis when the X-axis is 50 times corresponds to the value of the discharge capacity retention rate in Table 5 above.
- the results of 45° C., 4.65 V charging and 45° C., 4.7 V charging results are shown with the Y-axis range of 30% or higher, and the others are shown with the Y-axis range of 80% or higher.
- sample 1-1 is indicated by a broken line (small)
- sample 1-2 is indicated by a thin solid line
- sample 1-3 is indicated by a broken line (middle)
- sample 1-4 is indicated by a broken line (large)
- Samples 1-5 are shown with dark solid lines. In the margins of the graphs, legends for Samples 1-1 to 1-5 are added.
- Each graph shows the capacity (mAh/g) against the number of cycles (times), the X axis shows the number of cycles (times), and the Y axis shows two types of charge capacity and discharge capacity, so it is denoted as capacity. .
- the charge capacity is the capacity required during charging and is indicated by black circles in each graph, and the discharge capacity is the capacity required during discharge and is indicated by white circles in each graph. It can be seen that the charge capacity and the discharge capacity show almost the same value.
- FIGS. 23A to 31 show the results of sample 1-2, this temperature dependence is considered to have the same tendency in samples 1-1, 1-3 to 1-5.
- the maximum discharge capacity was determined from the charge/discharge curves of FIGS. 23A to 31, and the discharge capacity retention rate (%) after 50 cycles at each measurement temperature was determined.
- the discharge capacity retention rate is shown numerically in the table below.
- the results at 25° C. and 45° C. in the table below are the same as the discharge capacity retention rate values shown in Table 5.
- the range of the discharge capacity retention rate can be obtained from the table below.
- the discharge capacity retention rate after 50 cycles satisfies the range of 35% or more and less than 100% under any conditions, specifically in an environment of 25°C or more and 45°C or less. This is the same range as can be seen from Table 5. Therefore, by performing a cycle test for the upper limit and lower limit of the measurement temperature, it is possible to grasp the cycle characteristics in the range from the lower limit to the upper limit, such as the discharge capacity retention rate.
- the discharge capacity retention rate satisfies the range of 90% or more and less than 100% at any charging voltage.
- the discharge capacity retention rate satisfies the range of 75% or more and less than 100% at any charging voltage.
- the discharge capacity retention rate satisfies the range of 50% or more and less than 100% at any charging voltage.
- the discharge capacity retention rate satisfies the range of 35% or more and less than 100% at any charging voltage.
- the depth of charge was obtained from maximum charge capacity/theoretical capacity ⁇ 100, which is the maximum value of charge capacity obtained from a charge curve or the like, and the theoretical capacity of LCO was 274 mAh/g.
- FIG. 33 there is a dashed line drawn according to the charging depth of 80%, and the charging depth of 80% corresponds to a charging capacity of 220 mAh/g.
- the depth of charge is 80% or more under the condition that the discharge capacity retention rate is relatively low. That is, if the depth of charge is less than 80%, the discharge capacity retention rate can be increased under any conditions.
- a charging depth of 80% corresponds to a capacity of 220 mAh/g, which is a sufficient capacity value.
- FIG. 33 shows the results of sample 1-2, it is considered that sample 1-1, sample 1-3 to sample 1-5 have similar tendencies in terms of charging depth.
- FIG. 34A shows a cross-sectional STEM image (TE image) of sample 1-2 charged at 45° C. and 4.7 V
- FIG. 35A shows a cross-sectional STEM image of sample 1-5 charged at 45° C. and 4.7 V.
- Enlarged images (ZC images) of the regions framed by solid lines in both images are shown in FIGS. 34B and 35B, respectively.
- enlarged images (TE images) of the regions framed by dashed lines are shown in FIGS. 34C and 35C, respectively.
- the percentage of closed cracks was analyzed with the 3D visualization analysis software Amira. It is preferable to adjust the contrast of the image so that closed cracks can be easily identified in the cross-sectional STEM image. Closed cracks are emphasized by adjusting the contrast to make closed cracks less contrasty. In this state, the ratio of the area of closed cracks can be calculated using the brightness of the image as a threshold. That is, Amira acquires the area of an arbitrary range and the area of closed cracks existing in the arbitrary range (if there are multiple closed cracks, the sum of the areas of each closed crack), and the closed crack is The ratio of the active material to the cross section (area ratio of closed cracks) can be calculated as 100%.
- the area of the cross-sectional STEM image may be of any size.
- the area of the cross-sectional STEM image was set to 1.12 (0.88 ⁇ 1.27) ⁇ m 2 .
- the plane perpendicular to the electron beam in the cross-sectional STEM image is often acquired. will be obtained.
- the area ratio of cracks closed by Amira can be determined as the area of cracks closed/area of image.
- the area percentage of closed cracks was 0.35% for sample 1-2 and 0.79% for sample 1-5. Comparing these, it can be seen that the area ratio of closed cracks increases as the pressing pressure increases.
- the area ratio of closed cracks has a correlation with the charge depth or discharge capacity retention rate.
- the area ratio of closed cracks is preferably 0.9% or less.
- the pit width (distance between the solid lines attached to FIGS. 36 and 37) was 25 nm or more and 35 nm or less for both samples 1-2 and 1-5.
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Abstract
Description
図2Aおよび図2Bは相関関係を説明する図である。
図3は二次電池の製造方法を説明する図である。
図4は二次電池の製造装置を説明する図である。
図5A乃至図5Cは二次電池の製造方法を説明する図である。
図6A乃至図6Dは二次電池の製造方法を説明する図である。
図7A乃至図7Cは正極活物質の製造方法を説明する図である。
図8は正極活物質の製造方法を説明する図である。
図9A乃至図9Cは正極活物質の製造方法を説明する図である。
図10A乃至図10C2は正極活物質を説明する図である。
図11A乃至図11C2は正極活物質を説明する図である。
図12A乃至図12Cは正極合剤層を説明する図である。
図13Aおよび図13Bは全固体電池を説明する図である。
図14Aおよび図14Bはコイン型ハーフセル(試験用電池)を説明する図である。
図15はサイクル試験用の試験用電池の組み立て方法を説明する図である。
図16A乃至図16Cは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図17A乃至図17Dは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図18A乃至図18Cは車両の一例を説明する図である。
図19A乃至図19Dは電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図20A、図20Bはサイクル特性の充放電容量を示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図21A、図21Bはサイクル特性の充放電容量を示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図22A、図22Bはサイクル特性の充放電容量を示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図23A、図23Bはサイクル特性の充放電カーブを示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図24A、図24Bはサイクル特性の充放電カーブを示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図25はサイクル特性の充放電カーブを示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図26A、図26Bはサイクル特性の充放電カーブを示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図27A、図27Bはサイクル特性の充放電カーブを示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図28はサイクル特性の充放電カーブを示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図29A、図29Bはサイクル特性の充放電カーブを示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図30A、図30Bはサイクル特性の充放電カーブを示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図31はサイクル特性の充放電カーブを示すグラフ(測定温度および充電電圧をふったもの)である。
図32は測定温度に対する放電容量維持率を示すグラフである。
図33は測定温度に対する充電深度を示すグラフである。
図34A乃至図34Cはサイクル試験後の正極活物質を説明するSTEM像である。
図35A乃至図35Cはサイクル試験後の正極活物質を説明するSTEM像である。
図36はサイクル試験後の正極活物質を説明する写真である。
図37はサイクル試験後の正極活物質を説明する写真である。
図38は電極密度を示すグラフである。
本実施の形態では、欠陥を有する正極活物質について説明する。
本実施の形態では、二次電池の製造方法および製造装置等について図3等を用いて説明する。
図3に示すステップS100では、正極活物質を用意する。正極活物質の製造方法等は、実施の形態3等で詳述する。ここでは正極活物質に適用できる材料等について説明する。
正極活物質としてたとえば、オリビン型の結晶構造、層状岩塩型の結晶構造、またはスピネル型の結晶構造を有するリチウム含有酸化物またはリチウムを有する複合酸化物等が挙げられる。本発明の一態様の正極活物質は、層状岩塩型の結晶構造を有する正極活物質を用いることが好ましい。
次に図3に示すステップS101では、正極活物質を有するスラリーを調合する。
スラリーとは、溶媒中に少なくとも活物質を混合したものである。正極活物質を混合したものを正極スラリーと記し、負極活物質を混合したものを負極スラリーと記すことがある。スラリーは活物質に加えて、導電助剤および結着剤(バインダーとも記すことがある)が混合されていてもよい。
溶媒としてはアセトン等のケトン、エタノールおよびイソプロパノール等のアルコール、エーテル、ジオキサン、アセトニトリル、ならびにN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)等から選ばれた一または二以上を用いることができる。リチウムと反応が起こりにくい、非プロトン性溶媒を用いることが好ましい。
導電助剤は、導電付与剤、導電材とも呼ばれ、炭素材料が用いられることが多い。複数の活物質の間または活物質と集電体との間に導電助剤が位置することがある。
結着剤としては、たとえば、スチレン−ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、スチレン−イソプレン−スチレンゴム、アクリロニトリル−ブタジエンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン−プロピレン−ジエン共重合体などのゴム材料を用いることが好ましい。また結着剤として、フッ素ゴムを用いることができる。
次に図3に示すステップS102では、正極スラリーを正極用の集電体(正極集電体と記すことがある)へ塗工する。正極集電体の一方の面に塗工する場合を片面塗工と記し、正極集電体の両方の面に塗工する場合を両面塗工と記すことがある。
正極集電体としては、ステンレス、金、白金、アルミニウム、またはチタン等の金属、およびこれらの合金等であって、導電性が高い材料を用いることができる。また正極集電体には、二次電池における正極の電位で溶出しない材料を用いることが好ましい。また、シリコン、チタン、ネオジム、スカンジウム、またはモリブデンなどの耐熱性を向上させる元素が添加されたアルミニウム合金を正極集電体に用いることもできる。また、シリコンと反応してシリサイドを形成する金属元素を正極集電体が有してもよい。シリコンと反応してシリサイドを形成する金属元素としては、ジルコニウム、チタン、ハフニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、タンタル、クロム、モリブデン、タングステン、コバルト、またはニッケル等がある。
次に図3に示すステップS103では、正極合剤および正極集電体321をプレス(加圧とも記すことがある)する。プレスにはロールプレス法または平板プレス法等を用いることができる。本実施の形態ではたとえばロールプレス法を用いて正極合剤および正極集電体321をプレスする。
図3に示すステップS104では、上述ようにして得られた正極を用意する。
図3示すステップS121では、セパレータを用意する。
セパレータとしては、たとえば、紙、不織布、ガラス繊維、セラミックス、或いはナイロン(ポリアミド)、ビニロン(ポリビニルアルコール系繊維)、ポリエステル、アクリル、ポリオレフィン、ポリウレタンを用いた合成繊維等で形成されたものを用いることができる。セパレータはエンベロープ状に加工し、正極または負極のいずれか一方を包むように配置することが好ましい。
図3に示すステップS122では、負極を用意する。負極は、図4等で示した製造装置等を用いて、正極と同様にロール状に形成することができる。
負極は、負極活物質層および負極集電体を有する。また、負極活物質層は、負極合剤と記すことがあり、導電助剤および結着剤を有していてもよい。負極活物質に適用できる材料等について説明する。
負極活物質として、リチウムとの合金化・脱合金化反応により充放電反応を行うことが可能な元素を用いることができる。たとえば、シリコン、スズ、ガリウム、アルミニウム、ゲルマニウム、鉛、アンチモン、ビスマス、銀、亜鉛、カドミウム、およびインジウム等から選ばれた一または二以上を含む元素を用いることができる。このような元素は炭素と比べて容量が大きく、特にシリコンは理論容量が4200mAh/gと高い。このため、負極活物質にシリコンを用いることが好ましい。また、これらの元素を有する化合物を用いてもよい。たとえば、SiO、Mg2Si、Mg2Ge、SnO、SnO2、Mg2Sn、SnS2、V2Sn3、FeSn2、CoSn2、Ni3Sn2、Cu6Sn5、Ag3Sn、Ag3Sb、Ni2MnSb、CeSb3、LaSn3、La3Co2Sn7、CoSb3、InSb、SbSn等がある。ここで、リチウムとの合金化・脱合金化反応により充放電反応を行うことが可能な元素、および該元素を有する化合物等を合金系材料と記すことがある。
次に、図3のステップS130では、正極、負極およびセパレータを外装体へ封入する。封入後に外装体を封止する際には、外気を遮断し、密閉した雰囲気下、たとえばグローブボックス内で行うことが好ましい。
外装体としては、たとえばアルミニウムなどの金属材料および樹脂材料から選ばれた一または二以上を用いることができる。また、外装体として、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリカーボネート、アイオノマー、およびポリアミド等から選ばれた一または二以上を有する有機膜上に、アルミニウム、ステンレス、銅、およびニッケル等から選ばれた一種又は二種以上を有する金属膜を設けた構造を用いることができる。さらに該金属膜の外側に、外装体の外面としてポリアミド系樹脂、またはポリエステル系樹脂等の絶縁性合成樹脂膜を設けた三層構造を用いることができる。
次に、図3に示すステップS132では外装体へ電解液を注入する。
電解液は、溶媒と電解質を有する。電解液の溶媒としては、非プロトン性有機溶媒が好ましく、たとえば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、プロピオン酸プロピル、酪酸メチル、1,3−ジオキサン、1,4−ジオキサン、ジメトキシエタン(DME)、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチルエーテル、メチルジグライム、アセトニトリル、ベンゾニトリル、テトラヒドロフラン、スルホラン、およびスルトン等から選ばれた一または二以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。二種以上を組み合わせる場合は任意の比率で用いることができる。
図3に示すステップS133では、上述の工程等に従って、二次電池を得ることができる。
図5では、ステップS104、ステップS121、ステップS122、ステップS130、ステップS132およびステップS133等を有する、捲回型の二次電池の製造工程を例示する。
二次電池の例として図6では、ステップS104、ステップS121、ステップS122、ステップS130、ステップS132およびステップS133等を有する、積層型の二次電池の製造工程を例示する。
次に、図3に示すステップS135では、二次電池に対してエージングを実施する。エージングの条件として、少なくとも1日以上40℃以上60以下の恒温槽で保管する。これを第1のエージング処理と記すことがある。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一形態である正極活物質の製造方法について説明する。
<ステップS11>
図7Aに示すステップS11では、リチウム源(図中Li源と記す)および遷移金属源(図中M源と記す)を用意する。リチウム源(Li源)および遷移金属源(M源)を出発材料と記すことがある。
次に、図7Aに示すステップS12として、リチウム源および遷移金属源を粉砕および混合して、混合材料(混合物と記すこともある)を製造する。粉砕および混合は、乾式または湿式で行うことができる。湿式はより小さく解砕することができるため好ましい。湿式で行う場合は、溶媒を準備する。溶媒としてはアセトン等のケトン、エタノールおよびイソプロパノール等のアルコール、エーテル、ジオキサン、アセトニトリル、又はN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)等を用いることができる。リチウムと反応が起こりにくい、非プロトン性溶媒を用いることがより好ましい。本実施の形態では、純度が99.5%以上の脱水アセトンを溶媒に用いることとする。水分含有量を10ppm以下まで抑えた、純度が99.5%以上の脱水アセトンにリチウム源および遷移金属源を混合して、粉砕および混合を行うと好適である。上記のような純度の脱水アセトンを用いることで、混入しうる不純物を低減することができる。
次に、図7Aに示すステップS13として、上記混合材料を加熱する。加熱温度は、800℃以上1100℃以下で行うことが好ましく、900℃以上1000℃以下で行うことがより好ましく、950℃程度がさらに好ましい。温度が低すぎると、リチウム源および遷移金属源の分解および溶融が不十分となるおそれがある。一方温度が高すぎると、リチウム源からリチウムが蒸散又は昇華する、および/または遷移金属源として用いる金属が過剰に還元される、などが原因となり、混合材料に欠陥が生じるおそれがある。当該欠陥とは、たとえば遷移金属としてコバルトを用いる場合、過剰に還元されるとコバルトが3価から2価へ変化し、混合材料に酸素欠陥などが誘発されることがある。
以上の工程により、図7Aに示すステップS14で遷移金属を有する複合酸化物(LiMO2)を得ることができる。複合酸化物は、LiMO2で表されるリチウムを有する複合酸化物の結晶構造を有すればよく、その組成が厳密にLi:M:O=1:1:2に限定されるものではない。遷移金属としてコバルトを用いた場合、コバルトを有する複合酸化物と称し、LiCoO2で表される。組成については厳密にLi:Co:O=1:1:2に限定されるものではない。
次に、図7Aに示すステップS15として、上記複合酸化物を加熱する。複合酸化物に対する最初の加熱のため、ステップS15の加熱を初期加熱と呼ぶことがある。初期加熱を経ると、複合酸化物の表面がなめらかになる。表面がなめらかとは、複合酸化物の表面には凹凸が少なく、複合酸化物が全体的に丸みを帯び、さらに角部が丸みを帯びてくる様子をいう。さらに、複合酸化物の表面へ付着した異物が少ない状態をなめらかと呼ぶ。異物は凹凸の要因となると考えられ、複合酸化物の表面へ付着しない方が好ましい。
層状岩塩型の結晶構造をとりうる範囲で、表面がなめらかな複合酸化物に添加元素Xを加えてもよい。表面がなめらかな複合酸化物に添加元素Xを加えると、添加元素Xをムラなく添加することができる。よって、初期加熱後に添加元素を添加する順が好ましい。添加元素Xを添加するステップについて、図7B、および図7Cを用いて説明する。
図7Bに示すステップS21では、複合酸化物に添加する添加元素源(X源)を用意する。本実施の形態ではX源としてMg源およびF源を用意する。ステップS21では添加元素源と合わせて、リチウム源を準備してもよい。
次に、図7Bに示すステップS22では、マグネシウム源およびフッ素源を粉砕および混合する。本工程は、ステップS12で説明した粉砕および混合の条件から選択して実施することができる。
次に、図7Bに示すステップS23では、上記で粉砕、混合した材料を回収して、添加元素源(X源)を得ることができる。なお、ステップS23に示す添加元素源は、複数の出発材料から製造されたものであり、混合材料又は混合物と呼ぶことができる。
図7Bとは異なる工程について図7Cを用いて説明する。図7Cに示すステップS21では、複合酸化物に添加する添加元素源を4種用意する。すなわち図7Cは図7Bとは添加元素源の種類が異なる。添加元素源と合わせて、リチウム源を準備してもよい。
次に、図7Cに示すステップS22およびステップS23は、図7Bで説明したステップと同様である。
次に、図7Aに示すステップS31では、複合酸化物と、添加元素源(X源)とを混合する。リチウム、遷移金属および酸素を有する複合酸化物中の遷移金属の原子数AMと、添加元素Xが有するマグネシウムの原子数AMgとの比は、AM:AMg=100:y(0.1≦y≦6)であることが好ましく、AM:AMg=100:y(0.3≦y≦3)であることがより好ましい。
次に、図7AのステップS32において、上記で混合した材料を回収し、混合物903を得る。回収の際、必要に応じて解砕し、さらに解砕後にふるいを実施してもよい。
次に、図7Aに示すステップS33では、混合物903を加熱する。ステップS13で説明した加熱条件から選択して実施することができる。ステップS33の加熱時間は2時間以上が好ましい。
次に、図7Aに示すステップS34では、加熱した材料を回収し、必要に応じて解砕して、正極活物質100を得る。このとき、回収された粒子をさらに、ふるいにかけると好ましい。以上の工程により、本発明の一形態の正極活物質100を製造することができる。本発明の一形態の正極活物質は表面がなめらかである。
次に、本発明の一形態であって、正極活物質の製造方法1とは異なる方法について説明する。
層状岩塩型の結晶構造をとりうる範囲で、複合酸化物に添加元素Xを加えてもよいことは上述した通りであるが、本製造方法2では添加元素Xを2回以上に分けて添加するステップについて、図9Aも参照しながら説明する。
図9Aに示すステップS21では、第1の添加元素源(X1源)を準備する。X1源としては、図7Bに示すステップS21で説明した添加元素Xの中から選択して用いることができる。たとえば、添加元素X1としては、マグネシウム、フッ素、およびカルシウムの中から選ばれるいずれか一または複数を好適に用いることができる。図9AではX1源として、マグネシウム源(Mg源)、およびフッ素源(F源)を用いる場合を例示する。
次に、ステップS33で加熱した材料を回収し、添加元素X1を有する複合酸化物を製造する。ステップS14の複合酸化物と区別するため第2の複合酸化物とも呼ぶ。
図8に示すステップS40では、第2の添加元素源(X2源)を添加する。図9Bおよび図9Cも参照しながら説明する。
図9Bに示すステップS41では、第2の添加元素源(X2源)を準備する。X2源としては、図7Bに示すステップS21で説明した添加元素Xの中から選択して用いることができる。たとえば、添加元素X2としては、ニッケル、チタン、ホウ素、ジルコニウム、およびアルミニウムの中から選ばれるいずれか一または二以上を好適に用いることができる。図9Bでは添加元素X2として、ニッケル、およびアルミニウムを用いる場合を例示する。
次に、図8に示すステップS51乃至ステップS53は、図7Aに示すステップS31乃至ステップS34と同様の条件にて製造することができる。ステップS52で得られた混合物を混合物904とする。加熱工程に関するステップS53の条件はステップS33より低い温度且つ短い時間でよい。以上の工程により、ステップS54では、本発明の一形態の正極活物質100を製造することができる。本発明の一形態の正極活物質は表面がなめらかである。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の正極活物質について説明する。
正極活物質100は、リチウムと、遷移金属Mと、酸素と、添加元素と、を有する。正極活物質100はLiMO2で表される複合酸化物に添加元素が添加されたものといってもよい。ただし本発明の一態様の正極活物質はLiMO2で表されるリチウムを有する複合酸化物の結晶構造を有すればよく、その組成が厳密にLi:M:O=1:1:2に限定されるものではない。また添加元素が添加された正極活物質も複合酸化物という場合がある。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100が有する添加元素は、上記で説明した分布に加え、一部は図10Aに示すように結晶粒界101およびその近傍に偏析していることがより好ましい。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100の粒径は、大きすぎるとリチウムの拡散が難しくなる、集電体に塗工したときに合剤の層(合剤層と記すことがある)の表面が粗くなりすぎる、等の問題がある。一方、小さすぎると、集電体への塗工時に合剤層を担持しにくくなる、電解液との反応が過剰に進む等の問題点も生じる。そのため、メディアン径(D50)が、1μm以上100μm以下が好ましく、2μm以上40μm以下であることがより好ましく、5μm以上30μm以下がさらに好ましい。または1μm以上40μm以下が好ましい。または1μm以上30μm以下が好ましい。または2μm以上100μm以下が好ましい。または2μm以上30μm以下が好ましい。または5μm以上100μm以下が好ましい。または5μm以上40μm以下が好ましい。
X線光電子分光(XPS)では、表面から2乃至8nm程度(通常5nm以下)の深さまでの領域の分析が可能である。表層部100aにおいて上記深さの領域までの各元素の濃度を定量的に分析することができる。また、ナロースキャン分析をすれば元素の結合状態を分析することができる。なおXPSの定量精度は多くの場合±1原子%程度、検出下限は元素にもよるが約1原子%である。
測定装置:PHI 社製QuanteraII
X線源:単色化Al(1486.6eV)
検出領域:100μmφ
検出深さ:約4~5nm(取出角45°)
測定スペクトル:ワイドスキャン,各検出元素のナロースキャン
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100は、表面がなめらかで凹凸が少ないことが好ましい。表面がなめらかで凹凸が少ないことは、表層部100aにおける添加元素の分布が良好であることを示す一つの要素である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一形態である正極合剤について説明する。
本実施の形態では、全固体電池の構成について説明する。
本実施の形態では、二次電池の形状の例について説明する。
コイン型のハーフセルはコイン型ハーフセルと記すことがある。コイン型ハーフセルの一例について説明する。図14Aはコイン型ハーフセルの外観図であり、図14Bは、その断面図である。
ある複合酸化物が、本発明の一態様の正極活物質100であるか否かを判断するために、上記コイン型ハーフセルを製造して充放電する方法がある。
本実施の形態では、二次電池の形状の例について説明する。
上記実施の形態で説明した捲回型二次電池とは異なる部分を有する捲回型二次電池を説明する。
円筒型の二次電池の例について図17Aを参照して説明する。円筒型の二次電池616は、図17Aに示すように、上面に正極キャップ(電池蓋)601を有し、側面および底面に電池缶(外装缶)602を有している。これら正極キャップ601と電池缶(外装缶)602とは、ガスケット(絶縁パッキン)610によって絶縁されている。
本実施の形態では、車両に本発明の一態様である二次電池を搭載する例を示す。
本実施の形態では、電子機器等に本発明の一態様である二次電池を搭載する例を示す。
図7乃至図9に示す製造方法を参照しながら本実施例で製造したサンプルについて説明する。
サンプル1−1乃至サンプル1−5を有する正極をそれぞれ用いて、5つの試験用電池を組み立てた。試験用電池にはコイン型ハーフセルを用い、対極つまり負極にはリチウム金属を用意した。
ここでサイクル試験の条件であるレートについて説明する。サイクル試験の放電時のレートを放電レートと呼ぶが、当該放電レートとは、電池容量に対する放電時の電流の相対的な比率であり、単位Cで表される。定格容量X(Ah)の電池において、1C相当の電流は、X(A)である。2X(A)の電流で放電させた場合は、2Cで放電させたといい、X/2(A)の電流で放電させた場合は、0.5Cで放電させたという。また、充電時のレートを充電レートと呼ぶが、2X(A)の電流で充電させた場合は、2Cで充電させたといい、X/2(A)の電流で充電させた場合は、0.5Cで充電させたという。充電レートおよび放電レートを合わせて、充放電レートと記すことがある。またサイクル試験結果から得られる電池特性をサイクル特性と記すことがあり、サイクル特性には充放電カーブまたは放電容量維持率(capacity retention)等が含まれる。
放電容量維持率が相対的に低かった、45℃、4.7V充電したサンプル1−2およびサンプル1−5を対象に断面観察を行った。サンプル1−2は、表2に示すようにプレス圧の下限で作製されたものであり、サンプル1−5はプレス圧の上限で作製されたものである。なお45℃、4.7V充電したサンプル1−2およびサンプル1−5は、充電深度が80%以上であり、多くのリチウムが正極活物質から脱離している。
閉じたひびが観察されたサンプル1−2およびサンプル1−5に対して、ピットの観察を行った。これらを図36および図37に示し、ピットに矢印を添えた。
Claims (13)
- 線圧が100kN/m以上3000kN/m以下の範囲でプレスされた正極と、負極とを備え、
前記正極を、負極がリチウム金属で構成される試験用電池の正極として用い、前記試験用電池を25℃以上45℃以下の環境下において、4.7Vの電圧になるまで0.5C(1C=200mA/gとする)の充電レートで定電流充電した後、4.7Vの電圧で充電レートが0.05Cになるまで定電圧充電し、その後、2.5Vの電圧になるまで0.5Cの放電レートで定電流放電する充放電のサイクルを50回繰り返すサイクル試験を行い、サイクルごとに前記試験用電池の放電容量を測定した場合に、50サイクル目に測定された放電容量の値が、全50サイクル中の放電容量の最大値の35%以上100%未満の範囲を満たす、二次電池。 - 請求項1において、前記正極は、電極密度が2.5g/cc以上4.5g/cc以下の範囲を有する、二次電池。
- 電極密度が2.5g/cc以上4.5g/cc以下の範囲を有する正極と、負極とを備え、
前記正極を、負極がリチウム金属で構成される試験用電池の正極として用い、前記試験用電池を25℃以上45℃以下の環境下において、4.7Vの電圧になるまで0.5C(1C=200mA/gとする)の充電レートで定電流充電した後、4.7Vの電圧で充電レートが0.05Cになるまで定電圧充電し、その後、2.5Vの電圧になるまで0.5Cの放電レートで定電流放電する充放電のサイクルを50回繰り返すサイクル試験を行い、サイクルごとに前記試験用電池の放電容量を測定した場合に、50サイクル目に測定された放電容量の値が、全50サイクル中の放電容量の最大値の35%以上100%未満の範囲を満たす、二次電池。 - 請求項3において、前記正極は、空隙率が8%以上35%以下の範囲を有する、二次電池。
- 空隙率が8%以上35%以下の範囲を有する正極と、負極とを備え、
前記正極を、負極がリチウム金属で構成される試験用電池の正極として用い、前記試験用電池を25℃以上45℃以下の環境下において、4.7Vの電圧になるまで0.5C(1C=200mA/gとする)の充電レートで定電流充電した後、4.7Vの電圧で充電レートが0.05Cになるまで定電圧充電し、その後、2.5Vの電圧になるまで0.5Cの放電レートで定電流放電する充放電のサイクルを50回繰り返すサイクル試験を行い、サイクルごとに前記試験用電池の放電容量を測定した場合に、50サイクル目に測定された放電容量の値が、全50サイクル中の放電容量の最大値の35%以上100%未満の範囲を満たす、二次電池。 - 正極と、負極とを備え、
前記正極を負極がリチウム金属で構成される試験用電池の正極として用い、前記試験用電池を25℃以上45℃以下の環境下において、4.7Vの電圧になるまで0.5C(1C=200mA/gとする)の充電レートで定電流充電した後、4.7Vの電圧で充電レートが0.05Cになるまで定電圧充電し、その後、2.5Vの電圧になるまで0.5Cの放電レートで定電流放電する充放電のサイクルを50回繰り返すサイクル試験を行った後の、前記正極が有する正極活物質一断面あたり、断面STEMで観察される閉じたひびの面積の割合は0.9%以下である、二次電池。 - 線圧が100kN/m以上3000kN/m以下の範囲でプレスされた正極と、負極とを備え、
前記正極を負極がリチウム金属で構成される試験用電池の正極として用い、前記試験用電池を25℃以上45℃以下の環境下において、4.7Vの電圧になるまで0.5C(1C=200mA/gとする)の充電レートで定電流充電した後、4.7Vの電圧で充電レートが0.05Cになるまで定電圧充電し、その後、2.5Vの電圧になるまで0.5Cの放電レートで定電流放電する充放電のサイクルを50回繰り返すサイクル試験を行った後の、前記正極が有する正極活物質一断面あたり、断面STEMで観察される閉じたひびの面積の割合は0.9%以下である、二次電池。 - 請求項1乃至請求項7のいずれか一において、前記試験用電池は電解液を有する、二次電池。
- 請求項8において、前記試験用電池は、コイン型のハーフセルである、二次電池。
- 請求項1乃至請求項9のいずれか一において、前記正極は、層状岩塩型の正極活物質を有する、二次電池。
- 請求項10において、前記正極活物質は、コバルト酸リチウムを有する、二次電池。
- 請求項1乃至請求項11のいずれか一に記載された二次電池を搭載した電子機器。
- 請求項1乃至請求項11のいずれか一に記載された二次電池を搭載した車両。
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JP2003272609A (ja) * | 2002-03-13 | 2003-09-26 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | リチウム二次電池 |
JP2018049836A (ja) * | 2014-09-10 | 2018-03-29 | 株式会社東芝 | 負極 |
JP2019046560A (ja) * | 2017-08-30 | 2019-03-22 | オートモーティブエナジーサプライ株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極 |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US11850969B1 (en) | 2022-08-23 | 2023-12-26 | Intercontinental Mobility Company | Portable motorized vehicles |
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